1 00:00:04,320 --> 00:00:06,480 Speaker 1: Hey, and welcome to the Short Stuff. I'm Josh, and 2 00:00:06,519 --> 00:00:09,479 Speaker 1: there's Chuck and Jerry's here too. And guess who's lurking 3 00:00:09,560 --> 00:00:14,200 Speaker 1: around with chains of doom rattling from him. That's Dave. 4 00:00:14,400 --> 00:00:16,560 Speaker 1: He's here in spirit, is what I'm trying to say. 5 00:00:16,840 --> 00:00:21,600 Speaker 1: And that makes this Short Stuff the chew edition. Hold 6 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:23,080 Speaker 1: on the edition. 7 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 2: That's me man. As you know, I've been dealing with 8 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:30,760 Speaker 2: this for two plus months. Allergies that never used to 9 00:00:30,800 --> 00:00:33,919 Speaker 2: get me are getting me now. My doctor said sometimes 10 00:00:33,920 --> 00:00:34,519 Speaker 2: that happens. 11 00:00:34,760 --> 00:00:36,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, you grew into him. That's fantastic. 12 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:40,680 Speaker 2: It's great. We did a very robust episode on pollen 13 00:00:41,479 --> 00:00:43,720 Speaker 2: back in the day that was really popular because there 14 00:00:43,720 --> 00:00:47,000 Speaker 2: are so many allergy sufferers in the world and I 15 00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:49,320 Speaker 2: guess that listen to our show. But we want to 16 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:53,000 Speaker 2: think how stuff works. And a PhD here Carrie Whitney 17 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:55,960 Speaker 2: for this article. But we're not talking about just pollen. 18 00:00:55,960 --> 00:00:58,680 Speaker 2: We're talking about you. Hear pollen count all the time 19 00:00:59,040 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 2: and I never stopped to think, is someone counting polland like, 20 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:03,440 Speaker 2: how did they even get that number? 21 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:06,800 Speaker 1: The answer is absolutely yes. In that nuts it surprised me. 22 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,000 Speaker 1: We'll get to that, but just a little brush up 23 00:01:10,040 --> 00:01:14,000 Speaker 1: on Paul and pollen is the gametophyte, the sperm essentially 24 00:01:14,520 --> 00:01:17,280 Speaker 1: of the plant. It comes from the anthers, which is 25 00:01:17,319 --> 00:01:19,520 Speaker 1: the male part, and then it fertilizes the carpul the 26 00:01:19,520 --> 00:01:23,319 Speaker 1: female part. And pollen. I mean, especially you, Chuck. I'm 27 00:01:23,319 --> 00:01:25,679 Speaker 1: sure you see it everywhere because it's affecting you. You 28 00:01:25,720 --> 00:01:28,440 Speaker 1: want to get away from it. Whole drifts of it 29 00:01:28,560 --> 00:01:32,119 Speaker 1: just coat the cars in Georgia. Like seriously, everybody, if 30 00:01:32,160 --> 00:01:37,000 Speaker 1: you have never really experienced pallend, come to Georgia in 31 00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:39,280 Speaker 1: the early to mid spring, and you will be like, 32 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:42,200 Speaker 1: what is going on? And why do people live here? 33 00:01:42,520 --> 00:01:45,720 Speaker 1: It coats everything in these huge drifts. So you would 34 00:01:45,720 --> 00:01:47,600 Speaker 1: think that you could see pollen, but it turns out 35 00:01:47,840 --> 00:01:51,440 Speaker 1: an individual grain of pollend is in every case microscopic, 36 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:56,160 Speaker 1: from ten micrometers to one hundred micrometers, very very small still, 37 00:01:56,360 --> 00:01:59,440 Speaker 1: but they clump together, which is what produces those visible 38 00:01:59,520 --> 00:02:00,400 Speaker 1: drifts of pollen. 39 00:02:00,960 --> 00:02:03,520 Speaker 2: Yeah, and you know the other thing that pallen does here, 40 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:06,080 Speaker 2: and this is the really annoying thing. Like it's annoying 41 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:08,800 Speaker 2: if you have allergies, obviously, but it will if you 42 00:02:08,840 --> 00:02:12,480 Speaker 2: don't like take care of your car or your deck 43 00:02:12,560 --> 00:02:17,400 Speaker 2: or whatever, like it will bake into whatever it's on. 44 00:02:17,960 --> 00:02:20,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, definitely. Don't you have some pressure washing to do? 45 00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:23,040 Speaker 2: Well, I've been doing pressure washing, but I have to 46 00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:25,960 Speaker 2: pressure wash. Like I don't drive my pickup truck. It's 47 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:28,040 Speaker 2: like a work