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Speaker 1: Pushkin the first floor of the Eiffel Tower, almost two

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Speaker 1: hundred feet above the ground. Next to the railings a table.

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Speaker 1: On top of the table a wooden chair, and standing

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Speaker 1: on the wooden chair a man, Franz Reichelt. He places

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Speaker 1: a foot on the railing, he leans forward and peers

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Speaker 1: over the edge. The year is nineteen twelve and Franz

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Speaker 1: Reichelt is a tailor, thirty three years old. Born in Austria,

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Speaker 1: he moved to Paris as a teenager and built a

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Speaker 1: modestly successful business in ladies fashion. But ladies fashion is

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Speaker 1: not what excites Franz Reichelt. He's fascinated by flight, and

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Speaker 1: Reichelt has invented a parachute suit. Rychelt looks briefly up

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Speaker 1: to the heavens early in the morning on the first

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Speaker 1: Sunday in February. His breath forms in the air. By

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Speaker 1: nineteen twelve, parachutes are hardly a new idea Leonardo da

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Speaker 1: Vinci drew on centuries earlier. What is new is the

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Speaker 1: fast growing market for them. Airplanes have only just been

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Speaker 1: invented and not yet very reliable. Ryechelt is convinced that

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Speaker 1: his wearable parachute can save aviators lives with his tailoring skills.

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Speaker 1: He's made well. I'll let a journalist describe it. This

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Speaker 1: all silk garment, very well designed, was provided with a

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Speaker 1: kind of very wide hood which by means of zippers,

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Speaker 1: would automatically expand when called upon and form above the

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Speaker 1: head a vast umbrella. Down on the ground nearly two

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Speaker 1: hundred feet below. A few dozen people have got up

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Speaker 1: early to watch the demonstration. There are aviation enthusiasts, curious

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Speaker 1: members of the public, and journalists from all the Paris newspapers.

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Speaker 1: Reichelt has even drawn a film crew from the path,

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Speaker 1: a journal cinema newsreel. One camera is on the ground

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Speaker 1: pointed upwards at him, waiting. Another camera is with Reichelt

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Speaker 1: on the first floor filming him. He's still standing there,

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Speaker 1: one foot on the railing, one on the wooden chair.

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Speaker 1: But is he really going to jump himself? He's told

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Speaker 1: the Paris authorities that he's going to put the parachute

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Speaker 1: suit on a tailor's dummy and throw that off the

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Speaker 1: Eiffel Tower. They would never have given him permission to

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Speaker 1: jump off the Eiffel Tower himself. And yet there he stands.

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Speaker 1: Reichelt cautiously shifts his weight onto the foot on the railing.

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Speaker 1: Then he shifted back. Is he having second thoughts? It

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Speaker 1: is very windy. He sways gently forward and backward. He

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Speaker 1: looks over the edge again. Twenty seconds go by, thirty forty.

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Speaker 1: It's not too late to use the dummy. I'm Tim

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Speaker 1: Harford and you're listening to cautionary tales. In nineteen fifty one,

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Speaker 1: in a gold mining town in Western Australia, a nineteen

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Speaker 1: year old apprentice engineer and an eighteen year old training

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Speaker 1: nurse had a baby. They called him Barry. Barry Marshall

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Speaker 1: would grow up to be tempted to test a pet

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Speaker 1: theory on himself, much like the flying tailor Franz Reichelt

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Speaker 1: was tempted all those years ago. Growing up in Australia's

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Speaker 1: Back of Beyond, young Barry Marshall liked to read his

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Speaker 1: mum's medical textbooks and muck around with his dad's tools.

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Speaker 1: He made firecrackers and guns, and a device for pressurizing

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Speaker 1: domestic cooking gas to make balloons that were light of

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Speaker 1: an air. Do you want to be careful with those balloons?

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Speaker 1: Son said? Barry's dad might be dangerous if they meet

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Speaker 1: an open flame. Let's see, shall we. He drew on

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Speaker 1: his cigarette and touched the lighted end against the balloon.

