1 00:00:01,480 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of I 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,880 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, 3 00:00:13,920 --> 00:00:16,760 Speaker 1: There's Charles w Chuck Bryant, and Jerry is with us 4 00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 1: as we journey into the heart of the magnetic darkness 5 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:27,360 Speaker 1: known as an m r I machine, the Wonder Machine. 6 00:00:27,760 --> 00:00:30,440 Speaker 1: After all these years of talking about this thing, I 7 00:00:30,480 --> 00:00:34,520 Speaker 1: finally get it. I know it. It's crazy. We've been 8 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:37,720 Speaker 1: kind of amazed by it and then a little bit 9 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:40,040 Speaker 1: turned off by it. But then we realized it's not 10 00:00:40,080 --> 00:00:42,600 Speaker 1: the machine itself, it's the way it's being applied. And 11 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:44,760 Speaker 1: so we kind of came back to it again and 12 00:00:44,880 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: it nuzzled us and it's bore and it got kind 13 00:00:48,040 --> 00:00:51,960 Speaker 1: of sexy. Yeah, and we're also guilty of the f 14 00:00:52,159 --> 00:00:54,520 Speaker 1: m r I crime that now I kind of feel 15 00:00:54,520 --> 00:00:59,880 Speaker 1: bad about. What is that? Is that a Queen's Right album? Yeah, 16 00:01:00,080 --> 00:01:02,520 Speaker 1: maybe we'll just talk about that later when it's appropriate. 17 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:05,920 Speaker 1: What the Queen's Right album? No, the fm R I 18 00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:10,720 Speaker 1: blunder that we've been making for thirteen years. Sure, I 19 00:01:10,760 --> 00:01:13,119 Speaker 1: feel like, okay, all right, we'll go over that. Fine, Fine, Fine, 20 00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:14,959 Speaker 1: I don't want to miss anything. But instead we're gonna 21 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:17,280 Speaker 1: mostly talk about the m R I the Wonder Machine 22 00:01:17,840 --> 00:01:21,039 Speaker 1: as it is, because Chuck, we were always just amazed 23 00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:23,640 Speaker 1: by it to begin with, but now that I understand it, 24 00:01:23,720 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: I feel even more amazed by it. I'm I'm proud 25 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:29,880 Speaker 1: of humanity for having come up with this thing. Yeah, 26 00:01:29,959 --> 00:01:32,800 Speaker 1: I mean, it's pretty amazing that. And we'll talk about 27 00:01:32,880 --> 00:01:34,720 Speaker 1: the history of it and everything in a sect, but 28 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:41,039 Speaker 1: it's amazing that human beings uh got together with their 29 00:01:41,080 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 1: cohorts and said, you know what we can do. The 30 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:49,560 Speaker 1: human body is made up of sixty six water, So 31 00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: let's figure out how to use magnetic fields and radio 32 00:01:52,360 --> 00:01:56,240 Speaker 1: waves to measure that water, uh and the tissues of 33 00:01:56,280 --> 00:01:58,440 Speaker 1: our body, and then we can map it and then 34 00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:02,840 Speaker 1: we can image it. Right. And so those initial people 35 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:04,920 Speaker 1: who said that were burned at the steak because it 36 00:02:04,960 --> 00:02:08,040 Speaker 1: was like the sixteenth century still. But when a few 37 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:11,239 Speaker 1: more hundred years passed, a few new people came onto 38 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:16,000 Speaker 1: the scene, and they encountered a completely different environment um, 39 00:02:16,080 --> 00:02:18,600 Speaker 1: one that was kind of nurturing of science and advancement 40 00:02:18,639 --> 00:02:20,560 Speaker 1: in the idea that you could see inside the human 41 00:02:20,600 --> 00:02:24,440 Speaker 1: body without cutting it open. And the person who won 42 00:02:24,520 --> 00:02:27,160 Speaker 1: what actually kind of interestingly turned out to be a 43 00:02:27,240 --> 00:02:31,400 Speaker 1: race among researchers who were um all trying to sell 44 00:02:31,560 --> 00:02:34,840 Speaker 1: solve the same problem at the same time. Independently was 45 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:39,960 Speaker 1: a guy named Dr Raymond Domadian or damedian Um, and 46 00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:42,560 Speaker 1: he is credited as the first person to invent the 47 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 1: fully functional human sized m R. But he's one of 48 00:02:49,440 --> 00:02:52,520 Speaker 1: typically at least three people who are credited with with 49 00:02:52,639 --> 00:02:55,639 Speaker 1: inventing the m R I, if that makes sense. Yeah, 50 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:58,840 Speaker 1: I mean when he got in there in July of 51 00:02:58,960 --> 00:03:02,520 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy seven and nothing really happened, and I think 52 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:04,839 Speaker 1: one of his colleagues said, hey, maybe you're too big 53 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:08,399 Speaker 1: for this thing. They put in a smaller person and 54 00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:10,679 Speaker 1: it worked for the first time. It took about five 55 00:03:10,680 --> 00:03:14,639 Speaker 1: hours to get an image. Uh. They named the thing Indomitable, 56 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:17,480 Speaker 1: and if you look up pictures, it's in the Smithsonian 57 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,960 Speaker 1: now of Indomitable. You know. It's it's one of these 58 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:24,240 Speaker 1: things that looks like a bare bones version of what 59 00:03:24,280 --> 00:03:27,400 Speaker 1: it ended up looking like. It's like the the MRI 60 00:03:27,480 --> 00:03:30,480 Speaker 1: I version of a wicker wheelchair. All be sort of 61 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:33,200 Speaker 1: did you you didn't see a picture? No, because I 62 00:03:33,240 --> 00:03:36,080 Speaker 1: suspected as much. I didn't want it to haunt my dreams. Yeah, 63 00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:38,080 Speaker 1: I mean it looks sort of like this big donut. 64 00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,720 Speaker 1: I think the difference in this one is that it 65 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:42,880 Speaker 1: shows and it may I'm not sure if it's doctor 66 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:46,280 Speaker 1: Demadian in the photo or not, but they're actually wearing 67 00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:51,760 Speaker 1: some coils around their body. Um, but there is a 68 00:03:51,840 --> 00:03:54,720 Speaker 1: larger donut as well. Do they look like they're on 69 00:03:54,800 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: craft work tour? Sort of? Sort of? So they were 70 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: to other people. Demandian was the first one. I'm glad 71 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:07,120 Speaker 1: that we settled on a pronunciation, by the way, um, 72 00:04:07,160 --> 00:04:09,320 Speaker 1: and he was the first one to cross the finish line. 73 00:04:09,320 --> 00:04:11,320 Speaker 1: But there were the two others who were working on 74 00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:18,400 Speaker 1: that same problem, Paul Lauderbergh and Sir Peter Mansfield. And 75 00:04:18,960 --> 00:04:21,359 Speaker 1: like I was saying, they were all working independently on 76 00:04:21,400 --> 00:04:24,920 Speaker 1: this problem. This thing that had been demonstrated in called 77 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: nuclear magnetic residence, which which is that you can make 78 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:31,760 Speaker 1: Adams do really peculiar things when you put them in 79 00:04:31,800 --> 00:04:36,039 Speaker 1: the presence of um, a magnetic field. If it's strong enough, 80 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:39,200 Speaker 1: it kind of snaps them all into attention. Uh. They 81 00:04:39,240 --> 00:04:41,719 Speaker 1: click their heels and they say, yes, sir, I'll get 82 00:04:41,760 --> 00:04:45,560 Speaker 1: that pette for you immediately. And um, that's not how 83 00:04:45,640 --> 00:04:49,520 Speaker 1: they normally behave. And so these guys Demardian, Lauderboro, and 84 00:04:49,560 --> 00:04:52,280 Speaker 1: Mansfield all were like, somehow, some way, there's a way 85 00:04:52,320 --> 00:04:57,080 Speaker 1: to use this, to to use this nuclear magnetic residence 86 00:04:57,160 --> 00:04:59,240 Speaker 1: to look inside of the body. And that's what they 87 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 1: said about try to do. Yeah, and pretty early on 88 00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:05,360 Speaker 1: they cut the word nuclear out of it and went 89 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:08,159 Speaker 1: with imaging. So m R. I was born. I think 90 00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:10,920 Speaker 1: it wasn't probably a great time, and maybe it's never 91 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:15,039 Speaker 1: a great time to throw the word nuclear into anything. Uh. 92 00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:17,960 Speaker 1: You know, every everything from nuclear power to nuclear bombs 93 00:05:18,160 --> 00:05:22,080 Speaker 1: have a bad rap quite frankly. Yeah, it gets even 94 00:05:22,120 --> 00:05:26,040 Speaker 1: worse if you pronounce any nu oh man. Uh. And 95 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:28,280 Speaker 1: then there was someone else we do need to shout out, 96 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:34,200 Speaker 1: a physicist by the name of uh cig Ogawa or Ogawa. 