1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in history class A production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,600 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,640 --> 00:00:17,159 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy D. Wilson. If you 4 00:00:17,280 --> 00:00:20,480 Speaker 1: have read or seen a production of Shakespeare's Henry the Eighth, 5 00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:23,440 Speaker 1: the Field of Cloth of Gold is a plot point 6 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:26,400 Speaker 1: in it. The author did take some liberties with the 7 00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:29,080 Speaker 1: historical record. There are people at his version that we're 8 00:00:29,120 --> 00:00:32,599 Speaker 1: not there. Um. In addition to some other stuff, the 9 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:35,120 Speaker 1: Field of cloth of Gold is kind of a mouthful 10 00:00:35,479 --> 00:00:37,960 Speaker 1: of a name for an event. It was a summit 11 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:40,440 Speaker 1: and a celebration that was held to start what was 12 00:00:40,520 --> 00:00:45,640 Speaker 1: hoped to be a long term alliance between France and England. Uh. 13 00:00:45,680 --> 00:00:49,920 Speaker 1: It's not exactly an unknown piece of history. It comes 14 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:53,680 Speaker 1: up sometimes in classes. I feel like I never got 15 00:00:53,680 --> 00:00:58,040 Speaker 1: a really big discussion of it. I could have maybe 16 00:00:58,080 --> 00:01:01,760 Speaker 1: not been paying attention that day that happen and sometimes. Um, 17 00:01:01,800 --> 00:01:04,560 Speaker 1: but some of the details about it are really really fascinating, 18 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:07,440 Speaker 1: So it seems worthy of a discussion about it, even 19 00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:10,479 Speaker 1: if you have heard of it. In part too, because 20 00:01:10,520 --> 00:01:13,280 Speaker 1: some of the most recent scholarship frames things a little 21 00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:15,880 Speaker 1: a little bit differently than it's been discussed for years. 22 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: This is a tricky one because it is a moment 23 00:01:20,240 --> 00:01:27,040 Speaker 1: in time that represents so many moving parts and nuances 24 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:30,240 Speaker 1: of relationships that we're kind of having to do like 25 00:01:30,840 --> 00:01:33,800 Speaker 1: the quick and dirty version on some of that. So 26 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:36,720 Speaker 1: just know, we try to cover some of those influences 27 00:01:36,720 --> 00:01:40,039 Speaker 1: going in. But of course anything like this that happens, 28 00:01:40,680 --> 00:01:43,560 Speaker 1: the web that branches out from it historically to touch 29 00:01:43,600 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: other things is very intricate. Um, we're going to jump 30 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:49,720 Speaker 1: right into it. And first we are going to start 31 00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,640 Speaker 1: with the very briefest of recaps of each of the 32 00:01:52,680 --> 00:01:56,200 Speaker 1: two monarchs involved to set up how they found themselves 33 00:01:56,560 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 1: at this giant festival slash party, slash turn and in 34 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:03,400 Speaker 1: a temporary city in northern France. And we're going to 35 00:02:03,480 --> 00:02:06,360 Speaker 1: start with Henry the Eighth. Yes, So, Henry the Eighth 36 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:09,079 Speaker 1: took the throne at the age of seventeen, That was 37 00:02:09,160 --> 00:02:12,640 Speaker 1: on April one, fifteen o nine, when his father, Henry 38 00:02:12,680 --> 00:02:17,880 Speaker 1: the Seventh died. Henry the Seventh hadn't exactly been beloved, 39 00:02:17,919 --> 00:02:22,240 Speaker 1: but he had kept England fairly peaceful after the Wars 40 00:02:22,280 --> 00:02:24,880 Speaker 1: of the Roses, and then when he died, Henry the 41 00:02:24,919 --> 00:02:28,520 Speaker 1: Eighth inherited what was a pretty ideal situation, although he 42 00:02:28,600 --> 00:02:31,960 Speaker 1: did rebel against having a similar identity to that of 43 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,400 Speaker 1: his father. Henry the eighth was tall at six ft 44 00:02:35,400 --> 00:02:39,480 Speaker 1: two and also athletic. He loved a good party, and 45 00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:43,880 Speaker 1: he had very keen designs on France. By the time 46 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:47,480 Speaker 1: the Field of Cloth of Gold events took place, Henry 47 00:02:47,520 --> 00:02:50,919 Speaker 1: had already been recognized by Pope Julius the Second as 48 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:54,520 Speaker 1: King of France. That happened in fifteen twelve after the 49 00:02:54,560 --> 00:02:58,840 Speaker 1: French King Louis the twelfth had been excommunicated. But after 50 00:02:58,880 --> 00:03:02,360 Speaker 1: a series of mixed results battles and the rise of 51 00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:05,720 Speaker 1: Pope Leo the Tenth, Louis the twelfth was back in 52 00:03:05,840 --> 00:03:09,320 Speaker 1: the papacy's good graces and Henry no longer had the 53 00:03:09,360 --> 00:03:12,399 Speaker 1: support of the Holy See as the King of France. 54 00:03:13,200 --> 00:03:18,239 Speaker 1: Henry himself, though, continued to see himself as just that, 55 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:24,799 Speaker 1: and he thought he deserved some tribute payments from France. Yeah, 56 00:03:24,840 --> 00:03:27,680 Speaker 1: there's a fun thing that didn't make it into the 57 00:03:27,720 --> 00:03:30,560 Speaker 1: episode that I will talk about him and behind the scenes. 58 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:35,600 Speaker 1: But like Henry the eight, Francis the First, who was 59 00:03:35,720 --> 00:03:39,280 Speaker 1: the actual King of France, was considered handsome and charming, 60 00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:42,680 Speaker 1: and per accounts of the day, having quote an air 61 00:03:42,840 --> 00:03:47,960 Speaker 1: of greatness about him, accompanied with a certain gracious humanity. 62 00:03:48,240 --> 00:03:51,640 Speaker 1: Francis became king when Louis the twelfth died. He was 63 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:54,280 Speaker 1: Louis the twelfth son in law, and he married the 64 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:58,080 Speaker 1: predecessor king's daughter, Claude, and just as Henry the eighth, 65 00:03:58,200 --> 00:03:59,960 Speaker 1: he was a young man when this happened, although he 66 00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:03,360 Speaker 1: was not a teenager. Francis became King of France in 67 00:04:03,440 --> 00:04:06,600 Speaker 1: fifteen fifteen at the age of twenty, and he had 68 00:04:06,640 --> 00:04:09,600 Speaker 1: fought in several battles against the English before he took 69 00:04:09,600 --> 00:04:12,760 Speaker 1: the throne, and again, like Henry, he had inherited a 70 00:04:12,800 --> 00:04:18,000 Speaker 1: pretty stable kingdom, skirmishes with the papacy aside, and he 71 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:21,840 Speaker 1: was also ambitious like his English counterpart, although he had 72 00:04:21,880 --> 00:04:25,360 Speaker 1: designs on gaining land and power, primarily from Italy although 73 00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:29,440 Speaker 1: other places. Unlike Henry, he moved on this a little faster. 74 00:04:29,600 --> 00:04:33,559 Speaker 1: He started to achieve his goals pretty quickly. For two 75 00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:37,159 Speaker 1: men who were in some ways so similar, both leading 76 00:04:37,200 --> 00:04:40,599 Speaker 1: countries and jockeying for power, it kind of seems like 77 00:04:40,640 --> 00:04:43,599 Speaker 1: a rivalry was inevitable, and it's often written that the 78 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:46,359 Speaker 1: two of them actually kind of admired each other personally, 79 00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:49,520 Speaker 1: but they would never have admitted as much publicly. So 80 00:04:49,640 --> 00:04:53,479 Speaker 1: please keep in mind this is just the broadest discussion 81 00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:57,080 Speaker 1: of these two monarchs, or trying to hit the points 82 00:04:57,120 --> 00:04:59,839 Speaker 1: that are most salient in regard to the field of 83 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:03,600 Speaker 1: lot of gold. There were a lot of additional events 84 00:05:03,640 --> 00:05:06,440 Speaker 1: that took place and colored the way these two men 85 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:09,080 Speaker 1: saw each other, and a lot of other nuance to 86 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:12,880 Speaker 1: have a lot of these events also shaped Europe's political 87 00:05:12,920 --> 00:05:18,240 Speaker 1: climate in the early sixteenth century. In fifteen twenty, Francis 88 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 1: the First of France and Henry the eighth of England 89 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 1: through an incredibly lavish party together. You will also see 90 00:05:24,320 --> 00:05:28,640 Speaker 1: this listed as a summit, as a tournament, etcetera. It 91 00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:31,160 Speaker 1: was so big and so lavish that it is a 92 00:05:31,240 --> 00:05:35,320 Speaker 1: noted historical event, and with good reason. This thing lasted 93 00:05:35,360 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: two and a half weeks. So for these two people 94 00:05:38,520 --> 00:05:41,799 Speaker 1: that had a rivalry, how did such a thing happen 95 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:45,919 Speaker 1: To even try to get to a point that England 96 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:50,000 Speaker 1: and France would be friends instead of rivals. That seems 97 00:05:50,040 --> 00:05:52,840 Speaker 1: like it would have taken an immense leap of faith 98 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:57,800 Speaker 1: and imagination. The Hundred Years War had lasted from thirteen 99 00:05:57,839 --> 00:06:02,160 Speaker 1: thirty seven to fourteen fifty three. That was followed immediately 100 00:06:02,279 --> 00:06:06,000 Speaker 1: by England's internal conflict, the Wars of the Roses, starting 101 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:09,880 Speaker 1: in fourteen fifty five. The Wars of the Roses lasted 102 00:06:09,960 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: thirty two years, and then France had its own domestic problems. 