1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,800 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,880 --> 00:00:17,800 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. Since so 4 00:00:17,800 --> 00:00:21,279 Speaker 1: many of us are doing some kind of social distancing 5 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:25,600 Speaker 1: or sheltering in place, and even if you're still needing 6 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:28,680 Speaker 1: to go into work once you're off work, probably living 7 00:00:28,680 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 1: a more isolated life than you might normally do, I 8 00:00:32,400 --> 00:00:34,080 Speaker 1: thought it might be nice to do an episode on 9 00:00:34,120 --> 00:00:37,199 Speaker 1: somebody whose life was relatively solitary, and a kind of 10 00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:40,280 Speaker 1: winding path on that theme led me to today's topic 11 00:00:40,360 --> 00:00:44,319 Speaker 1: of lighthousekeeper Ida Lewis, and she lived most of her 12 00:00:44,320 --> 00:00:46,960 Speaker 1: life on a tiny island off the coast of Rhode Island. 13 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: There was one phase in her life when this wasn't 14 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:52,640 Speaker 1: particularly solitary, which of course we will be talking more about, 15 00:00:52,720 --> 00:00:55,120 Speaker 1: but this was the life that she deeply loved. In 16 00:00:55,160 --> 00:00:59,240 Speaker 1: her words, she said quote, I could not be contented elsewhere. 17 00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:02,920 Speaker 1: The lighthouse in what would become the United States was 18 00:01:03,040 --> 00:01:07,200 Speaker 1: Boston Lighthouse that was built in seventeen sixteen and supplemented 19 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: with a foghorn three years later. Other lighthouses followed, each 20 00:01:11,959 --> 00:01:15,720 Speaker 1: built and managed by one of the colonies. Then, after 21 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:19,399 Speaker 1: the Revolutionary War, the US tried to organize itself into 22 00:01:19,400 --> 00:01:22,880 Speaker 1: a nation with a functioning government, ultimately ratifying the U. 23 00:01:22,959 --> 00:01:26,920 Speaker 1: S Constitution in seventeen and this lay the groundwork for 24 00:01:26,959 --> 00:01:29,960 Speaker 1: the first U. S. Congress, which met starting in seventeen 25 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:33,520 Speaker 1: eighty nine. The first Public Works Act that was passed 26 00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:37,080 Speaker 1: by this Congress included the establishment of a Bureau of 27 00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:41,240 Speaker 1: Lighthouses under the Department of the Treasury. This act brought 28 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:43,920 Speaker 1: all of the lighthouses in the US under the control 29 00:01:43,959 --> 00:01:47,520 Speaker 1: of the federal government. The federal government also decided where 30 00:01:47,560 --> 00:01:51,600 Speaker 1: to build new lighthouses and appointed keepers to manage and 31 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:56,720 Speaker 1: maintain those lighthouses. The officially appointed lighthouse keepers were generally men. 32 00:01:57,520 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 1: Most lighthouses at the time were oil burning lamps with 33 00:02:00,760 --> 00:02:04,320 Speaker 1: lenses or reflectors to focus the light. They were critical 34 00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:07,559 Speaker 1: parts of the maritime navigation system, and keeping them going 35 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 1: could be an all night job. The keeper needed to 36 00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:14,640 Speaker 1: light the lamp, keep the wick properly trimmed, and ensure 37 00:02:14,680 --> 00:02:17,800 Speaker 1: that it stayed burning throughout the night before extinguishing it 38 00:02:17,840 --> 00:02:21,360 Speaker 1: in the morning. The lenses or reflectors also had to 39 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:25,359 Speaker 1: be frequently cleaned and polished to remove soot. Another residue 40 00:02:25,720 --> 00:02:28,480 Speaker 1: to keep the light as bright as possible, and of 41 00:02:28,520 --> 00:02:32,000 Speaker 1: course the lighthouse keeper needed things like food and clean 42 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:36,400 Speaker 1: clothes to do this work. Most lighthouses were in relatively 43 00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:39,720 Speaker 1: remote locations, so bringing in additional labor to help with 44 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:42,200 Speaker 1: all this stuff was not an easy task, and a 45 00:02:42,240 --> 00:02:44,480 Speaker 1: lot of the time there also wasn't a budget to 46 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:48,000 Speaker 1: pay for more help, so tending a lighthouse tended to 47 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:51,680 Speaker 1: be a family affair. Sometimes the keeper's family, including his 48 00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:55,079 