1 00:00:14,480 --> 00:00:17,880 Speaker 1: You're listening to Part Time Genius, a production of Kaleidoscope 2 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:19,040 Speaker 1: and iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:23,640 --> 00:00:25,400 Speaker 2: Guess what Will? What's that Mango? 4 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:27,880 Speaker 1: So I wasn't sure whether I should share this or not, 5 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:32,040 Speaker 1: but in the interest of transparency, I'm not just a 6 00:00:32,080 --> 00:00:36,040 Speaker 1: part time genius. I'm also a part time pherologist. A 7 00:00:36,159 --> 00:00:38,760 Speaker 1: part time pherologist. I don't know whether to congratulate you, 8 00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:42,360 Speaker 1: because I don't know what a phroologist does. May go, well, 9 00:00:42,520 --> 00:00:45,560 Speaker 1: you might know it as a pharronologist. Is that something, 10 00:00:46,360 --> 00:00:50,159 Speaker 1: it's still not helping. It's someone who studies lighthouses and 11 00:00:50,240 --> 00:00:53,320 Speaker 1: signal lights. And the term was coined in the eighteen 12 00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:55,440 Speaker 1: forties by an English marine researcher. 13 00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:56,560 Speaker 2: His name was John. 14 00:00:56,400 --> 00:00:59,640 Speaker 1: Purdy, and it's kept alive today by the Association of 15 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:03,760 Speaker 1: Light house Keepers or the ALK, which despite its name, 16 00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:07,319 Speaker 1: is more for enthusiasts than folks actually living in lighthouses. 17 00:01:07,959 --> 00:01:09,680 Speaker 2: Okay, well I'll give it to you. That is pretty cool, 18 00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:12,760 Speaker 2: But I don't remember you talking about lighthouses for do 19 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:14,640 Speaker 2: you actually really like them? Yeah? 20 00:01:14,680 --> 00:01:16,520 Speaker 1: I mean I feel like whenever we went to beaches 21 00:01:16,600 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: or places, you'd end up like climbing up a lighthouse, 22 00:01:19,319 --> 00:01:22,520 Speaker 1: and there's something wonderful and romantic about them. They're near 23 00:01:22,600 --> 00:01:27,120 Speaker 1: the sea, they've got great views. But beyond appreciating lighthouses 24 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:30,279 Speaker 1: for their good looks and the symbolism, rologists are also 25 00:01:30,400 --> 00:01:34,160 Speaker 1: fascinated by things like how lighthouses project light, how they're 26 00:01:34,200 --> 00:01:37,240 Speaker 1: engineered to withstand storms, and also just kind of fun 27 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:39,960 Speaker 1: as a hobby, right, like taking expeditions to see as 28 00:01:40,000 --> 00:01:42,840 Speaker 1: many of them as you can. In fact, Princess Anne, 29 00:01:42,959 --> 00:01:45,880 Speaker 1: King Charles's sister is a pharologist, and she has visited 30 00:01:45,959 --> 00:01:48,800 Speaker 1: nearly eighty of the two hundred and nine coastal lighthouses 31 00:01:48,840 --> 00:01:51,440 Speaker 1: on the rugged, Scottish and Manxian coasts. 32 00:01:51,720 --> 00:01:54,680 Speaker 2: Wow, so she's only got my quick math one hundred 33 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:57,640 Speaker 2: and twenty nine left to see, right, h Princess Anne, 34 00:01:57,680 --> 00:02:01,279 Speaker 2: if you are listening, get a move on. I'm guessing 35 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:04,160 Speaker 2: she is listening, so I don't take that too personally. Definitely. 36 00:02:04,640 --> 00:02:08,239 Speaker 1: Now you may be wondering where the word pharology comes from. 37 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:11,960 Speaker 1: Pharaohs was the ancient Greek word for lighthouse, and it's 38 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:15,040 Speaker 1: the name of the famous lighthouse in Alexandria. It was 39 00:02:15,080 --> 00:02:17,239 Speaker 1: built in the third century and for a long time 40 00:02:17,280 --> 00:02:21,840 Speaker 1: it was the tallest building on Earth, which is just incredible. Also, 41 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:24,920 Speaker 1: my favorite pharology fact is that the Association of Lighthouse 42 00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:29,520 Speaker 1: Keepers publishes a quarterly journal and it is called Lamp 43 00:02:30,120 --> 00:02:35,240 Speaker 1: and you know we love lamps. That is just one 44 00:02:35,280 --> 00:02:37,760 Speaker 1: of the weirdest ologies out there. We've got nine of 45 00:02:37,760 --> 00:02:39,920 Speaker 1: them on today's show, so let's dive in. 46 00:03:00,919 --> 00:03:03,400 Speaker 2: Hey, their podcast listeners, welcome to part Time Genius. I'm 47 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:05,799 Speaker 2: Will Pearson and as always I'm here with my good 48 00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:08,239 Speaker 2: friend Mangesh, a ticketter, and over there on the other 49 00:03:08,280 --> 00:03:11,640 Speaker 2: side of that soundproof glass creating a Wikipedia entry for 50 00:03:11,840 --> 00:03:16,600 Speaker 2: vampyrology and he's also drinking a suspiciously viscous red beverage. 51 00:03:16,639 --> 00:03:18,600 Speaker 2: That's our Palin producer, Dylan Fagan. 