103 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:17,320 Speaker 1: The War of the Public Wheel was a conflict between 104 00:06:17,480 --> 00:06:21,039 Speaker 1: King Louis the eleventh of France and the country's feudal 105 00:06:21,279 --> 00:06:24,960 Speaker 1: nobles that took place in fourteen sixty five and ended 106 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:29,320 Speaker 1: with the crown making concessions to the nobility. A similar 107 00:06:29,360 --> 00:06:32,760 Speaker 1: struggle for power between the feudal lords and the throne 108 00:06:32,800 --> 00:06:35,800 Speaker 1: of France took place in fourteen eighty five, and this 109 00:06:35,920 --> 00:06:38,880 Speaker 1: time it was complicated by the fact that the King 110 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:41,400 Speaker 1: of France at the time was Charles the Eighth, who 111 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:45,440 Speaker 1: was still a teenager his sister and de Bougeux was 112 00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:51,080 Speaker 1: acting as regent. England and other countries supported this uprising 113 00:06:51,120 --> 00:06:55,200 Speaker 1: of the nobility. Beyond these wars, there were additional conflicts 114 00:06:55,240 --> 00:06:58,280 Speaker 1: with other nations and groups all throughout Europe and beyond. 115 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:02,279 Speaker 1: So in short, the were two countries that had lived 116 00:07:02,360 --> 00:07:06,440 Speaker 1: in conflict more or less continuously for as long as 117 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 1: anybody and who was alive in the early fift hundreds. 118 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 1: Could remember many years ago we made a joke on 119 00:07:13,640 --> 00:07:15,400 Speaker 1: the show about how there should be a website that 120 00:07:15,480 --> 00:07:19,040 Speaker 1: was just was England at war with France and tell 121 00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 1: you yes or no, and then listeners made it. Two 122 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,240 Speaker 1: different listeners made such websites because these are two nations 123 00:07:27,280 --> 00:07:31,280 Speaker 1: that have often been not in harmony. Being in close 124 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:34,720 Speaker 1: proximity made them kind of want things from each other 125 00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:37,040 Speaker 1: and to have power over one another. And it just 126 00:07:37,560 --> 00:07:40,640 Speaker 1: as we the list that we read is by no 127 00:07:40,720 --> 00:07:44,400 Speaker 1: means conference right. There was a lot, a lot, a 128 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:48,200 Speaker 1: lot of ongoing conflict, but there were actually a lot 129 00:07:48,200 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: of people starting the campaign for peace in the early 130 00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:54,480 Speaker 1: sixteenth century. Humanists and philosophers of both countries as well 131 00:07:54,520 --> 00:07:58,640 Speaker 1: as others, wrote pamphlets and papers on the matter. But 132 00:07:58,760 --> 00:08:03,040 Speaker 1: this particular moment of peace was achieved in part because 133 00:08:03,080 --> 00:08:07,840 Speaker 1: a pope had wanted war with non Christians. Pope Leo 134 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:10,160 Speaker 1: the Tenth, who was a Medici by birth, had become 135 00:08:10,280 --> 00:08:14,960 Speaker 1: increasingly dismayed with the successful military efforts of the Ottoman Empire, 136 00:08:15,560 --> 00:08:19,360 Speaker 1: and in fifteen seventeen he called on Europe's Christian nations 137 00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:23,840 Speaker 1: to unite against that perceived religious threat and That meant 138 00:08:23,880 --> 00:08:27,360 Speaker 1: that the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Portugal, France, and England 139 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:30,400 Speaker 1: all had to stop fighting one another so they could 140 00:08:30,480 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: carry out the Pope's plan. The Pope absolutely knew that 141 00:08:33,760 --> 00:08:37,320 Speaker 1: there had to be clear guidelines for such a union 142 00:08:37,760 --> 00:08:42,560 Speaker 1: and started creating Truth's Plans and early fifteen eighteen. This 143 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:46,400 Speaker 1: involved a five year time frame in which the Pope 144 00:08:46,480 --> 00:08:50,040 Speaker 1: would help the included nations work through all their disputes 145 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:53,640 Speaker 1: and rule on any of them as needed. Right up 146 00:08:53,679 --> 00:08:57,040 Speaker 1: to this point, alliances and treaties were being signed and 147 00:08:57,160 --> 00:09:00,839 Speaker 1: broken as various leaders sought to shift their positions and 148 00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:04,280 Speaker 1: gain the most power. You know, five year thing was 149 00:09:04,360 --> 00:09:06,160 Speaker 1: kind of like listen, I know, like you're not going 150 00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:08,640 Speaker 1: to be friends forever, but could we for five years 151 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:11,800 Speaker 1: agree that we're going to fight people who aren't Christians? 152 00:09:12,160 --> 00:09:16,160 Speaker 1: Could we all just table this conflict for five seconds. 153 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:22,800 Speaker 1: In late fifteen eighteen, Cardinal Thomas Woolsey successfully managed to 154 00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:26,240 Speaker 1: get Europe's Christian superpowers of the time to sign the 155 00:09:26,280 --> 00:09:31,160 Speaker 1: Treaty of Universal Peace. Woolsey was English and had finagled 156 00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:34,080 Speaker 1: a great deal of power as an acting representative of 157 00:09:34,120 --> 00:09:37,240 Speaker 1: the Pope, and he used that power to shift some 158 00:09:37,320 --> 00:09:40,320 Speaker 1: of the conditions of the treaty that the Pope had 159 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:43,120 Speaker 1: laid out, with an aim to create a permanent piece 160 00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:46,240 Speaker 1: rather than the five year term that Pope Leo had 161 00:09:46,240 --> 00:09:50,559 Speaker 1: set out. That sounds lovely, but listen, there's always a 162 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:54,080 Speaker 1: shady enterprise going on. He was also angling throughout this 163 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:57,480 Speaker 1: whole thing to ensure that England came out with more 164 00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: power than anyone else, including naming Henry the Eighth as 165 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:05,760 Speaker 1: the arbiter of dispute rather than the Pope, which people 166 00:10:05,760 --> 00:10:09,840 Speaker 1: actually agreed to. By the time Wolsey was done, there 167 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:14,360 Speaker 1: were additional treaties branching off of that main treaty. Those 168 00:10:14,400 --> 00:10:19,920 Speaker 1: subtreaties established more specific agreements between nations, particularly between England 169 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:23,200 Speaker 1: and France, and one part of the agreement was that 170 00:10:23,280 --> 00:10:25,880 Speaker 1: the Kings of England and France would have an in 171 00:10:26,040 --> 00:10:29,640 Speaker 1: person meeting to seal the deal and assure one another 172 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:32,439 Speaker 1: that they were both all in on the Piece plan. 173 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:35,800 Speaker 1: Wolsey saw this as a way to make both men 174 00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:39,000 Speaker 1: leaders to all the Christian nations of Europe, as they 175 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:43,720 Speaker 1: showed strength through cooperation and established kind of a behavioral 176 00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:48,040 Speaker 1: model of reconciliation. That meant that this meeting had to 177 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:52,679 Speaker 1: be spectacular. Yeah, he does seem to have thought like, 178 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:55,960 Speaker 1: if I can show these two guys being cool with 179 00:10:56,000 --> 00:11:01,839 Speaker 1: one another, other people will want to be cool. That's 180 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:04,120 Speaker 1: a bless his heart moment for me. One of the 181 00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:07,400 Speaker 1: reasons that the