1 00:00:00,480 --> 00:00:05,720 Speaker 1: You're listening to Bloomberg Law with June Grasso from Bloomberg Radio. 2 00:00:06,559 --> 00:00:09,280 Speaker 1: It's a dispute over one of the most famous collections 3 00:00:09,280 --> 00:00:13,160 Speaker 1: of medieval religious art, worth about two fifty million dollars. 4 00:00:13,480 --> 00:00:16,440 Speaker 1: The heirs of Jewish art dealers say the Nazi government 5 00:00:16,600 --> 00:00:19,119 Speaker 1: forced the dealers to sell the collection for about a 6 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:21,840 Speaker 1: third of its value, and they want to sue Germany 7 00:00:21,920 --> 00:00:24,639 Speaker 1: in a US court to get it back. But the 8 00:00:24,680 --> 00:00:28,720 Speaker 1: Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Germany's favor. In the opinion, 9 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:31,479 Speaker 1: Chief Justice John Roberts said the Court looks to the 10 00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:34,400 Speaker 1: law of property, not to the law of genocide in 11 00:00:34,479 --> 00:00:38,680 Speaker 1: deciding jurisdiction, echoing the oral arguments. Well, I guess my 12 00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:41,080 Speaker 1: question is why that is if it is part of 13 00:00:41,080 --> 00:00:45,199 Speaker 1: a campaign of genocide, that doesn't alter the fact that 14 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:49,159 Speaker 1: it's simply taking property. The justices were also concerned that 15 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:52,520 Speaker 1: allowing a suit against Germany in a US court might 16 00:00:52,520 --> 00:00:54,840 Speaker 1: open the US up to a similar suit in a 17 00:00:54,920 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 1: German court, a concern expressed by Justice Stephen Bryer. I mean, 18 00:00:59,760 --> 00:01:02,960 Speaker 1: those list goes on and on of what biolates international law, 19 00:01:03,520 --> 00:01:06,360 Speaker 1: and many of them involved property. And if we can 20 00:01:06,400 --> 00:01:10,040 Speaker 1: bring these kinds of actions here, well, so can these 21 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:12,880 Speaker 1: other countries do the same and accuse us? I mean, 22 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:16,160 Speaker 1: what about Japanese internment which involved thirty thousand people in 23 00:01:16,200 --> 00:01:19,600 Speaker 1: World War Two who were not American citizens. But the 24 00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:22,840 Speaker 1: case isn't over for the heirs joining me is mc 25 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:25,720 Speaker 1: sun Gala, chair of the Appellate Practice at buck Alter 26 00:01:26,560 --> 00:01:29,800 Speaker 1: m C. Foreign countries are generally immune from being dragged 27 00:01:29,800 --> 00:01:33,640 Speaker 1: into US courts, but the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act provides 28 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:38,560 Speaker 1: an exception for property taken in violation of international law. 29 00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:44,160 Speaker 1: Tell us about that expropriations exception here? The question was 30 00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:51,640 Speaker 1: does that expropriation exception apply to property taken from nationals 31 00:01:51,640 --> 00:01:54,639 Speaker 1: of the country who's being sued, or is it only 32 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:59,000 Speaker 1: foreigners who are not citizens of that country? And the 33 00:01:59,080 --> 00:02:03,320 Speaker 1: court said, if it's basically a dispute between someone who 34 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:05,800 Speaker 1: had their property taken who was a citizen of Germany 35 00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:08,880 Speaker 1: at the time and the lawsuits against Germany, and the 36 00:02:08,960 --> 00:02:13,040 Speaker 1: expropriation exceptions does not apply because you're talking about really 37 00:02:13,280 --> 00:02:17,320 Speaker 1: a domestic dispute in their view, within the boundaries of Germany. 38 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:21,040 Speaker 1: What was behind the chief's conclusion that the court would 39 00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:23,880 Speaker 1: look to the law of property, not the law of 40 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:29,160 Speaker 1: genocide in determining jurisdiction here. So one of the arguments 41 00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:32,480 Speaker 1: that the heirs made was said, well, look, this is 42 00:02:32,680 --> 00:02:35,960 Speaker 1: not just garden variety taking of property. This is in 43 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:38,639 Speaker 1: the context of a genocide, and there should be some 44 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:41,760 Speaker 1: ability to intervene when that happens and to be able 45 00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:45,840 Speaker 1: to sue in the US court. And so that is 46 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:49,520 Speaker 1: why the Chief Justice said, first of all, you don't 47 00:02:49,520 --> 00:02:51,640 Speaker 1: look for the law of genocide to decide whether you 48 00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:55,120 Speaker 1: can have a claim. You look to the language of 49 00:02:55,160 --> 00:02:57,800 Speaker 1: the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act and the law as it 50 00:02:57,960 --> 00:03:01,720 Speaker 1: was when the Act was a stopted and that law 51 00:03:02,200 --> 00:03:06,000 Speaker 1: really talked about property, and they could have had an 52 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:09,600 Speaker 1: express exception for genocide and it did not. How much 53 00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: is this the court not wanting to get involved in 54 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 1: determining issues involving genocide. I think that the larger takeaway 55 00:03:18,919 --> 00:03:21,480 Speaker 1: here is really I mean, it's tightened with the courts 56 00:03:21,639 --> 00:03:25,079 Speaker 1: used of the alien towards statute cases that it will 57 00:03:25,120 --> 00:03:28,680 Speaker 1: be again deciding later this term, but also it's previous 58 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:33,519 