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Speaker 1: Marshall recalls he was enveloped in a ball of flame

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Speaker 1: and his eyebrows were singed off. This didn't worry us

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Speaker 1: very much because we had seen him in this state before.

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Speaker 1: In the gold mining town, there was money to be made,

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Speaker 1: but not much choice of career path. Boys left school

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Speaker 1: and they mined for gold. The Marshals wanted their kids

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Speaker 1: to have options, so they moved their growing family three

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Speaker 1: hundred miles to Perth, the nearest city. Barry went to

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Speaker 1: medical school and became a doctor. Every six months, he

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Speaker 1: trained in a different speciality. When he moved to gastro enterology,

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Speaker 1: Marshall quickly realized that stomach problems could be hard to treat.

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Speaker 1: One woman on Marshall's ward was in terrible pain from

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Speaker 1: gastritis inflammation of the stomach. Nothing helped. In desperation, they

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Speaker 1: sent her away with antidepressants. It wasn't uncommon to link

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Speaker 1: gastric problems to mental health. Stomach ulcers were widely assumed

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Speaker 1: to be caused by stress. Ulcer medicines worked sometimes, but

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Speaker 1: often not for long. After a couple of years, many

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Speaker 1: patients would be back with another old sir. When medicines

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Speaker 1: didn't work, patients would often have part of their stomach

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Speaker 1: surgically removed. But was the medical community missing something. One

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Speaker 1: of Marshall's colleagues, Robin Warren, had a half formed theory.

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Speaker 1: People who came into hospital with a stomach complaint sometimes

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Speaker 1: had a biopsy taken, and Warren had been looking at

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Speaker 1: these biopsies. When the sample was from a patient with

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Speaker 1: an inflamed stomach, he could see under the microscope that

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Speaker 1: it was rife with a kind of spiral shaped bacteria.

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Speaker 1: It looked like tiny corkscrews. Those bacteria weren't there with

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Speaker 1: the healthy stomachs. Warren had observed this spiral bacteria many times,

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Speaker 1: including on the biopsy of the woman Marshall had seen,

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Speaker 1: the one who got antidepressants. Marshall was intrigued. He felt

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Speaker 1: bad that they had failed that patient. Perhaps there was

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Speaker 1: something more they could have done. He volunteered to investigate

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Speaker 1: warren idea. The medical textbooks weren't much help, but in

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Speaker 1: a way that Marshall found paradoxically encouraging. Every single pathologist

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Speaker 1: in the whole world who wrote a book described gastritis

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Speaker 1: totally differently. That meant to me that they didn't understand it.

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Speaker 1: So I'm thinking maybe these bacteria play a role in there.

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Speaker 1: Marshall went to his hospital's library and played around with

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Speaker 1: the computer. This was nineteen eighty one, their internet yet,

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Speaker 1: but the library had just got a direct link to

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Speaker 1: Australia's National Library of Medicine, and Marshall liked tinkering with technology.

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Speaker 1: He spent months trawling through obscure literature. Had found suggestive

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Speaker 1: references to bacteria and stomach complaints that went back nearly

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Speaker 1: a hundred years. It seemed that the evidence of a

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Speaker 1: link was there that nobody had yet connected the dots.

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Speaker 1: Marshall wrote up his findings and sent them to the

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Speaker 1: organizers of a big gastroenterology conference in Australia. They weren't

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Speaker 1: as excited as he was. They said, dear doctor Marshall,

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Speaker 1: we're so sorry that we couldn't accept your abstract. It

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Speaker 1: was such a high standard. This year, we had sixty

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Speaker 1: seven applications and we could only accept sixty four. Marshall

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Speaker 1: tried to grow the bacteria to study it better. Every

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Speaker 1: time he got a specimen, he'd send it down to

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Speaker 1: the hospital lab to see if they could culture it in.

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Speaker 1: Every time he visited the lab to ask how it

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Speaker 1: was going, he got the same answer. Had the bacteria grown. No.