in person meeting between England and France 182 00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:11,280 Speaker 1: was arranged was to show very visibly and physically that 183 00:11:11,440 --> 00:11:15,080 Speaker 1: Francis and Henry were going to be allies to the 184 00:11:15,120 --> 00:11:18,400 Speaker 1: exclusion of another young and charismatic ruler of the day, 185 00:11:18,880 --> 00:11:21,400 Speaker 1: that being Charles the Fifth, who had become ruler of 186 00:11:21,440 --> 00:11:25,480 Speaker 1: the Holy Roman Empire in fifteen nineteen and was incidentally 187 00:11:25,600 --> 00:11:28,959 Speaker 1: Catherine of Arragon's nephew, so kind of related to Henry 188 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:33,240 Speaker 1: the eighth. There was both statesmanship and ego in the mix. 189 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,960 Speaker 1: Henry had been jealous of an earlier agreement, before the 190 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:40,640 Speaker 1: Treaty of Universal Peace, in which Francis had allied with 191 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:44,120 Speaker 1: the Holy Roman Empire that was before Charles five, and 192 00:11:44,360 --> 00:11:47,080 Speaker 1: that had left Henry feeling a little bit isolated and 193 00:11:47,200 --> 00:11:51,360 Speaker 1: left out. Meanwhile, Francis the First had started to feel 194 00:11:51,400 --> 00:11:54,600 Speaker 1: threatened by the military power that Charles the fifth commanded, 195 00:11:54,640 --> 00:11:56,400 Speaker 1: so they both thought it would be good for them 196 00:11:56,400 --> 00:12:00,600 Speaker 1: to be allies and leave Charles out. It was due 197 00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:04,120 Speaker 1: to the transition from Maximilian to Charles the Fifth that 198 00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: the meeting of Henry and Francis did not happen for 199 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:11,520 Speaker 1: almost two years. They were supposed to have their summit 200 00:12:11,559 --> 00:12:14,600 Speaker 1: in fifteen nineteen, after the return of the city of 201 00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,440 Speaker 1: Tornaive to France by England. This had happened after a 202 00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:22,520 Speaker 1: great deal of negotiation, but when Maximilian died, the office 203 00:12:22,559 --> 00:12:26,280 Speaker 1: of Holy Roman Emperor was filled by election. In addition 204 00:12:26,320 --> 00:12:29,920 Speaker 1: to Charles the Fifth, who was Maximilian's grandson, Francis the 205 00:12:29,960 --> 00:12:34,000 Speaker 1: First and Henry the Eighth were also candidates, there were 206 00:12:34,040 --> 00:12:37,959 Speaker 1: seven prince electors from the empire who determined who this 207 00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:42,280 Speaker 1: successor would be, and this very active rivalry, of course, 208 00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:45,120 Speaker 1: delayed the meeting of Henry and Francis has agreed to 209 00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:48,960 Speaker 1: in the terms of the Universal Peace Treaty. Once Charles 210 00:12:48,960 --> 00:12:52,200 Speaker 1: the Fifth was finally selected as successor, things once again 211 00:12:52,240 --> 00:12:56,480 Speaker 1: started moving forward. Yeah, of Henry the Eighth of Francis 212 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:59,160 Speaker 1: the First, Francis was the only one that really had 213 00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 1: any kind of like possible um vote getting ability. Henry 214 00:13:04,480 --> 00:13:08,880 Speaker 1: the eighth kind of was like me to um yourself 215 00:13:08,960 --> 00:13:11,880 Speaker 1: in as a candidate to run the Holy Roman Empire. 216 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: We will talk about the preparations involved in readying the 217 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:19,520 Speaker 1: chosen locations for royals and their retinues once this whole 218 00:13:19,559 --> 00:13:22,400 Speaker 1: thing started actually happening, and we're going to do that 219 00:13:22,440 --> 00:13:34,079 Speaker 1: after we pause for a sponsor break. If you are 220 00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:37,200 Speaker 1: familiar with your tutor history, you know that Cardinal Woolsey, 221 00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:40,280 Speaker 1: of course famously fell out of favor with the English 222 00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:43,040 Speaker 1: king when he was unable to get Henry the eighth 223 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:46,520 Speaker 1: and the nullment in nine, But at the point in 224 00:13:46,559 --> 00:13:50,000 Speaker 1: time we're discussing here, he was still a trusted ally 225 00:13:50,040 --> 00:13:53,080 Speaker 1: of the young monarch. He also kind of became the 226 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:56,200 Speaker 1: de facto party planner for the field of cloth of gold. 227 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:59,720 Speaker 1: In addition to all of the festivities, he had to 228 00:13:59,760 --> 00:14:03,600 Speaker 1: negotiate and carefully planned things so that neither ruler felt 229 00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,920 Speaker 1: slighted or bested, and that there weren't any ways that 230 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:11,680 Speaker 1: either of these two men might suffer public embarrassment. Under Wolsey, 231 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:15,680 Speaker 1: each side had their own head of preparations. For France, 232 00:14:15,760 --> 00:14:19,480 Speaker 1: this was Gaspar de Colonnie that was a military commander 233 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: of high rank and esteem. And then on the English 234 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:26,000 Speaker 1: side there was Charles Somerset, Earl of Worcester, who was 235 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:30,200 Speaker 1: also a decorated war hero. The location for this party, 236 00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:33,520 Speaker 1: which was billed as a tournament, was carefully chosen through 237 00:14:33,560 --> 00:14:37,960 Speaker 1: negotiations between these men. This was between the towns of 238 00:14:38,040 --> 00:14:41,840 Speaker 1: Green and ard. The reason it was a tournament was 239 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:46,280 Speaker 1: so the two monarchs could show cooperation and might. The 240 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:49,360 Speaker 1: tournament aspect was not so that these two men could 241 00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:52,840 Speaker 1: compete against each other, though the rules were that they 242 00:14:52,840 --> 00:14:56,280 Speaker 1: always competed on the same side. There had also been 243 00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:59,760 Speaker 1: a plan laid out to ensure goodwill. During the feasts, 244 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:03,400 Speaker 1: each king would sit in the other king's court, although 245 00:15:03,440 --> 00:15:08,160 Speaker 1: the queens each remained with their respective group. Yeah, there's 246 00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:12,840 Speaker 1: some so much that went on just to pick the location, 247 00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 1: and we'll talk about all of it for clarity. You know, 248 00:15:18,840 --> 00:15:21,760 Speaker 1: Guien was still held by England and there was sort 249 00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:24,560 Speaker 1: of an English area called the Pale there, and then 250 00:15:24,680 --> 00:15:29,400 Speaker 1: Arder was in French territory and the middle. What made 251 00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:34,600 Speaker 1: the middle was a big deal because nobody the actual 252 00:15:34,680 --> 00:15:38,120 Speaker 1: equidistance center still sat on English territory and it became 253 00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:43,200 Speaker 1: a whole thing. Uh. This summit event took place from 254 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:49,280 Speaker 1: June seven to June. Each king brought six thousand people. 255 00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:51,800 Speaker 1: That was a number agreed to by both sides, so 256 00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:54,680 Speaker 1: that neither had more than the other. This feels like 257 00:15:54,720 --> 00:15:58,400 Speaker 1: when you see kids and they get like fast food 258 00:15:58,440 --> 00:16:02,000 Speaker 1: with their parents and you watch them portioning out by 259 00:16:02,080 --> 00:16:05,320 Speaker 1: counting how many French fries each child has, so nobody 260 00:16:05,320 --> 00:16:10,040 Speaker 1: gets jealous. That's very much what this feels like. But 261 00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:12,840 Speaker 1: six thousand per person meant that there were more than 262 00:16:12,920 --> 00:16:16,440 Speaker 1: twelve thousand people in attendance for eighteen days at this 263 00:16:16,520 --> 00:16:20,280 Speaker 1: party slash tournament slash summit, and that, as you can imagine, 264 00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:24,440 Speaker 1: meant a lot of logistics and temporary infrastructure. All of 265 00:16:24,520 --> 00:16:28,360 Speaker 1: those people needed to be housed and fed. There needed 266 00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:31,000 Speaker 1: to be space for all of the various planned events, 267 00:16:31,480 --> 00:16:34,840 Speaker 1: and this had become so high profile that all of 268 00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:39,000 Speaker 1: Europe was watching. That six thousand people per country number 269 00:16:39,080 --> 00:16:42,400 Speaker 1: is also pretty interesting when you consider the