Speaker 1: decisions there. The Chief Justice quoted from the Cabal decision saying, 59 00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:37,320 Speaker 1: we have recognized that US law governed domestically, but does 60 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:40,320 Speaker 1: not rule the world. And so I think in a 61 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: moral way, we might watch the Court to do that. 62 00:03:43,480 --> 00:03:47,120 Speaker 1: But the Court is saying, as a legal matter, we 63 00:03:47,240 --> 00:03:50,600 Speaker 1: have decided that we are not going to take on 64 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:54,480 Speaker 1: human rights concerns of the world. We are not going 65 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:56,960 Speaker 1: to be the place where all of those things should 66 00:03:56,960 --> 00:04:01,480 Speaker 1: be brought. We are going to deal in our wheelhouse 67 00:04:01,480 --> 00:04:04,360 Speaker 1: what we think is appropriate for our courts to handle. 68 00:04:04,840 --> 00:04:08,400 Speaker 1: And when Congress has explicitly told us that this is 69 00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:11,120 Speaker 1: something that can be handled here, then we will handle it. 70 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:15,720 Speaker 1: If not, then we leave it to the other countries themselves, 71 00:04:15,760 --> 00:04:18,480 Speaker 1: for example, go to a German court to decide that 72 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:21,920 Speaker 1: for human rights courts, and we are going to stay 73 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:23,680 Speaker 1: out of that because we are not going to be 74 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:27,680 Speaker 1: the police courts of the world. And that is on 75 00:04:27,760 --> 00:04:31,280 Speaker 1: the one hand concerning because the US has long had 76 00:04:31,320 --> 00:04:33,960 Speaker 1: the perception of being the moral authority in the world, 77 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:36,560 Speaker 1: if not the legal authority in some ways because of 78 00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:39,599 Speaker 1: the strong rule of LOBS. So on the one hand, 79 00:04:39,640 --> 00:04:42,600 Speaker 1: you see would say, well, this is disappointing because we 80 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:46,159 Speaker 1: can be perceived, as you know, us moral authority on 81 00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:49,479 Speaker 1: the international stage being weakened. But on the other hand, 82 00:04:49,560 --> 00:04:52,520 Speaker 1: this kind of approach is consistent with what the United 83 00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:56,560 Speaker 1: States took immediately after World War Two with regards to 84 00:04:56,600 --> 00:05:00,159 Speaker 1: the Holocaust. It returned the art that it's found the 85 00:05:00,160 --> 00:05:04,080 Speaker 1: individual countries and told those countries to figure out how 86 00:05:04,120 --> 00:05:06,760 Speaker 1: to divide that up and who it belonged to. So 87 00:05:06,839 --> 00:05:09,960 Speaker 1: it stepped out of that role in the very beginning 88 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:13,360 Speaker 1: in many ways in terms of setting up those tribunals, 89 00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:18,080 Speaker 1: and each country do that. During the ural arguments, several 90 00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:22,480 Speaker 1: of the justices were concerned about, you know, turnabouts, fair play, 91 00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:26,719 Speaker 1: and if we let Germany be sued over this in 92 00:05:26,920 --> 00:05:30,359 Speaker 1: our courts, then who's to say that Germany is not 93 00:05:30,520 --> 00:05:33,600 Speaker 1: going to let the US be sued in its courts 94 00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:38,200 Speaker 1: for human rights violations. You know, in every decision there 95 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:41,400 Speaker 1: are the explicit factors, in the implicit factors, and just 96 00:05:41,600 --> 00:05:44,120 Speaker 1: other factors that the Court is concerned with and making 97 00:05:44,120 --> 00:05:47,640 Speaker 1: the decision. And that that point that you mentioned showed 98 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:51,640 Speaker 1: up in the descent in the DC Circuit opinion, and 99 00:05:51,760 --> 00:05:56,440 Speaker 1: it was repeated at oral argument, and obviously it played 100 00:05:56,760 --> 00:05:59,039 Speaker 1: a significant role in how the Court viewed the case. 101 00:05:59,560 --> 00:06:01,280 Speaker 1: It did not want to go out on what if 102 00:06:01,279 --> 00:06:04,760 Speaker 1: that was a limb in terms of finding jurisdiction here 103 00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:08,400 Speaker 1: out of concern that what you said turnabout is fair 104 00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:13,040 Speaker 1: play and we could be inadvertently opposing the US to 105 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:17,679 Speaker 1: some unexpected lawsuits in the other courts, and we don't 106 00:06:17,720 --> 00:06:20,120 Speaker 1: want to be the ones to do that. On the 107 00:06:20,160 --> 00:06:24,640 Speaker 1: other hand, there are potentially some avenues for the Airs 108 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:29,560 Speaker 1: to potentially navigate right. The court remanded down in the 109 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:36,440 Speaker 1: Germany case to assess whether perhaps maybe the Air's ancestors 110 00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:39,520 Speaker 1: were not actually German citizens at the point in time, 111 00:06:39,600 --> 00:06:41,880 Speaker 1: but the property was taken, and if that is true, 112 00:06:41,920 --> 00:06:45,680 Speaker 1: then that's a narrow path to tread in order to 113 00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:49,360 Speaker 1: sign jurisdiction here. That issue was raised at the Oral 114 00:06:49,520 --> 00:06:52,080 Speaker 1: arguments and Justice Neil Gorse, which even brought up the 115 00:06:52,120 --> 00:06:55,359 Speaker 1: possibility of remanding the case back to the lower courts. 