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Speaker 1: Rudyard Kipling once wrote, oh, east is east and west

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Speaker 1: is west, and never the twain shall meet. But that

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Speaker 1: all changed in the mid to late eighteen hundreds, when

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Speaker 1: thousands of immigrants flocked to the New Frontier in search

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Speaker 1: of an opportunity, a golden one, you might say. It

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Speaker 1: started with the eighteen forty eight California gold Rush. Soon,

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Speaker 1: though miners were seeking other states to find their fortunes,

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Speaker 1: they arrived in South Dakota on sacred Lakota land. As

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Speaker 1: you might imagine, people stealing indigenous property caused quite a

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Speaker 1: few skirmishes. By eighteen sixty eight, the Treaty of Fort

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Speaker 1: Laramie ensured that everyone knew that the Black Hills of

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Speaker 1: South Dakota belonged to the Indigenous people already living there.

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Speaker 1: But settlers thought that if the Lakota people considered the

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Speaker 1: Black Hills sacred, it had to have some sort of

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Speaker 1: value other than spiritual. Then, in eighteen seventy four, Lieutenant

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Speaker 1: Colonel George Custer found gold aloe on the French Creek. Naturally,

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Speaker 1: word got out and caused a sudden influx of fortune hunters.

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Speaker 1: American and Chinese miners from California quickly set up camp

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Speaker 1: that they named Deadwood after a number of fallen trees

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Speaker 1: found in a nearby gulch. But Deadwood's reputation as a

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Speaker 1: place of lawlessness grew as quickly as the population, which

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Speaker 1: swelled to over five thousand. The next big growth spurt

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Speaker 1: happened when a pair of brothers found one of the

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Speaker 1: largest veins of gold bearing ore in American history. As

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Speaker 1: a result, Deadwood skyrocketed from five thousand to twenty five thousand.

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Speaker 1: Murders became common, opium was freely traded, Fights broke out regularly,

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Speaker 1: and while settlers clashed with each other, they also had

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Speaker 1: plenty of run ins with the Lakota tribes and the

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Speaker 1: Chinese prospectors for familiarity and protection. These Chinese miners formed

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Speaker 1: a tight knit community that other settlers referred to as Chinatown.

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Speaker 1: These immigrants established businesses that catered to the prospectors and others,

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Speaker 1: including restaurants and houses of gambling. It was East meets West,

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Speaker 1: give and take, friend and stranger, all made possible by gold.

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Speaker 1: I'm Aaron Mankee and welcome to the Wild West. James

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Speaker 1: Wilson Marshall had come to Colomba, California from New Jersey

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Speaker 1: in search of work. He'd been hired to build a

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Speaker 1: water powered sawmill for his boss, John Sutter. The job

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Speaker 1: wasn't easy, but at least he was paid. Unlike the

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Speaker 1: Native Americans that Sutter enslaved, Sutter controlled the colony and

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Speaker 1: everyone in it. Marshall spotted something shining in the riverbed

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Speaker 1: at the base of the Sierra Nevada Mountains on a

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Speaker 1: clear January day in eighteen forty eight. He scooped out

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Speaker 1: a handful and stared at the gold flakes. To his delight,

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Speaker 1: the whole bed sparkled with gold. At first, Marshall and

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Speaker 1: Sutter tried to keep the discovery a secret, which meant

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Speaker 1: that before along everyone along the entire western coastline knew

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Speaker 1: about it. In San Francisco, storekeeper Sam Brannon debated only

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Speaker 1: a day or two before setting out to see if

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Speaker 1: the rumors were true, and they were. Brandon returned with

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Speaker 1: a vial of gold flake not long after that. He

51
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Speaker 1: was wealthy, but his fortune didn't come from the gold.

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Speaker 1: It came from selling shovels and other tools to prospectors.

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Speaker 1: By mid June, most of the city's male population had

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Speaker 1: bought supplies and headed to Coloma in search of gold.