population of 270 00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:45,440 Speaker 1: each country and the extent of the nobility for each 271 00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:49,440 Speaker 1: of them. The population of France was about fifteen million, 272 00:16:49,960 --> 00:16:53,960 Speaker 1: England was about two point five million. The sizes of 273 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:57,760 Speaker 1: their respective nobilities were similarly proportioned, and so that meant 274 00:16:58,120 --> 00:17:02,040 Speaker 1: that with six thousand people, Henry's entourage could include a 275 00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:06,120 Speaker 1: lot more of England's nobility, whereas France had to exclude 276 00:17:06,119 --> 00:17:09,000 Speaker 1: a lot of There's. One result was that there were 277 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:11,280 Speaker 1: a lot of very high ranking people in France who 278 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:16,240 Speaker 1: found themselves socializing with English attendees who were really pretty 279 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:21,080 Speaker 1: far below them in the hierarchy of nobility. Yeah, I 280 00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:24,800 Speaker 1: read a stat that I didn't. It's kind of impossible 281 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:28,119 Speaker 1: to verify that France had about twenty five thousand noble 282 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:30,239 Speaker 1: households at this point, so a lot of them were 283 00:17:30,320 --> 00:17:34,000 Speaker 1: left out. But this was kind of most of England's nobility, 284 00:17:34,119 --> 00:17:38,159 Speaker 1: so it was a very interesting disparity in that regard. 285 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:43,399 Speaker 1: In February, more than five months before the meeting things 286 00:17:43,480 --> 00:17:47,159 Speaker 1: really got under way, there had been a new treaty 287 00:17:47,280 --> 00:17:50,080 Speaker 1: for each monarch to sign that laid out the specific 288 00:17:50,119 --> 00:17:53,240 Speaker 1: plans in terms of who was financially responsible for what 289 00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:57,800 Speaker 1: preparations and what activities would be involved, etcetera. Henry the 290 00:17:57,840 --> 00:18:00,480 Speaker 1: Eighth was to set up his court at Guien, which 291 00:18:00,520 --> 00:18:02,919 Speaker 1: had been taken by England and the thirt hundreds at 292 00:18:02,960 --> 00:18:06,639 Speaker 1: this point, as I said, still under English control. Henry 293 00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:10,119 Speaker 1: wanted buildings to be constructed around the existing castle at 294 00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:13,720 Speaker 1: Green that would be available and appropriate for royal visitors, 295 00:18:13,760 --> 00:18:18,000 Speaker 1: and this ended up being a rather lavish castle. Like 296 00:18:18,040 --> 00:18:21,399 Speaker 1: They built a whole new little palace, which was described 297 00:18:21,480 --> 00:18:25,719 Speaker 1: in a contemporary account as quote brilliant with kingly pomp. 298 00:18:26,680 --> 00:18:29,280 Speaker 1: One of the design elements of this palace was a 299 00:18:29,320 --> 00:18:33,160 Speaker 1: secret passage under the floor that connected the king's chambers 300 00:18:33,160 --> 00:18:36,160 Speaker 1: with the queen's chambers, so that Henry could visit Catherine 301 00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:39,400 Speaker 1: without anybody knowing their business. I love that little detail. 302 00:18:40,040 --> 00:18:44,200 Speaker 1: There were also tents constructed around the castle, and that 303 00:18:44,240 --> 00:18:47,600 Speaker 1: was where the nobility would stay. The French were headquartered 304 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:51,680 Speaker 1: at ard The two towns are near the northern coast 305 00:18:51,720 --> 00:18:54,919 Speaker 1: of France and Patti calais close to the English Channel, 306 00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:57,520 Speaker 1: and the meeting point was to be in between the 307 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:01,400 Speaker 1: two of them, the two or less than nine kilometers aparts, 308 00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:04,439 Speaker 1: and this is at the village of bowing Him. The 309 00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:07,479 Speaker 1: camp for the King of France at Ardre required a 310 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,520 Speaker 1: whole lot of work. Ardre had been damaged over the 311 00:19:10,560 --> 00:19:13,480 Speaker 1: years in military battles kind of leading right up to 312 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:15,840 Speaker 1: when this meeting happened, and the castle needed a lot 313 00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:20,240 Speaker 1: of repair. Additionally, tents were brought in to help house Frances. 314 00:19:20,280 --> 00:19:24,439 Speaker 1: The first retinue. Military fortifications were also made to the 315 00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:28,639 Speaker 1: castle and surrounding area. Even though this was ostensibly to 316 00:19:28,680 --> 00:19:32,280 Speaker 1: be a peaceful meeting, more than three hundred tents were 317 00:19:32,320 --> 00:19:34,760 Speaker 1: made just for this meeting on the French side, and 318 00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,480 Speaker 1: they were lavish enough that the King of France could 319 00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,240 Speaker 1: stay in them in both style and comfort. So this 320 00:19:40,320 --> 00:19:42,040 Speaker 1: is not like the tent you would take out for 321 00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:47,800 Speaker 1: a camping trip. It was a temporary but very beautiful building. Additionally, 322 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:51,280 Speaker 1: four houses and the town abbey were commandeered for the king. 323 00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:55,679 Speaker 1: There's actually some debate over whether a house had actually 324 00:19:55,680 --> 00:19:58,840 Speaker 1: been built from scratch for the proceedings. It's also unclear 325 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:01,960 Speaker 1: exactly where King France is the first staid. But the 326 00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:05,000 Speaker 1: main tent for the French group was really spectacular. It 327 00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:07,680 Speaker 1: was a hundred and twenty feet tall that's thirty six 328 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:11,120 Speaker 1: point five meters, and it was decorated with this exquisite 329 00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:15,240 Speaker 1: blue velvet and cloth of gold. As a quick explainer 330 00:20:15,320 --> 00:20:19,480 Speaker 1: in case anyone is wondering what cloth of gold is, 331 00:20:20,720 --> 00:20:23,680 Speaker 1: it's not a thing I realized was a specific thing 332 00:20:24,720 --> 00:20:28,840 Speaker 1: for reading over this. It is a woven fabric in 333 00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:31,600 Speaker 1: which the threads that make up the weft of the fabric. 334 00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:33,760 Speaker 1: There's are the ones that go side to side on 335 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:39,480 Speaker 1: the loom. Those are actually wrapped in gold. This events 336 00:20:40,080 --> 00:20:43,720 Speaker 1: had a lot of it's just why it has the 337 00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:48,200 Speaker 1: name that it does. Yes. Yeah, you can incidentally still 338 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:50,280 Speaker 1: buy cloth of gold. It's very hard to get and 339 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:53,800 Speaker 1: there's a lot of imitation cloth of gold. Some people 340 00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:56,320 Speaker 1: in textiles will kind of make the direct line of 341 00:20:56,359 --> 00:20:59,520 Speaker 1: like this is why we have LeMay. It's because people 342 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:04,600 Speaker 1: were trying to egg very cheap cloth of gold. Representatives, Listen, 343 00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: it works for stage. Uh. This entire enterprise for both 344 00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:13,119 Speaker 1: countries of building these encampments was a huge economic driver 345 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:15,399 Speaker 1: for the months that it took to complete the set up. 346 00:21:16,200 --> 00:21:19,560 Speaker 1: Each of them undertook the setup of the encampments separately, 347 00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:21,800 Speaker 1: so that meant they each paid for their own stuff 348 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:26,040 Speaker 1: and they bolstered the industries of their own countries. And remember, 349 00:21:26,080 --> 00:21:28,320 Speaker 1: in addition to just the housing that we've been talking about, 350 00:21:28,359 --> 00:21:30,800 Speaker 1: they had to furnish all of those spaces. They had 351 00:21:30,840 --> 00:21:33,919 Speaker 1: to provide bedding and dishware, and for the royal household, 352 00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:37,040 Speaker 1: entire wardrobes had to be planned and constructed and then 353 00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:40,639 Speaker 1: transported to the site. We'll talk a little bit about those, 354 00:21:40,680 --> 00:21:43,760 Speaker 1: but these two kings were very into their clothes and 355 00:21:43,840 --> 00:21:45,879 Speaker 1: both of them had a lot of direct say in 356 00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:49,080 Speaker 1: what they wore. For this, there were feasts planned, which 357 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:51,359 Speaker 1: meant that not only did ovens have to be built 358 00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:53,800 Speaker 1: on site, but all of the furniture, the linens, and 359 00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:57,560 Speaker 1: other accouterment needed for banquets had to be ready. The 360 00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,640 Speaker 1: two countries shared the expense of the millions and other 361 00:22:00,720 --> 00:22:04,600 Speaker 1: facilities that were used for the tournament activities. In addition 362 00:22:04,640 --> 00:22:08,800 Speaker 1: to all of the structures, there were food and drink logistics. 