97 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:38,919 Speaker 1: How would you pronounce that it's any value? See in 98 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:43,800 Speaker 1: Japan just screams to be pronounced independently. Oh really they 99 00:05:43,920 --> 00:05:48,200 Speaker 1: love so C C G E SAG. That's what I 100 00:05:48,200 --> 00:05:51,080 Speaker 1: would go with. Okay, I'm serious, I really think you know, 101 00:05:51,120 --> 00:05:54,960 Speaker 1: I believe it just sounded funny. Um. And so what happened, 102 00:05:55,279 --> 00:05:57,920 Speaker 1: Uh So while we're shouting this person out is because 103 00:05:57,960 --> 00:06:02,599 Speaker 1: they discovered the if you have oxygen poor hemoglobin, it's 104 00:06:02,600 --> 00:06:06,159 Speaker 1: gonna react differently by this magnetic field that's created in 105 00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,960 Speaker 1: the m r I machine than really good oxygen rich hemoglobin, 106 00:06:10,600 --> 00:06:14,440 Speaker 1: and that that contrast, you could basically eventually end up 107 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:18,560 Speaker 1: seeing blood flow, like imaging blood flow. Yeah, because with 108 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:22,760 Speaker 1: Demai and his cohort were doing, we're imaging tissues inside 109 00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:26,280 Speaker 1: of the body. Um Ogawa said, well, actually you can 110 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:29,159 Speaker 1: track the flow of blood in those tissues as well. 111 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:33,000 Speaker 1: Laid the groundwork for what became f m r I 112 00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:37,320 Speaker 1: functional MRI I, and then also more importantly magnetic resonance 113 00:06:37,400 --> 00:06:40,479 Speaker 1: and geography, which is basically tracking blood flow in blood 114 00:06:40,560 --> 00:06:44,040 Speaker 1: vessels in real time. Basically, Yeah, and all this stuff 115 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:47,200 Speaker 1: was revolutionary because a, um, you really nail it on 116 00:06:47,240 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: the head earlier, like you don't have to cut people 117 00:06:49,440 --> 00:06:52,920 Speaker 1: open anymore to see this stuff. Um. We we've had 118 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:56,520 Speaker 1: X rays for a long time and they're great if 119 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:58,800 Speaker 1: you want to look at certain things like your your 120 00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:01,920 Speaker 1: bones and see if you've got a cracked rib or something. 121 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:05,240 Speaker 1: But when it comes to soft tissue, X rays were useless. 122 00:07:05,880 --> 00:07:08,400 Speaker 1: We'll talk a little bit more about CT can CT 123 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:11,520 Speaker 1: scans and why they're awesome in their own way. But 124 00:07:11,600 --> 00:07:16,120 Speaker 1: not still not as I guess functional as an m 125 00:07:16,200 --> 00:07:19,760 Speaker 1: r I. Well plus CT scans. I didn't realize this. 126 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: Ct s computed tomography. They use X rays as well, 127 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:26,240 Speaker 1: so you're still getting that dose of radiation from a 128 00:07:26,320 --> 00:07:29,680 Speaker 1: CT scan too, all right. So all that is just 129 00:07:29,760 --> 00:07:31,240 Speaker 1: to lead up to say that the m R I 130 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:35,040 Speaker 1: just beats them all those other machines stink. It truly 131 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:38,680 Speaker 1: earns his nickname the Wonder Machine. Um boy, I feel 132 00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:40,680 Speaker 1: like like we should take a break before diving into 133 00:07:40,800 --> 00:07:43,680 Speaker 1: this thing, should we? I'm thinking, hold on, yeah, I 134 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:45,840 Speaker 1: think this is a good spot for a break. Okay, 135 00:07:45,920 --> 00:08:20,680 Speaker 1: let's do it. Okay, so we're back and uh, a 136 00:08:20,680 --> 00:08:23,000 Speaker 1: bit of an early break, but that's because we're about 137 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:26,760 Speaker 1: to get in the weeds with the actual nuts and bolts. Ironically, 138 00:08:26,840 --> 00:08:29,280 Speaker 1: probably doesn't have any nuts and bolts. Oh that's a 139 00:08:29,320 --> 00:08:34,240 Speaker 1: good point. It's probably probably what heavy duty plastic ribbons. 140 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:37,360 Speaker 1: I don't know. It might just be like large solid 141 00:08:37,400 --> 00:08:41,079 Speaker 1: injection molded pieces. That's a good question. We should have 142 00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:44,320 Speaker 1: learned that. But anyway, the metaphorical nuts and bolts of 143 00:08:44,360 --> 00:08:46,880 Speaker 1: this thing, Uh, if you've ever seen when they look 144 00:08:46,920 --> 00:08:50,360 Speaker 1: like a big doughnut, you sit on a a little 145 00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:54,560 Speaker 1: you know, it looks like a mortuary tray and you 146 00:08:54,640 --> 00:08:58,680 Speaker 1: get slid in through this hole in this tube. It's 147 00:08:58,679 --> 00:09:03,520 Speaker 1: only about is in diameter. So they're not great if 148 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:07,880 Speaker 1: you are claustrophobic. But they do make machines that aren't 149 00:09:07,960 --> 00:09:10,040 Speaker 1: quite They don't give you quite what you want with 150 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:12,719 Speaker 1: a closed system, but they're a little more opened up. Yeah, 151 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:15,240 Speaker 1: and I got the impression that they're starting to really 152 00:09:15,320 --> 00:09:18,360 Speaker 1: kind of revisit those because you can't produce quite as 153 00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:21,439 Speaker 1: as great a magnetic field is powerful a magnetic field 154 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:23,880 Speaker 1: with an open system, But I think they're starting to 155 00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:27,480 Speaker 1: figure out you don't necessarily need the most powerful magnetic field, 156 00:09:27,520 --> 00:09:32,520 Speaker 1: so stay tuned for that in ten years. But um, 157 00:09:32,720 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: the most important part of the whole m r I 158 00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,480 Speaker 1: machine obviously is the magnet. That's what produces the magic. 159 00:09:38,640 --> 00:09:43,800 Speaker 1: Is this magnetic field that so that doughnut, that elongated 160 00:09:43,840 --> 00:09:47,320 Speaker 1: doughnut that you're slid into in the tube, that is 161 00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:51,079 Speaker 1: the magnet basically, And it's not like a magnet like 162 00:09:51,120 --> 00:09:53,880 Speaker 1: you'd put on your fridge. It would suck your fridge 163 00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:56,520 Speaker 1: into what amounts to a black hole basically, if you 164 00:09:56,600 --> 00:09:59,080 Speaker 1: got your fridge anywhere near this thing. It's a different 165 00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:02,240 Speaker 1: kind of magnet. It's a super conducting magnet made up 166 00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:07,440 Speaker 1: of coils, probably copper coils that an electrical current is 167 00:10:07,559 --> 00:10:10,640 Speaker 1: run through. And when you run an electrical current through 168 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:16,440 Speaker 1: a coiled um set of metal, you can produce a 169 00:10:16,480 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 1: magnetic field that's great, like fantastic. But to produce the 170 00:10:20,800 --> 00:10:23,760 Speaker 1: kinds of like the powerful magnetic fields that they're producing 171 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:26,080 Speaker 1: in an m r I, you actually need a super 172 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:31,200 Speaker 1: conducting magnet, and that's just a whole another level. Yeah. 173 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:34,640 Speaker 1: I mean, if you want to create a very large 174 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:37,880 Speaker 1: and stable field, and we're talking, I think they measure 175 00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:44,760 Speaker 1: magnets and is it or gauze. I think goss g 176 00:10:45,000 --> 00:10:48,480 Speaker 1: A U S S so goss is the measurement. One 177 00:10:48,520 --> 00:10:52,600 Speaker 1: tesla is ten thousand goths. So if you're looking at 178 00:10:53,080 --> 00:10:56,600 Speaker 1: just a regular fly by night MRI I wonder machine, 179 00:10:57,240 --> 00:11:01,120 Speaker 1: you're looking at about one point five roughly one point 180 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:05,560 Speaker 1: five tesla, or about fifteen thousand goths as far as 181 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:08,760 Speaker 1: the magnetic field goes. And that's um compared to a 182 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:13,040 Speaker 1: point five for the magnetic field of planet Earth. You're 183 00:11:13,080 --> 00:11:17,080 Speaker 1: not point five tesla point five goths thousands, it's like 184 00:11:17,080 --> 00:11:20,240 Speaker 1: fifty sixty thousand times more if you're an average machine. 