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Speaker 1: By August, four thousand prospectors had gone, each seeking to

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Speaker 1: strike it rich. Ships arrived from everywhere, Chile, Hawaii, Peru,

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Speaker 1: and China. Those in Boston choosing to travel by ship

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Speaker 1: had to take a fifteen thousand mile eight month trip.

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Speaker 1: The journey by land was faster and shorter, taking six

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Speaker 1: months in between two and three thousand miles, but it

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Speaker 1: wasn't without risk or hardship. Travelers faced steep mountains and

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Speaker 1: swift river currents. Some faced starvation and attacks from indigenous people,

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Speaker 1: and even others. Those on the East Coast could hardly

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Speaker 1: believe the news coming from out west. It seemed too

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Speaker 1: good to be true. A letter from one prospector to

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Speaker 1: the editor of the Philadelphia North America read, your streams

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Speaker 1: have minnows and ours are paved with gold. In December,

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Speaker 1: President James K. Polk confirmed in his State of the

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Speaker 1: Union address that California did indeed have gold. Time was

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Speaker 1: of the essence. Though everyone knew that there wasn't enough

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Speaker 1: for everyone to flock to California. Men abruptly left their

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Speaker 1: jobs at factories and shops. They took their life savings

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Speaker 1: and headed west, leaving their wives and families behind, promising

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Speaker 1: to return once they had struck it rich. And this

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Speaker 1: flood began to arrive in California by eighteen forty nine,

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Speaker 1: earning them the nickname the Minor forty nine ers. And

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Speaker 1: as you might imagine, these mining towns boomed overnight shops, saloons,

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Speaker 1: and gambling establishments all sprang up. Towns were overcrowded almost immediately,

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Speaker 1: and often without any sort of law enforcement, making them

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Speaker 1: the perfect place thieves and outlaws. Women who were left

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Speaker 1: behind on the East Coast struggled to support their children

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Speaker 1: or to work the farms. Finding employment outside the house

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Speaker 1: was difficult. Even if they managed to find a place

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Speaker 1: that hired women, the pay wasn't good enough to support

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Speaker 1: an entire family. Some of these women made their way

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Speaker 1: west to be with their husbands. Others believed that the

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Speaker 1: move would offer a change of pace and a bit

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Speaker 1: of adventure compared to their everyday lives back home. And

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Speaker 1: then there were the women who saw a way to

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Speaker 1: make their own fortunes in a town where everyone couldn't

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Speaker 1: be a miner. Out west, jobs were more plentiful. They

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Speaker 1: could be shopkeepers, cooks, and teachers, just to name a

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Speaker 1: few others took a more entrepreneurial route, studying up boarding

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Speaker 1: houses or becoming hotel proprietors. Due to the need for

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Speaker 1: these services, women had more societal power than they did

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Speaker 1: back out east. Out West, they could own property and

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Speaker 1: run a business. But life wasn't all gold and riches

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Speaker 1: when people moved from one mining town to another. Business

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Speaker 1: has failed as the populations moved on, and without access

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Speaker 1: to as many doctors, illnesses and injury killed many of

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Speaker 1: the new residents. In reality, those seeking a glamorous life

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Speaker 1: were unlikely to find it, but as long as the

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Speaker 1: mountains and rivers had gold, they would keep on trying.

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Speaker 1: If there were fortunes to be had, people would keep coming,

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Speaker 1: creating new opportunities and then, of course, dashing those dreams.

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Speaker 1: Chinese immigrants, which happened to be all men at that time,

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Speaker 1: started out as entrepreneurs while others worked for the miners.

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Speaker 1: Discrimination kept them from living among the white residents, but

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Speaker 1: they set up their own city within San Francisco. Like

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Speaker 1: the area in South Dakota, the settlers there called it Chinatown.