Speaker 1: wife or daughters, helped with the actual running and maintenance 49 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:58,040 Speaker 1: of the light, including keeping it going if the keeper 50 00:02:58,080 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: had to be away, but the rest to the family 51 00:03:00,680 --> 00:03:03,399 Speaker 1: also carried out a lot of other labor that made 52 00:03:03,400 --> 00:03:05,840 Speaker 1: it possible for the keeper to keep tending the light, 53 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:09,480 Speaker 1: things like cleaning and preparing food and doing laundry, and 54 00:03:09,600 --> 00:03:13,280 Speaker 1: keeping records and getting supplies and on and on. It 55 00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:16,720 Speaker 1: was also a common practice for a lighthousekeeper's widow or 56 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,880 Speaker 1: possibly a daughter, to take over for him if he died. 57 00:03:20,680 --> 00:03:23,840 Speaker 1: In many cases, everyone involved thought this was the best 58 00:03:23,880 --> 00:03:27,280 Speaker 1: possible outcome, and it was so common that both keepers 59 00:03:27,320 --> 00:03:31,399 Speaker 1: and the government basically took it for granted. The lightkeeper's 60 00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:34,040 Speaker 1: family continued to do work that they already knew how 61 00:03:34,040 --> 00:03:37,520 Speaker 1: to do, and they kept collecting the late keeper's pay, 62 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:40,080 Speaker 1: and the government got to keep the lighthouse running without 63 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:44,400 Speaker 1: going through the effort and expense of finding a new keeper. Plus, 64 00:03:44,560 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 1: if the keeper's widow or daughter was the person who 65 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:49,800 Speaker 1: was keeping the light going, she was not doing it 66 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:54,240 Speaker 1: with a formal appointment as lighthousekeeper. In most cases, that 67 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:56,520 Speaker 1: meant that she got to earn that paycheck as long 68 00:03:56,560 --> 00:03:58,760 Speaker 1: as she was doing the work, but she was not 69 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:01,560 Speaker 1: entitled to a pen shin at the end of that service. 70 00:04:02,160 --> 00:04:05,600 Speaker 1: So although lighthouse keepers tended to be men, a lot 71 00:04:05,680 --> 00:04:09,120 Speaker 1: of women actually did this job. There were at least 72 00:04:09,160 --> 00:04:12,920 Speaker 1: one forty five women who are documented as keeping lighthouses 73 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:15,920 Speaker 1: from the time the lights came under federal control until 74 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:19,800 Speaker 1: nineteen forty seven, at which point all the remaining lighthouses 75 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:24,599 Speaker 1: had been automated. At least twice that many were assistant keepers. 76 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:28,000 Speaker 1: The light that Ida Lewis kept is on what was 77 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:31,440 Speaker 1: then called Lime Rock, off the coast of Newport, Rhode Island. 78 00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:35,720 Speaker 1: Newport had been a major port during the Transatlantic slave trade. 79 00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:38,440 Speaker 1: It was one of the North American ports where the 80 00:04:38,480 --> 00:04:41,400 Speaker 1: slave ships departed, and it was also home to more 81 00:04:41,400 --> 00:04:45,520 Speaker 1: than twenty distilleries that made rum from sugar and molasses 82 00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:48,760 Speaker 1: that were grown and processed by enslaved people in the Caribbean. 83 00:04:49,560 --> 00:04:52,680 Speaker 1: When the War of eighteen twelve disrupted all of this, 84 00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:57,160 Speaker 1: Newport sort of reinvented itself, mainly as a vacation destination. 85 00:04:57,640 --> 00:05:01,400 Speaker 1: Idawally's or Radia Lewis, was born in Newport on February 86 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:06,320 Speaker 1: forty two. Her father, Captain jose A. Lewis, was a 87 00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:09,760 Speaker 1: cutter pilot, although he had to retire because of his health. 88 00:05:10,560 --> 00:05:14,080 Speaker 1: But then in eighteen fifty three, Congress ordered the construction 89 00:05:14,240 --> 00:05:17,640 Speaker 1: of Lime Rock Lighthouse in there aganst At Bay. This 90 00:05:17,720 --> 00:05:20,560 Speaker 1: was shortly after the US had established a new Lighthouse 91 00:05:20,600 --> 00:05:24,080 Speaker 1: Board to oversee and manage all of the nation's lighthouses. 