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Speaker 1: Until one day, the day after the Easter holidays, Marshall

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Speaker 1: received a phone call. Come down to the lab. The

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Speaker 1: technician said, we think we've cultured your bacteria. It turned

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Speaker 1: out that Marshall's bacteria helico back to pylori, or just H. Pylor,

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Speaker 1: require three or four days to start showing up. The

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Speaker 1: lab was used to culturing bacteria that grow more quickly,

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Speaker 1: such as he whole eye. When nothing had appeared in

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Speaker 1: the petri dish after a couple of days, the technicians

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Speaker 1: were throwing the samples out. They had succeeded this time

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Speaker 1: only because Marshall had happened to send the last sample

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Speaker 1: just before the four day easter break. Now that Marshall

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Speaker 1: knew how to grow H. Pylorie, his next step was

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Speaker 1: to prove that the bacteria was causing the stomach illness.

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Speaker 1: It could, after all, be a coincidence, or maybe causality

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Speaker 1: could run the other way. Perhaps the illness was enabling

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Speaker 1: the bacteria to colonize the stomach. Marshall fed his bacteria

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Speaker 1: to mice and rats to see if they developed stomach problems.

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Speaker 1: They didn't. He tried it on piglets. Every week he'd

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Speaker 1: feed them a portion of H. Pylori and do an endoscopy,

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Speaker 1: sticking a tube down their throat to look for stomach problems.

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Speaker 1: Weeks went by and nothing happened to the little pigs,

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Speaker 1: except they grew into bigger pigs. After three of this experiment,

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Speaker 1: I had seventy pound pigs that I was wrestling with

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Speaker 1: each week trying to do an edoscopy on and it

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Speaker 1: was a big mess and the bacteria didn't take. Marshall

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Speaker 1: was exasperated. Mice and rats and pigs, after all, aren't people,

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Speaker 1: and he was convinced that H. Pylori was giving people ulcers.

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Speaker 1: Some gastroenterologists were intrigued by the idea, but many others

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Speaker 1: were dismissive. To get their attention, Marshall decided he needed

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Speaker 1: to show that if a healthy person got infected with H. Pylori,

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Speaker 1: they'd develop a stomach ulcer. But which healthy person could

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Speaker 1: he ask to do that? There was one obvious answer himself,

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Speaker 1: like his dad poking a gas filled balloon with a

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Speaker 1: lit cigarette. Barry was about to satisfy his curiosity in

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Speaker 1: a rather reckless way, though he didn't think it was

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Speaker 1: too much of a risk. When I spoke to ulcer patients,

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Speaker 1: they couldn't tell me about any illness they had had.

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Speaker 1: They were perfectly fine, and then they developed an ulcer,

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Speaker 1: So I didn't think I'd become unwell. Marshall had been

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Speaker 1: feeding his pigs a small dose of bacteria every week,

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Speaker 1: but would he really be able to persevere with consuming H.

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Speaker 1: Pylori himself on a weekly basis. He wasn't sure he

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Speaker 1: could stomach it. Better to summon up his courage once,

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Speaker 1: he thought, and take one huge dose. Marshall and his

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Speaker 1: lab technician brewed up a beaker of the potion, a

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Speaker 1: couple of ounces of cloudy brown liquid. He hadn't told

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Speaker 1: the lab technician what he was about to do with it.

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Speaker 1: He hadn't told his bosses either, as he feared they'd

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Speaker 1: try to stop him. He raised the beaker in his hand. Well,

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Speaker 1: here he goes down the hatch. The lab technician was horrified.

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Speaker 1: We'll find out what happened after the break. Barry Marshall

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Speaker 1: didn't expect to get a stomach ulcer right away. Many people,

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Speaker 1: it seemed, can carry an H. Pylori infection without developing

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Speaker 1: any gastric complaints. If he's going to get an ulcer,

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Speaker 1: he thinks it might take years. He reassures his appalled

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Speaker 1: lab technician that he feels perfectly fine and goes off

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Speaker 1: to do his rounds on the ward as usual. It

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Speaker 1: takes just a few days before Marshall realizes that something

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Speaker 1: isn't right. He's having one of his favorite meals, Chinese noodles,

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Speaker 1: but the food is sitting on his stomach like a

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Speaker 1: lump of lead. Boy, I feel so full. In the morning,

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Speaker 1: he wakes up at the crack of dawn, I'm going

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Speaker 1: to be sick. He runs into the bathroom and throws up.