116 00:06:55,960 --> 00:06:58,600 Speaker 1: I'd like to return to the question of what do 117 00:06:58,640 --> 00:07:01,440 Speaker 1: we do about a stateless peak supposed that they were 118 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:04,719 Speaker 1: in fact stripped to their citizenship before the taking, but 119 00:07:04,839 --> 00:07:07,440 Speaker 1: that you said that doesn't matter because there's still nationals 120 00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: And I'm asking will, in what relevance sense does that 121 00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:12,520 Speaker 1: make a difference if we were to have found in 122 00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:14,040 Speaker 1: your favorite here, should they'd be given a shot to 123 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:18,640 Speaker 1: make this argument on remand the Planets had said there 124 00:07:18,680 --> 00:07:22,280 Speaker 1: was a point in time when Jews were not citizens. 125 00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:25,520 Speaker 1: They were stripped of their citizens in plights in Germany, 126 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 1: and if that was true at the time that these 127 00:07:29,200 --> 00:07:34,080 Speaker 1: transfers occurred, then it's really hard to call them true 128 00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:37,640 Speaker 1: citizens and we should look at that differently, and that's 129 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:40,920 Speaker 1: what they're arguing. But Germany seem to be saying, well, yeah, 130 00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:44,880 Speaker 1: we might not have treated our Jewish citizens well, but 131 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:48,160 Speaker 1: the timing at which we did that did not perceive 132 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:50,640 Speaker 1: the transfer. So at the time of the transfer, they 133 00:07:50,640 --> 00:07:53,520 Speaker 1: were in fact still citizens. And so it sounds like 134 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:56,800 Speaker 1: you need to work out factually what was true at 135 00:07:56,800 --> 00:07:59,800 Speaker 1: that point in time and what the Planets can establish 136 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: in terms of functional citizenship at the time of the transforms. 137 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:06,840 Speaker 1: So that's why I was sent back for a factual development. 138 00:08:07,360 --> 00:08:10,160 Speaker 1: So it is possible that the Airs could prove that 139 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:13,520 Speaker 1: and keep their lawsuit going. Do you think it's likely 140 00:08:13,600 --> 00:08:16,400 Speaker 1: or just possible. I think it's just possible. It really 141 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:19,080 Speaker 1: comes down to the factual question of what they can 142 00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:21,800 Speaker 1: show and what they can prove at that point in time. 143 00:08:22,080 --> 00:08:24,520 Speaker 1: And that's really why the Supreme Court remanded it because 144 00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:27,520 Speaker 1: it said, well, it looks like there might be something here, basically, 145 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:29,920 Speaker 1: but we don't decide facts, so we're going to send 146 00:08:29,920 --> 00:08:32,880 Speaker 1: it back. I think also that Germany had argued that 147 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:37,440 Speaker 1: they really hadn't urged that argument early enough, and so 148 00:08:37,559 --> 00:08:39,839 Speaker 1: perhaps they had waived that argument as well. So that 149 00:08:39,880 --> 00:08:42,320 Speaker 1: would be another question which would be a factual question 150 00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:44,360 Speaker 1: for the lower court to this up. So is it 151 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:47,840 Speaker 1: a path, yes, is it really likely? It seems like 152 00:08:47,880 --> 00:08:50,920 Speaker 1: a very treacherous path and a very narrow path, So 153 00:08:51,400 --> 00:08:53,520 Speaker 1: you know, on the likelihood scale, I would say it's 154 00:08:53,559 --> 00:08:57,280 Speaker 1: probably unlikely, But my heart wants to say, you know, 155 00:08:57,320 --> 00:09:01,280 Speaker 1: at least as pop is the long and winding road 156 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:06,280 Speaker 1: of this lawsuit, similar to other cases involving the recovery 157 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:09,319 Speaker 1: of Nazi looted art. So in some ways it does 158 00:09:09,440 --> 00:09:13,000 Speaker 1: kind of echo what the US did after World War Two, 159 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:16,840 Speaker 1: and it's consistent with that in this context, and the 160 00:09:16,960 --> 00:09:21,520 Speaker 1: story of Holocaust recovery is particularly art recovery in the 161 00:09:21,640 --> 00:09:25,079 Speaker 1: US and U S courts is not encouraging. I mean, 162 00:09:25,120 --> 00:09:28,240 Speaker 1: it's just a series of procedural hurdles. Whether you're talking 163 00:09:28,280 --> 00:09:31,719 Speaker 1: about suing a foreign government that has the property or 164 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:36,000 Speaker 1: took the property or whether you're talking about doing private 165 00:09:36,160 --> 00:09:39,640 Speaker 1: companies and individuals, it's a gauntlet to get through there 166 00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:42,920 Speaker 1: and to have an individual claim go forward on the merits. 167 00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:45,160 Speaker 1: Are there a lot more of these types of cases 168 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:50,280 Speaker 1: out there. Well, it's all intertwined. So if it were 169 00:09:51,040 --> 00:09:55,960 Speaker 1: easier to get past procedural hurdles and even jurisdictional hurdles, 170 00:09:56,160 --> 00:09:59,360 Speaker 1: you might have even more art claims than you have now. 171 00:09:59,440 --> 00:10:02,600 Speaker 1: Because about one third to one fifth of your art 172 00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:05,960 Speaker 1: holdings changed hands during the Holocaust, and so there's a 173 00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:09,400 Speaker 1: lot of art with some you know, potentially stinky pedigree 174 00:10:09,480 --> 00:10:12,680 Speaker 1: there that are in people's hands, and so there's a 175 00:10:12,720 --> 00:10:16,000 Speaker 1: lot of art that could be subjects to claim. Whether 176 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:18,360 Speaker 1: people decide to bring those claims or not, they might 177 00:10:18,400 --> 00:10:21,439 Speaker 1: be discouraged from doing that when they see the many 178 00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:25,200 Speaker 1: procedural hurdles. And if you had less procedural hurdles, not 179 00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:29,000 Speaker 1: only would more claims come forward, but you'd have leverage 180 00:10:29,080 --> 00:10:32,880 Speaker 1: to negotiate some kind of middle grounds between the museums 181 00:10:32,960 --> 00:10:37,000 Speaker 1: or institutions or countries that hold this property and the families. 