52 00:03:19,520 --> 00:03:21,520 Speaker 1: I love that he needed to wear a cape while 53 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:26,200 Speaker 1: doing Definitely, it's also bizarre, like why wasn't there already 54 00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:28,880 Speaker 1: a Wikipedia entry for the study of vampires? That feels 55 00:03:28,919 --> 00:03:30,200 Speaker 1: like a real oversight. 56 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:34,880 Speaker 2: Well, I guess it's the anti vampire prejudice that's out there, 57 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:37,920 Speaker 2: And thank goodness, Dylan is on the case. So, Mango, 58 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:40,240 Speaker 2: what makes you want to talk about ologies today? 59 00:03:40,760 --> 00:03:43,240 Speaker 1: So you know, we're both big fans of Ally Ward's 60 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 1: show Ologies, but absolutely. 61 00:03:45,360 --> 00:03:46,760 Speaker 2: Also back in metal Class. 62 00:03:46,800 --> 00:03:49,000 Speaker 1: We used to do a column called work Study, where 63 00:03:49,040 --> 00:03:53,240 Speaker 1: we'd interview people with incredible and incredibly specific jobs, like 64 00:03:53,960 --> 00:03:56,640 Speaker 1: there was a gentleman who had a PhD in Batman 65 00:03:57,040 --> 00:03:59,720 Speaker 1: and he was often referred to as doctor Batman, or 66 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:01,920 Speaker 1: the person whose job it was to figure out what 67 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:05,200 Speaker 1: thickness of glass you need to stop various birds from 68 00:04:05,240 --> 00:04:08,840 Speaker 1: flying through it, which is such a specific job, like 69 00:04:09,080 --> 00:04:10,800 Speaker 1: this is the thickness you need for a wren, this 70 00:04:10,880 --> 00:04:13,880 Speaker 1: is the thickness you need for a seagull. It's you know, 71 00:04:13,960 --> 00:04:15,800 Speaker 1: I don't think it's something a lot of kids grow 72 00:04:15,840 --> 00:04:19,600 Speaker 1: up thinking they want to be as adults. But ologies 73 00:04:19,600 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: really are fun. 74 00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:23,400 Speaker 2: They're so fun, and you're right, Alli Word's Ologies show 75 00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:25,719 Speaker 2: is just one of the best podcasts out there, so 76 00:04:25,880 --> 00:04:29,200 Speaker 2: definitely worth the shout out. All right, for my first fact, 77 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:33,120 Speaker 2: I want to talk about filmatology. Are you familiar with filmatology? 78 00:04:33,640 --> 00:04:37,360 Speaker 2: Is that about like film or phleme? Well, it could 79 00:04:37,400 --> 00:04:40,160 Speaker 2: if you have a cold, But filmatology is all about 80 00:04:40,160 --> 00:04:45,200 Speaker 2: the scientific study of kissing, including the biological, psychological, and 81 00:04:45,279 --> 00:04:46,400 Speaker 2: social aspects of it. 82 00:04:46,839 --> 00:04:49,720 Speaker 1: Somehow, like the study of lighthouses was something I was expecting, 83 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:53,960 Speaker 1: but not the study of kissing, which, just for the record, 84 00:04:54,040 --> 00:04:56,080 Speaker 1: I am much more interested in than the study of 85 00:04:56,120 --> 00:05:00,440 Speaker 1: the band kiss, which I had so interested in. What 86 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:01,880 Speaker 1: type of things did you learn from this? 87 00:05:02,720 --> 00:05:05,640 Speaker 2: Well, you know, I have to go on a sidetrack here, mango, 88 00:05:05,720 --> 00:05:07,280 Speaker 2: because I don't know if you remember this, but as 89 00:05:07,279 --> 00:05:09,880 Speaker 2: a kid I used to sneak into my much older 90 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:13,080 Speaker 2: sister's room and go into her closet and look at 91 00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:16,080 Speaker 2: her kiss trading cards that she kept in a shoe. 92 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:20,480 Speaker 2: Maass kiss the band again, So pretty funny. Anyway, back 93 00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:22,840 Speaker 2: to kissing here, did you know that lips actually have 94 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:26,280 Speaker 2: the thinnest layer of skin on the human body, and 95 00:05:26,520 --> 00:05:28,800 Speaker 2: along with that very thin layer of skin, are more 96 00:05:28,839 --> 00:05:32,240 Speaker 2: nerve endings than any other single part of the body. Now, 97 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:34,880 Speaker 2: this is according to the American Journal of Medicine, and 98 00:05:34,920 --> 00:05:37,440 Speaker 2: it states that lips can be two hundred times more 99 00:05:37,520 --> 00:05:40,800 Speaker 2: sensitive than our fingers. She might explain why little kids 100 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:44,400 Speaker 2: put everything to their mouths. I am so glad that 101 00:05:44,440 --> 00:05:47,080 Speaker 2: my kids have outgrown that face. Yes, yeah, no, it 102 00:05:47,160 --> 00:05:51,520 Speaker 2: genuinely is the worst and grossest phase. But anyway, filmatology 103 00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:54,720 Speaker 2: has taught us a lot about ourselves. For example, the 104 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:57,960 Speaker 2: nose plays a big role in kissing, even subconsciously, it's 105 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,160 Speaker 2: how we assess a partner's pheromones. And it turns out 106 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:04,200 Speaker 2: that kissing might actually save your life and put money 107 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:07,240 Speaker 2: in your wallet, which is intriguing. But one study shows 108 00:06:07,240 --> 00:06:09,800 Speaker 2: that men who kiss their partners before leaving for the 109 00:06:09,880 --> 00:06:12,840 Speaker 2: day were less likely to get in car accidents and 110 00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 2: more likely to be in a higher income bracket. So 111 00:06:16,360 --> 00:06:19,200 Speaker 2: with that in mind, pucker up, everybody. I like that. 112 00:06:20,440 --> 00:06:22,400 Speaker 2: It's a real life hack. That's right. 