185 00:11:20,559 --> 00:11:22,480 Speaker 1: But they even make him go all the way up 186 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: to ten tesla, Yeah, which is what a hundred thousand goths. Yeah. 187 00:11:28,760 --> 00:11:32,160 Speaker 1: And the more goss, the more uh, the prettier machine 188 00:11:32,240 --> 00:11:35,800 Speaker 1: is just getting the prettier pictures are. Yeah. Another thing 189 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:38,160 Speaker 1: that I saw though, is that they're figuring out that 190 00:11:38,240 --> 00:11:42,120 Speaker 1: when you get past a certain tesla of magnetic field, 191 00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:47,000 Speaker 1: it does matter, and that it actually gets worse because 192 00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:50,000 Speaker 1: you're picking up so much detail that you can't tell 193 00:11:50,320 --> 00:11:53,280 Speaker 1: a bit from a bob basically, and if you're a 194 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:55,920 Speaker 1: radiologist using terms like bits and bobs, you need to 195 00:11:55,960 --> 00:11:57,800 Speaker 1: get out of the field and make room for somebody 196 00:11:57,800 --> 00:12:00,560 Speaker 1: who takes the job a little more seriously. That's interesting. 197 00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:02,719 Speaker 1: I wonder if that also goes hand in hand with 198 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,000 Speaker 1: the open machines and them saying like, we don't need 199 00:12:06,120 --> 00:12:08,960 Speaker 1: as much goss as we thought we did. I think 200 00:12:08,960 --> 00:12:10,880 Speaker 1: it does. I think they're figuring out ways to get 201 00:12:10,880 --> 00:12:14,280 Speaker 1: better resolution off lower power, because not only is it 202 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:18,160 Speaker 1: really expensive, I think it's a new machine costs about 203 00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:21,840 Speaker 1: a million dollars per tesla it produces. So if you've 204 00:12:21,840 --> 00:12:25,320 Speaker 1: got a ten ten tesla machine, which really at this point, 205 00:12:25,320 --> 00:12:27,040 Speaker 1: from what I understand, is just showing off as a 206 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:31,080 Speaker 1: medical center. Um, you just spent ten million dollars on 207 00:12:31,160 --> 00:12:35,160 Speaker 1: this one m r I machine in your medical center. Um. 208 00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:37,440 Speaker 1: But that also it costs a lot of money to 209 00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:40,960 Speaker 1: run one of these things because to keep this stable 210 00:12:41,040 --> 00:12:44,439 Speaker 1: magnetic field going, you gotta run a lot of electricity 211 00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:48,000 Speaker 1: through it. And that's where the super conductivity comes in. Yeah, 212 00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:50,320 Speaker 1: I mean you want two rids. I mean you've got 213 00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:54,080 Speaker 1: to have like zero resistance running through those wires. And 214 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:56,559 Speaker 1: they do this and I remember we talked about this 215 00:12:56,640 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: in our Are we running out of Helium? I can't 216 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:01,800 Speaker 1: abo what it was called about. We did an episode 217 00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:05,040 Speaker 1: on the fact that helium um was in short supply. 218 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 1: And one of the downsides of this, it wasn't just 219 00:13:08,120 --> 00:13:12,360 Speaker 1: birthday balloons, was the fact that they use helium liquid 220 00:13:12,400 --> 00:13:17,400 Speaker 1: helium to uh to make these copper coils super conductive 221 00:13:17,559 --> 00:13:20,400 Speaker 1: and I think at the order of about four hundred 222 00:13:20,440 --> 00:13:25,000 Speaker 1: and fifty two degrees below zero. So without that helium, 223 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:28,040 Speaker 1: they don't know if they're looking at alternatives or if 224 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:31,520 Speaker 1: there's a Plan B or not, but they need helium. Well, 225 00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:34,200 Speaker 1: remember in our Macy's Thanksgiving day preative. So I don't 226 00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:35,640 Speaker 1: know if it made it in there or not, but 227 00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:39,600 Speaker 1: they they found like a helium supply that basically like 228 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:44,480 Speaker 1: and Macy's bought it that basically like expanded our supply 229 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:47,360 Speaker 1: of helium by some infinite amounts. So we're like flush 230 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:49,840 Speaker 1: with helium. That's true. I remember that. So so I 231 00:13:49,840 --> 00:13:51,559 Speaker 1: think we're okay. So we can just the cam was 232 00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 1: kicked down the road, Chuck. We don't need to worry 233 00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:55,959 Speaker 1: about that. Yeah, we don't need a plan for the future, 234 00:13:56,400 --> 00:14:00,360 Speaker 1: like Y two K right, it's exactly right. Nice, nice 235 00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:04,080 Speaker 1: call out. All right, So you've got your big magnet um. 236 00:14:04,120 --> 00:14:08,480 Speaker 1: You you also have gradient magnets. You have three gradient magnets, 237 00:14:08,559 --> 00:14:12,400 Speaker 1: and those are not nearly as on the magnitude of 238 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:15,160 Speaker 1: that the big daddy. These are about one eighty to 239 00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:18,960 Speaker 1: two seventy GAUSS. And your main magnet is what's creating 240 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:21,280 Speaker 1: that main magnetic field that we're gonna go over in 241 00:14:21,320 --> 00:14:24,200 Speaker 1: detail in the second, the real stable one. But the 242 00:14:24,240 --> 00:14:28,280 Speaker 1: other magnets create the variable field, which you know, that's 243 00:14:28,280 --> 00:14:32,760 Speaker 1: what you need to run it um against the other 244 00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 1: one to make those images happen. Yeah, that's the that's 245 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:42,320 Speaker 1: basically what you use, like to direct the UM beam 246 00:14:42,480 --> 00:14:44,600 Speaker 1: essentially as it were like if you need a shoulder 247 00:14:44,600 --> 00:14:46,680 Speaker 1: looked at, it would be then a different location than 248 00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:49,800 Speaker 1: your knee. Yeah yeah, And you would say, well, actually 249 00:14:49,840 --> 00:14:51,880 Speaker 1: I needed a little to the left, and you would 250 00:14:51,920 --> 00:14:54,880 Speaker 1: use these gradient magnets to move the magnetic field. And 251 00:14:54,920 --> 00:14:57,920 Speaker 1: what you're really moving from what I understand with the 252 00:14:57,920 --> 00:15:02,960 Speaker 1: gradient magnets is a radio free quency pulse. And this 253 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:06,040 Speaker 1: is this is where things this is where it all 254 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 1: comes together. You're you're using three different things. Right, You've 255 00:15:09,240 --> 00:15:12,880 Speaker 1: got the magnet and when you when you put um hydrogen, 256 00:15:12,960 --> 00:15:15,480 Speaker 1: when you put a body, well, we're not quite there yet, 257 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:19,480 Speaker 1: I'll oh you want me to do it now? Well, 258 00:15:19,520 --> 00:15:23,000 Speaker 1: I mean it certainly was anticipation on my part. Okay, 259 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: all right, I won't let you down, Chuck. So when 260 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:30,040 Speaker 1: you go into the m R I bore and you 261 00:15:30,360 --> 00:15:33,000 Speaker 1: enter this magnetic field the tube, I don't think we've 262 00:15:33,040 --> 00:15:36,640 Speaker 1: mentioned that true. Um, When you go in the tube 263 00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:40,440 Speaker 1: and you enter the magnetic field, the atoms in your 264 00:15:40,480 --> 00:15:44,840 Speaker 1: body UM have what's called the magnetic moment, which means 265 00:15:44,880 --> 00:15:50,360 Speaker 1: that they respond to very strong magnetic fields by abandoning 266 00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:54,040 Speaker 1: their kind of random spin along their access their procession 267 00:15:55,040 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 1: and snapping in line along the polar ends of the 268 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:03,680 Speaker 1: magnetic field. And in the m r I that that's 269 00:16:03,760 --> 