truck. I don't drive it that much, 48 00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:31,519 Speaker 2: so it sort of sits unused for you know, weeks 49 00:02:31,560 --> 00:02:34,240 Speaker 2: and sometimes a month at a time. And this thing 50 00:02:34,320 --> 00:02:37,280 Speaker 2: every single year is just has caked on, baked on 51 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:39,960 Speaker 2: pollen that you can't wash off. You have to get 52 00:02:39,960 --> 00:02:40,880 Speaker 2: a pressure washer on it. 53 00:02:40,919 --> 00:02:43,960 Speaker 1: Plus that huge accumulation of pine straw that falls in 54 00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:47,720 Speaker 1: between the hood and the windshield where the windshield wipers are, 55 00:02:48,360 --> 00:02:50,960 Speaker 1: you just get stuck. Let's just talk about this for a. 56 00:02:50,919 --> 00:02:56,359 Speaker 2: While, all right. So pollen gets places in a couple 57 00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:59,760 Speaker 2: of ways, as everybody knows, it can either go by 58 00:02:59,800 --> 00:03:02,560 Speaker 2: way of insect or the stuff that's really bad for 59 00:03:02,600 --> 00:03:04,720 Speaker 2: your allergies is the stuff that goes by the way 60 00:03:04,760 --> 00:03:08,600 Speaker 2: of wind, right, and it gets airborne. And this is 61 00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:11,359 Speaker 2: the stuff that they're measuring. They're not going out and 62 00:03:12,120 --> 00:03:14,240 Speaker 2: sampling a bunch of bees and counting up the pollen 63 00:03:14,360 --> 00:03:18,040 Speaker 2: drains on their cute little furry, fuzzy legs. They're trying 64 00:03:18,040 --> 00:03:20,400 Speaker 2: to get to what's in the air, because that's the 65 00:03:20,440 --> 00:03:22,240 Speaker 2: pollen count that counts. 66 00:03:22,280 --> 00:03:26,160 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. And usually it's from less showy plants because 67 00:03:26,480 --> 00:03:28,800 Speaker 1: they don't need to attract bees or birds or whatever. 68 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:34,679 Speaker 1: It's like grasses, trees, just you know, stuff that goes 69 00:03:34,760 --> 00:03:38,160 Speaker 1: kind of unsung weeds, but they blow through the air 70 00:03:38,200 --> 00:03:40,840 Speaker 1: and that's where it gets into your mucous membranes and 71 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:43,320 Speaker 1: makes you sneeze a lot. And one of the things 72 00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:45,200 Speaker 1: that you have to know how to do if you're 73 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:49,800 Speaker 1: counting pollen is to know what each different type of pollen. 74 00:03:51,920 --> 00:03:52,360 Speaker 2: Looks like. 75 00:03:52,760 --> 00:03:54,560 Speaker 1: Grain. That's what I was after, Yeah. 76 00:03:54,440 --> 00:03:57,600 Speaker 2: Looks like yeah. So because when you watch the news, 77 00:03:57,600 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 2: they'll say, like, pollen count is I And if they 78 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 2: really know what they're doing, they'll say, you know, look 79 00:04:01,960 --> 00:04:04,240 Speaker 2: out today for ragweed or something like that exactly. 80 00:04:04,760 --> 00:04:06,840 Speaker 1: And I say, we take a little break and we'll 81 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:09,440 Speaker 1: get into just precisely how they do that right after this. 82 00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:14,160 Speaker 2: Let's do it. Well, now we're on the road driving 83 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:16,479 Speaker 2: in your truck. I want to learn a thing or 84 00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:17,920 Speaker 2: two from Josh. 85 00:04:18,480 --> 00:04:18,720 Speaker 1: Chuck. 86 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:20,479 Speaker 2: It's stuff you should know. 87 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:39,839 Speaker 1: Should all right, okay, Chuck, So we were talking about 88 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:43,760 Speaker 1: people actually counting pollen, and that pollen grains are microscopic, 89 00:04:44,240 --> 00:04:46,720 Speaker 1: but that they all have kind of a different morphology, 90 00:04:46,760 --> 00:04:48,680 Speaker 1: a different shape, and if you put all those things 91 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:51,839 Speaker 1: together you get pollen count. 