113 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:26,160 Speaker 1: Well, this next feel of study might interestill In with 114 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:29,680 Speaker 1: all his vampire love over there. I'm talking about chiropterology, 115 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:33,799 Speaker 1: which means the study of bats, so in the animal kingdom, 116 00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:37,640 Speaker 1: bats are part of the order Chiroptera, which is a 117 00:06:37,680 --> 00:06:40,200 Speaker 1: combination of a Greek where it's for hand and wing, 118 00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:45,400 Speaker 1: and Chiropterologists usually have backgrounds in wildlife biology, and while 119 00:06:45,440 --> 00:06:48,280 Speaker 1: their work can involve exciting trips to remote caves and 120 00:06:48,520 --> 00:06:51,400 Speaker 1: national parks, they also spend a lot of time in 121 00:06:51,480 --> 00:06:54,720 Speaker 1: attics and barns and bunkers because you know that's where 122 00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:58,600 Speaker 1: bats love to hide, and because bats tend to come 123 00:06:58,600 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: out at night as well. Research and use telephoto lenses 124 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:05,440 Speaker 1: and infrared cameras to track their movements and population size. 125 00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:08,560 Speaker 1: They also trap bats using harmless mesh nets so that 126 00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: they can mark them with tracking devices or take blood samples. 127 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: But the best part of this ology is that it 128 00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:17,920 Speaker 1: is not as niche as you think. And that's because 129 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:20,720 Speaker 1: there are more than fourteen hundred species of bats, and 130 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:24,560 Speaker 1: they represent about twenty percent of all the mammals on Earth. 131 00:07:24,920 --> 00:07:28,400 Speaker 1: It's the second most diverse group of animals after rodents, 132 00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:32,080 Speaker 1: and bats might actually hold the key to longer life. Wow, 133 00:07:32,120 --> 00:07:36,320 Speaker 1: fourteen hundred species, that's wild and you'd say potentially life saman. 134 00:07:36,320 --> 00:07:38,680 Speaker 1: I actually just think of bats as carrying these viruses 135 00:07:38,720 --> 00:07:41,560 Speaker 1: that make us sick. Yeah, and they do that as well. 136 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:44,240 Speaker 1: But there's a lot more to bat biology. You know. 137 00:07:44,240 --> 00:07:47,480 Speaker 1: What's interesting is that usually small animals have these short lifespans, 138 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:50,600 Speaker 1: like rats, which have tons of offspring, but they also 139 00:07:50,640 --> 00:07:53,720 Speaker 1: tend to die young. Bats just have one baby a year, 140 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:56,960 Speaker 1: and they live a really long time. The oldest bat 141 00:07:56,960 --> 00:08:00,120 Speaker 1: on record was more than forty years old. Wow, And 142 00:08:00,440 --> 00:08:03,560 Speaker 1: we actually don't know why yet. But if all these 143 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:06,239 Speaker 1: scientists can help figure it out, we might learn how 144 00:08:06,280 --> 00:08:10,000 Speaker 1: we can live longer too. Also, speaking of bats, I 145 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:12,320 Speaker 1: have two other weird things. One is, I didn't realize this, 146 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:15,920 Speaker 1: but of course they do. They've got belly buttons, which 147 00:08:16,080 --> 00:08:18,360 Speaker 1: is really interesting to me. 148 00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:20,120 Speaker 2: Glad you remember that. Yeah. 149 00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:23,640 Speaker 1: But the second thing is this all made me remind 150 00:08:23,680 --> 00:08:26,520 Speaker 1: me of my son when he was in daycare. He 151 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:28,840 Speaker 1: came back with this nursery rhyme, and I was curious 152 00:08:28,840 --> 00:08:32,120 Speaker 1: if you'd never heard it. It goes, uh, bat bat, 153 00:08:32,200 --> 00:08:34,360 Speaker 1: come under my hat and I'll give you a slice 154 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:37,360 Speaker 1: of bacon, and when I bake, I'll give you cake. 155 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:40,560 Speaker 2: If I'm not mistaken, I'm sort of feeling like Henry 156 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:42,439 Speaker 2: may have made this up? Is that? Did he really 157 00:08:42,520 --> 00:08:43,400 Speaker 2: come home saying this? 158 00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:45,560 Speaker 1: So we sent her to a daycare and they were like, 159 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,920 Speaker 1: you know, we teach them all the traditional American nursery rhymes, 160 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:51,640 Speaker 1: and these very sweet Polish women and they looked it 161 00:08:51,720 --> 00:08:54,600 Speaker 1: up and I guess it's a traditional English nursery rhymes. 