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Speaker 1: In eighteen forty nine, twenty year old Ah Toy stepped

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Speaker 1: off a boat traveling from China. She was a foreign woman,

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Speaker 1: alone in a foreign land. San Francisco was already a

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Speaker 1: bustling town, but like the Chinese men who came seeking gold,

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Speaker 1: Ah Toy was determined to make her mark. It's unclear

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Speaker 1: if the ship arrived from Hong Kong or another port.

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Speaker 1: She arrived alone, though, although there seems to be a

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Speaker 1: couple of theories about why that is. In one story,

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Speaker 1: a Toy was the captain's mistress. He offered her safe

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Speaker 1: passage and enough money to start a life in San Francisco.

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Speaker 1: Another story is that her husband died during the travel,

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Speaker 1: leaving her alone to navigate a new life on her own.

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Speaker 1: Regardless of how she came to America, some believed that

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Speaker 1: a Tooy arrived with her feet bound, a common practice

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Speaker 1: in China's upper classes. Where Victorian England coveted women with

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Speaker 1: tiny waists, Chinese men preferred those with tiny feet. A

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Speaker 1: foot size no more than three inches was prized the most.

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Speaker 1: Those with feet longer than five inches or more were

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Speaker 1: considered undesirable. Binding became a way of preventing women's feet

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Speaker 1: from growing longer, although it also left them disfigured. With

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Speaker 1: a new life came new freedom and a toy removed

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Speaker 1: her bindings. Without a husband, she needed to find work,

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Speaker 1: which wasn't exactly plentiful for women, especially minorities, but she

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Speaker 1: managed to find employment with the trader who hired her

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Speaker 1: as his servant. The gold rush brought thousands of immigrants

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Speaker 1: from China. Soon enough, one third of San Francisco's population

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Speaker 1: was Chinese. American miners found the increasing numbers posed too

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Speaker 1: much competition for the gold that they wanted, so in

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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty, California enacted a law requiring all immigrants to

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Speaker 1: pay a twenty dollars per month foreign miners license. Additionally,

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Speaker 1: racial minorities, including Native Americans, Mexicans, African Americans, and Chinese

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Speaker 1: immigrants were limited in their right to vote, to own property,

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Speaker 1: or even participate on juries. Marriages between races were absolutely prohibited.

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Speaker 1: Mining became too expensive for Chinese miners, and those who

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Speaker 1: stayed in the area had little choice but to find

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Speaker 1: other ways to earn a living. One of the most

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Speaker 1: common occupations was doing laundry for the prospectors. This allowed

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Speaker 1: them to keep any gold dust or flakes that they

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Speaker 1: found on the miner's clothing or in the washing water.

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Speaker 1: Some of them, though, pivoted to other businesses, opening restaurants,

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Speaker 1: gaming halls, retail shops or shoe repair A few ran

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Speaker 1: opium houses or pharmacies, and those who still hoped to

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Speaker 1: strike it rich left California for other states that did

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Speaker 1: not require an expensive license. Black Hills, South Dakota became

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Speaker 1: one of those popular destinations. But women in the West

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Speaker 1: didn't have the same opportunities as men. Longing for a

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Speaker 1: life that didn't continue to leave her in poverty, a

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Speaker 1: toy noticed how other women were earning a living with

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Speaker 1: limited opportunities. Some of them had turned to sex work.

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Speaker 1: She noticed that there was no shortage of men willing

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Speaker 1: to pay, driving the price for their services higher than

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Speaker 1: other forms of employment. Their lifestyle was purely for economic reasons,

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Speaker 1: so the women kept the liquor flowing at saloons and

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Speaker 1: dance halls. The average age of a customer there hovered

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Speaker 1: around twenty, although some were as old as fifty, others

166
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Speaker 1: were just thirteen. Regardless of though, the women all have

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Speaker 1: the same goals make money, marry well, and get out

168
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Speaker 1: of the business. This was more difficult, if not impossible,

169
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Speaker 1: for minority women. Now the number of men in relation

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Speaker 1: to the available sex workers determine the price in a town.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes the women made ten dollars or the approximate equivalent

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Speaker 1: of about four hundred dollars today. At night, the women

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Speaker 1: worked in bordellos. The money and the opportunity to find

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Speaker 1: and marry a rich prospector brought in women from all

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Speaker 1: over Europe. Ah Toy watched these women rise in society.