363 00:22:08,840 --> 00:22:11,920 Speaker 1: There needed to be enough beer and wine for everyone 364 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:16,159 Speaker 1: to drink, as well as grain, meat, and cooking necessities 365 00:22:16,160 --> 00:22:20,280 Speaker 1: like seasonings and spices. Every camp managed their own meat 366 00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:23,280 Speaker 1: supply by traveling with livestock that would be killed and 367 00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:27,080 Speaker 1: prepared as needed throughout the event, but also meant that 368 00:22:27,119 --> 00:22:30,520 Speaker 1: there needed to be places for the animals to basically 369 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:35,160 Speaker 1: live to be stored before they were killed. Deer, sheep, poultry, 370 00:22:35,160 --> 00:22:39,080 Speaker 1: and other livestock traveled across the English Channel or overland 371 00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:42,440 Speaker 1: through France to get to the summit. These two countries 372 00:22:42,480 --> 00:22:45,720 Speaker 1: built entire temporary towns just for this. Two and a 373 00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:48,760 Speaker 1: half weeks of the tournament and festival, and because of 374 00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:54,359 Speaker 1: the importance of this moment, no expense was spared. There 375 00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:57,920 Speaker 1: are very few surviving plans or sketches of the layout 376 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:00,760 Speaker 1: of either of the camps. The majority of the information 377 00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:03,720 Speaker 1: that we have about them is from descriptions. There is 378 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:06,640 Speaker 1: also a painting of the English camp, but that painting 379 00:23:06,720 --> 00:23:09,800 Speaker 1: was commissioned by King Henry the Eighth, it's believed uh, 380 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,280 Speaker 1: and that didn't happen until twenty five years later in 381 00:23:12,359 --> 00:23:17,720 Speaker 1: five It is not an accurate representation, although some of 382 00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:20,920 Speaker 1: the details of it do definitely align with written accounts, 383 00:23:20,960 --> 00:23:23,879 Speaker 1: including the lavish Golden Palace that the King of England 384 00:23:23,920 --> 00:23:29,960 Speaker 1: had built, and throughout all of this construction it actually 385 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:33,639 Speaker 1: was being done over This entire foundation of risk cannot 386 00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:37,520 Speaker 1: in terms of building structure, but because there was so 387 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:42,399 Speaker 1: much back and forth and renegotiation of terms and people 388 00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:44,960 Speaker 1: disagreeing about how all of this was going to play out, 389 00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:48,560 Speaker 1: that it was always possible at any moment that one 390 00:23:48,600 --> 00:23:51,439 Speaker 1: of these kings was going to withdraw and refuse the 391 00:23:51,640 --> 00:23:54,600 Speaker 1: entire meeting and the last days leading up to the 392 00:23:54,680 --> 00:23:59,359 Speaker 1: summit there was ongoing negotiating. As Cardinal Wolseley traveled back 393 00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:03,680 Speaker 1: and forth between the two kings, working out last minute 394 00:24:03,680 --> 00:24:07,639 Speaker 1: disputes both about the event and about other issues, and 395 00:24:07,760 --> 00:24:12,639 Speaker 1: just disagreements between the men. A betrothal between the countries 396 00:24:12,720 --> 00:24:16,359 Speaker 1: was agreed upon, one that had previously been discussed but 397 00:24:16,440 --> 00:24:21,440 Speaker 1: still needed confirmation. Henry's daughter, Princess Mary, was just four 398 00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:24,560 Speaker 1: years old at the time and was affirmed as the 399 00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:29,800 Speaker 1: future wife of Francis, the first son Daupha Francis. That 400 00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:33,320 Speaker 1: arrangement would later be retracted, but in the final days 401 00:24:33,400 --> 00:24:36,800 Speaker 1: of tension before the meeting, it was considered a settled matter, 402 00:24:37,560 --> 00:24:40,600 Speaker 1: and the days before the official event kicked off, attendees 403 00:24:40,720 --> 00:24:44,159 Speaker 1: arrived and they settled into their accommodations the encampments, and 404 00:24:44,640 --> 00:24:49,760 Speaker 1: both spontaneous and very official meetings and introductions were conducted 405 00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,800 Speaker 1: among all of these attending nobles. So make no mistake, 406 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:57,040 Speaker 1: even though there had been endless discussions about how this 407 00:24:57,280 --> 00:24:59,919 Speaker 1: entire event was going to play out, to ensure equal 408 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,520 Speaker 1: city between Henry and Francis. As an assign I went 409 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:06,680 Speaker 1: with Francis for writing this instead of Francois because most 410 00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:09,320 Speaker 1: history books that we have access to list him that way, 411 00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:12,680 Speaker 1: just in case you're wondering um. But even though all 412 00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:14,959 Speaker 1: of this discussion had gone on to make sure they 413 00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:17,480 Speaker 1: appeared to be equal. Those two men did want to 414 00:25:17,520 --> 00:25:21,040 Speaker 1: outdo one another in any way they could, and that 415 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:24,639 Speaker 1: carried through to their choice of clothing. Henry the Eighth, 416 00:25:24,640 --> 00:25:26,680 Speaker 1: who at this point was twenty eight, he was kind 417 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:29,320 Speaker 1: of we we see paintings of him when he was 418 00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:31,880 Speaker 1: later in life. Usually at this point he was kind 419 00:25:31,920 --> 00:25:34,879 Speaker 1: of like in his young, hot prime. He was married 420 00:25:34,960 --> 00:25:37,640 Speaker 1: to his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, when this festival 421 00:25:37,720 --> 00:25:40,560 Speaker 1: was mounted, and he began the festivals. In an article 422 00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:43,840 Speaker 1: of clothing quote ribbed with cloth of gold of such 423 00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:48,080 Speaker 1: shape and making that it was marvelous to behold. Later 424 00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:50,960 Speaker 1: in the festivities, he is said to have worn a 425 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,280 Speaker 1: suit of armor that was trimmed with eleven pearls and 426 00:25:54,320 --> 00:25:58,560 Speaker 1: an estimated two thousand ounces of gold. And according to 427 00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,240 Speaker 1: an account written by a witness, because he had heard 428 00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:03,520 Speaker 1: that Francis the First had a beard, Henry allowed his 429 00:26:03,560 --> 00:26:06,760 Speaker 1: own beard to grow out. Because his beard was naturally read. 430 00:26:06,880 --> 00:26:10,840 Speaker 1: It went with his gold everything else. There's more nuance 431 00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,400 Speaker 1: to that story. He had actually promised the French king 432 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:15,680 Speaker 1: he would not shave his beard until the two men met. 433 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:18,679 Speaker 1: But that's like one of the tales that got told 434 00:26:18,880 --> 00:26:21,280 Speaker 1: in real time about how this whole thing was going. 435 00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:25,919 Speaker 1: For his part, Francis the First started the proceedings in 436 00:26:25,920 --> 00:26:29,720 Speaker 1: a garment with swaths of golden embellishment and jewels kind 437 00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:32,960 Speaker 1: of dripping off him, as well as these white, ostrich plumes. 438 00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:36,080 Speaker 1: We will talk about how the field of cloth of 439 00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:40,159 Speaker 1: gold began, including some trepidation on both sides, after we 440 00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:52,600 Speaker 1: get back from a quick sponsor break. So to begin 441 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:56,240 Speaker 1: the festivities, the two kings road toward one another on horseback. 