162 00:08:54,640 --> 00:08:56,840 Speaker 2: No way, So there wasn't just made up. I thought 163 00:08:56,880 --> 00:08:59,079 Speaker 2: for sure. I thought it was certainly made up. But 164 00:09:00,080 --> 00:09:03,600 Speaker 2: it's real, all right. Well, your chiropterologist's friends might just 165 00:09:03,679 --> 00:09:06,960 Speaker 2: find themselves bumping up against the next group of ologists. 166 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:12,280 Speaker 2: These are campinologists, and so are these people who study camping. Nope, 167 00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:14,520 Speaker 2: that was my first guest when I saw it as well. 168 00:09:14,520 --> 00:09:18,360 Speaker 2: But campinologists like bats are often found in bell towers. 169 00:09:18,640 --> 00:09:22,160 Speaker 2: It's actually the study of bells and bell ringing. So 170 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 2: bell towers or campaniles, these first showed up and it 171 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:29,240 Speaker 2: lay around four hundred CE, and they spread across Europe 172 00:09:29,240 --> 00:09:32,320 Speaker 2: and into the UK, and they lost popularity when Henry 173 00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:35,360 Speaker 2: the Eighth dissolved almost all the monasteries in England so 174 00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,920 Speaker 2: that he could marry Anne Bolin, shortly before he had 175 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:41,560 Speaker 2: her head chopped off so he could marry somebody else. 176 00:09:41,600 --> 00:09:43,720 Speaker 2: Of course, we've heard the stories here. That was a 177 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:46,200 Speaker 2: tough time for giant bell's Mango. That's the thing we forget. 178 00:09:46,240 --> 00:09:48,880 Speaker 2: We hear about all the women, but we forget to 179 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:53,720 Speaker 2: focus on the bell. But I got it the bells too. Yeah, 180 00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:55,920 Speaker 2: I mean, you know it's it was. It was a 181 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:58,520 Speaker 2: rough time, but luckily for the bells, they had a 182 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:01,840 Speaker 2: resurgence in the sixteen hundred and that's when people began 183 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,440 Speaker 2: to see bell ringing really as kind of an art. 184 00:10:04,880 --> 00:10:07,480 Speaker 2: Now you can't play normal music on tower bells. It 185 00:10:07,520 --> 00:10:10,240 Speaker 2: takes a few seconds for each bell to swing around, 186 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:14,000 Speaker 2: so to create this pleasing flow of sound, people began 187 00:10:14,120 --> 00:10:17,160 Speaker 2: ringing bells one after the other, and to make it 188 00:10:17,200 --> 00:10:20,560 Speaker 2: more interesting, they created these sequences using bells tuned to 189 00:10:20,600 --> 00:10:23,920 Speaker 2: different pitches. Now this is known as change ringing, and 190 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:28,080 Speaker 2: the patterns that bells followed are actually called methods. So 191 00:10:28,200 --> 00:10:30,760 Speaker 2: say you have a tower with six bells, numbered in order, 192 00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:33,760 Speaker 2: with one being the lightest and six being the heaviest. 193 00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:36,599 Speaker 2: The first sequence you might ring would be one to 194 00:10:36,720 --> 00:10:39,719 Speaker 2: three four five six. Next you swap the order by 195 00:10:39,800 --> 00:10:43,520 Speaker 2: one and ring two one four three sixty five, and 196 00:10:43,559 --> 00:10:46,360 Speaker 2: then you reverse the middle numbers and ring two four, 197 00:10:46,440 --> 00:10:48,600 Speaker 2: one six three five. Are you following this? Spango? This 198 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:52,839 Speaker 2: is all very simple. So the examples of common method 199 00:10:52,960 --> 00:10:57,440 Speaker 2: changes are called plane bob, reverse Catebory, grand Shire, and 200 00:10:57,720 --> 00:11:00,280 Speaker 2: double Oxford. These are just some various names. So now 201 00:11:00,280 --> 00:11:01,679 Speaker 2: you're basically an expert on bell ry. 202 00:11:01,880 --> 00:11:04,839 Speaker 1: I really it sounds so complicated. I do like the names, 203 00:11:04,880 --> 00:11:05,880 Speaker 1: but it's complicated. 