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Speaker 1: The most beautiful European and American women worked in the

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Speaker 1: better parlor houses and bought the finest dresses. They entertained

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Speaker 1: the most influential and wealthiest men in San Francisco. Sex

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Speaker 1: work was a profitable business in mining towns, but it

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Speaker 1: was also dangerous, and while some women earned enough to

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Speaker 1: make a fresh start elsewhere, ah Toy realized that the

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Speaker 1: real money was in the running of the brothel. She

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Speaker 1: decided to set her goals high. One day she would

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Speaker 1: run a brothel of her own, but first she needed money.

185
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Speaker 1: A Toy set up her shop in a shack just

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Speaker 1: four feet wide by six feet tall in Chinatown. Her

187
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Speaker 1: slender body, good looks, and infectious smile allured many men.

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Speaker 1: While most of her clients were miners, she kept some

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Speaker 1: of San Francisco's social elite company as well, including a

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Speaker 1: French writer living in the area and California's Senator David Broderick.

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Speaker 1: Broderick's fixer, Charles Dwayne, was quoted as saying that a

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Speaker 1: Toy was the finest looking woman he had ever seen,

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Speaker 1: and that made her stand out, which was important. San

194
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Speaker 1: Francisco was home to nearly twenty five thousand people. A Toy, though,

195
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Speaker 1: was the only Chinese sex worker in the city, which

196
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Speaker 1: made her popularity grow. More Chinese women came in on

197
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Speaker 1: steamships and men lining the harbor streets to greet them.

198
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Speaker 1: The women were auctioned to the highest bidders willing to

199
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Speaker 1: pay for their services. For a Toy, business was more

200
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Speaker 1: than good. In a year, she opened her own parlor,

201
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Speaker 1: hiring women knew to the city. San Francisco had plenty

202
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Speaker 1: of brothels and enough customers to go around. San Francisco's

203
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Speaker 1: first Madam, Irene McCready, owned two previous establishments that burned

204
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Speaker 1: to the ground. When she rebuilt a third time, she

205
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Speaker 1: chose a brick building and if they weren't going there,

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Speaker 1: they were going to. Another famous madam, Belle Cora, who

207
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Speaker 1: ran a posh bordello on DuPont Street. Now there were

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Speaker 1: other brothels in town, although perhaps not as stylish as

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Speaker 1: MacCready's or Cora's. The lesser establishments kept to the basics

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Speaker 1: of furnishings a wash bowl, a chair, and a bed.

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Speaker 1: Like the more upscale Madams, A Toy wanted a more

212
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Speaker 1: upscale business at Tooy's first parlor house, opened on Pike Street.

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Speaker 1: Instead of the basics, she insisted on stylish furniture and

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Speaker 1: embroidered cushions. She was a shrewd businesswoman with a reputation

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Speaker 1: for being tough, and frequently took clients who refused to

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Speaker 1: pay right to court. The problem was that technically her

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Speaker 1: establishment wasn't legal, so when a Toy took dead beats

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Speaker 1: to court, she had to choose her complaint care carefully,

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Speaker 1: citing failure to make appropriate compensation for services rendered. But

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Speaker 1: it turned out that a Toy wasn't the only entrepreneur

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Speaker 1: in Chinatown. Chinese gangster Ye A Tai offered protection to

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Speaker 1: businesses that paid him, and trouble for those who didn't.

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Speaker 1: He should have known that when he tried to extort

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Speaker 1: a Toy, she would fight back. Yi Aah demanded that

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Speaker 1: a toy pay him a protection tax, and she declined.

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Speaker 1: If she wanted protection, she knew exactly where to find it.

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Speaker 1: The police station was just down the street from her parlor.