00:16:06,120 Speaker 1: running lengthwise down the middle. So if you're laying on 270 00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:08,360 Speaker 1: your back in an m R I tube, the magnetic 271 00:16:08,360 --> 00:16:10,920 Speaker 1: field is going from your feet to your head, and 272 00:16:10,960 --> 00:16:15,080 Speaker 1: that magnetic field causes the atoms in your body or 273 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,240 Speaker 1: the particles in your body that make up atoms, to 274 00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:22,040 Speaker 1: snap into line with that polarity. So all of a sudden, 275 00:16:22,080 --> 00:16:24,200 Speaker 1: you have protons in this case, as far as the 276 00:16:24,280 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 1: m R is concerned, hydrogen protons um suddenly going from 277 00:16:29,160 --> 00:16:33,200 Speaker 1: random spins to all facing your feet are all spinning 278 00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:36,360 Speaker 1: towards your head, one or the other, but technically along 279 00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:39,240 Speaker 1: the same line. Yeah, So some of those are and 280 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:42,680 Speaker 1: I think in the biz they call it aligning parallel 281 00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:47,720 Speaker 1: or anti parallel, and they sort of cancel each other out, 282 00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:52,760 Speaker 1: but there's always going to be more parallel aligned hydrogen atoms, 283 00:16:53,280 --> 00:16:57,240 Speaker 1: and those are the ones that uh, we're using to 284 00:16:57,280 --> 00:16:59,480 Speaker 1: measure the m R I basically, like everything else, just 285 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:01,920 Speaker 1: sort of can't as each other out, and those leftover 286 00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:06,360 Speaker 1: ones and it sounds, you know, there's there's so many 287 00:17:06,400 --> 00:17:09,600 Speaker 1: that you can have the cancelation of many and it 288 00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:12,800 Speaker 1: still works. So I only saw this in the House 289 00:17:12,840 --> 00:17:16,879 Speaker 1: to Works article. Everywhere else I saw basically made no 290 00:17:16,960 --> 00:17:20,160 Speaker 1: mention of the fact that, like whether they were aligned 291 00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:23,360 Speaker 1: towards your feet or towards your head, like that that mattered, 292 00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:26,000 Speaker 1: and that you were focusing on the ones that hadn't aligned, 293 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:31,119 Speaker 1: like I only saw it in this article. Oh you did, okay? 294 00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:35,040 Speaker 1: So then kids Science, what is what? They were all 295 00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:37,399 Speaker 1: based off this House of Works article? No? No, you 296 00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:40,440 Speaker 1: could tell they were original? What is I was just teasing, 297 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:44,199 Speaker 1: you know, I love kids science websites. Chuck which when 298 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:47,320 Speaker 1: this one was? But it was a good one. Um, okay. 299 00:17:47,520 --> 00:17:51,480 Speaker 1: So regardless of what which adams you're focusing on, either 300 00:17:51,560 --> 00:17:54,960 Speaker 1: the ones that are polarized from along the magnetic field 301 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:59,120 Speaker 1: are the ones that haven't been polarized. That's that polarity 302 00:17:59,240 --> 00:18:02,880 Speaker 1: is being created by the main magnet, the superconducting magnet 303 00:18:03,320 --> 00:18:06,520 Speaker 1: that has basically zero resistance because it's bathed in liquid 304 00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: helium and cool to just astounding temperatures. Right now, when 305 00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:15,960 Speaker 1: you bring in the radio frequency pulse, which is oscillating, 306 00:18:15,960 --> 00:18:19,880 Speaker 1: it's turning on and off very very quickly. What what 307 00:18:19,920 --> 00:18:23,000 Speaker 1: was discovered over the last century or so before m 308 00:18:23,119 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 1: RIS wherever even developed. But what forms the basis of 309 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:29,199 Speaker 1: the principle that mrs operate on is that if you 310 00:18:29,240 --> 00:18:33,080 Speaker 1: apply a radio frequency to a bunch of um of 311 00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:39,120 Speaker 1: hydrogen protons undergoing their magnetic moment, you can actually adjust 312 00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:43,080 Speaker 1: the way that they're aligned. You're kind of like pushing 313 00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:47,199 Speaker 1: or pulling them out of alignment, and they're kind of 314 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:50,560 Speaker 1: struggling against it, but you can you can overcome that 315 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:54,720 Speaker 1: with the radio frequency pulse. And so that's basically step 316 00:18:54,840 --> 00:18:57,640 Speaker 1: one of the m R I is getting them knocked 317 00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:00,520 Speaker 1: out of that polarity so that you can turn that 318 00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:05,240 Speaker 1: off and basically gauge and measure them as they snap 319 00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:08,800 Speaker 1: back into that polarity. Yeah, and that radio frequency pulse 320 00:19:08,880 --> 00:19:13,120 Speaker 1: it has to be the same frequency of those spinning protons, 321 00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:15,960 Speaker 1: so if not, they're not going to be in resonance. 322 00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:18,600 Speaker 1: That's where the word resonance comes from. If they have 323 00:19:18,720 --> 00:19:21,520 Speaker 1: that same frequency, they can exchange energy with one another 324 00:19:21,960 --> 00:19:26,320 Speaker 1: and they're on resonance with one another, and when they 325 00:19:26,359 --> 00:19:28,679 Speaker 1: turn it on and off, like you said, there's a 326 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:33,000 Speaker 1: moment where they snap back into snap back to attention essentially, 327 00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:35,080 Speaker 1: and it takes a little bit of time and a 328 00:19:35,080 --> 00:19:38,960 Speaker 1: little bit of energy, and that energy is what they're 329 00:19:39,000 --> 00:19:45,240 Speaker 1: basically trying to measure, like that, that movement. Yeah, and 330 00:19:45,680 --> 00:19:49,840 Speaker 1: because the protons, the hydrogen protons. The reason they selected 331 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:53,720 Speaker 1: hydrogen protons is because it's so abundant throughout the body. Uh, 332 00:19:53,720 --> 00:19:56,080 Speaker 1: it's far and away the most abundant atom in the 333 00:19:56,119 --> 00:19:59,960 Speaker 1: body is hydrogen. Um. That that you're going to find 334 00:20:00,160 --> 00:20:03,800 Speaker 1: in every bit, every every nook and cranny of your body. 335 00:20:03,880 --> 00:20:07,080 Speaker 1: That's another term radiologist should stay away from, but we 336 00:20:07,119 --> 00:20:09,200 Speaker 1: can use it. The nooks and crannies of your body 337 00:20:09,359 --> 00:20:14,159 Speaker 1: all are filled with hydrogen protons. So um, they know 338 00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:17,600 Speaker 1: that a hydrogen proton and like fat, tissue is going 339 00:20:17,640 --> 00:20:22,120 Speaker 1: to snap back into place and then release energy at 340 00:20:22,119 --> 00:20:25,160 Speaker 1: a slightly different frequency and at a slightly different rate 341 00:20:25,320 --> 00:20:27,879 Speaker 1: than the hydrogen protons making up water in the body 342 00:20:27,960 --> 00:20:31,160 Speaker 1: or bone in the body or you know, your hair 343 00:20:31,359 --> 00:20:34,280 Speaker 1: on your shoulders or whatever. All all of this stuff 344 00:20:34,359 --> 00:20:37,640 Speaker 1: is going to just be just slightly different. And they 345 00:20:37,680 --> 00:20:41,960 Speaker 1: basically know what the data that comes back, what it's 346 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:44,600 Speaker 1: telling them is, Oh, hey, i'm a I'm a fat 347 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:46,800 Speaker 1: I'm in a bunch of fat over here. I'm into 348 00:20:46,840 --> 00:20:50,479 Speaker 1: water over here, I'm shoulder hair over here. And this 349 00:20:50,560 --> 00:20:53,359 Speaker 1: is the data that gets transmitted to the computer that's 350 00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:57,000 Speaker 1: measured by the computer that's running the MR. Yeah, and 351 00:20:57,040 --> 00:21:00,800 Speaker 1: that energy burst that it emits, it's at a very 352 00:21:00,840 --> 00:21:06,040 Speaker 1: specific frequency named the lar More frequency after an Irish 353 00:21:06,119 --> 00:21:10,359 Speaker 1: physicist named Sir Joseph Larmore. He discovered this all the 354 00:21:10,359 --> 00:21:14,720 Speaker 1: way back in and you will never need to know 355 00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:16,879 Speaker 1: this information, but just in case you want to know, 356 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:21,040 Speaker 1: the lar More frequency for hydrogen in this case is 357 00:21:21,080 --> 00:21:25,159 Speaker 1: forty two point five eight mega hurts per tesla of 358 00:21:25,240 --> 00:21:29,760 Speaker 1: magnetic force. That's a I don't even know if that's 359 00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:33,040 Speaker 1: like a cocktail that that's not even a Jeopardy question. 