204 00:11:06,280 --> 00:11:09,600 Speaker 2: It is complicated, and to that point, it's as much 205 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:14,280 Speaker 2: math it as music. So campinologists use factorials to figure 206 00:11:14,280 --> 00:11:18,000 Speaker 2: out how many different sequences are possible. So for our 207 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:21,720 Speaker 2: six bell tower, there are actually seven hundred and twenty 208 00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:25,400 Speaker 2: possible permutations. Now you remember factorials from high school, right, 209 00:11:25,679 --> 00:11:26,120 Speaker 2: I mean. 210 00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:28,960 Speaker 1: Barely, Like a factorial LI of six is like six 211 00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:31,559 Speaker 1: times five tons, four times three times two tons one right? 212 00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:35,200 Speaker 2: Hey, plus mango still got it? And all right, Well, 213 00:11:35,240 --> 00:11:38,600 Speaker 2: here's a final fun campinology fact for you. For whom 214 00:11:38,679 --> 00:11:41,320 Speaker 2: the bell tolls isn't just a better title than for 215 00:11:41,360 --> 00:11:44,800 Speaker 2: whom the bell rings. It actually turns out that tolling 216 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:48,839 Speaker 2: and ringing aren't the same thing. THENGO I didn't know this. 217 00:11:48,880 --> 00:11:50,240 Speaker 2: I don't know if you knew this, but it was 218 00:11:50,679 --> 00:11:53,120 Speaker 2: we're not doing this episode for this fact. You can 219 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:55,360 Speaker 2: ring as many bells that you like, and you can 220 00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:58,360 Speaker 2: ring them as fast as you like. But a toll 221 00:11:58,520 --> 00:12:02,319 Speaker 2: involves just one bell, typically striking at a gloomy pace 222 00:12:02,400 --> 00:12:05,440 Speaker 2: to mark an event like a funeral. I wonder if 223 00:12:05,559 --> 00:12:08,760 Speaker 2: Ernest Hemingway knew that or he just thought it sounded better. 224 00:12:09,280 --> 00:12:12,199 Speaker 2: You know, it's a good question. I have a feeling 225 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:13,480 Speaker 2: he might have known this. Yeah. 226 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:18,079 Speaker 1: Yeah, So our next ology is a pseud of science, 227 00:12:18,240 --> 00:12:21,720 Speaker 1: but it's still worth learning about. And it's cryptozoology, which 228 00:12:21,760 --> 00:12:26,000 Speaker 1: is the study of mythical creatures or cryptids. Although cryptozoologists 229 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:28,760 Speaker 1: would describe it that way. They actually call it, quote 230 00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:32,720 Speaker 1: the study of unknown, legendary or extinct animals whose present 231 00:12:32,800 --> 00:12:35,760 Speaker 1: existence is disputed or unsubstantiated. 232 00:12:36,160 --> 00:12:37,679 Speaker 2: I'm going to have to say that sounds fans here. 233 00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:41,320 Speaker 2: Then you know, we read about monsters. Yeah, and mainstream 234 00:12:41,320 --> 00:12:44,440 Speaker 2: science does look down on it, of course. But oddly enough, 235 00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 2: cryptozoology was started by a pair of proper zoologists. This 236 00:12:48,559 --> 00:12:53,640 Speaker 2: was Bernard Huelman's and Ivan T. Sanderson, and this was 237 00:12:53,640 --> 00:12:56,640 Speaker 2: in the fifties and sixties. They published text claiming that 238 00:12:56,720 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 2: creatures like Yetty's and the Lockedest Monster might be based 239 00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:01,960 Speaker 2: in reality. And so in. 240 00:13:01,880 --> 00:13:06,360 Speaker 1: Particular, Humelman's was inspired by an earlier Dutch zoologist who 241 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:09,319 Speaker 1: theorized that reports of giant sea serpents may have been 242 00:13:09,440 --> 00:13:14,680 Speaker 1: quote a large unidentified species of seal. But the amazing 243 00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: thing is cryptozoology has led to some real discoveries. So 244 00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:22,360 Speaker 1: in twenty eighteen a Danish expedition went to Lake t 245 00:13:22,520 --> 00:13:25,360 Speaker 1: Lee and this is in the Republic of Congo, and 246 00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:28,040 Speaker 1: they went there to search for a mythical water reptile 247 00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:31,480 Speaker 1: from Bantu mythology. They didn't find the creature, but they 248 00:13:31,480 --> 00:13:35,360 Speaker 1: did discover a new species of algae. Also, a zoologist 249 00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:38,720 Speaker 1: named Darren Nash studied the description of cryptids over time, 250 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:42,000 Speaker 1: and he found that alleged sea monsters like the one 251 00:13:42,040 --> 00:13:45,920 Speaker 1: in Lockness evolved along with real research, so they went 252 00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:49,240 Speaker 1: from being described as snakelike to adding the idea that 253 00:13:49,280 --> 00:13:54,160 Speaker 1: they had long necks like a dinosaur diplosaurus after the 254 00:13:54,480 --> 00:13:58,080 Speaker 1: event of like you know, dino science in the eighteen hundreds. 255 00:13:58,240 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 1: And that means, I guess the next logic step is 256 00:14:00,760 --> 00:14:04,040 Speaker 1: for someone to decide that Dessi is actually an AI robot. 