442 00:26:56,359 --> 00:26:59,199 Speaker 1: This happened sometime between five pm and six pm on 443 00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:02,520 Speaker 1: June seven. You'll see different times of day listed. As 444 00:27:02,560 --> 00:27:05,280 Speaker 1: each of them set out from their encampment, three cannons 445 00:27:05,320 --> 00:27:08,280 Speaker 1: were fired, so everyone was aware that they had started. 446 00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:12,080 Speaker 1: If an onlooker didn't understand the context of this situation, 447 00:27:12,160 --> 00:27:14,439 Speaker 1: it might very well have appeared that they were charging 448 00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:17,639 Speaker 1: one another in anticipation of battle. Each of them had 449 00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:21,280 Speaker 1: a whole procession with them, including infantry and mounted archers, 450 00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:24,639 Speaker 1: and the exact arrangements of these attendants, like how they 451 00:27:24,680 --> 00:27:29,320 Speaker 1: were positioned around their monarchs, has been debated for literal centuries. 452 00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:32,320 Speaker 1: We don't really know, But of course, instead of fighting. 453 00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:37,120 Speaker 1: As they approached one another, they doffed their caps, dismounted, embraced, 454 00:27:37,600 --> 00:27:41,480 Speaker 1: and then entered into a gold draped pavilion built expressly 455 00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:45,680 Speaker 1: for this opening ceremony meeting. The two kings proclaimed their 456 00:27:45,720 --> 00:27:49,800 Speaker 1: willingness to adhere to the plan of brotherhood. Exact accounts 457 00:27:49,840 --> 00:27:51,840 Speaker 1: of what was said in that tent differ. That is 458 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:54,879 Speaker 1: one of the things I want to talk about behind 459 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:58,040 Speaker 1: the scenes. But the result of all of this, even 460 00:27:58,080 --> 00:28:01,720 Speaker 1: though accounts vary, is what matth nerd. The summit had 461 00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:06,560 Speaker 1: officially started. The whole thing almost didn't happen, though, because 462 00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:10,359 Speaker 1: of a bit of confusion as things began. As the 463 00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,360 Speaker 1: processions came into sight of one another, both men were 464 00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:17,240 Speaker 1: surprised by the size of the other countries group. Both 465 00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:20,439 Speaker 1: processions stopped briefly wondering if they had been duped or 466 00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,119 Speaker 1: lured into some kind of an attack. Each king needed 467 00:28:24,160 --> 00:28:27,679 Speaker 1: to be reassured by an advisor that everything was fine, 468 00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:33,320 Speaker 1: that it was all proceeding as agreed. No, No, that's 469 00:28:33,359 --> 00:28:35,840 Speaker 1: the same size as your group, I promise, honey, let's go. 470 00:28:39,920 --> 00:28:43,240 Speaker 1: The tournament aspect of this meeting was very much kind 471 00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:45,560 Speaker 1: of like military training. Like we said, the two kings 472 00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:47,080 Speaker 1: were going to be on the same side, so it 473 00:28:47,160 --> 00:28:51,560 Speaker 1: wasn't serious combat, even though everyone is said to have 474 00:28:51,640 --> 00:28:54,600 Speaker 1: done their best. Uh. There was a jousting competition, there 475 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:57,280 Speaker 1: was a mounted combat tourney, and then there was a 476 00:28:57,280 --> 00:29:01,560 Speaker 1: competition of combat on foot. So the two kings headed 477 00:29:01,640 --> 00:29:04,080 Speaker 1: up a team that would take on challengers, and no 478 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,280 Speaker 1: challenger was turned away. Although the number of times each 479 00:29:07,280 --> 00:29:11,280 Speaker 1: competition could run was limited to eight, that only happened 480 00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:14,480 Speaker 1: that limit number after a lot of negotiating, because initially 481 00:29:14,520 --> 00:29:17,160 Speaker 1: the plan was will just keep going until everyone has 482 00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:19,280 Speaker 1: gotten to fight that wants to, but that was not 483 00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:23,720 Speaker 1: really a tenable plan. Competitions took place throughout the entire 484 00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,040 Speaker 1: run of the summit, although they did not take place 485 00:29:26,120 --> 00:29:30,480 Speaker 1: on holy days or feast days. The jousting on June sixteenth, 486 00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:34,160 Speaker 1: for example, was based on record extremely vigorous. Each king 487 00:29:34,280 --> 00:29:37,640 Speaker 1: broke more than a dozen lances. Francis the first, actually 488 00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:40,760 Speaker 1: received a minor head wound at his temple. The kings 489 00:29:40,760 --> 00:29:43,600 Speaker 1: had taken more than eight challenges that day because so 490 00:29:43,640 --> 00:29:46,120 Speaker 1: many men wanted to participate and they both were game 491 00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,440 Speaker 1: to keep going. At the end of the day, Henry 492 00:29:49,480 --> 00:29:52,320 Speaker 1: and Francis had scored a win. Their numbers were the highest. 493 00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:55,680 Speaker 1: Henry the Eighth had a special suit of armor made 494 00:29:55,680 --> 00:29:58,760 Speaker 1: for the competition that covered his entire body, but was 495 00:29:58,840 --> 00:30:01,800 Speaker 1: made of narrow plates of steel that were affixed to 496 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:06,560 Speaker 1: leather strips. This results to a high degree of articulation 497 00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:09,080 Speaker 1: over a normal suit of armor, and the way that 498 00:30:09,120 --> 00:30:11,960 Speaker 1: it balanced weight made it more comfortable for the wearer 499 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:15,160 Speaker 1: as well. That suit of armor is now part of 500 00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:18,360 Speaker 1: the collection of the Royal Armories Museum in Leeds. You 501 00:30:18,400 --> 00:30:22,160 Speaker 1: can see photos of it online. It's clear just how 502 00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:26,040 Speaker 1: intricate its construction is even in the pictures. Yeah, they 503 00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:29,200 Speaker 1: have actually done over the years. I didn't find one 504 00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:33,040 Speaker 1: for this, but I'm sure there's still some online videos 505 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:36,200 Speaker 1: of a person wearing that armor and moving to show 506 00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:40,200 Speaker 1: you just how much freedom of motion is available, which 507 00:30:40,280 --> 00:30:42,600 Speaker 1: is not normally the case at all with a suit 508 00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:47,520 Speaker 1: of armor. Uh. There were also entertainments and social events. 509 00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:52,240 Speaker 1: Musicians played, There were masquerade parties. Apparently Henry the Eighth 510 00:30:52,320 --> 00:30:54,800 Speaker 1: kept trying to fool people, but he was so obviously 511 00:30:54,840 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: who he was, even in a costume that had never worked, 512 00:30:58,520 --> 00:31:02,680 Speaker 1: and performers would enter aane attendees with dance and poetry, recitation, 513 00:31:02,760 --> 00:31:06,560 Speaker 1: and other kinds of entertainment, and the clothes became their 514 00:31:06,560 --> 00:31:09,840 Speaker 1: own entertainment. So we've been talking about them a few times, 515 00:31:09,840 --> 00:31:14,080 Speaker 1: but each monarch seemed to wear one heavily embroidered and 516 00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:19,280 Speaker 1: embellished outfit after another. Henry's are generally written about as 517 00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:21,840 Speaker 1: though they were the more flamboyant, but Francis had his 518 00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:24,800 Speaker 1: own unique style that I think it's kind of cool. 519 00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,680 Speaker 1: Over the course, for example, of the jousting competitions, the 520 00:31:28,720 --> 00:31:31,280 Speaker 1: clothes that he had had made for those competitions were 521 00:31:31,280 --> 00:31:34,920 Speaker 1: embroidered with words, and each costumes words built on the 522 00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:38,480 Speaker 1: previous one until he had assembled through wearing them the 523 00:31:38,520 --> 00:31:43,080 Speaker 1: poetic line heart fastened in pain endless when she delivereth 524 00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:47,200 Speaker 1: me not of bonds. During the course of the celebration, 525 00:31:47,360 --> 00:31:50,440 Speaker 1: Henry the Eighth broke the rules about the monarch's not 526 00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:54,080 Speaker 1: competing with each other when he challenged Francis to a 527 00:31:54,160 --> 00:31:58,320 Speaker 1: wrestling match. Henry was intoxicated when he did this and 528 