360 00:21:34,640 --> 00:21:36,959 Speaker 1: That's a dark little pet you keep in your pocket 361 00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:38,960 Speaker 1: that you pull out and like stroke every once in 362 00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,160 Speaker 1: a while. Just reassure yourself that you're very smart. Yeah, 363 00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:45,800 Speaker 1: like LaVar Burton should be. LaVar Burton would ask that 364 00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:48,520 Speaker 1: question on Jeopardy and Ken Jennings would say, you gotta 365 00:21:48,520 --> 00:21:53,760 Speaker 1: be kidding me. Nobody cares love, so you're you're pulling 366 00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:55,879 Speaker 1: for LaVar. He's not gonna make it. I mean the 367 00:21:55,880 --> 00:21:59,200 Speaker 1: other guy that somehow the executive producer of the show 368 00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:03,679 Speaker 1: is of naming himself. Yeah, I mean he said that 369 00:22:03,720 --> 00:22:06,160 Speaker 1: he didn't make the call, but us, I don't know, man, 370 00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:08,600 Speaker 1: he I thought LaVar Burton was great and would be 371 00:22:08,600 --> 00:22:12,360 Speaker 1: great for that show. I'm part of team George Stefanopolis. 372 00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:17,080 Speaker 1: Did he guess yeah? Or Aaron Rodgers. He did a 373 00:22:17,080 --> 00:22:19,600 Speaker 1: good job. I didn't see that one, but he still 374 00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:21,840 Speaker 1: got more football to play. I'm with you, though, I 375 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:24,359 Speaker 1: think LaVar Burton would be wonderful, and from what I read, 376 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:27,440 Speaker 1: he really wants it too. So I just don't get it. 377 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:29,640 Speaker 1: And a lot of people are mad already, so I'm 378 00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:32,720 Speaker 1: not so so the decision has been made. It's the 379 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:36,760 Speaker 1: executive producer. Now. They said that they're in the final negotiations. 380 00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:39,399 Speaker 1: And you know, now there are some people pointing to 381 00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:43,879 Speaker 1: his past, because this guy's a experienced game show executive producer, 382 00:22:43,960 --> 00:22:46,360 Speaker 1: and they're like, yeah, when you were on the Prices, right, 383 00:22:46,520 --> 00:22:50,040 Speaker 1: you did some not so great things, and so we'll 384 00:22:50,040 --> 00:22:55,960 Speaker 1: see what happens. I don't know, what a dusty old crotch. Oh, 385 00:22:56,119 --> 00:22:59,760 Speaker 1: I don't know. We'll see what happens. Let's bring humility back, everybody. 386 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:03,639 Speaker 1: Just this and the small doses is fine. That's right. 387 00:23:03,880 --> 00:23:06,840 Speaker 1: And this has been game show, so Chuck and Josh 388 00:23:07,480 --> 00:23:10,760 Speaker 1: and speaking of go listen to our live game shows 389 00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:15,160 Speaker 1: episode I think from Denver. That was really good. Uh 390 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:19,480 Speaker 1: do we do one on game shows? Oh? My, yes 391 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:22,720 Speaker 1: we did. That's a good one. All right. So where 392 00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:25,879 Speaker 1: are we? We are at the lar more frequency. I 393 00:23:25,960 --> 00:23:28,280 Speaker 1: guess the one thing we need to mention to you 394 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:32,080 Speaker 1: talked earlier about the gradient magnets UM being applied to 395 00:23:32,160 --> 00:23:35,160 Speaker 1: very specific parts of the body. In the biz, they 396 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:39,000 Speaker 1: call those areas slices. So you can just get us 397 00:23:39,119 --> 00:23:40,800 Speaker 1: if they if you hear someone and if you're going 398 00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:42,720 Speaker 1: to get an m R and you're nervous and they 399 00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:45,959 Speaker 1: say get a slice of the shoulder. There, you're not 400 00:23:46,040 --> 00:23:48,080 Speaker 1: getting a slice. The whole point is that of an 401 00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:50,360 Speaker 1: m R is that you don't get sliced. Yes. And 402 00:23:50,480 --> 00:23:52,960 Speaker 1: one of the other advantages is that because you can 403 00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:55,360 Speaker 1: move these gradient magnets all over the place at all 404 00:23:55,520 --> 00:23:59,520 Speaker 1: different planes UM, you can get all sorts of different 405 00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:05,320 Speaker 1: views of the same area top, bottom, side, underside, all 406 00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:08,680 Speaker 1: the sides. And that's a huge, huge advantage that m 407 00:24:08,800 --> 00:24:14,000 Speaker 1: R I offers again without spilling a single drop of blood. Yeah, 408 00:24:14,119 --> 00:24:16,440 Speaker 1: and I guess. The final piece of the puzzle here 409 00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:19,119 Speaker 1: is this is all well and good that this little 410 00:24:19,119 --> 00:24:21,119 Speaker 1: magic machine works like this, but you still have to 411 00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:23,960 Speaker 1: be able to have a doctor look at a picture 412 00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:26,840 Speaker 1: of this stuff. The imaging part of m R I 413 00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:30,480 Speaker 1: is just as important as the rest, because that's what 414 00:24:30,560 --> 00:24:34,679 Speaker 1: they need to assess your situation. And they do this 415 00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: through the magic of computers and math. And I think 416 00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:42,479 Speaker 1: that's it. That's that right. We don't have to go 417 00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:46,240 Speaker 1: anymore into it than that. I mean, you know, I 418 00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:49,159 Speaker 1: don't fully understand it to you. It makes it the 419 00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:54,639 Speaker 1: image and turns it to a mathematical formula. Fifty people 420 00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:58,639 Speaker 1: on the planet who fully understand how happens. All I 421 00:24:58,680 --> 00:25:02,600 Speaker 1: know is there's a really expensive computer attached, and it's 422 00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:04,920 Speaker 1: the one that converts all that data into a two 423 00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:09,040 Speaker 1: D or three D image. That's all you need to know, really, yeah, um, 424 00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:11,080 Speaker 1: And then it ends up in the hands of a 425 00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:14,040 Speaker 1: radiologist who basically says, oh, it's this, Oh it's a 426 00:25:14,080 --> 00:25:18,159 Speaker 1: donkey that kind of thing, or increasingly in the hands 427 00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:21,280 Speaker 1: of AI, which has gotten really really good at reading 428 00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:25,240 Speaker 1: radiological charts, including m R I, is to look for 429 00:25:25,359 --> 00:25:29,360 Speaker 1: weird anomalies because one of the great advantages of an 430 00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:34,960 Speaker 1: m r I is those images that produces um really 431 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:38,879 Speaker 1: can resolve water in the body. And one of the 432 00:25:38,920 --> 00:25:42,280 Speaker 1: reasons that's important is because when you start to suffer disease, 433 00:25:42,359 --> 00:25:45,760 Speaker 1: one of the one of the almost universal symptoms of 434 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:48,560 Speaker 1: any kind of disease, malady, or disorder in the human 435 00:25:48,560 --> 00:25:53,199 Speaker 1: body is an increase in the amount of water. The 436 00:25:53,280 --> 00:25:54,840 Speaker 1: thing is is like, the m r I is going 437 00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:56,960 Speaker 1: to show you that, but you or I can't see that. 438 00:25:56,960 --> 00:25:58,680 Speaker 1: You got to go to school for many, many years 439 00:25:58,720 --> 00:26:01,800 Speaker 1: and become a radiologists say that's that's just a little 440 00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:04,240 Speaker 1: fluid build up, or oh that's a tumor. It's tough 441 00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:06,760 Speaker 1: to distinguish. It needs a human or again an AI 442 00:26:07,240 --> 00:26:10,320 Speaker 1: to make that distinction. But the m r I is 443 00:26:10,359 --> 00:26:12,320 Speaker 1: going to give you the picture that will show you 444 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:14,560 Speaker 1: that thing that a radiologist could look at and say 445 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:18,359 Speaker 1: that's water, that's a tumor. That's right, pretty neat stuff. 