257 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:08,839 Speaker 2: That's good stuff. All right, we have to take a 258 00:14:08,920 --> 00:14:10,640 Speaker 2: quick ad break, but when we come back, we're going 259 00:14:10,679 --> 00:14:13,720 Speaker 2: to talk about outer space and of course your front lawn, 260 00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:31,520 Speaker 2: so don't go anywhere. Welcome back to part time Genius. 261 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:35,080 Speaker 2: We're talking about nine weird and wonderful ologies. Now, this 262 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:38,600 Speaker 2: next one might sound like a pseudoscience, like cripazoology, but 263 00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:42,800 Speaker 2: it's not so. According to NASA, astrobiology is this study 264 00:14:42,840 --> 00:14:47,280 Speaker 2: of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life throughout the universe. 265 00:14:47,840 --> 00:14:51,000 Speaker 2: Is that the search for extraterrestrial lift, I mean, that's 266 00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:54,000 Speaker 2: part of it, but to actually understand the possibility of 267 00:14:54,040 --> 00:14:56,600 Speaker 2: life elsewhere in the universe, you have to study the 268 00:14:56,640 --> 00:14:59,680 Speaker 2: one planet we know supports life, of course, our very 269 00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:03,360 Speaker 2: owner Earth. In fact, a lot of astrobology research takes 270 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:07,040 Speaker 2: place in the Atacama Desert in South America because its 271 00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:11,440 Speaker 2: terrain is known for sort of approximating Mars, and NASA's 272 00:15:11,480 --> 00:15:14,720 Speaker 2: astrobology team began in the nineteen sixties with what was 273 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:17,280 Speaker 2: called the Viking Program, which was the first mission to 274 00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:20,240 Speaker 2: land on Mars and look around for signs of life there. 275 00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:25,840 Speaker 2: But these days astrobology has gone way beyond Mars. So Enceladus, 276 00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:29,560 Speaker 2: which was a satellite of Saturn, is particularly promising as 277 00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:32,440 Speaker 2: a place to study because it has jets of ice 278 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:36,160 Speaker 2: particles coming from its south pole. So astrobologists think the 279 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:39,720 Speaker 2: ice comes from a reservoir under the surface. There may 280 00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:42,760 Speaker 2: be hot rocks below the reservoir, and that could mean that, 281 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:46,240 Speaker 2: along with the messane and other gases that are detected there, 282 00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:50,040 Speaker 2: Enceladus has everything needed to actually create life. 283 00:15:50,280 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: That's amazing, and it's also so funny to talk about 284 00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:56,480 Speaker 1: other planets south poles like m I only think there's 285 00:15:56,680 --> 00:16:00,520 Speaker 1: one south pole, just one, just this Earth's promise. I 286 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:04,440 Speaker 1: seem to have all right, anyway, one thing that Earth 287 00:16:04,640 --> 00:16:09,240 Speaker 1: has that Enceladus doesn't have, I'm guessing is grass. And 288 00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:11,840 Speaker 1: if you want to know more about grass, which I 289 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:15,680 Speaker 1: know you do, you have to take up agristology. This 290 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:19,480 Speaker 1: ology gets its name from the Greek agros, which means field. 291 00:16:20,240 --> 00:16:23,400 Speaker 1: So agristology is the field of studying fields. 292 00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:24,480 Speaker 2: Is that right? Yeah? 293 00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:26,800 Speaker 1: And one of the biggest pioneers in this field of 294 00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:30,880 Speaker 1: fields was an American botanist named Mary Agnes Chase. She 295 00:16:31,080 --> 00:16:34,000 Speaker 1: was born in eighteen sixty nine in Illinois, a place 296 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:37,240 Speaker 1: with a lot of grass. And even though her formal 297 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:40,560 Speaker 1: education never went past elementary school, she took all these 298 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:44,320 Speaker 1: botany classes and began working as an illustrator for the USDA. 299 00:16:45,040 --> 00:16:48,760 Speaker 1: Now her mentor was the botanist Albert Hitchcock, who is 300 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 1: not Alfred Hitchcock, and they co authored important works about 301 00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:55,040 Speaker 1: grasses of North America and the West Indies. 302 00:16:55,680 --> 00:16:57,720 Speaker 2: What an unfortunate name like. Can you imagine how many 303 00:16:57,720 --> 00:16:59,680 Speaker 2: times people were disappointed when they thought they were going 304 00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:01,520 Speaker 2: to meet it. Alfred Hitchcock at a party in house 305 00:17:01,640 --> 00:17:04,040 Speaker 2: was like, no, no, no, this is Albert Hitchcock, the guy 306 00:17:04,040 --> 00:17:05,280 Speaker 2: who studies grass. 