92 00:05:24,680 --> 00:05:28,000 Speaker 1: The Lime Rock Lighthouse was an oil burning lantern with 93 00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:31,039 Speaker 1: the Fraynell lens, which can be pronounced in about ten 94 00:05:31,080 --> 00:05:36,800 Speaker 1: different ways, including fresnel and frenelle. French physicist Augustine Frenelle 95 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:39,920 Speaker 1: developed this lens in eighteen twenty two, and soon they 96 00:05:39,920 --> 00:05:44,120 Speaker 1: were standard in lighthouses. Frenelle lens looks kind of like 97 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:47,040 Speaker 1: a beehive made out of bulls eyes that surrounds the 98 00:05:47,160 --> 00:05:49,880 Speaker 1: light source, and and it focuses the light that the 99 00:05:49,920 --> 00:05:53,200 Speaker 1: source emits into a very narrow beam. The first keeper 100 00:05:53,279 --> 00:05:56,360 Speaker 1: of Lime Rock Lighthouse was Joseph Lewis, who was Captain 101 00:05:56,440 --> 00:06:00,080 Speaker 1: Lewis's son from a prior marriage. He only stayed in 102 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:02,599 Speaker 1: that role for a few months, though, and Captain Lewis 103 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:06,839 Speaker 1: was appointed as his successor. Lime Rock itself was only 104 00:06:06,880 --> 00:06:09,680 Speaker 1: about two hundred twenty yards from the shore at the 105 00:06:09,680 --> 00:06:12,120 Speaker 1: closest point, but it was about a mile and a 106 00:06:12,160 --> 00:06:15,800 Speaker 1: half away from Newport, and at first the lighthouse was 107 00:06:15,839 --> 00:06:19,000 Speaker 1: the only structure on this little island. The keeper was 108 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:22,240 Speaker 1: expected to row back and forth to the shore every day. 109 00:06:22,680 --> 00:06:25,560 Speaker 1: It really quickly became clear that this was not always 110 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:29,480 Speaker 1: possible because of bad weather or nautical conditions, so a 111 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:32,800 Speaker 1: shack was built to serve as a temporary shelter if 112 00:06:32,839 --> 00:06:36,720 Speaker 1: the keeper needed it. A permanent dwelling was completed on 113 00:06:36,920 --> 00:06:40,520 Speaker 1: Lime Rock in eighteen fifty seven. When the permanent dwelling 114 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,800 Speaker 1: was finished, the captain moved his family out from Newport 115 00:06:43,839 --> 00:06:48,280 Speaker 1: to the island. They arrived there on June fifty seven. 116 00:06:49,120 --> 00:06:53,400 Speaker 1: This included his wife's radia and four surviving children. There 117 00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:56,679 Speaker 1: were two sons jose A known as Hosey, and Thomas 118 00:06:56,760 --> 00:07:00,000 Speaker 1: Rudolph who went by Rudolph or Rude, and two dogs, 119 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:04,080 Speaker 1: Nurse Ida and Hattie. Ida was fifteen years old and 120 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:07,920 Speaker 1: the oldest of the surviving four. Only about four months 121 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:11,120 Speaker 1: after the family moved to Lime Rock, Captain Lewis had 122 00:07:11,120 --> 00:07:13,760 Speaker 1: a severe stroke and he was disabled for the rest 123 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:17,840 Speaker 1: of his life. Ida and Zeradia took over keeping the lighthouse. 124 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:21,760 Speaker 1: Ida was already really familiar with the lighthouses working. She 125 00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:24,200 Speaker 1: had been making the trip to the island with her 126 00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:29,000 Speaker 1: father before the lighthousekeeper's residence was finished. Soon Ida was 127 00:07:29,040 --> 00:07:31,440 Speaker 1: doing most of the work involved with tending the light. 128 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:35,040 Speaker 1: She would tend the light overnight, rowe her siblings to 129 00:07:35,080 --> 00:07:37,800 Speaker 1: shore for school in the morning, go home and sleep, 130 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:40,440 Speaker 1: and then returned to shore to bring the younger children 131 00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:44,600 Speaker 1: home after school, before helping with all the domestic tasks 132 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:47,280 Speaker 1: around the house, and she also helped to take care 133 00:07:47,280 --> 00:07:50,800 Speaker 1: of her sister, Hattie, who was chronically ill. Ida's own 134 00:07:50,840 --> 00:07:54,160 Speaker 1: formal education ended when the family moved to Lime Rock, 135 00:07:54,280 --> 00:07:57,000 Speaker 1: but she became highly skilled at all the work that 136 00:07:57,080 --> 00:08:00,000 Speaker 1: needed to be done at the lighthouse. She also became 137 00:08:00,040 --> 00:08:03,160 Speaker 1: him a really strong swimmer, and an expert at handling 138 00:08:03,160 --> 00:08:07,120 Speaker 1: a skiff on the treacherous waters around the lighthouse. Her 139 00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:12,480 Speaker 1: father described watching her bring her siblings home in terrible weather, saying, quote, 140 00:08:12,520 --> 00:08:16,160 Speaker 1: expecting any moment to see them swamped, and