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Speaker 1: Although the court dismissed her lawsuit, ye A quickly found

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Speaker 1: himself behind bars for assault and grand larceny. When he

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Speaker 1: was released a year later, he never bothered a toy again.

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Speaker 1: The law changed for Chinese immigrants in the mid eighteen fifties.

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Speaker 1: The taxes loving on immigrants and minorities forced many of

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Speaker 1: them to move. Miners, fishermen, laundry operators, and brothel owners

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Speaker 1: earned less income as a result. A Toy, who operated

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Speaker 1: so vereral brothels across the city began to feel those effects.

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Speaker 1: The source of her problems was a group of Protestant

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Speaker 1: men who formed the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance in

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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty one. Their mission was to stamp out prostitution

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Speaker 1: along with other unregulated vices. Although they were a small

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Speaker 1: subset of the city, they had connections with prominent and

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Speaker 1: highly influential people in authority. In eighteen fifty four, the

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Speaker 1: city passed in ordinance against brothels Mexican and Chinese brothels

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Speaker 1: were the first to be shut down, and authorities arrested

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Speaker 1: A Toy. She was released a short while later, but

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Speaker 1: the city was changing. Soon there would be no more

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Speaker 1: minority owned brothels left. Then, in eighteen fifty five, the

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Speaker 1: gold Rush officially ended in San Francisco. Although many of

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Speaker 1: the better known brothels managed to stay open, there was

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Speaker 1: no longer room or clientele for entrepreneurs like a Toy,

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Speaker 1: so she shuddered her business then returned to China. In

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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty, San Francisco began reinventing itself from a wild

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Speaker 1: West mining town to something more upscale. Authorities cracked down

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Speaker 1: even harder on Chinese brothels, passing eight new codes against

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Speaker 1: prostitution between eighteen sixty six and nineteen oh five. Chinese

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Speaker 1: women were jailed for five days and fined upwards of

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Speaker 1: fifty dollars that's roughly eight hundred dollars today. White sex workers,

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Speaker 1: though mainly seemed to be exempt. A Tooy did return

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Speaker 1: to the United States in eighteen sixty. Although she could

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Speaker 1: no longer work in her former profession, she enjoyed the

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Speaker 1: companionship of several long term partners, and yet she never

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Speaker 1: married any of them. Why what Laws known as anti

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Speaker 1: missagenation laws prevented those in mixed race relationships from marrying,

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Speaker 1: and those laws remained in effect until nineteen forty three.

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Speaker 1: More regulations and laws followed to curb the influx of

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Speaker 1: Chinese laborers immigrating and mass to the United States. President

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Speaker 1: chess U A. Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act in

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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty two, setting a ten year ban on workers

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Speaker 1: coming from China. Although she may not have come to

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Speaker 1: the United States seeking gold, at Toy did earn a

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Speaker 1: considerable fortune. She also made her mark on history. She

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Speaker 1: was the second ever Chinese woman to arrive in San

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Speaker 1: Francisco and became the first Chinese sex worker. It said

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Speaker 1: that miners often raced to her shanty and that the

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Speaker 1: men standing in line wrapped around the block. A Tooy

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Speaker 1: had become San Francisco's first Chinese madam and opened several brothels.

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Speaker 1: She managed to navigate life in one of Chinatown's most

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Speaker 1: dangerous locations too. Most brothels were tucked away in alleys

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Speaker 1: with opium houses. As far as the city was concerned.