307 00:17:06,119 --> 00:17:10,200 Speaker 1: It is amazing, but we can't lose focus on Mary 308 00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:13,800 Speaker 1: Agnes Chase, who was a committed feminist too. She was 309 00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:18,320 Speaker 1: a suffragist and a member of the Silent Sentinels, which 310 00:17:18,359 --> 00:17:20,920 Speaker 1: was this group that led protests outside the White House, 311 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:24,760 Speaker 1: and her activism and her gender really impacted her career. 312 00:17:25,280 --> 00:17:30,159 Speaker 1: At one point, Hitchcock, Albert Hitchcock, tried to readirect some 313 00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:32,719 Speaker 1: of his own research grant money to her, and this 314 00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:37,359 Speaker 1: official at the Smithsonian refused the offer, saying, quote, I 315 00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:40,600 Speaker 1: doubt the advisability of engaging the services of a woman 316 00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:44,080 Speaker 1: for the purpose. But Chase actually paved the way for 317 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:48,440 Speaker 1: other female agristologists, making connections with and mentoring women all 318 00:17:48,480 --> 00:17:51,320 Speaker 1: around the world and in what can only be described 319 00:17:51,359 --> 00:17:55,119 Speaker 1: as poetic justice. In nineteen fifty eight, she was named 320 00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:59,399 Speaker 1: an Honorary Fellow of the Smithsonian. Yeah, I'm glad she 321 00:17:59,440 --> 00:18:02,840 Speaker 1: finally got her do all right. So our next ology 322 00:18:02,960 --> 00:18:06,040 Speaker 1: is relogy, or the study of flow, and so to 323 00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: learn more about this, I spent some time with Helen Joyner, 324 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:13,640 Speaker 1: aka Reologist on sabbatical. This is a channel on YouTube, 325 00:18:13,680 --> 00:18:18,639 Speaker 1: and specifically she's a food reologist. So the flow of food, Like, 326 00:18:18,680 --> 00:18:22,679 Speaker 1: what's that mean? It's like you know, making nutella have 327 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:24,840 Speaker 1: the right amount of give when you dig a knife 328 00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:27,800 Speaker 1: into the jar, or making natural peanut butter stir together 329 00:18:27,920 --> 00:18:31,240 Speaker 1: before you know your arm tires out, and all things 330 00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:33,120 Speaker 1: that we can identify with This definitely makes me want 331 00:18:33,119 --> 00:18:35,080 Speaker 1: some new tell of just saying that peanut butter. 332 00:18:35,680 --> 00:18:38,520 Speaker 2: Definitely. But you know, perhaps the most important thing I 333 00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:42,880 Speaker 2: learned from watching Joiner's channel is that relogy can't measure texture. 334 00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:46,760 Speaker 2: That's because texture is more qualitative. It can only be 335 00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:51,640 Speaker 2: described by your experience of it. There are proxies for texture, 336 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:54,960 Speaker 2: like yield stress, which is how easily a knife cuts 337 00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:58,840 Speaker 2: into something. So higher yield stress means higher viscosity, which 338 00:18:58,880 --> 00:19:02,920 Speaker 2: often feels better in our mouths. So is relogy just 339 00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:06,000 Speaker 2: about foods, No, not at all. Like Joiner has super 340 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:09,400 Speaker 2: long hair, and as she explains, realogy can also explain 341 00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:12,000 Speaker 2: why dry hair is harder to style than wet hair. 342 00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 2: So dry hair is frictionless and slips over itself, and 343 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:19,040 Speaker 2: the height and friction of wet hair doesn't slip, and 344 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:21,560 Speaker 2: so it stays in place where you put it, like 345 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:24,080 Speaker 2: in braids or a faux hawk or whatever you want 346 00:19:24,119 --> 00:19:24,680 Speaker 2: to do with it. 347 00:19:24,680 --> 00:19:27,320 Speaker 1: It's really fascinating that there's a whole field of order 348 00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:32,320 Speaker 1: to just how things flow right, It's amazing. Okay, So 349 00:19:32,359 --> 00:19:36,720 Speaker 1: it's time for our last ology, literally, and this is eschatology, 350 00:19:36,840 --> 00:19:38,480 Speaker 1: which is the study of the end of the world. 351 00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:41,800 Speaker 1: And the good news is it's more about studying different 352 00:19:41,840 --> 00:19:44,320 Speaker 1: stories and theories about the end of the world than 353 00:19:44,359 --> 00:19:47,160 Speaker 1: it is of facts that might indicate the world is ending. 