92 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:56,479 Speaker 2: That's right. Specifically, a pollen count is the number of 93 00:04:56,560 --> 00:05:00,640 Speaker 2: pollen grains and a cubic meter of air over one day, 94 00:05:00,640 --> 00:05:04,520 Speaker 2: over a twenty four hour period. And I guess carry 95 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:07,600 Speaker 2: got in touch with someone when this article was written 96 00:05:08,160 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 2: from Atlanta, because because one Katie Walls was interviewed a 97 00:05:13,440 --> 00:05:17,320 Speaker 2: meteorologist and I believe she was certified from the Atlanta 98 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:21,760 Speaker 2: Allergy and Asthma. Well, I was gonna say association. It 99 00:05:21,760 --> 00:05:25,360 Speaker 2: seems like an association, but that's it from Atlanta Allergy 100 00:05:25,400 --> 00:05:28,400 Speaker 2: and Asthma to be able to do this. And as 101 00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:30,640 Speaker 2: we'll see, there are other ways you can get accredited 102 00:05:31,480 --> 00:05:35,040 Speaker 2: through the National Allergy Bureau or the American Academy of Allergy, 103 00:05:35,480 --> 00:05:40,400 Speaker 2: Asthma and Immunology to be like as certified. Hey, they 104 00:05:40,400 --> 00:05:41,799 Speaker 2: know what they're doing, pollen counter. 105 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:48,000 Speaker 1: So what Katie Walls, the meteorologist explained is that in 106 00:05:48,040 --> 00:05:51,800 Speaker 1: that cubic meter of air that they're sampling over a 107 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:57,000 Speaker 1: twenty four hour period, they're actually like attracting pollen in 108 00:05:57,040 --> 00:05:58,799 Speaker 1: a number of different ways. There's a couple of different 109 00:05:58,839 --> 00:06:02,040 Speaker 1: instruments that you can use, and each one is called 110 00:06:02,080 --> 00:06:05,279 Speaker 1: the volumetric air sampling instrument. So there's a known measure 111 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:08,000 Speaker 1: of air. Again, a cubic meter of air is typically 112 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:11,320 Speaker 1: what's sampled, and again it's usually over twenty four hours. 113 00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:13,719 Speaker 1: And there's two types, like I was saying, one's a 114 00:06:13,800 --> 00:06:17,240 Speaker 1: rotating arm impactor, and the second is a hearst type 115 00:06:17,240 --> 00:06:21,520 Speaker 1: spore trap, and they both are exactly what they sound like. 116 00:06:22,440 --> 00:06:25,120 Speaker 2: Yeah, we have some brand names here. We're happy to 117 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:29,200 Speaker 2: buzzmarket the rotating arm sampler. I'm sorry, impactor. It seems 118 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:32,159 Speaker 2: like the most common one is the rotor rode, and 119 00:06:32,200 --> 00:06:35,960 Speaker 2: then of the hearst variety of the burchard sampler. Sure, 120 00:06:36,520 --> 00:06:38,440 Speaker 2: and I look both these up, as I'm sure you did. 121 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:40,279 Speaker 2: But if you look at a picture, the rotor ride 122 00:06:40,279 --> 00:06:43,479 Speaker 2: looks like like just a little spinny contraption on a 123 00:06:43,480 --> 00:06:46,920 Speaker 2: big tripod. The burchard looks to me like a little 124 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:51,040 Speaker 2: bit like a camp stove or something. And they operate, 125 00:06:51,600 --> 00:06:53,400 Speaker 2: or at least the first one, the rotor ride, is 126 00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:58,479 Speaker 2: fairly intuitive. It does rotate, it starts spinning around really fast, 127 00:06:58,520 --> 00:07:01,560 Speaker 2: about twenty four hundred revolutions per minute, and these two 128 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:06,599 Speaker 2: little grease rods drop down and they literally just capture pollen. 129 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:10,400 Speaker 2: Those little grease rods pick up these pollen spores, and 130 00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:14,880 Speaker 2: then those rods are placed in a microscope adapter and 131 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:18,240 Speaker 2: then they look at those and they get their pollen count. 132 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:21,040 Speaker 1: Right, that's one way. The other way, the hearst type 133 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:26,040 Speaker 1: that the Burchard is an example of. It actually sucks 134 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:29,440 Speaker 1: in air over twenty four hours, and in that air, 135 00:07:29,440 --> 00:07:31,800 Speaker 1: it sucks in all the particles too. And rather than 136 00:07:31,840 --> 00:07:37,000 Speaker 1: a greased rod, they have a greased microscope slide, and 137 00:07:37,120 --> 00:07:39,600 Speaker 1: so that the pollen and the spores are attracted to 138 00:07:39,640 --> 00:07:42,520 Speaker 1: that microscope slide. And then what's neat is the slide 139 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:45,640 Speaker 