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Speaker 1: If the establishments were not on the main roads, they

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Speaker 1: would turn a blind eye. But there's a darker side

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Speaker 1: to that. While many Chinese women who came to the

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Speaker 1: United States to work in brothels did so willingly, others

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Speaker 1: did not. You see, some were kidnapped back in China

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Speaker 1: and then sold into the business. Then in America, brothel

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Speaker 1: owners and wealthy men seeking a mistress would buy them

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Speaker 1: at an auction. It was horrifying, an alternate version of slavery,

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Speaker 1: and deeply dehumanizing. In the end, the crackdown on sex

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Speaker 1: work ended a Toy's livelihood. And while many a miner

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Speaker 1: lost and found a fortune during the gold Rush, it

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Speaker 1: seems that ah Toy was wise with her money. Reportedly

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Speaker 1: she had earned and saved a considerable fortune. Ah Toy

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Speaker 1: lived a quiet life after closing her business and disappeared

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Speaker 1: from the spotlight. The last time her name was recorded

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Speaker 1: it was in the nineteen twenties to announce the news

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Speaker 1: of her death. But she lived a life that stood

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Speaker 1: out from the crowd. Like Belcorra, Madame MacCready, and other

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Speaker 1: women of the Wild West who were denied a way

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Speaker 1: to earn a living, ah Toy quickly learned how to

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Speaker 1: command power and financial security in a strange New Land.

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Speaker 1: For them, the West was won with sex. The story

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Speaker 1: of San Francisco and the gold Rush certainly takes on

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Speaker 1: a new appearance when viewed through the lens of the

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Speaker 1: immigrants who played a key role from service jobs to

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Speaker 1: sex work. The Chinese experience was bleak, always uphill, and

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Speaker 1: usually surrounded by prejudice. But of course there is always

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Speaker 1: more to the story. Stick around through this brief sponsor

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Speaker 1: break to hear my teammate Ali Stead tell you one

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Speaker 1: more tale from San Francisco.

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Speaker 2: In the years since the gold Rush, Chinatown continued to grow,

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Speaker 2: so much so that the boom in population would present

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Speaker 2: a problem. Throughout the late eighteen nineties, San Francisco's Chinatown

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Speaker 2: had become a bustling neighborhood filled with shops, restaurants, and homes.

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Speaker 2: That was all about to change, though. In March of

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Speaker 2: nineteen hundred, forty one year old Wongchut King, a Chinese

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Speaker 2: immigrant who had come to America nearly two decades earlier,

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Speaker 2: wasn't feeling well. He worked hard at the lumber yard

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Speaker 2: not far from his home. Home, however, was a generous

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Speaker 2: word for his living conditions. The dank room he and

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Speaker 2: several other men shared wasn't fit for the rats that

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Speaker 2: frequently visited, much less other human beings. The men rented

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Speaker 2: the space from the Globe Hotel on DuPont Street. Small

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Speaker 2: and dank, the men took turns sleeping on the floor

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Speaker 2: and mere feet away. Wong and the others had dug

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Speaker 2: a small pit to use as a toilet. They had

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Speaker 2: no other options. Chinatown residents were busy celebrating the lunar

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Speaker 2: New Year, and ironically, it was the Year of the Rat.

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Speaker 2: Wong wasn't up for celebrating, though, he had come down

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Speaker 2: with a fever, chills, and body aches. He consulted a

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Speaker 2: Chinese doctor, who could do little for the swollen lymph

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Speaker 2: nodes in Wong's neck and groin. Soon, his fever raged

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Speaker 2: higher and he couldn't keep food down. Before long, he

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Speaker 2: slipped into a coma and passed away. When the city's

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Speaker 2: undertaker received his body, he faithfully reported Wong's symptoms, which

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Speaker 2: prompted city health officials to come down and inspect the body,

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Speaker 2: and what they found horrified them. Wong had died from

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Speaker 2: bubonic plague, and officials now had a problem on their hands.

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Speaker 2: Board of Health members met and debated late into the night,

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Speaker 2: finally deciding to quarantine Chinatown, hoping to stop the spread.

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Speaker 2: The root cause of bubonic plague had only been discovered

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Speaker 2: a few years prior. Until then, people believed that the

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Speaker 2: plague was transmitted from germs through open wounds or food,

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Speaker 2: or even bad air. The real cause was a tiny

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Speaker 2: bacterium spread by rats, or more precisely, the fleas than

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Speaker 2: infested those rats. Within a week, eight more people in

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Speaker 2: Chinatown had died, though that number might have actually been higher.