182 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:41,720 Speaker 1: So it's really disappointing and sad circumstances overall because you'd 183 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:45,600 Speaker 1: like to think not only could International Court on War 184 00:10:45,679 --> 00:10:49,480 Speaker 1: Crimes and Genocides be able to provide some kind of 185 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,960 Speaker 1: larger societal answers and restorative justice to things, but what 186 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:57,720 Speaker 1: happens to the families, the people who are impacted by this? 187 00:10:57,960 --> 00:11:02,120 Speaker 1: Do they have any individual justice anywhere? And as the 188 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:06,960 Speaker 1: avenue's narrow for the kind of individual claims, that leads 189 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:09,720 Speaker 1: you to the sense that maybe they don't and not 190 00:11:10,040 --> 00:11:13,720 Speaker 1: that's a shame. Thanks m c. That's mc sung Guila, 191 00:11:13,880 --> 00:11:18,120 Speaker 1: Chair of the appellate practice at buck Alter. The supply 192 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:22,079 Speaker 1: of vaccines against COVID nineteen is limited and distribution has 193 00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:25,840 Speaker 1: been chaotic. Federal health officials have stress the second dose 194 00:11:25,920 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: of the vaccine must be administered at the correct interval 195 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:32,040 Speaker 1: to get the highest level of protection from COVID, but 196 00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:36,040 Speaker 1: distribution sites, which are operated by both public and private entities, 197 00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:39,640 Speaker 1: have taken different approaches to second doses, and that's left 198 00:11:39,679 --> 00:11:42,200 Speaker 1: many people concerned they won't be able to get their 199 00:11:42,240 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: second dose of the vaccine in the recommended time frame. 200 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:48,480 Speaker 1: Joining me is Lydia Wheeler, senior legal reporter for Bloomberg 201 00:11:48,520 --> 00:11:52,160 Speaker 1: Law covering healthcare. Lydia tell us about Peter Myers. So, 202 00:11:52,360 --> 00:11:56,080 Speaker 1: Peter Myers is an emeritus professor at George Washington University 203 00:11:56,160 --> 00:11:59,800 Speaker 1: Law School. He's actually the former director of its Vaccine 204 00:11:59,800 --> 00:12:03,920 Speaker 1: in Relitigation Clinic UM. And he is seventy four years old. 205 00:12:04,120 --> 00:12:06,400 Speaker 1: He lives in Washington, d C. And he went and 206 00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:08,440 Speaker 1: he was able to get his first dose of the 207 00:12:08,559 --> 00:12:13,439 Speaker 1: Maderna coronavirus vaxine on January fourteenth. But he doesn't know 208 00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:15,800 Speaker 1: when he's going to be able to go back and 209 00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:18,640 Speaker 1: get his second dose. UM. He didn't get an appointment 210 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:22,280 Speaker 1: time from the Washington Senior Wellness Center UM, and so 211 00:12:22,360 --> 00:12:25,080 Speaker 1: he doesn't know if he's going to be able to 212 00:12:25,120 --> 00:12:28,360 Speaker 1: get it in the twenty eight day time frame UM 213 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:31,360 Speaker 1: that you're supposed to get it within. So he's a 214 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:33,160 Speaker 1: little out of luck at the moment. And I take 215 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:35,400 Speaker 1: it that he knows, you know, the lay of the land, 216 00:12:35,440 --> 00:12:37,880 Speaker 1: since he worked in this area, he would know what 217 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:41,320 Speaker 1: to do absolutely, you know, he was saying that, you know, 218 00:12:41,360 --> 00:12:43,920 Speaker 1: there's not a lot that he can do about it. 219 00:12:43,960 --> 00:12:46,320 Speaker 1: He just kind of has to wait and see and 220 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:49,160 Speaker 1: be patient and hope that he can go back online 221 00:12:49,559 --> 00:12:52,760 Speaker 1: and get it and secure another appointment time UM, which 222 00:12:52,880 --> 00:12:55,959 Speaker 1: he said was a very frustrating process the first time around. 223 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:58,120 Speaker 1: You know, many people are you know, once they're in 224 00:12:58,200 --> 00:13:00,960 Speaker 1: a phase where they're eligible, they have to go online 225 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:03,480 Speaker 1: and still out of forearms and try to secure one 226 00:13:03,520 --> 00:13:06,319 Speaker 1: of the few spots that are available. UM. So he's 227 00:13:06,360 --> 00:13:08,640 Speaker 1: a little bit worried that UM, that process is going 228 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:10,120 Speaker 1: to be the same again, and that he's going to 229 00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:13,440 Speaker 1: be competing UM with other people who are either trying 230 00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:16,640 Speaker 1: to get their second dose or UM or possibly people 231 00:13:16,640 --> 00:13:19,760 Speaker 1: who are trying to get their first dose again. UM. 232 