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Speaker 1: But it's not the Chinese food that comes back up again,

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Speaker 1: just a clear, slimy liquid about a pint of it. Well, gee,

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Speaker 1: that's weird. I don't do that very often. The next

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Speaker 1: morning he wakes up and vomits again, and the next

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Speaker 1: he visits his mother. He hasn't told her about swallowing

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Speaker 1: the bacteria. Barry, are you constipated? How come you've got

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Speaker 1: bad breath. Barry's work colleagues have also noticed his terrible breath,

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Speaker 1: but they don't want to be impolite enough to tell him.

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Speaker 1: Ten days after swallowing the h pylorie, he gets them

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Speaker 1: to give him an endoscopy. Usually I can tolerate the

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Speaker 1: tube pretty easily with just a little gagging, but it

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Speaker 1: was very uncomfortable. The endoscopy shows that the lining of

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Speaker 1: Marshall's stomach is severely inflamed. This is great, says Marshall.

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Speaker 1: Let's give it another few days and see how it develops.

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Speaker 1: Marshall hasn't told his wife what he's done either, Barry,

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Speaker 1: there's something wrong with you. All night, You're hot and cold.

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Speaker 1: You're breaking out in a sweat. You're not eating your meals.

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Speaker 1: You've got dark rings under your eyes. You look terrible. Well,

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Speaker 1: you know, I took this bacteria and now I've got

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Speaker 1: the infection. You did what? It's not like. Marshall hadn't

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Speaker 1: done any thinking ahead. He tested the bacteria he had

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Speaker 1: cultured to make sure that an antibiotic metro nidazole would

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Speaker 1: kill it. It did in the petri dish at least,

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Speaker 1: so he was fairly confident that he could cure himself

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Speaker 1: by taking metro nidazole if his illness got to worrying.

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Speaker 1: Barry Marshall was the latest in a long tradition of

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Speaker 1: doctors experimenting on themselves. Alas that long tradition is not

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Speaker 1: wholly reassuring. John Hunter was eighteenth century English surgeon, royal

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Speaker 1: doctor to King George the Third. He was also the

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Speaker 1: leading authority of his time on venereal disease, so much

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Speaker 1: so that, according to some accounts, he gave himself gonorrhea

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Speaker 1: to study it better. He extracted us from an infected

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Speaker 1: patient and injected it into his own penis. This turned

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Speaker 1: out to be a doubly bad idea. First of all,

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Speaker 1: none of Hunter's cures for gonorrhea actually worked were still

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Speaker 1: The patient also happened to have syphilis, and Hunter got

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Speaker 1: that too, setting up a lifetime of worsening health. Or

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Speaker 1: take the nineteenth century German chemist Max von Pettenkoffer. Like

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Speaker 1: Barry Marshall, he downed a potion teeming with bacteria, in

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Speaker 1: this case the bacteria that caused cholera. He was trying

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Speaker 1: to prove his theory that the bacteria didn't cause cholera.

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Speaker 1: He was wrong. They do, and cholera can kill you.

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Speaker 1: But von Pettenkoffer was lucky. He just got a mild

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Speaker 1: case of diarrhea. In the nineteen twenties, medical student Werna

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Speaker 1: Forceman learned from his physiology textbook about an experiment someone

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Speaker 1: had done on a horse. They inserted a tube in

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Speaker 1: a vein in the horse's neck, pushed the tube into

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Speaker 1: the horse's heart, and inflated a rubber balloon to measure

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Speaker 1: the changes in pressure as the horse's heart beat. The

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Speaker 1: horse survived. Forceman wandered if a human would too. If

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Speaker 1: you could insert a tube into a vein in a

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Speaker 1: patient's arm, he thought, and push it into the heart,

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Speaker 1: that might have some medical uses. Forceman went to the

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Speaker 1: boss at his hospital and said, can I try this

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Speaker 1: on myself? Absolutely not, said his boss. Imagine the scandal

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Speaker 1: for the hospital if you kill yourself. Forceman decided to

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Speaker 1: ignore him and do it anyway. He'd need a tube.