the crew 141 00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:18,920 Speaker 1: at the mercy of the waves. And then I've turned 142 00:08:18,920 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: away and said to my wife, let me know when 143 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:23,680 Speaker 1: they get safe ends, for I could not endure to 144 00:08:23,720 --> 00:08:26,880 Speaker 1: see them perish and realized that we were powerless to 145 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:30,960 Speaker 1: save them. But Ida always got her siblings home without incident, 146 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:34,320 Speaker 1: and she also rescued a lot of other people. And 147 00:08:34,360 --> 00:08:36,520 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about that in a moment after 148 00:08:36,559 --> 00:08:46,120 Speaker 1: we first paused for a sponsor break. When Ida Lewis 149 00:08:46,280 --> 00:08:49,959 Speaker 1: was living, a lighthousekeeper's primary duty was to keep the 150 00:08:50,040 --> 00:08:53,319 Speaker 1: lighthouse going, but lighthousekeepers could also be called on to 151 00:08:53,400 --> 00:08:56,120 Speaker 1: rescue people who were in danger in the water nearby, 152 00:08:56,280 --> 00:08:59,240 Speaker 1: and that was something that Ida Lewis did a lot. 153 00:08:59,800 --> 00:09:04,640 Speaker 1: Her first documented rescue was on September four, a little 154 00:09:04,679 --> 00:09:07,000 Speaker 1: more than a year after she and her family moved 155 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:11,480 Speaker 1: to the lighthousekeeper's residence on the island. That day, four 156 00:09:11,559 --> 00:09:15,320 Speaker 1: teenage boys were traveling around the bay by sailboat. They 157 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:17,840 Speaker 1: had gone past the lighthouse for a picnic on an 158 00:09:17,840 --> 00:09:21,079 Speaker 1: island farther out in the bay. On the way back, 159 00:09:21,320 --> 00:09:23,920 Speaker 1: the four of them were horsing around when one decided 160 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:26,560 Speaker 1: it would be a good idea to climb the boat mast. 161 00:09:27,400 --> 00:09:31,000 Speaker 1: This caused them to capsize, something that Ida witnessed from 162 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:35,000 Speaker 1: the island. Ida immediately got into her skiff, rode out 163 00:09:35,040 --> 00:09:37,959 Speaker 1: to them, pulled each of them into the skiff with her, 164 00:09:38,080 --> 00:09:40,679 Speaker 1: and then took them all back to the lighthouse. One 165 00:09:40,679 --> 00:09:43,000 Speaker 1: of the four boys had lost consciousness in all this 166 00:09:43,080 --> 00:09:45,880 Speaker 1: and had to be revived, but all of them ultimately 167 00:09:45,960 --> 00:09:50,640 Speaker 1: survived this ordeal. Uh. No horseplay on the sailboat is 168 00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:53,400 Speaker 1: the moral of that story. I feel like we shouldn't 169 00:09:53,440 --> 00:09:57,079 Speaker 1: have to tell you this. We can go back in 170 00:09:57,160 --> 00:10:00,640 Speaker 1: time and chastise those boys when we build our time machine. Uh. 171 00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:04,080 Speaker 1: Many of Louis's other rescues were a soldiers stationed at 172 00:10:04,120 --> 00:10:08,200 Speaker 1: Fort Adams. Fort Adams had started as a basic fortification 173 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:11,440 Speaker 1: at the end of the eighteenth century. It grew and 174 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:15,240 Speaker 1: evolved with ongoing construction of a fort happening between eighteen 175 00:10:15,240 --> 00:10:19,080 Speaker 1: twenty four and eighteen fifty seven. Newport, of course, was 176 00:10:19,120 --> 00:10:22,080 Speaker 1: a popular place for soldiers at Fort Adams to go 177 00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:26,440 Speaker 1: for recreation and entertainment. While you could make that whole 178 00:10:26,480 --> 00:10:29,280 Speaker 1: trip over land if you wanted to, it was much 179 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:32,440 Speaker 1: faster and much more direct to just go by water. 180 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:35,079 Speaker 1: It was like you had to go to the south 181 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:38,720 Speaker 1: and then turn east and go that way for a while, 182 00:10:38,920 --> 00:10:41,680 Speaker 1: and then go north even farther than where you started. 183 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:43,719 Speaker 1: You could just go in an almost straight line in 184 00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:47,840 Speaker 1: the water. So Lime Rock White House was situated roughly 185 00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:53,120 Speaker 1: between Fort Adams and Newport by water, very roughly. So. 186 00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,160 Speaker 1: A lot of the people that Lewis was rescuing were soldiers, 187 00:10:56,200 --> 00:10:58,440 Speaker 1: and a lot of them were on their way back 188 00:10:58,559 --> 00:11:02,960 Speaker 1: from amusing themselves in report. Often they were not particularly 189 00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:07,160 Speaker 1: sober or clearheaded when they got into trouble. Lewis's first 190 00:11:07,200 --> 00:11:11,280 Speaker 1: rescue of some inebriated soldiers was in February of eighteen 191 00:11:11,320 --> 00:11:14,800 Speaker 1: sixty six. Three men were making their way back to 192 00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:18,920 Speaker 1: Fort Adams in a stolen boat coincidentally, a stolen boat 193 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:22,839 Speaker 1: that belonged to Ida's brother. On the way across the water. 