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:23,079 Speaker 1: But what's interesting here is that, you know, for people 233 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:26,600 Speaker 1: like Peter, there's really no recourse for them if they 234 00:13:26,679 --> 00:13:31,520 Speaker 1: don't get their second dose of the coronavirus vacine in time. Also, 235 00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:34,360 Speaker 1: just to go back to the scheduling, I've heard that 236 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:38,079 Speaker 1: it's really haphazard, that spots can open up, you know, 237 00:13:38,120 --> 00:13:40,040 Speaker 1: in the middle of the night, and then you go 238 00:13:40,080 --> 00:13:42,320 Speaker 1: in the next morning there are no spots. Doesn't seem 239 00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:46,040 Speaker 1: like there are very many places where it's logically thought 240 00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:49,040 Speaker 1: through and that's right, and every state is doing it 241 00:13:49,040 --> 00:13:51,120 Speaker 1: a little bit differently, and it all depends on the 242 00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:54,240 Speaker 1: supply that they're getting in UM. You know, Peter told 243 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:56,280 Speaker 1: me that he's heard from some of his friends that 244 00:13:56,559 --> 00:13:58,920 Speaker 1: people have shown up for an appointment time and then 245 00:13:58,960 --> 00:14:01,400 Speaker 1: been so sorry, we don't have any more of this vaccine. 246 00:14:01,880 --> 00:14:03,200 Speaker 1: You have to come back or you have to go 247 00:14:03,240 --> 00:14:05,680 Speaker 1: back online and try to secure another appointment time. So 248 00:14:05,720 --> 00:14:08,360 Speaker 1: it's really frustrating for people, Um, who are you know, 249 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:11,720 Speaker 1: really wanting this vaccine so that they can get some 250 00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:14,560 Speaker 1: sort of um, you know, a level of immunity from 251 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:18,120 Speaker 1: the coronavirus vaccine, especially people who are more at risk 252 00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:21,160 Speaker 1: and in these populations where we know that COVID nineteen 253 00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:25,080 Speaker 1: affects them at higher rate. So some places do give 254 00:14:25,120 --> 00:14:28,080 Speaker 1: you an appointment for the second shot after you get 255 00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:30,280 Speaker 1: the first shot. What are the other places do just 256 00:14:30,320 --> 00:14:34,080 Speaker 1: say come back whenever? Right, So, some places, when you 257 00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:35,760 Speaker 1: go in for your first dose, just like you said, 258 00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:37,960 Speaker 1: they actually hand you a slipper paper that says, you know, 259 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:40,120 Speaker 1: here's your appointment for your second dose, here's the time, 260 00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:43,600 Speaker 1: here's the date we'll see you back. UM. In other places, um, 261 00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:46,160 Speaker 1: you know, people are saying, you know, the clinics are saying, 262 00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:48,680 Speaker 1: we will reach out to you at some point in 263 00:14:48,720 --> 00:14:51,080 Speaker 1: the future to allow you to come back in our 264 00:14:51,320 --> 00:14:54,120 Speaker 1: into our system to schedule for a second toast UM, 265 00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:57,680 Speaker 1: which seems to suggest that second stations aren't will not 266 00:14:57,880 --> 00:15:00,680 Speaker 1: be competing UM in the same pool as people who 267 00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:03,520 Speaker 1: are seeking their first dose UM. But some people weren't 268 00:15:03,520 --> 00:15:06,120 Speaker 1: even told that. Some people just came in and like 269 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:08,600 Speaker 1: Peter Meyer's got his first dose and then was kind 270 00:15:08,600 --> 00:15:10,480 Speaker 1: of sent on his way and now he has kind 271 00:15:10,480 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 1: of no UM, no knowledge of when you know second 272 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:18,080 Speaker 1: dose could be administered. There is a federal compensation program 273 00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:21,480 Speaker 1: to help people harm by a vaccine. There's a federal 274 00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:24,160 Speaker 1: program that's set up, but it's only eligible to people 275 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:27,560 Speaker 1: who are actually injured by a vaccine. It wasn't actually 276 00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,080 Speaker 1: created to address this type of a problem where you know, 277 00:15:31,160 --> 00:15:33,440 Speaker 1: you could maybe not get your second dose of a 278 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:36,320 Speaker 1: vaccine in time. This is a program that's meant for 279 00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: people who have kind of medical issues or medical injury 280 00:15:40,080 --> 00:15:43,040 Speaker 1: resulting from the vaccine. So if you've got the COVID 281 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:46,920 Speaker 1: vaccine and you had some medical illness as a result, 282 00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:50,600 Speaker 1: this could possibly be a program that would provide you 283 00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,040 Speaker 1: compensation for your injuries and your medical dose. But this 284 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:57,360 Speaker 1: sort of a system wouldn't cover you just because you 285 00:15:57,360 --> 00:15:59,720 Speaker 1: didn't get your second dose of the vaccine in time. 286 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:02,840 Speaker 1: And you know what's interesting is that the nation's legal 287 00:16:02,880 --> 00:16:06,840 Speaker 1: system really isn't set up to hold anyone legally liable 288 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:10,360 