1: moves inward at a specific rate two millimeters an hour, 140 00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:49,520 Speaker 1: so you can actually see hour by hour which paullen 141 00:07:49,680 --> 00:07:52,760 Speaker 1: was highest at what time, And like you said, in 142 00:07:52,800 --> 00:07:54,960 Speaker 1: exactly the same way, they put it under a microscope 143 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:57,080 Speaker 1: and they study it. And the people that study it 144 00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:03,640 Speaker 1: are called actual palinologists. Palanologist studies pollen and actual palinologist 145 00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:06,880 Speaker 1: studies live pollen. They're the ones who actually do the 146 00:08:06,960 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 1: pollen count, and they actually count the pollen spores in 147 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:12,440 Speaker 1: their sample. 148 00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:15,880 Speaker 2: Yeah. So if you, like me, thought that a pollen 149 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 2: count was just some like random sample or like a 150 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 2: statistical analysis of what it's usually like, or just somebody 151 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:27,040 Speaker 2: making up a number, none of that is true. It 152 00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:30,080 Speaker 2: is an actual count. Depending on where you are and 153 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:34,080 Speaker 2: what resources you have, it's going to work a little differently. 154 00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:37,040 Speaker 2: Sometimes they collect this stuff every day for a year. 155 00:08:37,679 --> 00:08:40,040 Speaker 2: Sometimes they just do it on weekdays. Sometimes it's a 156 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:44,080 Speaker 2: couple of days a week. Sometimes sometimes it's the county 157 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:48,040 Speaker 2: health department doing it. Sometimes it's an allergist that maybe 158 00:08:48,640 --> 00:08:52,400 Speaker 2: is contracted by the news station. So it really depends 159 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:55,160 Speaker 2: on where you are and probably like how big of 160 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:57,040 Speaker 2: a city and maybe how much pollen you have in 161 00:08:57,040 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 2: general as to how this goes down. 162 00:08:59,200 --> 00:09:01,880 Speaker 1: Yeah, I could see city government having to be fairly 163 00:09:01,920 --> 00:09:05,280 Speaker 1: flushed to invest in a Pallen counting station. 164 00:09:06,480 --> 00:09:09,280 Speaker 2: You think, how much are they? 165 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:11,400 Speaker 1: I don't know. I think it's more of a show 166 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:14,079 Speaker 1: off thing than anything, you know what I mean? Okay, 167 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:15,880 Speaker 1: Like you want to show off, you want to show 168 00:09:15,960 --> 00:09:19,080 Speaker 1: up Shelbyville, so you get your Pallen counting station. Yeah, 169 00:09:19,120 --> 00:09:22,720 Speaker 1: I gotcha, And then Chuck, we talked about how the 170 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,400 Speaker 1: volume of air is usually about a cubic meter, right, Yeah, 171 00:09:26,440 --> 00:09:28,880 Speaker 1: so that's three feet by three feet by three feet roughly, 172 00:09:28,920 --> 00:09:31,559 Speaker 1: and if you just kind of make that shape around yourself, 173 00:09:31,800 --> 00:09:34,959 Speaker 1: it's not that big. And what they're saying is, if 174 00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:37,640 Speaker 1: there's like a like we're at three thousand level, which 175 00:09:37,679 --> 00:09:42,200 Speaker 1: is extremely high, there are three thousand grains of pallen 176 00:09:42,760 --> 00:09:45,200 Speaker 1: in that cubic meter over the course of twenty four 177 00:09:45,200 --> 00:09:48,120 Speaker 1: hours or at any given point in that twenty four hours, 178 00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:50,800 Speaker 1: which means that you're sucking all that in. So it 179 00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:53,240 Speaker 1: really kind of drives home like what those numbers mean. 180 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:55,880 Speaker 1: I mean, yeah, three thousand sounds way higher than say 181 00:09:55,880 --> 00:09:58,559 Speaker 1: two hundred or fifty or whatever. But when you put 182 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:01,280 Speaker 1: it in that perspective, it's almost it almost makes you choke. 