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Speaker 1: To get the tube, he'd need to sweet talk the

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Speaker 1: nurse who held the keys to the supply covered. The

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Speaker 1: nurse was forty five year old girder Ditson. The young

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Speaker 1: doctor took her out to dinner and tried to persuade

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Speaker 1: her of the importance of what he wanted to do.

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Speaker 1: Nurse Ditson was completely won over. Do it to me,

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Speaker 1: she said. They arranged a clandestine meeting. In the lunch break,

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Speaker 1: Nurse Ditson got out of thirty inch tube, a scalpel,

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Speaker 1: and a hollow needle. She lay down on the surgical

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Speaker 1: table and doctor Forceman tied down her arms and legs

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Speaker 1: to hold her still. Forceman then turned his back on

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Speaker 1: her as if to arrange the instruments, but instead he

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Speaker 1: performed the surgery on himself. He dabbed iodine on his

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Speaker 1: left elbow, injected himself with a local anesthetic, and used

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Speaker 1: the needle to feed the tube into his vein. He

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Speaker 1: went back to strap Nurse Ditson and tell her what

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Speaker 1: he had done. She was furious, but she agreed to

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Speaker 1: help Forceman do what he needed to do next, get

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Speaker 1: proof that he'd pushed the tube all the way into

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Speaker 1: his heart. Together, they went to the X ray department

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Speaker 1: and asked the technician to let them use the fluoroscope.

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Speaker 1: On the screen, they could see where the tube was. Gently,

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Speaker 1: Forceman pushed it further and further towards his heart. The

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Speaker 1: technician slipped out of the room to alert another doctor

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Speaker 1: to what was going on. That other doctor now burst in.

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Speaker 1: What are you doing? He yelled at Forceman, You're crazy.

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Speaker 1: He tried to pull the catheter out of Forceman's arm,

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Speaker 1: but Forceman fought him off, kicking his shins. Nine nine,

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Speaker 1: I must push it forward. At last, the tip of

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Speaker 1: the catheter entered his heart. Take up picture. He told

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Speaker 1: the technician had his proof. He wrote up his self

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Speaker 1: experiment and submitted it to a medical journal. It caused

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Speaker 1: a huge fuss Enforceman was fired. He struggled to find

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Speaker 1: a new job. Nobody wanted a heart surgeon who was

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Speaker 1: known as a risk taker but a rule breaker. He

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Speaker 1: retrained as a urologist, got a job in a small

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Speaker 1: town where nobody had heard of him, and joined the

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Speaker 1: Nazi Party. Meanwhile, two American cardiologists read his old journal

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Speaker 1: article and decided he was onto something. They turned cardiac

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Speaker 1: catheterization into a practical technique to investigate heart disease and

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Speaker 1: to treat it by widening blocked arteries. They received a

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Speaker 1: Nobel Prize for their efforts, and they shared that Nobel

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Speaker 1: prize with an obscure ex Nazi small town German neurologist.

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Speaker 1: Nearly three dec aides after he had tied up Nurse

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Speaker 1: ditson Verna, Forceman had been vindicated. Just how big is

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Speaker 1: this tradition of medical self experimentation. A doctor and researcher

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Speaker 1: called Alan Weiss set out to document every example he

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Speaker 1: could find from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He found

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Speaker 1: four hundred and sixty five. Then he looked at what

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Speaker 1: had happened to them. In seven cases, including Forceman, it

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Speaker 1: won them a Nobel prize. In eight it killed them.

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Speaker 1: The odds of death and glory were roughly equal. Barry

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Speaker 1: Marshall's wife was not happy. She was worried about his

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Speaker 1: health and worried that he might pass on the bacteria

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Speaker 1: to her and their children. Start taking antibiotics. She tells

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Speaker 1: him give me till the end of the week. Marshall pleads,

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Speaker 1: I want to have another endoscopy to see what's happening.