354 00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:49,800 Speaker 1: I like that you describe that as good news. I mean, 355 00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,040 Speaker 1: that still sounds a little depressing to me. I mean, 356 00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:54,240 Speaker 1: it could be. And there are two main types of 357 00:19:54,320 --> 00:19:59,240 Speaker 1: eschatological stories. So there's linear cosmology aka the kind with 358 00:19:59,320 --> 00:20:03,120 Speaker 1: a single end point, and cyclical cosmology aka the kind 359 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:07,400 Speaker 1: that brings about rebirth through regeneration. So Western fates typically 360 00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:10,480 Speaker 1: engage in the first kind of ending, and Eastern religions 361 00:20:10,520 --> 00:20:14,520 Speaker 1: like Hinduism and Buddhism fall into the latter category, where 362 00:20:14,680 --> 00:20:17,560 Speaker 1: the world starts all over again, either in whole or 363 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:20,400 Speaker 1: for each soul. So I mean, I guess you would 364 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,960 Speaker 1: say this is more social science than kind of science science. Yeah, 365 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:26,040 Speaker 1: it seems that way, but that's not exactly the case. 366 00:20:26,080 --> 00:20:29,280 Speaker 1: There's also a branch of eschatology that gets more literal, 367 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:33,400 Speaker 1: and this uses principles of astrophysics to approximate how much 368 00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:36,200 Speaker 1: time the Earth has before it stops sustaining human life 369 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:40,200 Speaker 1: or if a meteor hits. And so these include really 370 00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:43,800 Speaker 1: fun theories like the big rip, the Big crunch, the 371 00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:47,399 Speaker 1: Big bounce, and the Big freeze, which I don't know 372 00:20:47,400 --> 00:20:49,520 Speaker 1: why they all have to have big in them, but 373 00:20:49,520 --> 00:20:50,000 Speaker 1: what they. 374 00:20:49,880 --> 00:20:53,159 Speaker 2: Do that's pretty wild. Yeah. 375 00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:55,560 Speaker 1: So I'm going to give you this week's trophy because 376 00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:59,359 Speaker 1: our producer Mary was so excited about your bell ringing fact, 377 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:02,359 Speaker 1: and you know she and you talked about it earlier. 378 00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:05,200 Speaker 1: She actually went out and hung out with some bell 379 00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:08,280 Speaker 1: ringers this week and learned to do math with bells 380 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: at a tall height. So yeah, it is really fun. 381 00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:15,280 Speaker 1: And she said the community is incredible and she is 382 00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:16,719 Speaker 1: going to come on here and talk about it at 383 00:21:16,760 --> 00:21:17,119 Speaker 1: some point. 384 00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:20,479 Speaker 2: Wow, that is so fun. All right, Well, thank you. 385 00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:22,760 Speaker 2: It is an honor, and thank you Mary. So that 386 00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:25,080 Speaker 2: does it for today's episode. If you like what you heard, 387 00:21:25,119 --> 00:21:27,639 Speaker 2: please subscribe on your favorite podcast app and leave us 388 00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:29,720 Speaker 2: a nice rating and review while you're at it. This 389 00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:33,760 Speaker 2: episode was written by Lizzie Jacobs, an amateur peanut butter reologist. 390 00:21:34,040 --> 00:21:36,400 Speaker 2: Thanks so much, Lizzie, and I'll be back next week. 391 00:21:36,440 --> 00:21:39,480 Speaker 2: With a new episode and in the meantime from Dylan Gay, 392 00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:53,720 Speaker 2: Mary Mango and Me thank you so much for listening. 393 00:21:54,440 --> 00:21:57,760 Speaker 1: Part Time Genius is a production of Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. 394 00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:01,680 Speaker 1: This show is hosted by Will Pierce and Me Mongish 395 00:22:01,720 --> 00:22:05,600 Speaker 1: Heatikler and research by our good pal Mary Philip Sandy. 396 00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,560 Speaker 1: Today's episode was engineered and produced by the wonderful Dylan 397 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:13,280 Speaker 1: Fagan with support from Tyler Klang. The show is executive 398 00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:16,879 Speaker 1: produced for iHeart by Katrina Norvell and Ali Perry, with 399 00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:20,719 Speaker 1: social media support from Sasha Gay, Trustee Dara Potts and 400 00:22:20,840 --> 00:22:25,560 Speaker 1: Viny Shorey. For more podcasts from Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio, visit 401 00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:29,480 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 402 00:22:29,520 --> 00:22:43,359 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.