183 00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:05,920 Speaker 2: Yeah. I wonder if any place places these in different 184 00:10:05,960 --> 00:10:10,960 Speaker 2: places to compare those numbers, probably like a really rich city, 185 00:10:11,679 --> 00:10:14,760 Speaker 2: like I mean, it would I mean maybe Atlantic city maybe, 186 00:10:15,559 --> 00:10:17,240 Speaker 2: but it would it would seem to make sense that 187 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:19,600 Speaker 2: there's more pollen you know, on the edge of a 188 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:22,880 Speaker 2: forest than there would be, you know, in the mall 189 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:26,240 Speaker 2: parking lot. Right, sure, you'd think so it's airborne, but 190 00:10:26,280 --> 00:10:26,720 Speaker 2: I don't know. 191 00:10:26,840 --> 00:10:29,040 Speaker 1: No, No, it definitely because it's gonna spread out from 192 00:10:29,080 --> 00:10:31,600 Speaker 1: that forest, you know, so yeah, it would be denser there. 193 00:10:31,760 --> 00:10:33,160 Speaker 2: I wonder where they put these things in. 194 00:10:33,679 --> 00:10:36,320 Speaker 1: I don't know, but you're probably you're not getting an 195 00:10:36,320 --> 00:10:38,880 Speaker 1: accurate count when you put it right at the edge 196 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:41,600 Speaker 1: of a forest. But also you're making way more work 197 00:10:41,640 --> 00:10:43,920 Speaker 1: for yourself too, because you got to count all that, buddy. 198 00:10:44,559 --> 00:10:46,320 Speaker 2: That's right, you got to get to that forest. So 199 00:10:46,360 --> 00:10:46,680 Speaker 2: there's a. 200 00:10:46,679 --> 00:10:48,760 Speaker 1: Couple of other things that this House Stuff Works article 201 00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:52,200 Speaker 1: included about paulin that I found gratifying that they were saying, like, yes, 202 00:10:52,679 --> 00:10:55,880 Speaker 1: paulind makes you sneeze and it can give you terrible allergies, 203 00:10:55,920 --> 00:10:58,720 Speaker 1: but it's also useful in other ways. And the actual 204 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:05,200 Speaker 1: palinologiststudy live pollen, but there's other kinds of palinologists that 205 00:11:05,280 --> 00:11:09,760 Speaker 1: study fossilized pollen or they use it for crime fighting. 206 00:11:10,559 --> 00:11:14,880 Speaker 2: Yeah, because that could be your alibi if there's pollen 207 00:11:14,960 --> 00:11:17,200 Speaker 2: on the scene and they say that that you were there, 208 00:11:17,480 --> 00:11:19,960 Speaker 2: and you're like, that's not my pollen, because my pollen 209 00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:25,000 Speaker 2: is ragweed and that pollen is some other kind of weed. Yeah, hickory. 210 00:11:26,280 --> 00:11:28,960 Speaker 2: That could get you out of a murder rap totally. 211 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:33,360 Speaker 1: That's forensic palinology. And then just regular palinologists are the 212 00:11:33,360 --> 00:11:36,720 Speaker 1: ones that study fossil pollen and you can do everything 213 00:11:36,760 --> 00:11:41,640 Speaker 1: from figure out what plants ancient societies worked with to 214 00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:46,120 Speaker 1: what the climate of like an incredibly old spot on 215 00:11:46,240 --> 00:11:49,160 Speaker 1: Earth was just by finding pollen grades. And the reason 216 00:11:49,200 --> 00:11:55,040 Speaker 1: why is because when when a plant evolves, it's pollen morphology. 217 00:11:55,120 --> 00:11:58,000 Speaker 1: It doesn't change even over millions and millions of years. 218 00:11:58,080 --> 00:12:00,640 Speaker 1: So if you found a piece of rag, we'd paullen 219 00:12:00,720 --> 00:12:03,920 Speaker 1: fossilize into you know, a strata that's sixty million years old, 220 00:12:04,360 --> 00:12:07,800 Speaker 1: you know that there was actually ragweed growing there because 221 00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:10,400 Speaker 1: it matches the ragweed morphology today. 222 00:12:10,840 --> 00:12:11,280 Speaker 2: That's right. 223 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:13,080 Speaker 1: You got anything else? 224 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:16,000 Speaker 2: I've got nothing else, just snotty nose. 225 00:12:16,200 --> 00:12:19,080 Speaker 1: Okay, Well, good luck with that, Chuck, And since I 226 00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:24,680 Speaker 1: wish Chuck good luck. Short Stuff is out. 227 00:12:25,240 --> 00:12:28,120 Speaker 2: Stuff You Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For 228 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:32,400 Speaker 2: more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 229 00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:39,320 Speaker 2: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.