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Speaker 1: By this point, Marshall has stopped vomiting up colorless, slimy liquid.

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Speaker 1: To his surprise, the next endoscopy shows that the inflammation

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Speaker 1: is healing. He takes the antibiotics to be on the

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Speaker 1: safe side, but he seems to have fought off the

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Speaker 1: bacteria on his own. Marshall has dinner with Robin Warren,

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Speaker 1: the colleague Hauld first suggested that he looked into the

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Speaker 1: spiral shaped bacteria on stomach biopsies. He tells Warren all

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Speaker 1: about his self experiment The next morning, Warren is woken

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Speaker 1: up at five am by a call from an American journalist.

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Speaker 1: They've scheduled a routine interview to discuss Warren's ulcer theory,

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Speaker 1: but the journalist has got muddled about the time zone

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Speaker 1: in Perth because he's half asleep. Warren blurts out the

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Speaker 1: exciting news, Barry Marshall just infected himself and damn near died.

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Speaker 1: Marshall hasn't yet published his work in a medical journal,

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Speaker 1: so the first report about it in an American tabloid newspaper,

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Speaker 1: a sensational story about the Australian guinea pig doctor and

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Speaker 1: his cure for ulcers. That's not going to help my credibility,

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Speaker 1: Marshall thinks, But unlike some of his self experimenting predecessors,

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Speaker 1: at least he was still alive. The tailor Franz Reichelt

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Speaker 1: had kept his self experimentation plans to himself. The workers

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Speaker 1: he employed in his tailoring business thought he was planning

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Speaker 1: to put his parachute suit on a tailor's dummy and

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Speaker 1: throw the dummy off the Eiffel Tower. That's also what

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Speaker 1: he told the Paris authorities he wanted to do when

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Speaker 1: he asked for permission to use the Eiffel Tower for

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Speaker 1: his test. The wait for that permission was agonizing as

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Speaker 1: Reichelt tried to improve his designs. Bureaucrats waited a full

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Speaker 1: year before giving him the nod. By then, Reichelt's workers

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Speaker 1: were used to him throwing dummies off the fifth floor

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Speaker 1: balcony of the building where he worked. The first prototype

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Speaker 1: of his parachute suit had a canopy of just six

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Speaker 1: square yards. The dummy did not land softly enough. Reichelt

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Speaker 1: redesigned the suit, this time with a twelve square yard canopy.

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Speaker 1: He threw the dummy off his balcony and the results

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Speaker 1: were a little better. Reichelt made the canopies bigger and

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Speaker 1: bigger in the end over thirty square yards, and it

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Speaker 1: seemed to him that the falls got chentler. He found

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Speaker 1: a quiet spot in a village to try the suit himself,

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Speaker 1: jumping from thirty feet onto a bed of straw. But

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Speaker 1: he also thought he saw the problem. He wasn't jumping

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Speaker 1: from high enough. The parachute needed more time to slow

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Speaker 1: the speed of his descent. On the evening before his

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Speaker 1: date with the Eiffel Tower Saturday, February fourth, nineteen twelve,

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Speaker 1: Riichelt wanted to make sure the media would turn up.

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Speaker 1: He paid a visit to a journalist at a Paris newspaper.

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Speaker 1: I've told the authorities I'm going to use a dummy,

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Speaker 1: he says. Actually, I'm going to jump myself. You won't

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Speaker 1: take any precautions, not in the least. I want to

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Speaker 1: prove the value of my invention. Word got round, and

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Speaker 1: when morning came, the journalists were out in force, and

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Speaker 1: the path a film crew. One writer describes the inventor's

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Speaker 1: absolute calm and apparent good humor. Another says he's cheerful,

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Speaker 1: brimming with confidence. He had put on a sort of

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Speaker 1: brown jumpsuit, a little bulkier than ordinary clothing. The appearance

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Speaker 1: was elegant, and the inventor rightly pointed out to everyone

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Speaker 1: that his clothing did not hinder movement. Some people made

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Speaker 1: a last ditch attempt to dissuade Raichelt from making the

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Speaker 1: jump himself. It's not too late to use a mannequin,

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Speaker 1: they point out. Will you at least think about postponing

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Speaker 1: until the wind calms down. Reichelt is having none of it.