446 00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:23,600 Speaker 1: Like we said all along the Wonder Machine, that's right. 447 00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: And that feels like a great time for break number two. 448 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,240 Speaker 1: And when we come back, we'll talk a little bit 449 00:26:28,240 --> 00:26:31,000 Speaker 1: about our fm r I. Shame that I feel that 450 00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:34,480 Speaker 1: you're not even aware of Oh gosh, right after that, 451 00:26:34,880 --> 00:27:09,359 Speaker 1: prepare for our shame, all right, Chuck? Why should we 452 00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,800 Speaker 1: be ashamed? Because I think I I remember things differently 453 00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:15,520 Speaker 1: than you do. That's what I think it is. So 454 00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:18,600 Speaker 1: here's the deal with f m R I functioning m 455 00:27:18,720 --> 00:27:24,040 Speaker 1: r I s. They track blood flow and what they've 456 00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:31,239 Speaker 1: long done in UH psychiatry and neurology since this has 457 00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:33,800 Speaker 1: been invented, and we've talked about this a lot on 458 00:27:33,840 --> 00:27:36,879 Speaker 1: the podcast. It they will do an f m R 459 00:27:36,920 --> 00:27:38,920 Speaker 1: I of your brain and they will show you pictures 460 00:27:38,920 --> 00:27:42,119 Speaker 1: of certain things or have you react to certain stimuli, 461 00:27:43,119 --> 00:27:45,480 Speaker 1: can be an object or a word that they say 462 00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:48,480 Speaker 1: out loud or whatever, and they see where that blood 463 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:51,680 Speaker 1: flow is going in the brain with the idea of like, well, hey, 464 00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:53,679 Speaker 1: if you're getting that fresh blood right here in this 465 00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:56,080 Speaker 1: part of the brain, that means that that's the part 466 00:27:56,119 --> 00:27:59,840 Speaker 1: of your brain that is reacting to the stimulus. And 467 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:02,480 Speaker 1: and the more I read about it, the more it 468 00:28:02,560 --> 00:28:06,120 Speaker 1: seemed like that's a pretty good guess. And we don't 469 00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:08,359 Speaker 1: really know what's going on with the neurons. This is 470 00:28:08,440 --> 00:28:11,560 Speaker 1: just seeing what's lighting up. And I think where I 471 00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:15,119 Speaker 1: feel bad as many many times over the years we've said, 472 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:17,359 Speaker 1: you know, and then they showed him a picture of 473 00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:19,400 Speaker 1: this and about a being about a boom. This part 474 00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:22,760 Speaker 1: starts lighting up, so case closed, and it's not as 475 00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:25,399 Speaker 1: like kind of bulletproof as that I see. This is 476 00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:29,720 Speaker 1: where I remember differently. We've trashed that idea multiple times 477 00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:33,920 Speaker 1: over there. Did yeah, okay, totally. I remember specifically talking 478 00:28:33,960 --> 00:28:35,960 Speaker 1: about one study where a guy put like a dead 479 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:38,160 Speaker 1: salmon in an m r I and then wrote a 480 00:28:38,160 --> 00:28:41,400 Speaker 1: paper about what it must have been experiencing because some 481 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:45,400 Speaker 1: vauxells showed lit up. Really, so we made good as 482 00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:48,280 Speaker 1: we went along. Yeah, yeah, yeah, totally, okay, totally. We 483 00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:50,520 Speaker 1: sniffed that stuff out. We've been sniffing that stuff off 484 00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:53,400 Speaker 1: the case since oh eight, oh man, all right, well, 485 00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:55,720 Speaker 1: I don't feel bad anymore, No, don't, don't. We definitely 486 00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:58,080 Speaker 1: trashed that over the years, and and it's it's worth 487 00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:02,600 Speaker 1: being trashed in that somebody figured out, like, you can 488 00:29:02,760 --> 00:29:06,760 Speaker 1: use this to a certain degree and yes, you can see, 489 00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:09,640 Speaker 1: oh this region's lighting up. But what they quickly found 490 00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:14,040 Speaker 1: is that a region of the brain has hundreds or 491 00:29:14,080 --> 00:29:18,360 Speaker 1: thousands or countless numbers of neurons involved in that area, 492 00:29:18,880 --> 00:29:21,720 Speaker 1: and they're not all just doing the same thing, they're 493 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:24,920 Speaker 1: all performing different functions, they're all connected in different ways. 494 00:29:25,320 --> 00:29:28,840 Speaker 1: And until we can get our resolution down on basically 495 00:29:28,840 --> 00:29:34,240 Speaker 1: the individual neural level, the point, there's zero point almost 496 00:29:34,400 --> 00:29:38,240 Speaker 1: in putting someone in an fMRI I um and and 497 00:29:38,400 --> 00:29:41,920 Speaker 1: showing them pictures of of whatever and seeing how they're 498 00:29:41,960 --> 00:29:45,440 Speaker 1: stimulated it, because it's all just guesswork somebody. Compared to 499 00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:51,040 Speaker 1: to phrenology modern phrenology, you're just extrapolating huge things from 500 00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:55,800 Speaker 1: very limited findings. And so we've figured that out very 501 00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:58,240 Speaker 1: early on. Like that's been a long standing criticism, and 502 00:29:58,320 --> 00:30:01,080 Speaker 1: we we definitely dialed into that better than everything about 503 00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:03,960 Speaker 1: our efforts. I'm I'm so glad, thank you for correcting that. 504 00:30:04,160 --> 00:30:07,040 Speaker 1: Although one good thing about f m r I is 505 00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:10,440 Speaker 1: is that and giography where you can track blood flow 506 00:30:10,920 --> 00:30:14,280 Speaker 1: outside of the brain and extrapolated beyond you know, social 507 00:30:14,280 --> 00:30:19,120 Speaker 1: psychology studies. Yeah, if if a social psychology study could 508 00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:21,560 Speaker 1: even get enough funding to pay for an m r 509 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:26,400 Speaker 1: I rental. We we had some social psychologists and husbands 510 00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:28,880 Speaker 1: and wives of social psychologists the right end, and they 511 00:30:28,880 --> 00:30:31,280 Speaker 1: were kind of mad at it at you. I think 512 00:30:31,280 --> 00:30:34,960 Speaker 1: they're mad again. Uh, you know you should not be 513 00:30:35,040 --> 00:30:37,640 Speaker 1: mad at are the inventors of the m r I 514 00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:42,560 Speaker 1: because these things are really pretty safe. Um, you are 515 00:30:42,640 --> 00:30:45,760 Speaker 1: not being exposed to radiation, and that's a great thing. 516 00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:52,320 Speaker 1: You There have been not many incidences of mishaps with 517 00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:55,280 Speaker 1: an m r I machine. One of the dangers of 518 00:30:55,280 --> 00:30:58,040 Speaker 1: an m r I is, obviously, you know with the 519 00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:00,800 Speaker 1: super magnet is going to be metal. If you've ever 520 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,360 Speaker 1: had one, they're gonna ask you and ask you several 521 00:31:04,360 --> 00:31:06,600 Speaker 1: more times. If you have any metal on your body. 522 00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:08,680 Speaker 1: You're not gonna go in there with the ear rings. 523 00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,320 Speaker 1: You're not going to go in there with even certain 524 00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:15,760 Speaker 1: kinds of makeup has metal in it. Uh. If you 525 00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:19,680 Speaker 1: have a pacemaker or aneurism clips in your brain, or 526 00:31:19,720 --> 00:31:22,520 Speaker 1: if you're like me, dental implants, you're gonna want to 527 00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:25,560 Speaker 1: talk to them about that. And uh, because some of 528 00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:28,000 Speaker 1: that stuff is still okay. It's not like it will 529 00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:30,400 Speaker 1: rip a pacemaker out of your chest, because they're smarter 530 00:31:30,480 --> 00:31:33,400 Speaker 1: than that now. But if you have an old pacemaker, 531 00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:36,280 Speaker 1: that might be a problem, right Yeah, And even a 532 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:39,080 Speaker 1: new pacemaker can malfunction in the presence of a really 533 00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:41,720 Speaker 1: strong madnake field. It won't be ripped from your chest 534 00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:44,800 Speaker 1: but it's it might stop working, and that's not good. 535 00:31:44,840 --> 00:31:47,040 Speaker 1: You know, you don't want that to happen. But there 536 00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:51,080 Speaker 1: are like things like if you have like metal anywhere 537 00:31:51,080 --> 00:31:53,200 Speaker 1: on you, it will be pulled out of your pocket. 