194 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:26,960 Speaker 1: For unknown reasons, one of the men decided to stand up, 195 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:29,440 Speaker 1: and in the process he put his foot through the 196 00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:33,480 Speaker 1: bottom of the boat. The boat immediately started taking on water, 197 00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 1: and the man's two companions either jumped or fell overboard. 198 00:11:37,840 --> 00:11:41,160 Speaker 1: Lewis again wrote out in her skiff. Once she got there, 199 00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:44,360 Speaker 1: she had to haul this one soldier into the skiff 200 00:11:44,440 --> 00:11:47,400 Speaker 1: by force. She heard her back in the process. Because 201 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:50,960 Speaker 1: this man was both drunk and starting to suffer from hypothermia, 202 00:11:51,120 --> 00:11:53,800 Speaker 1: so he was basically deadweight, he couldn't help her at all. 203 00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:56,280 Speaker 1: She also had to keep pulling on him until his 204 00:11:56,440 --> 00:12:00,760 Speaker 1: foot came free from her brother's stolen boat. Once she 205 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:03,319 Speaker 1: got him aboard, she rode him back to the lighthouse 206 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,280 Speaker 1: and loaned him a dry set of clothes. It's not 207 00:12:06,640 --> 00:12:08,960 Speaker 1: entirely clear what happened to the other two soldiers who 208 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:12,679 Speaker 1: had been in Lewis's brothers stolen boat. It is possible 209 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:15,240 Speaker 1: that they drowned after jumping or falling into the water. 210 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:18,320 Speaker 1: If they made it back to shore, they went a 211 00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:22,240 Speaker 1: wall from Fort Adams. The man that she rescued never 212 00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:24,600 Speaker 1: returned that change of clothes he had been given at 213 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:28,960 Speaker 1: the lighthouse. The following January, three men tried to rescue 214 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:32,040 Speaker 1: a sheep that belonged to August Belmont, who was a 215 00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:35,160 Speaker 1: German born banker and diplomat who was the patriarch of 216 00:12:35,160 --> 00:12:39,240 Speaker 1: one of Newport's wealthiest and most prominent families. This sheep 217 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:42,400 Speaker 1: had jumped off a wharf, and the three men stole 218 00:12:42,440 --> 00:12:45,160 Speaker 1: a skiff to try to go after it. This was 219 00:12:45,360 --> 00:12:48,760 Speaker 1: once again Ida's brother's skiff, the one that he had 220 00:12:48,800 --> 00:12:51,240 Speaker 1: actually bought to replace the one that the sailor put 221 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:54,040 Speaker 1: his foot through a year earlier. This was not a 222 00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: simple case of bad luck. When he was on shore, 223 00:12:57,080 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: he tied his skiff up at Jones Wharf, which point 224 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:04,040 Speaker 1: did almost directly at Lime Rock, so anybody who stole 225 00:13:04,080 --> 00:13:06,400 Speaker 1: it and then got in trouble was probably going to 226 00:13:06,440 --> 00:13:08,440 Speaker 1: be in a good spot for Ida to see what 227 00:13:08,520 --> 00:13:12,000 Speaker 1: had happened and come to their rescue. This effort to 228 00:13:12,280 --> 00:13:15,640 Speaker 1: rescue the sheep was ill advised, though there was a 229 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:19,040 Speaker 1: gale going on and the boat quickly started to founder. 