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Speaker 1: You will see how my seventy two kilos and my

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Speaker 1: parachute will give to your arguments. The most decisive of denials.

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Speaker 1: There are three hundred and forty seven steps up to

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Speaker 1: the first floor of the Eiffel Tower. Reichelt starts to

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Speaker 1: climb them, with one of the film crews in tow.

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Speaker 1: He turns to look back at the crowd. Abiento. He says,

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Speaker 1: see you soon. Franz Reichelt wasn't included in the research

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Speaker 1: that counted four hundred and sixty five cases of self experimentation.

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Speaker 1: That research looked at doctors, not tailors. That research found

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Speaker 1: the pace of self experimentation was slowing towards the end

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Speaker 1: of the twentieth century. The Golden Age passed a hundred

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Speaker 1: years ago. Another researcher, Brian Hanley, doubts that he thinks

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Speaker 1: those figures are just the tip of the iceberg. Hanley

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Speaker 1: has experimented on himself in gene therapy. He knows lots

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Speaker 1: of other academics who've done the same but kept it quiet.

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Speaker 1: They worry that their institutions won't support them. They might

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Speaker 1: be fired. Like Werner Forceman all those years ago. Hanley

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Speaker 1: decided to investigate why self experimenting has such a bad reputation.

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Speaker 1: He and his colleagues contacted the ethics departments of universities

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Speaker 1: to see if they had a policy on it. There

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Speaker 1: was no consistency, but they heard a common concern that

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Speaker 1: self experiments prove nothing. It's called the n of one problem.

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Speaker 1: If your research has only one subject, you can't learn

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Speaker 1: anything useful. You need bigger studies to draw wider conclude.

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Speaker 1: That's just not true, said Hanley. An n of one

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Speaker 1: experiment can show that something is possible and more research

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Speaker 1: is worthwhile. That's what happened with Werna Forceman and Barry Marshall.

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Speaker 1: The sensational tabloid story might not have helped Marshall's credibility,

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Speaker 1: but it got attention and led to bigger studies. We

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Speaker 1: now know that roughly half the world's population is infected

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Speaker 1: with H. Pylori, generally in childhood. For most people it

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Speaker 1: never becomes a problem, but for some it causes stomach

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Speaker 1: cultures later in life, and we now know how to

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Speaker 1: treat them. Barry Marshall joined the list of self experimenters

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Speaker 1: who won a Nobel prize. The tailor, Franz Reichelt, as

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Speaker 1: you might have guessed, was not so lucky the path.

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Speaker 1: A newsreel footage of Franz Reichelt's jump from the Eiffel

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Speaker 1: Tower is riveting and awful. The parachute never looks like unfurling.

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00:28:10,730 --> 00:28:15,850
Speaker 1: Reichelt drops like a stone. The autopsy will later reveal

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Speaker 1: that as he falls, he's suffering a massive cardiac arrest.

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Speaker 1: He fell with a dull thud onto the ground, his

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Speaker 1: forehead bleeding, his eyes open, dilated with terror, his limbs broken.

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Speaker 1: The reckless inventor was dead. Reichelt had looked like a

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Speaker 1: mad genius equipped one journalist, but proved himself worthy of

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Speaker 1: only half the epithet. It's easy to snicker, but is

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Speaker 1: it fair? Wearable parachutes are not an intrinsically stupid idea

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00:28:53,210 --> 00:28:56,890
Speaker 1: reichelt design failed, But today we have designs that work,

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Speaker 1: wingsuits that let you skydive like a flying squirrel. And

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Speaker 1: when a self experiment goes well, it's easy to forget

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Speaker 1: how much uncertainty it involved. Barry Marshall didn't expect to

400
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Speaker 1: get symptoms so quickly, and he didn't expect the symptoms

401
00:29:14,290 --> 00:29:18,610
Speaker 1: to self resolve. I was a bit overconfident in retrospect,

402
00:29:18,970 --> 00:29:22,810
Speaker 1: he later admitted. If we can't tell how big a

403
00:29:22,930 --> 00:29:25,810
Speaker 1: risk is, how can we tell whether to take it.