538 00:31:53,240 --> 00:31:56,400 Speaker 1: Your pocket might be pulled right off of your pants basically, 539 00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:59,640 Speaker 1: um depending on whether it's one of those externally sewed 540 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:05,240 Speaker 1: pock gets or an internal probably have a gown on anyway, sure, 541 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:07,160 Speaker 1: but you could just be some schmo who likes the 542 00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 1: stand around mr I rooms and gained entry. One of 543 00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:15,840 Speaker 1: the big problems is the actual medical equipment themselves. There's 544 00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:19,960 Speaker 1: medical equipment that is that is has been developed to 545 00:32:20,040 --> 00:32:23,040 Speaker 1: be used in an mri I room, and then there's 546 00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:25,840 Speaker 1: medical equipment that accidentally finds its way into an m 547 00:32:25,920 --> 00:32:28,480 Speaker 1: r I room and ends up getting sucked violently into 548 00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:32,440 Speaker 1: the bore, and that is really dangerous. There's there's actually 549 00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:36,080 Speaker 1: some astounding pictures on the internet. If you search mri 550 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:39,960 Speaker 1: I catastrophe of there's there's one, and I can't tell 551 00:32:39,960 --> 00:32:43,040 Speaker 1: if it's real or not. There's a wheelchair that's sucked 552 00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:45,680 Speaker 1: into the boar with feet sticking out from under it. 553 00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,600 Speaker 1: I didn't see a corroborating story, but people have died 554 00:32:49,680 --> 00:32:53,040 Speaker 1: from being hit by objects or pinned to the boar 555 00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:56,920 Speaker 1: between a metal object and the boar. UM. And it's 556 00:32:57,080 --> 00:33:00,200 Speaker 1: very very rare. It's very infrequent because people running MORI 557 00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:02,239 Speaker 1: ees tend to know what to look for and what 558 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:04,520 Speaker 1: questions to ask and what to look out for. But 559 00:33:04,680 --> 00:33:07,120 Speaker 1: it has happened, and when it happens, it's got to 560 00:33:07,160 --> 00:33:09,720 Speaker 1: be one of the most violent things you could ever Yeah, 561 00:33:09,720 --> 00:33:12,960 Speaker 1: about twenty years ago there was a boy who was 562 00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:15,800 Speaker 1: killed when an oxygen tank was pulled into the bore. 563 00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:19,000 Speaker 1: But like you said, that's that's the kind of thing 564 00:33:19,040 --> 00:33:21,040 Speaker 1: that makes the news of the world over because it's 565 00:33:21,080 --> 00:33:25,120 Speaker 1: so rare. I think every year there are millions and 566 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:28,440 Speaker 1: millions of m r I scans in the United States alone, 567 00:33:28,480 --> 00:33:34,200 Speaker 1: and the FDA gets about three hundred adverse event reports annually, 568 00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:39,200 Speaker 1: and most of these are like my skin burned, some 569 00:33:39,560 --> 00:33:42,719 Speaker 1: because it got really hot. Um. Because I don't think 570 00:33:42,760 --> 00:33:44,800 Speaker 1: we mentioned like the m r I s I've had 571 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:48,200 Speaker 1: have been very brief, just a few minutes. Um. You 572 00:33:48,280 --> 00:33:50,239 Speaker 1: can be in there for like an hour or an 573 00:33:50,240 --> 00:33:53,160 Speaker 1: hour and a half and you have to lay completely still. 574 00:33:53,680 --> 00:33:57,720 Speaker 1: And this the sound that they make is just it's unnerving. 575 00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:00,560 Speaker 1: It's this it's like this digital clanging and there are 576 00:34:00,640 --> 00:34:05,280 Speaker 1: clacksons and buzzers and it's just not I remember I 577 00:34:05,320 --> 00:34:07,480 Speaker 1: talked about it years ago on the show when I 578 00:34:07,520 --> 00:34:10,719 Speaker 1: had my first one. Um, it's it's not a relaxing 579 00:34:10,719 --> 00:34:13,239 Speaker 1: scene at all. It's a little unnerving, even though you 580 00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:17,240 Speaker 1: know it's safe just because of the noise. So um 581 00:34:17,360 --> 00:34:22,399 Speaker 1: but but it's it is safe, like accidents usually don't happen. Yeah, 582 00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:26,759 Speaker 1: that noise, I forgot you had one before. From what 583 00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:32,759 Speaker 1: I understand, that noise is relative to the the tesla's 584 00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:35,279 Speaker 1: that the made magnet puts out because when you put 585 00:34:35,320 --> 00:34:40,160 Speaker 1: the UM I guess maybe the gradient magnets in there, 586 00:34:40,840 --> 00:34:43,920 Speaker 1: they respond to that made magnet and that's what produces 587 00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:46,719 Speaker 1: that hammering or clacking sound or whatever. And it can 588 00:34:46,719 --> 00:34:48,640 Speaker 1: it can get really loud and give you tonitis or 589 00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:52,400 Speaker 1: hearing loss, even if they don't give you. Um, you 590 00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:55,480 Speaker 1: know your mouffs. Have you still never had one? No? 591 00:34:55,840 --> 00:34:58,959 Speaker 1: Let me just drack on wood there? How did yours 592 00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:01,680 Speaker 1: turn out? Pretty great? Yeah? I can't even remember what 593 00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:03,400 Speaker 1: the first one was for, to be honest, it was 594 00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:07,680 Speaker 1: so many years ago. Uh, And then I had one 595 00:35:07,760 --> 00:35:14,839 Speaker 1: more recently, Uh, for my for my gut. Oh yeah, yeah, 596 00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,080 Speaker 1: for my g I. They were looking at my g 597 00:35:17,320 --> 00:35:24,480 Speaker 1: I flow, not flow for stuff you're colon blow. They 598 00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:29,120 Speaker 1: were looking for diverticula specifically, And so I was in 599 00:35:29,160 --> 00:35:30,960 Speaker 1: an m r A machine and that didn't take very long. 600 00:35:30,960 --> 00:35:33,080 Speaker 1: And I think they used die for that one. That's 601 00:35:33,080 --> 00:35:36,080 Speaker 1: another thing that we didn't mention is I don't think 602 00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:39,799 Speaker 1: they always used die as a contrast, but sometimes they do. Yeah, 603 00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:41,800 Speaker 1: about a third of them they used die. And the 604 00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:44,560 Speaker 1: dye seems to be from what I can tell, the 605 00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:48,759 Speaker 1: the the only truly questionable part about the m R 606 00:35:48,840 --> 00:35:51,919 Speaker 1: I experience, because when you come out of that magnetic field, 607 00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:54,000 Speaker 1: your adams all go back to normal the way they were, 608 00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:57,440 Speaker 1: and you know, there's no long term effects. But apparently 609 00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:03,480 Speaker 1: the die they use is um made of gandolinium gatolinium, 610 00:36:03,760 --> 00:36:09,440 Speaker 1: which is a metallic element, and they collate it so 611 00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:11,680 Speaker 1: that your body doesn't like it doesn't stick around your 612 00:36:11,680 --> 00:36:14,200 Speaker 1: body actually pee it out, gets processed through your kidneys. 