Speaker 1: for this type of a distribution failure either. I've understand 289 00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:14,320 Speaker 1: that the Biden administration is telling states or cities to 290 00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:17,920 Speaker 1: get people vaccinated the first time. Don't worry that holding 291 00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:20,920 Speaker 1: back on second doses will give you the second dose, 292 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,000 Speaker 1: that's right. So the Biden administration recently announced plans to 293 00:16:25,040 --> 00:16:28,680 Speaker 1: purchase a hundred million more doses of both Affiser and 294 00:16:28,840 --> 00:16:33,160 Speaker 1: the Maderna vaccines UM. But you know, senior administration officials 295 00:16:33,240 --> 00:16:36,200 Speaker 1: have have told reporters and that the federal government does 296 00:16:36,240 --> 00:16:39,880 Speaker 1: not have a significant inventory of shots on hand. So 297 00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:41,960 Speaker 1: that means that some people are going to have to 298 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:46,200 Speaker 1: try to win the lottery for vaccine appointment all over again. Now, 299 00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:50,880 Speaker 1: the CDC recently stretched the timeline UM. They said that 300 00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:53,760 Speaker 1: you could wait up to six weeks to get your 301 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:56,200 Speaker 1: second dose UM. And they said that they did that 302 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:58,600 Speaker 1: in case it's not feasible to get your second dose 303 00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:01,600 Speaker 1: in the one or twenty day time frame. UM. You know, 304 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:04,320 Speaker 1: Fiser is recommending that you get your STUFC in DOST 305 00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:06,960 Speaker 1: within twenty one days if you get the Maderna vaccine. 306 00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:10,280 Speaker 1: You haven't still twenty eight days. So the CDC recently 307 00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:12,560 Speaker 1: released guidance has said, Okay, you can wake up to 308 00:17:12,640 --> 00:17:15,960 Speaker 1: forty two days. Um, you know, because and that seemed 309 00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:18,600 Speaker 1: to suggest that they were doing that because they understand that, 310 00:17:18,720 --> 00:17:21,199 Speaker 1: you know, we don't have to supply on hand, and 311 00:17:21,240 --> 00:17:24,560 Speaker 1: that there might be people like Peter Myers or or 312 00:17:24,600 --> 00:17:27,560 Speaker 1: others who you know, may not get their second dose 313 00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:32,280 Speaker 1: in time. Like everything else with COVID nineteen, there's conflicting 314 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:35,320 Speaker 1: guidance out there because the day to CDC came out 315 00:17:35,359 --> 00:17:38,720 Speaker 1: with that. I remember seeing Dr Fauci on some show 316 00:17:39,240 --> 00:17:41,760 Speaker 1: and he said that you should get it within the 317 00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:46,399 Speaker 1: time frame. So that's right. It's confusing, right, So you 318 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:48,800 Speaker 1: you're you're a hundred percent right, UM. You know Dr 319 00:17:48,840 --> 00:17:52,360 Speaker 1: Anthony Fauci, he's director of the National Institute of Allergy 320 00:17:52,359 --> 00:17:55,840 Speaker 1: and Infectious Diseases. He actually warned UM shortly after the 321 00:17:55,880 --> 00:17:59,640 Speaker 1: CDC released that guidance. UM. He warned that deviating from 322 00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:02,639 Speaker 1: the scene schedule could create a risk ber in section 323 00:18:03,200 --> 00:18:05,359 Speaker 1: given that we have these new COVID variants that are 324 00:18:05,359 --> 00:18:08,639 Speaker 1: more contagious. UM. I reached the CDC on that and 325 00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:12,000 Speaker 1: ask them to kind of respond to that, and they said, um, 326 00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:14,919 Speaker 1: that the CDC still recommends that people get their second 327 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:18,480 Speaker 1: dose of the vaccine as close to the recommended interval 328 00:18:18,560 --> 00:18:22,520 Speaker 1: as possible. Um. Again that's three weeks for Fiser, a 329 00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 1: month for Maderna. Um. You know, CDC said that they 330 00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:28,080 Speaker 1: were just trying to create a little bit more flexibility 331 00:18:28,119 --> 00:18:30,960 Speaker 1: by stretching it to the six weeks. Um. You know 332 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:33,680 Speaker 1: that they said that we're not recommending this as a 333 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:36,560 Speaker 1: strategy to allow more people to get their first dose, 334 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:40,280 Speaker 1: but rather to address these ability issues. UM. Now that 335 00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:42,520 Speaker 1: being said, you know, they did say you could wait 336 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:45,280 Speaker 1: six weeks, but they also didn't say they said that 337 00:18:45,359 --> 00:18:49,040 Speaker 1: there's limited data on what the efficacy of the vaccines 338 00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:51,720 Speaker 1: are if you go outside of that you know, four 339 00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:55,439 Speaker 1: weeks or six week window. Um. But then I asked, 340 00:18:55,480 --> 00:18:58,280 Speaker 1: you know what happens if you missed the four weeks, 341 00:18:58,880 --> 00:19:01,000 Speaker 1: missed the six weeks, what happened? Do you have to 342 00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:03,560 Speaker 1: start the regiment all over again? In CDC is saying no, 343 00:19:03,760 --> 00:19:05,960 Speaker 1: as long as you get your second does you don't 344 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:07,880 Speaker 1: have to start and go back and get your first 345 00:19:07,920 --> 00:19:11,399 Speaker 1: dose again. This is the problem, the confusion of messages. 