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Speaker 2: Doctors converged going door to door searching for potential victims,

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Speaker 2: but their search turned up empty. Doctors did report on

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Speaker 2: the deplorable conditions families were living in, all of which

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Speaker 2: were the perfect breeding ground for the plague. They also

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Speaker 2: believed that residents were hiding sick family and friends, rightfully

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Speaker 2: fearing racial backlash and poor treatment. Public health officials initiated

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Speaker 2: a massive clean up effort, but it was too little,

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Speaker 2: too late, and the death toll continued to rise. Doctor

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Speaker 2: Joseph J. Kinyon, a leader in disease prevention, wanted to

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Speaker 2: warn San Francisco residence of impending infection. Politicians and business

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Speaker 2: owners did not. A senator from San Francisco even stood

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Speaker 2: on the Senate floor and shouted that doctor Kenyon should

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Speaker 2: hang for spreading disinformation. These upstanding citizens, however, did not

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Speaker 2: fear the disease. They feared economic loss, and a smear

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Speaker 2: campaign to discredit Kenyon's reputation began in earnest newspapers claimed

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Speaker 2: that the doctor and city health officials were spreading fear

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Speaker 2: of plague in order to fleece taxpayers out of money. Meanwhile,

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Speaker 2: government officials, including the governor himself, denied the outbreak even existed.

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Speaker 2: Doing otherwise, they feared would undoubtedly harm the state's produce

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Speaker 2: industry worth over forty million. Governor Henry Gage proposed that

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Speaker 2: it be made a crime for anyone to publish reports

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Speaker 2: or articles about the plague outbreak without express written permission

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Speaker 2: from the California Board of Health. Doctor Kenyon, of course,

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Speaker 2: would never receive such permission. Over the next fourteen months,

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Speaker 2: the city covered up more deaths, plague or not. The

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Speaker 2: public was beginning to panic, and many blamed the Chinese

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Speaker 2: community for the outbreak. In April of the following year,

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Speaker 2: United States Surgeon General doctor Walter Wyman ordered doctor Kenyon

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Speaker 2: to leave San Francisco, though Gage continued to protest, Some,

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Speaker 2: like the governor of Texas, didn't believe him. He threatened

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Speaker 2: to stop all trade with California until they had the

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Speaker 2: outbreak under control, and asked federal investigators to step in.

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Speaker 2: Gage intended to declare the state had eradicated the disease,

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Speaker 2: if only to save face, But in early July, another

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Speaker 2: resident of Chinatown died, and by summer's end a dozen

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Speaker 2: more were dead. The federal government descended to investigate and

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Speaker 2: began to prove Governor Gage was covering up the truth.

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Speaker 2: Gage insisted the federal government was wrong and that men

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Speaker 2: had died from syphilis, but as more deaths occurred, voters

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Speaker 2: were losing faith in him, and they showed their disapproval

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Speaker 2: by voting against him in the nineteen oh two election.

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Speaker 2: The succeeding governor, George Pardie, eventually put an end to

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Speaker 2: the epidemic. In nineteen oh four, Grim.

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Speaker 1: And Mont Presents The Wild West was executive produced by

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Speaker 1: me Aaron Manky and hosted by Aaron Mankey and Alexandra Steed.

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Speaker 1: Writing for this season was provided by Michelle Mudo, with

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Speaker 1: research by Alexandra Steed, Sam Alberty, Cassandra de Alba, and

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Speaker 1: Harry Marx. Fact checking was performed by Jamie Vargas, with

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Speaker 1: sensitivity reading by Stacy partial Jensen. Production assistance was provided

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Speaker 1: by Josh Thain, Jesse Funk, Alex Williams, and Matt Frederick.

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Speaker 1: To learn more about this and other shows from Grim

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Speaker 1: and Mild and iHeartRadio, visit Grimandmild dot com