230 00:13:19,679 --> 00:13:22,240 Speaker 1: Ida went after the three men, and once she had 231 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:24,560 Speaker 1: all of them ashore, they begged her to please go 232 00:13:24,679 --> 00:13:28,360 Speaker 1: save the sheep too, so she went back for it. 233 00:13:29,080 --> 00:13:32,320 Speaker 1: Realizing there was no possible way to get a struggling 234 00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:35,720 Speaker 1: water log sheep into her skiff, she tied it to 235 00:13:35,760 --> 00:13:39,319 Speaker 1: the skiff and rode back to shore, hauling it alongside her. 236 00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:42,800 Speaker 1: Not long after that, Lewis rescued a man whose sailboat 237 00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:45,360 Speaker 1: had struck a rock in the bay. This was a 238 00:13:45,480 --> 00:13:48,319 Speaker 1: rock that was submerged at high tide, but hazardous at 239 00:13:48,320 --> 00:13:51,040 Speaker 1: low tide, and locals new to avoid it. But the 240 00:13:51,080 --> 00:13:54,080 Speaker 1: man in the boat either missed the marker that was 241 00:13:54,120 --> 00:13:56,160 Speaker 1: on the rock or just didn't really know what it meant, 242 00:13:56,440 --> 00:13:58,640 Speaker 1: so he struck this rock in the middle of the night. 243 00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:01,840 Speaker 1: Visibility was too low at that point for anybody from 244 00:14:01,880 --> 00:14:05,360 Speaker 1: the lighthouse to be able to see him. Ida's mother 245 00:14:05,559 --> 00:14:09,400 Speaker 1: spotted the barely visible tip of the mast of this boat. 246 00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:12,240 Speaker 1: In the morning, Ida found the man clinging to the 247 00:14:12,240 --> 00:14:15,040 Speaker 1: side of the damaged boat. She got him again back 248 00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:19,160 Speaker 1: to the lighthouse and treated him for hypothermia. Apparently this 249 00:14:19,240 --> 00:14:22,960 Speaker 1: boat was also stolen, and the boat's owner later wrote 250 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:25,400 Speaker 1: to Ida saying that he would have paid her fifty 251 00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:28,640 Speaker 1: dollars if she had just let the culprit drown. It 252 00:14:28,640 --> 00:14:30,520 Speaker 1: does seem like there was a whole lot of boat 253 00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:35,240 Speaker 1: theft happening in and around Newport. In the casual boat 254 00:14:35,280 --> 00:14:39,000 Speaker 1: taking on March twenty nine of eighteen sixty nine, at 255 00:14:39,040 --> 00:14:41,960 Speaker 1: the age of twenty seven, Ida Lewis carried out her 256 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:47,240 Speaker 1: most dramatic and dangerous rescue, also her most famous. Sergeant 257 00:14:47,360 --> 00:14:51,080 Speaker 1: James Adams and Private John McLachlin were returning to Fort 258 00:14:51,120 --> 00:14:55,240 Speaker 1: Adams from Newport during a snowstorm. They had hired a 259 00:14:55,280 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: fourteen year old boy to act as their pilot on 260 00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:00,440 Speaker 1: this little journey. This was something he apparently told them 261 00:15:00,480 --> 00:15:03,400 Speaker 1: he was totally confident he could do. But they're boat 262 00:15:03,480 --> 00:15:07,400 Speaker 1: capsized and the teenager drowned. Louis was sick with a 263 00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:09,920 Speaker 1: cold that day, but her mother saw what happened through 264 00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:13,080 Speaker 1: the window and called out to her. Louis ran out 265 00:15:13,080 --> 00:15:15,200 Speaker 1: of the house without stopping to put her coat or 266 00:15:15,200 --> 00:15:17,840 Speaker 1: boots on, and her younger brother Joseah went with her. 267 00:15:18,560 --> 00:15:20,720 Speaker 1: She rode out to the men and she managed to 268 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:23,080 Speaker 1: pull them into the skiff before rowing them back to 269 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:27,000 Speaker 1: the lighthouse to warm up and wait out the storm. 270 00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:31,240 Speaker 1: This time, Ida herself had to recover from both hypothermia 271 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:36,040 Speaker 1: and frost bitten feet. This rescue really made Ida Louis famous. 272 00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:40,240 Speaker 1: People called her the Grace Darling of America. Grace Darling 273 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,960 Speaker 1: was the daughter of William Darling, keeper of Longstone Lighthouse 274 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:47,160 Speaker 1: off the coast of Northumberland. Grace had helped her father 275 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:50,640 Speaker 1: rescue nine survivors of a shipwreck on September seven, eight 276 00:15:50,920 --> 00:15:54,520 Speaker 1: thirty eight. Grace Darling became really famous for this. She 277 00:15:54,640 --> 00:15:57,200 Speaker 1: was depicted an artwork and sheet music was printed of 278 00:15:57,320 --> 00:16:01,119 Speaker 1: musical compositions that were written in her honor. Queen Victoria 279 00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:04,440 Speaker 1: also wrote her a personal letter along the same lines. 