346 00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:15,560 Speaker 1: And it seems like after what happened with the CDC 347 00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,720 Speaker 1: during the Trump administration, that more people trust in Dr 348 00:19:19,760 --> 00:19:24,439 Speaker 1: Fauci then the CDC. Yeah, that might very well be 349 00:19:24,480 --> 00:19:26,520 Speaker 1: the case. You know, there are mixed messages and that's 350 00:19:26,520 --> 00:19:29,919 Speaker 1: what's made this vaccine rollout so frustrating for people. Um, 351 00:19:29,960 --> 00:19:33,720 Speaker 1: you know, there's a limited supply and distribution has been chaotic, 352 00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:35,399 Speaker 1: and we've been less you know, it's been less to 353 00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:37,719 Speaker 1: the states to design kind of how they're going to 354 00:19:37,760 --> 00:19:40,760 Speaker 1: administer with vaccines and roll this out in phases. Um. 355 00:19:40,840 --> 00:19:43,159 Speaker 1: You know, some states are opening you know has already 356 00:19:43,160 --> 00:19:46,920 Speaker 1: opened it up to you know, those under UM sixty five. 357 00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:49,320 Speaker 1: You know New York State where my family is. UM. 358 00:19:49,359 --> 00:19:51,080 Speaker 1: You know, I know my parents are are you know, 359 00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:53,439 Speaker 1: between the ages of sixty and sixty five, and you 360 00:19:53,480 --> 00:19:56,440 Speaker 1: know they can't get it yet. UM. So yeah, it's 361 00:19:56,119 --> 00:19:59,040 Speaker 1: a it's an extremely frustrating process. But you know, even 362 00:19:59,080 --> 00:20:02,040 Speaker 1: people like Peter Fires who was able to get his 363 00:20:02,080 --> 00:20:04,159 Speaker 1: first dose and you know he doesn't know when he's 364 00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:06,360 Speaker 1: going to get his second dose, he's still not deterred, 365 00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:08,639 Speaker 1: you know, because he says that it's so important that 366 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:11,359 Speaker 1: you get the vaccine that he's going to keep trying 367 00:20:11,359 --> 00:20:13,680 Speaker 1: and trying and trying over and over and over again 368 00:20:13,960 --> 00:20:16,720 Speaker 1: until he secures another time spot so he can get 369 00:20:16,720 --> 00:20:19,240 Speaker 1: his second dose. And you know that's his recommendation that 370 00:20:19,280 --> 00:20:22,280 Speaker 1: people just try to be as patient as possible. We've 371 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:24,840 Speaker 1: never had anything in this country, you know, we haven't 372 00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:28,520 Speaker 1: seen anything like this, UM, you know before even with 373 00:20:28,720 --> 00:20:30,920 Speaker 1: you know, the nineteen eighteen Spanish blue to have a 374 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:35,320 Speaker 1: vaccine roll out this quickly, UM, you know, everybody is 375 00:20:35,400 --> 00:20:40,480 Speaker 1: still learning. So can state or federal governments be sued 376 00:20:40,880 --> 00:20:45,440 Speaker 1: over the failure to provide the second shot? Unfortunately, now, 377 00:20:45,520 --> 00:20:47,760 Speaker 1: you know, state and federal governments have what they call 378 00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:51,480 Speaker 1: sovereign Immunity UM, which protects them from this UM, from 379 00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:54,560 Speaker 1: from lawsuits and being held liable. UM. You know, Congress 380 00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:59,080 Speaker 1: also passed UM the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness back 381 00:20:59,680 --> 00:21:04,440 Speaker 1: UM MATT shields anyone who manufactures, distributes, administers the vaccine 382 00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:07,480 Speaker 1: from being sued as well. UM. But even if those 383 00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:10,800 Speaker 1: protections weren't in place, it would be almost impassible to 384 00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:13,679 Speaker 1: bring a personal injury lawsuit against the pharmacy or a 385 00:21:13,680 --> 00:21:17,000 Speaker 1: health clinic that UM administers this type of a vaccine 386 00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:20,720 Speaker 1: explain why UM. So for there to be you know, 387 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:24,199 Speaker 1: personal injury liability there, there has to have been an 388 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:28,200 Speaker 1: injury UM that was caused by either wrongful conduct UM 389 00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:32,680 Speaker 1: that was either negligent or intentional. So, you know, attorneys say, well, 390 00:21:32,840 --> 00:21:35,160 Speaker 1: the first problem is, how do you prove that you're 391 00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:38,520 Speaker 1: injured because you didn't get your second dose of the 392 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:41,560 Speaker 1: COVID vaccine and time? Like, how do you prove that 393 00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:44,440 Speaker 1: you wouldn't have gotten COVID, you know, if you had 394 00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:47,399 Speaker 1: gotten you know, the first shot in the second shot 395 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:50,359 Speaker 1: in the allotted time brain um. So there's a problem there. 