00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:01,920 Speaker 1: kind of got his tail hand it to him. Francis, 529 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:05,480 Speaker 1: who Henry had not known was an expert in wrestling, 530 00:32:05,680 --> 00:32:09,160 Speaker 1: had won the match quickly with a hip throw. This 531 00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:12,280 Speaker 1: incident showed up in a lot of French accounts characterizing 532 00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:15,720 Speaker 1: Henry the Eighth as an oath, and English accounts generally 533 00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:21,880 Speaker 1: avoid all mention of it. This is an interesting one 534 00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:25,680 Speaker 1: because it would have been incredibly embarrassing, But even most 535 00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:30,040 Speaker 1: French accounts are pretty gracious about saying, oh, he handled 536 00:32:30,040 --> 00:32:32,320 Speaker 1: the defeat graciously. He got up and went. You know, 537 00:32:32,680 --> 00:32:37,200 Speaker 1: he allegedly challenged Frances again and Frances was like, no, dude. Um. 538 00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:41,640 Speaker 1: We don't really know if he had hurt feelings about it. 539 00:32:41,720 --> 00:32:45,360 Speaker 1: That is not recorded. The second to last day of 540 00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:48,320 Speaker 1: the summit, during a mass that was given by Wolsey, 541 00:32:48,480 --> 00:32:51,480 Speaker 1: a massive kite appeared in the sky, and this was 542 00:32:51,520 --> 00:32:56,040 Speaker 1: a giant hoop kite, so uh fabric stretched around big hoops, 543 00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:59,160 Speaker 1: and it was made to look like a beast. Does 544 00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:02,240 Speaker 1: a matter of some debate, it was long and dragon 545 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:06,520 Speaker 1: like by many accounts. This has been stated by some 546 00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:08,640 Speaker 1: to have been a Welsh dragon, which would have been 547 00:33:08,680 --> 00:33:11,480 Speaker 1: a nod to Henry the eight ancestry, but it has 548 00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:15,040 Speaker 1: also been recorded as a salamander, which was Francis. The 549 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:18,600 Speaker 1: first symbol in that painting that we mentioned earlier, commissioned 550 00:33:18,640 --> 00:33:20,600 Speaker 1: by Henry the Eighth, it is very much a dragon, 551 00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:23,600 Speaker 1: But as for who knows what it was in the day, 552 00:33:23,760 --> 00:33:27,840 Speaker 1: no one uh all agreed that it was incredibly impressive, 553 00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:30,480 Speaker 1: and some accounts even say that it breathed fire that 554 00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:33,200 Speaker 1: would lead it over to the Welsh dragon side. If 555 00:33:33,240 --> 00:33:39,600 Speaker 1: those accounts are accurate, the mythical salamander also has fire 556 00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:45,040 Speaker 1: associated with it. June this was the final day of 557 00:33:45,080 --> 00:33:48,400 Speaker 1: the gathering, and it was a Sunday. All the competition 558 00:33:48,520 --> 00:33:52,600 Speaker 1: was complete. That last day included only dining and parties. 559 00:33:52,880 --> 00:33:56,880 Speaker 1: Awards were given out to tournament prize winners. Henry and 560 00:33:56,920 --> 00:33:59,959 Speaker 1: Francis had one last private meeting where they said good 561 00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:02,640 Speaker 1: by to one another, and then the summit was considered 562 00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:06,880 Speaker 1: a great success. You're probably wondering what all of this 563 00:34:07,680 --> 00:34:12,279 Speaker 1: Shenanigan's costs. Estimates in recent years regarding what field of 564 00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:16,080 Speaker 1: cloth of gold celebration would cost in modern currency landed 565 00:34:16,080 --> 00:34:19,960 Speaker 1: at about nineteen million dollars. Currency conversion three time is 566 00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:22,440 Speaker 1: very inexact. We always say that, so take that number 567 00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:24,600 Speaker 1: with a grain of salt, but there is no denying 568 00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:28,480 Speaker 1: that it was incredibly excessive and expensive. We do have 569 00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:31,120 Speaker 1: some other statistics that do not need to be converted. 570 00:34:31,640 --> 00:34:34,280 Speaker 1: Over the course of the event, twenty nine thousand fish, 571 00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:40,400 Speaker 1: thousand eggs, six thousand, four hundred seventy five birds, two thousand, 572 00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:44,480 Speaker 1: two hundred sheep, and two hundred sixteen thousand gallons of 573 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:48,759 Speaker 1: wine were served. Seventeen hundred swords were purchased for the 574 00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:52,359 Speaker 1: various competitions, as well as armor of both metal and 575 00:34:52,480 --> 00:34:55,560 Speaker 1: leather for all of the participants, and there had been 576 00:34:55,640 --> 00:34:58,759 Speaker 1: four forges built near the field of the tournament so 577 00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:02,480 Speaker 1: that weapons could be served ist is needed Throughout. This 578 00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:07,960 Speaker 1: extravagant event is often described as being ultimately kind of 579 00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:11,120 Speaker 1: a lot of fuss with no real benefit. It was 580 00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,720 Speaker 1: not the harbinger of an extended period of peace between 581 00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:18,560 Speaker 1: the two nations as it was built. Henry, for example, 582 00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:20,920 Speaker 1: had been having meetings with Charles the fifth of the 583 00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:24,720 Speaker 1: Holy Roman Empire right before the Field of Cloth of Gold, 584 00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:28,680 Speaker 1: and the intent always was jockey for the best possible 585 00:35:28,719 --> 00:35:33,640 Speaker 1: outcome for himself and England, and even the gestures Francis 586 00:35:33,680 --> 00:35:36,239 Speaker 1: and Henry showed one another in the weeks leading up 587 00:35:36,280 --> 00:35:38,799 Speaker 1: to the party kind of seemed like dares to the 588 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:42,680 Speaker 1: other to do something equivalent. So, for example, when Henry 589 00:35:42,719 --> 00:35:46,560 Speaker 1: the Eighth sent one of his favorite and most trusted confidant, 590 00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:50,719 Speaker 1: Sir Richard Wingfield to France as an ambassador. Francis the 591 00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:53,600 Speaker 1: First gave the man the same access to himself and 592 00:35:53,640 --> 00:35:56,879 Speaker 1: the royal apartments as he had had in England, which 593 00:35:56,960 --> 00:36:00,719 Speaker 1: was unprecedented, and then in response, Henry gave a number 594 00:36:00,800 --> 00:36:05,560 Speaker 1: of French nobles who were considered hostages in England similar treatment. 595 00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:08,920 Speaker 1: They became as much a part of hunting parties and 596 00:36:08,960 --> 00:36:12,440 Speaker 1: banquets as any member of the English court. It's like, oh, 597 00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:15,760 Speaker 1: you are gracious to my people, while I am super gracious. 598 00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:20,440 Speaker 1: Two years uh, it's the gracious off. Within a month 599 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:24,480 Speaker 1: of the Field of Cloth of Gold concluding, Henry had 600 00:36:24,520 --> 00:36:27,960 Speaker 1: started an alliance with Charles the Fifth, which undermined the 601 00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:31,000 Speaker 1: whole purpose of the Field of Cloth of Gold. The 602 00:36:31,080 --> 00:36:34,560 Speaker 1: following year, France was at war with the Holy Roman Empire, 603 00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:37,480 Speaker 1: and when England was officially drawn into the conflict in 604 00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:41,200 Speaker 1: fifty two, it was in support of Charles the Fifth, 605 00:36:41,520 --> 00:36:45,160 Speaker 1: pitting England and France against each other just like old time. 606 00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:47,880 Speaker 1: So so much for all the brotherhood that they talked 607 00:36:47,920 --> 00:36:52,520 Speaker 1: about in this event. After the summit, Henry and Frances 608 00:36:52,600 --> 00:36:55,720 Speaker 1: did not see each other again for more than twelve years. 