280 00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:07,680 Speaker 1: People wrote and printed sheet music for Ida Lewis, and 281 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:11,480 Speaker 1: they depicted her rescue in artwork, some of which visibly 282 00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:16,320 Speaker 1: resembled the depictions of Grace Darling. In another similarity, President 283 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:20,440 Speaker 1: Ulysses S. Grant and Vice President Schuyler Colfax each visited 284 00:16:20,480 --> 00:16:23,720 Speaker 1: Louis in eighteen sixty nine. There's a story about this 285 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:27,000 Speaker 1: visit with Grant. It's that Grant road out to the 286 00:16:27,080 --> 00:16:29,280 Speaker 1: lighthouse and then got his feet wet while he was 287 00:16:29,320 --> 00:16:31,800 Speaker 1: trying to get out of his boat, but said, quote, 288 00:16:31,840 --> 00:16:34,560 Speaker 1: I've come to see Ida Lewis, and to see her, 289 00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:38,480 Speaker 1: I'd get wet up to my armpits if necessary. That 290 00:16:38,640 --> 00:16:40,920 Speaker 1: is a charming story, but in reality, it seems like 291 00:16:40,960 --> 00:16:43,360 Speaker 1: she met the President while he was in Newport, and 292 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:46,040 Speaker 1: she was the one who went into Newport to meet him. 293 00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:49,720 Speaker 1: The city of Newport renamed the fourth of July eighteen 294 00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:54,280 Speaker 1: sixty nine as Ida Lewis Day, girls wore scarves with 295 00:16:54,320 --> 00:16:56,680 Speaker 1: Ida's name on them, tied in the way she often 296 00:16:56,720 --> 00:17:00,240 Speaker 1: wore her own. Money was raised by subscription and to 297 00:17:00,280 --> 00:17:04,000 Speaker 1: build her a very fancy and completely impractical rowboat, which 298 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:07,040 Speaker 1: was called the Rescue. It was made of mahogany, with 299 00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:12,080 Speaker 1: velvet cushions, gilt edges, and rock copper fastenings. The New 300 00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:16,160 Speaker 1: York Times described it as a quote beautiful and costly boat, 301 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:19,160 Speaker 1: and it was paraded around the streets of Newport before 302 00:17:19,200 --> 00:17:22,280 Speaker 1: it was presented to her. Since Louis also needed a 303 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:27,000 Speaker 1: place to store this very impractical boat, financier James Fisk 304 00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:29,760 Speaker 1: built her a boat house for it. He also gave 305 00:17:29,800 --> 00:17:33,399 Speaker 1: her a set of gold plated oar locks. The people 306 00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:37,040 Speaker 1: of Newport also gave her various banners and flags and 307 00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:41,399 Speaker 1: other adornments for the Rescue. Meanwhile, Louis kept her own 308 00:17:41,680 --> 00:17:45,480 Speaker 1: much more practical skiff, which was the Courageous Child of Columbia, 309 00:17:45,640 --> 00:17:49,920 Speaker 1: for her everyday use. On July one, eighteen sixty nine, 310 00:17:50,040 --> 00:17:52,919 Speaker 1: Louis was on the cover of Harper's Weekly, with the 311 00:17:52,920 --> 00:17:57,040 Speaker 1: publication calling her the heroine of Newport. She was written 312 00:17:57,119 --> 00:17:59,760 Speaker 1: up in other publications as well, and she was frequently 313 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,919 Speaker 1: stographed both in studios and around Lime Rock. Also in 314 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:08,600 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty nine, the Cihosis Society, a professional women's organization, 315 00:18:09,080 --> 00:18:13,400 Speaker 1: made her an honorary member. The Life Saving Benevolent Association 316 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,520 Speaker 1: also awarded her it's Silver Medal in recognition for the 317 00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:19,600 Speaker 1: rescue of the two soldiers. Apart from all these honors 318 00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,159 Speaker 1: and awards, there was kind of a media frenzy, and 319 00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 1: for a while Louis's fame intruded upon her regular life 320 00:18:26,359 --> 00:18:30,080 Speaker 1: at the lighthouse. Visitors and well wishers rode out to 321 00:18:30,280 --> 00:18:33,600 Speaker 1: Lime Rock to try to meet her by her father's couch. 322 00:18:33,760 --> 00:18:36,639 Speaker 1: She got as many as nine thousand visitors to the 323 00:18:36,680 --> 00:18:39,720 Speaker 1: island in the summer of eighteen sixty nine alone. This 324 00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:43,040 Speaker 1: included Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Katie Stanton when they 325 00:18:43,040 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 1: were in Newport for a convention at Newport's Academy of Music. 