404
00:29:26,850 --> 00:29:29,290
Speaker 1: I think all we can do is examine our motives.

405
00:29:29,770 --> 00:29:33,050
Speaker 1: Are we thirsting for useful knowledge that there's no other

406
00:29:33,090 --> 00:29:39,050
Speaker 1: way to obtain, or trying to show off? Barry Marshall

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00:29:39,050 --> 00:29:42,370
Speaker 1: admits with hindsight that he was a brash young man,

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00:29:42,850 --> 00:29:46,570
Speaker 1: impatient to prove his older colleagues wrong. Asked if he'd

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Speaker 1: do the same again, he says, I'd definitely study all

410
00:29:50,570 --> 00:29:53,290
Speaker 1: the different angles of it further before I'd do it

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Speaker 1: on myself. Franz Reichelt looks like a classic case of hubris.

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Speaker 1: There was, after all, a risk free way to test

413
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Speaker 1: his idea. Use a Taylor's dummy to jump himself suggests

414
00:30:07,730 --> 00:30:12,770
Speaker 1: he was delusionally overconfident in his own idea. That seems

415
00:30:12,810 --> 00:30:16,850
Speaker 1: to be what most Parisian journalists assumed, but not all.

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Speaker 1: Joe took the trouble to track down one of Reichelt's

417
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Speaker 1: friends and ask what the inventor had been thinking. The

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Speaker 1: explanation is simple, said the friend. Intellectual property laws. Reichelt

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Speaker 1: had managed to secure a patent for his parachute suit idea,

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00:30:34,290 --> 00:30:38,050
Speaker 1: but the legal fees had stretched his finances, and patents

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00:30:38,170 --> 00:30:42,170
Speaker 1: lasted for only fifteen years. If he was going to

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Speaker 1: make money from his invention, he had to commercialize it quickly.

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Speaker 1: That meant he needed a wealthy sponsor, and his only

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Speaker 1: hope of getting a sponsor was a spectacular, attention grabbing success.

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Speaker 1: He'd waited a whole year for bureaucrats to give him

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Speaker 1: permission to use the Eiffel Tower. He might never get

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Speaker 1: another chance to make an impact death all glory. As

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Speaker 1: he hesitated with his foot on the railing for forty

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Speaker 1: long seconds, perhaps he'd already guessed the answer. Cautionary Tales

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Speaker 1: is written by me Tim Harford with Andrew Wright. It's

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Speaker 1: produced by Ryan Dilley with support from Courtney Guarino and

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Speaker 1: Emily Vaughan. The sound design and original music is the

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Speaker 1: work of Pascal Wise. It features the voice talents of

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Speaker 1: Ben Crow, Melanie Gutridge, Stella Harford, and Rufus Wright. The

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Speaker 1: show also wouldn't have been possible without the work of

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Speaker 1: Mia LaBelle, Jacob Weisberg, Heather Fane, John Schnars, Julia Barton,

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Speaker 1: Carlie mc or, Eric Sandler, Royston Basserve, Maggie Taylor, Nicole Mrano,

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Speaker 1: Danielle Lakhan, and Maya Kanig. Cautionary Tales is a production

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Speaker 1: of Pushkin Industries. If you like the show, please remember

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Speaker 1: to share, rate and review, tell a friend, tell two friends,

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00:32:26,530 --> 00:32:28,490
Speaker 1: and if you want to hear the show, adds free

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00:32:28,610 --> 00:32:32,970
Speaker 1: and listen to four exclusive Cautionary Tales shorts. Then sign

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Speaker 1: up for Pushkin Plus on the show page in Apple

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Speaker 1: Podcasts or at pushkin dot fm, slash plus