609 00:36:56,520 --> 00:36:59,640 Speaker 1: In fifty two, Henry the Eight fled to France with 610 00:36:59,640 --> 00:37:03,360 Speaker 1: a Lynn, asking Frances to intercede with the pope on 611 00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:05,640 Speaker 1: their behalf so that Henry could have his marriage to 612 00:37:05,719 --> 00:37:10,040 Speaker 1: Catherine Annuld. Historian Glenn Richardson makes the case in his 613 00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:14,000 Speaker 1: book about the event that it had significance despite the 614 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:16,800 Speaker 1: way things played out in the aftermath of it, writing 615 00:37:16,880 --> 00:37:21,880 Speaker 1: quote that medieval and Renaissance elites valued theatrical extravagance is 616 00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:24,799 Speaker 1: beyond doubt. But this was a very different thing from 617 00:37:24,920 --> 00:37:29,960 Speaker 1: pointless frivolity. By Richardson's reckoning, it was really more than 618 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:32,560 Speaker 1: the start of a truce. It offered Europe a moment 619 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,640 Speaker 1: of hope during a period of crisis, and hope that 620 00:37:35,680 --> 00:37:40,000 Speaker 1: even long established rivalries might be put aside. Yeah, if 621 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,880 Speaker 1: you look at it that way, it kind of fulfills 622 00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:44,960 Speaker 1: Woolsey's hopes that like no, I'm I'm showing you guys 623 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:47,160 Speaker 1: that we can be friends. People can be friends if 624 00:37:47,160 --> 00:37:50,279 Speaker 1: they choose to. Warring countries can find a path through. 625 00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:53,000 Speaker 1: There is also, if you look at the way that 626 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:57,200 Speaker 1: negotiations played out, each of these men walked into this 627 00:37:57,360 --> 00:38:00,600 Speaker 1: thinking that they had gotten the upper hand, which is 628 00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:05,280 Speaker 1: pretty interesting. Uh. Today the area where the tournament field 629 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:09,520 Speaker 1: was located remains undeveloped open land. There's actually a granite 630 00:38:09,560 --> 00:38:12,839 Speaker 1: marker for it roughly a mile outside of Ardre, so 631 00:38:12,880 --> 00:38:15,279 Speaker 1: you can go visit. Some of the exact locations of 632 00:38:15,320 --> 00:38:18,240 Speaker 1: things are difficult to pin down because as we said, 633 00:38:18,280 --> 00:38:21,640 Speaker 1: we we don't have plans surviving for most of it, 634 00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:24,040 Speaker 1: and its surveying would have been very different than anyway 635 00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:30,640 Speaker 1: to what we understand now. But uh, I just can't 636 00:38:30,640 --> 00:38:36,840 Speaker 1: help but laugh. My dudes, Uh, do you want to 637 00:38:36,880 --> 00:38:41,719 Speaker 1: hear some listener mail? That's very cute. This is some 638 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,320 Speaker 1: of the tail end of the stuff that I physically 639 00:38:44,640 --> 00:38:46,960 Speaker 1: got from the office. So and this is when that 640 00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:50,480 Speaker 1: I don't know if we have ever read any of 641 00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:53,319 Speaker 1: brandy stuff before. She has sent us many things over 642 00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:56,239 Speaker 1: the years which she talks about ah shrides. Dear Holly 643 00:38:56,280 --> 00:38:58,000 Speaker 1: and Tracy, I would like to start off by wishing 644 00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:01,319 Speaker 1: you both a magical Christmas reason and by thank hey 645 00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:03,480 Speaker 1: you for all the knowledge that you passed into the 646 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:06,279 Speaker 1: world of podcasting for us listeners to enjoy. We sure 647 00:39:06,280 --> 00:39:09,440 Speaker 1: did miss a lot in history class. Now I send you, 648 00:39:09,520 --> 00:39:12,560 Speaker 1: ladies a Christmas card. Every year, each featuring one of 649 00:39:12,600 --> 00:39:15,719 Speaker 1: our many pets. This year's highlights Vegas, my nine year 650 00:39:15,760 --> 00:39:18,759 Speaker 1: old great Dane. I want to kiss that dog so bad. 651 00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:21,000 Speaker 1: It's such a cutie pie. I love a great Dane. 652 00:39:21,239 --> 00:39:23,879 Speaker 1: This photo was taken just one week before he had 653 00:39:23,880 --> 00:39:26,759 Speaker 1: a tennis ball sized tumor removed from his chest. We 654 00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:29,040 Speaker 1: did the photo shoot back in February because we were 655 00:39:29,080 --> 00:39:31,920 Speaker 1: not sure whether or not he would survive surgery. We 656 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,160 Speaker 1: have lost a great dame to annesthesia in the past, 657 00:39:34,320 --> 00:39:36,000 Speaker 1: or if he would be with us for pictures come 658 00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:39,080 Speaker 1: the appropriate time of year. I'm ecstatic and grateful to 659 00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:41,480 Speaker 1: say that our Vegas is still with us, as funky 660 00:39:41,520 --> 00:39:43,319 Speaker 1: as ever, and still does not act as though he 661 00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,799 Speaker 1: is actually a senior. Speaking of seniors, this brings me 662 00:39:46,840 --> 00:39:49,600 Speaker 1: to the wallet sized photo that I have additionally included. 663 00:39:50,160 --> 00:39:52,279 Speaker 1: Although we are strangers, I have heard both of your 664 00:39:52,320 --> 00:39:54,960 Speaker 1: lovely voices every week for ten years, and I feel 665 00:39:54,960 --> 00:39:57,320 Speaker 1: as though we are friends. I also knew that you 666 00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,239 Speaker 1: ladies would appreciate just how cute this picture is. This 667 00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:02,480 Speaker 1: is one of our engagement photos from back in May 668 00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:05,239 Speaker 1: of this year. She wrote this in It's last year. 669 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:08,480 Speaker 1: My fiancee's dog Sibby, who was one of the two 670 00:40:08,520 --> 00:40:11,480 Speaker 1: dogs that you featured on last year's Christmas card, is 671 00:40:11,520 --> 00:40:13,880 Speaker 1: ten years old and she is actually the reason that 672 00:40:13,960 --> 00:40:16,600 Speaker 1: we met. She accompanied us on our first date, so 673 00:40:16,640 --> 00:40:18,560 Speaker 1: we found it quite fitting to have her with us 674 00:40:18,560 --> 00:40:20,920 Speaker 1: for our engagement photo shoot, which was held at the 675 00:40:20,960 --> 00:40:23,200 Speaker 1: same location as our first date. I just wanted to 676 00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:25,399 Speaker 1: share these warm fuzzies with two of my favorite people. 677 00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:28,640 Speaker 1: She also included some cat related gifts. I need to 678 00:40:28,719 --> 00:40:32,799 Speaker 1: forward some of that parcel to you, Tracy. UM and 679 00:40:32,880 --> 00:40:35,320 Speaker 1: she says, may every moment of your holidays be decorated 680 00:40:35,360 --> 00:40:37,880 Speaker 1: with love and joy. Brandy, Brandy. I I don't know 681 00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:39,520 Speaker 1: that I've ever mentioned on the show before, but I 682 00:40:39,520 --> 00:40:42,200 Speaker 1: have always loved your Christmas cards because they are so sweet. 683 00:40:42,239 --> 00:40:45,120 Speaker 1: There's always a sweet animal in them, and they're just 684 00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:48,560 Speaker 1: darling pictures that look so joyous and beautiful. UM, so 685 00:40:48,640 --> 00:40:50,799 Speaker 1: thank you, thank you. I love that from you. Your 686 00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:53,719 Speaker 1: dog is as much a part of your relationship and 687 00:40:53,840 --> 00:40:58,440 Speaker 1: her engagement as any as either of you. And congratulations. 688 00:40:58,520 --> 00:41:01,360 Speaker 1: I don't know if their engagement has culminated in a 689 00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:05,200 Speaker 1: wedding yet, but um, whenever that happens or has happened, 690 00:41:05,280 --> 00:41:08,000 Speaker 1: I hope it was abundant joy. This is so sweet 691 00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:09,439 Speaker 1: and they love these and they do make me feel 692 00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:15,279 Speaker 1: a warm and fuzzy anything great, really cute. Um, if 693 00:41:15,320 --> 00:41:17,800 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us, Unfortunately, as we've said, 694 00:41:18,239 --> 00:41:22,640 Speaker 1: we don't have a physical office right now. Um, there's 695 00:41:22,640 --> 00:41:26,080 Speaker 1: a little madness going on, but so email is the 696 00:41:26,120 --> 00:41:28,359 Speaker 1: safe bet. You could do that at History podcast at 697 00:41:28,360 --> 00:41:30,400 Speaker 1: iHeart radio dot com. You can also find us on 698 00:41:30,480 --> 00:41:33,239 Speaker 1: social media as missed in History And if you have 699 00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:35,400 Speaker 1: not subscribed to the show yet and you would like to, 700 00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:37,799 Speaker 1: so easy you can do that on the I heart 701 00:41:37,840 --> 00:41:40,680 Speaker 1: Radio app or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. 702 00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:48,360 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of 703 00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,600 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from i heart Radio, 704 00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:54,800 Speaker 1: visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 705 00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:56,360 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.