613 00:36:14,280 --> 00:36:17,200 Speaker 1: In very rare instances, some people hang onto it and 614 00:36:17,239 --> 00:36:19,640 Speaker 1: it can cause a little bit of kidney damage, but 615 00:36:19,760 --> 00:36:23,200 Speaker 1: far and away almost everybody passes it. It seems to be. 616 00:36:23,280 --> 00:36:28,080 Speaker 1: The question is using die when you give an m 617 00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:32,360 Speaker 1: r I to a woman who's pregnant, because the woman 618 00:36:32,440 --> 00:36:35,759 Speaker 1: will pee it out, but the little baby in uterus 619 00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:39,600 Speaker 1: or in utero um recycles the stuff that comes in there, 620 00:36:39,640 --> 00:36:42,200 Speaker 1: so it will just be ingesting and peeing and ingesting 621 00:36:42,239 --> 00:36:46,680 Speaker 1: and peeing that gatollinium until it's born. Um, and then 622 00:36:46,719 --> 00:36:50,800 Speaker 1: that's not really good for the old kidneys. So apparently, um, 623 00:36:51,120 --> 00:36:53,759 Speaker 1: they FDA recommends that you air on the side of 624 00:36:53,760 --> 00:36:56,800 Speaker 1: the mother's health, like like it's a if it's a UM, 625 00:36:56,840 --> 00:36:59,600 Speaker 1: like a medical emergency, and the that the that requires 626 00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:02,280 Speaker 1: an mr for the mom, including die. That the FDA 627 00:37:02,360 --> 00:37:05,120 Speaker 1: and apparently the a m A would say just go 628 00:37:05,160 --> 00:37:08,080 Speaker 1: ahead and do it, uh and roll the dice. But 629 00:37:08,120 --> 00:37:10,759 Speaker 1: if it's not a medical emergency and the woman has 630 00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:12,960 Speaker 1: to get an m r I, they would probably avoid 631 00:37:13,040 --> 00:37:17,319 Speaker 1: using the diet. Yeah. The die was Yeah, the die was. Um. 632 00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:19,280 Speaker 1: That was kind of one of the more interesting parts 633 00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:23,560 Speaker 1: because you can feel it cold running through your body. Wow, 634 00:37:23,640 --> 00:37:27,360 Speaker 1: which is really interesting. And I got a taste in 635 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:30,399 Speaker 1: my mouth, like this kind of funky taste. Wow, that's 636 00:37:30,400 --> 00:37:33,799 Speaker 1: really amazing. Yeah, which is always a little weird. Um, 637 00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:36,560 Speaker 1: you mentioned pregnant women though, but kids is another thing. 638 00:37:37,480 --> 00:37:39,880 Speaker 1: Uh m R eyes. I think in nine of m 639 00:37:40,040 --> 00:37:43,840 Speaker 1: R eyes go to fully grown adults, and kids present 640 00:37:43,880 --> 00:37:48,200 Speaker 1: a problem because kids are fidgety obviously, and they're hard 641 00:37:48,239 --> 00:37:51,120 Speaker 1: to keep still, and you've got to start over if 642 00:37:51,239 --> 00:37:53,640 Speaker 1: you want to get a good picture. So it's it's 643 00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:55,680 Speaker 1: kind of been tough, and a lot of times they 644 00:37:55,719 --> 00:38:00,640 Speaker 1: have to um aneste size a child to put them 645 00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,799 Speaker 1: in an MRI machine, which you know, anytime you're going 646 00:38:03,840 --> 00:38:06,120 Speaker 1: into anesthesia there's a risk there and people don't like 647 00:38:06,160 --> 00:38:08,440 Speaker 1: doing that in general if you don't have to. So 648 00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:11,239 Speaker 1: there are some really smart people working on that. I 649 00:38:11,280 --> 00:38:14,480 Speaker 1: think a few years ago there was an article about 650 00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:22,640 Speaker 1: a Stanford pediatric radiologist name Schreus Vasa na Vasana Walla, 651 00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:27,960 Speaker 1: and he was working on basically kind of making Taylor 652 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:31,480 Speaker 1: made m R I machines for kids that are smaller 653 00:38:31,520 --> 00:38:33,479 Speaker 1: and a little more open and don't have these huge 654 00:38:33,480 --> 00:38:37,200 Speaker 1: bulky coils for their little bodies. That's amazing. What a 655 00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:39,600 Speaker 1: great thing to do with your time, you know, I agreed. 656 00:38:39,680 --> 00:38:41,960 Speaker 1: I mean, or you could just get on the podcast 657 00:38:41,960 --> 00:38:45,800 Speaker 1: and run your mouth. You're right, I think that's a 658 00:38:45,880 --> 00:38:48,000 Speaker 1: less good thing. To do with your time. But regardless, 659 00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,320 Speaker 1: I think the m R I machine is still maybe 660 00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:54,600 Speaker 1: even more than ever the wonder machine. Chuck, I agree, 661 00:38:54,640 --> 00:38:56,719 Speaker 1: And it's cool to know how it works. And uh, 662 00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:59,160 Speaker 1: you know, if you heard this and go in to 663 00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:00,759 Speaker 1: get an m R I, it might arm you with 664 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,600 Speaker 1: a little knowledge. You can go in there and talk 665 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:07,240 Speaker 1: about what's the what was that number again? The frequency 666 00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:10,680 Speaker 1: forty two point five eight meg It hurts per tesla 667 00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:14,200 Speaker 1: yea of magnetic field applied. Just go in there start 668 00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:17,840 Speaker 1: throwing that around while you have your smartphone in your pocket. 669 00:39:18,520 --> 00:39:21,560 Speaker 1: That's right. Hopefully the least if you're about to get 670 00:39:21,560 --> 00:39:23,080 Speaker 1: an m R I, this may do you a little 671 00:39:23,160 --> 00:39:28,160 Speaker 1: less nervous about it, agreed. Uh. Well, if you want 672 00:39:28,160 --> 00:39:30,360 Speaker 1: to know more about m R EYES, just do a 673 00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:32,560 Speaker 1: little research or maybe go get one done. Go hit 674 00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:34,239 Speaker 1: up your doctor and say how about an m R I. 675 00:39:34,360 --> 00:39:37,319 Speaker 1: Let's check it out, and they'll say okay, hop in 676 00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:40,120 Speaker 1: I could use the money. Uh. And since I said 677 00:39:40,120 --> 00:39:42,879 Speaker 1: I could use the money, obviously it's time for listener mail. 678 00:39:45,640 --> 00:39:47,920 Speaker 1: That's right. Before I read this one, I do want 679 00:39:47,920 --> 00:39:50,520 Speaker 1: to shout out. We've got quite a few emails on 680 00:39:50,560 --> 00:39:53,719 Speaker 1: people who have the weird compulsion to equal out the 681 00:39:53,840 --> 00:39:58,759 Speaker 1: crack stepping defeat. Like, I was kind of surprised at 682 00:39:58,760 --> 00:40:02,400 Speaker 1: how many people have that same thing going on. And uh, 683 00:40:02,560 --> 00:40:04,960 Speaker 1: other people I think I read one of them. Uh 684 00:40:05,080 --> 00:40:08,080 Speaker 1: that said he also like to chew and equal on 685 00:40:08,160 --> 00:40:10,600 Speaker 1: both sides of his mouth. Quite a few people also 686 00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:13,000 Speaker 1: had that, which I don't have. But it's nice to 687 00:40:13,040 --> 00:40:16,239 Speaker 1: know that US crack steppers are. I don't know, I 688 00:40:16,239 --> 00:40:19,920 Speaker 1: feel united. Yeah, there's a there's a whole cadre of 689 00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:22,520 Speaker 1: you guys out there. It turns out, Yeah, we're gonna 690 00:40:22,560 --> 00:40:25,759 Speaker 1: take over the world one day. I know. But I'm 691 00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:30,319 Speaker 1: gonna call this one from Rodney about reverse osmosis. Hey, guys, 692 00:40:30,360 --> 00:40:33,640 Speaker 1: you get did a really nice job on reverse osmosis. Uh. 693 00:40:33,680 --> 00:40:36,480 Speaker 1: It can indeed solve the drinking water problem worldwide, as 694 00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:38,960 Speaker 1: well as help solve some of the environmental problems in 695 00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:44,240 Speaker 1: our industrial processes. You should also do a program on electrolytics. 696 00:40:45,040 --> 00:40:48,880 Speaker 1: This technology can take salt and convert it to disinfectants 697 00:40:49,040 --> 00:40:52,080 Speaker 1: that are used to treat water and kill microorganisms that 698 00:40:52,120 --> 00:40:55,919 Speaker 1: make people sick. Nine thousand people die every day from 699 00:40:55,920 --> 00:41:00,480 Speaker 1: water borne disease worldwide. Uh. And this this guy, Rodney 700 00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:04,080 Speaker 1: has a couple of companies that deal with this, so 701 00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:06,960 Speaker 1: offered us up some technical assistance if we wanted to 702 00:41:06,960 --> 00:41:10,240 Speaker 1: do something on that nice, very nice, Thanks a lot, Rodney. 703 00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:15,280 Speaker 1: Appreciate that UM offer, and congratulations to you for saving 704 00:41:15,320 --> 00:41:19,440 Speaker 1: the world. Agreed. UM. If you want to get in 705 00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:21,759 Speaker 1: touch with us like Rodney did, because you're saving the 706 00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:24,960 Speaker 1: world or because you UM just want to say hi, 707 00:41:25,120 --> 00:41:28,279 Speaker 1: it doesn't matter. We were fine either way. You can 708 00:41:28,320 --> 00:41:30,160 Speaker 1: get in touch with us by sending an email to 709 00:41:30,360 --> 00:41:36,960 Speaker 1: Stuff podcast at iHeart radio dot com. Stuff you Should 710 00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:39,399 Speaker 1: Know is a production of I Heart Radio. For more 711 00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:43,400 Speaker 1: podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 712 00:41:43,520 --> 00:41:45,360 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.