396 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:54,159 Speaker 1: And then secondly, attorneys tell me that no one is 397 00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:58,360 Speaker 1: at fault um, either negligently or intentionally by not being 398 00:21:58,359 --> 00:22:01,400 Speaker 1: able to get you this second dough because we have, 399 00:22:01,840 --> 00:22:05,120 Speaker 1: you know, a shortage of supply and you know we're 400 00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:08,480 Speaker 1: our federal officials have not rolled out like you know, 401 00:22:08,520 --> 00:22:11,760 Speaker 1: there wasn't a distribution plan in place, so you know, 402 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 1: your local pharmacy, your health clinic, wherever you're getting a vaccine, 403 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:18,040 Speaker 1: it's really not their fault that you can't get your 404 00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:21,800 Speaker 1: second dose in time if that happens. So the lawyers 405 00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:23,760 Speaker 1: are even saying that in order to sue you'd have 406 00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:28,120 Speaker 1: to get COVID in order to prove injury. Yeah, you'd 407 00:22:28,160 --> 00:22:31,280 Speaker 1: have to get COVID between shot one and shot two. UM. 408 00:22:31,359 --> 00:22:33,399 Speaker 1: And then how do you prove that you wouldn't have 409 00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:35,879 Speaker 1: gotten COVID if you had gotten the shot in times? 410 00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:38,520 Speaker 1: You know, because the first dose, as we know, doesn't 411 00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,080 Speaker 1: provide you a pent with immunity. UM. The COVID vaccine 412 00:22:42,280 --> 00:22:44,680 Speaker 1: isn't a hundred percent you know, doesn't provide a hundred 413 00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:48,000 Speaker 1: percent immunity to begin with. UM. It does provide data 414 00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:50,840 Speaker 1: is showing that the vaccine, once you get your second dose, 415 00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:53,399 Speaker 1: will keep you out of the hospital and keep you 416 00:22:53,440 --> 00:22:56,560 Speaker 1: from getting a severe case of COVID nineteen. But it 417 00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,560 Speaker 1: won't won't necessarily stop you from getting the virus. So 418 00:22:59,640 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 1: how do you prove in court that you, you know, 419 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:06,000 Speaker 1: weren't already maybe one of those five percent or fifteen 420 00:23:06,040 --> 00:23:08,160 Speaker 1: percent that would have gotten it anyway? You know, That's 421 00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:11,160 Speaker 1: what attorneys are saying. It's hard to prove UM. Now, 422 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:13,919 Speaker 1: a person might have a claim if there was some 423 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:18,200 Speaker 1: sort of outrageous conduct that's the lead your second toes UM. 424 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:20,240 Speaker 1: You know that that may be a way that you 425 00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:22,960 Speaker 1: could say that you were injured. UM, But that conduct 426 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:26,480 Speaker 1: would have to be like you know, crazy, UM. There 427 00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:29,160 Speaker 1: would have to be issues with management. Say you had 428 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:31,719 Speaker 1: a pharmacist that was kind of like you know, shoving 429 00:23:31,720 --> 00:23:34,520 Speaker 1: it vaccines out the back door with your friends and family, 430 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:37,199 Speaker 1: you know, and and that was allowed to happen, that 431 00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:40,520 Speaker 1: that could be possibly a cause for a colaim. So 432 00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:44,520 Speaker 1: what's the best advice that attorneys are giving people. Attorneys 433 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:46,600 Speaker 1: say that, you know, it's so important that people still 434 00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:49,000 Speaker 1: try to go and get their vaccine. And you know, 435 00:23:49,119 --> 00:23:52,480 Speaker 1: just because you can't hold anybody legally liable if you 436 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:55,240 Speaker 1: don't get it in time, doesn't mean that that should 437 00:23:55,280 --> 00:23:57,600 Speaker 1: be a deterrent for you to getting the vaccine at all. 438 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:01,600 Speaker 1: You know, even though we're a really litigeous um, you know, society. 439 00:24:01,680 --> 00:24:04,160 Speaker 1: Just because you can't see anybody doesn't mean you shouldn't 440 00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:06,720 Speaker 1: go get your COVID vaccine. I mean, are there any 441 00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:11,119 Speaker 1: additional plans in place in in certain states to fix 442 00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:14,320 Speaker 1: this problem of the second vaccine? You know? I think 443 00:24:14,440 --> 00:24:17,280 Speaker 1: on states are are hoping that the supplies will come 444 00:24:17,359 --> 00:24:20,080 Speaker 1: in time and that they'll be able to um, you know, 445 00:24:20,119 --> 00:24:22,640 Speaker 1: give out the second doses UM to the people who 446 00:24:22,640 --> 00:24:25,440 Speaker 1: have already received first shots. Um so it kind of 447 00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:27,720 Speaker 1: if weren't a wait and see pattern right now about 448 00:24:27,760 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 1: how all this plays out. Thanks so much for being 449 00:24:29,920 --> 00:24:33,280 Speaker 1: on the show, Lydia. That's Lydia Wheeler, senior legal reporter 450 00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:36,760 Speaker 1: for Bloomberg Law covering healthcare. And that's it for the 451 00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:40,160 Speaker 1: edition of the Bloomberg Lawn Podcast. I'm June Grasso. Thanks 452 00:24:40,160 --> 00:24:42,800 Speaker 1: so much for listening, and remember you can always get 453 00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:45,919 Speaker 1: the latest legal news on our Bloomberg Lawn podcast. You 454 00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:49,359 Speaker 1: can find them on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, and wherever you 455 00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:58,320 Speaker 1: get your favorite podcasts. You're listening to Bloomberg. Thank ye