326 00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:51,679 Speaker 1: Some of these visitors were not particularly polite. Sometimes they 327 00:18:51,680 --> 00:18:55,159 Speaker 1: would pretend to be in trouble at sea, trying to 328 00:18:55,200 --> 00:19:00,600 Speaker 1: get Ida to rescue them. Other stole clippings, cart vizite, 329 00:19:00,640 --> 00:19:04,320 Speaker 1: and other momentos that she had at the lighthouse. Lewis 330 00:19:04,359 --> 00:19:08,119 Speaker 1: also didn't particularly enjoy all this attention and tried to 331 00:19:08,160 --> 00:19:11,760 Speaker 1: stay out of the spotlight. When Newport had presented her 332 00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:15,639 Speaker 1: with the rescue, she got Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson to 333 00:19:15,680 --> 00:19:18,520 Speaker 1: thank the donors and the citizens of Newport on her behalf. 334 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:22,200 Speaker 1: He also relayed a message from her in this address 335 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:25,399 Speaker 1: that she saw this work only as her duty and 336 00:19:25,440 --> 00:19:27,760 Speaker 1: as an act of providence that she was even able 337 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,000 Speaker 1: to carry it out at all. She did allow Colonel 338 00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:33,760 Speaker 1: George Douglas Brewerton to write a biography of her in 339 00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:36,560 Speaker 1: eight teen s exty nine, possibly because she was hoping 340 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,480 Speaker 1: that if there was a book out there about her, 341 00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:42,600 Speaker 1: people would stop asking her so many questions. Brewerton noted 342 00:19:42,640 --> 00:19:45,040 Speaker 1: that her ability to carry out these rescues seemed at 343 00:19:45,080 --> 00:19:48,400 Speaker 1: odds with who she was, a five foot for slender 344 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:52,840 Speaker 1: woman who was mostly photographed in feminine dresses. In the biography, 345 00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:56,199 Speaker 1: he wrote, quote, it seems only wonderful that a slight 346 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:59,280 Speaker 1: formed woman should have formed strength to lift this huge 347 00:19:59,359 --> 00:20:04,200 Speaker 1: lump masculine in a briety. Other publications lingered on the 348 00:20:04,280 --> 00:20:06,840 Speaker 1: question of whether it was unfeminine of her to do 349 00:20:06,880 --> 00:20:09,760 Speaker 1: all of this but Louis herself was reported as saying, 350 00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:13,160 Speaker 1: quote anyone who thinks it is unfeminine to save lives 351 00:20:13,359 --> 00:20:16,760 Speaker 1: as the brains of a donkey. This attension on her 352 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:20,920 Speaker 1: continued beyond eighteen sixty nine. For example, in August six 353 00:20:21,040 --> 00:20:25,200 Speaker 1: of eighteen seventy, the satirical magazine Punchinello published a comedic 354 00:20:25,280 --> 00:20:28,600 Speaker 1: article about somebody going to Newport hoping to be rescued 355 00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,639 Speaker 1: by the one and only Ida Lewis. In addition to 356 00:20:31,880 --> 00:20:35,680 Speaker 1: piles of fan mail and all of those thousands of visitors, 357 00:20:36,119 --> 00:20:40,920 Speaker 1: Ida Lewis also got numerous marriage proposals, and on October 358 00:20:41,920 --> 00:20:46,400 Speaker 1: seventy she did marry to Captain William Wilson of black Rock, Connecticut. 359 00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:51,359 Speaker 1: They were married at Newport Methodist Episcopalian Church. Lewis left 360 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:53,640 Speaker 1: the lighthouse in the care of her mother and brothers 361 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:56,880 Speaker 1: and moved to black Rock with her new husband. We'll 362 00:20:56,880 --> 00:21:06,919 Speaker 1: talk about how that worked out after a break. We 363 00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:10,840 Speaker 1: know very little about Ida Louis's marriage to William Wilson. 364 00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:14,120 Speaker 1: We can speculate, but I can think of a few reasons, 365 00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:16,919 Speaker 1: but we don't really know anything about their feelings for 366 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:20,560 Speaker 1: one another or what motivated Louis to get married and 367 00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:24,040 Speaker 1: leave Lime Rock, but within about two years they had separated. 368 00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:28,159 Speaker 1: They never formally divorced, though, probably because Louis thought that 369 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:31,960 Speaker 1: divorce was sinful. She continued to use her married name 370 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,679 Speaker 1: and at least some contexts for the rest of her life. 371 00:21:34,920 --> 00:21:37,960 Speaker 1: We also don't know exactly what prompted Louis to go 372 00:21:38,040 --> 00:21:41,840 Speaker 1: back to Lime Rock around eight seventy two. Although her 373 00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:46,399 Speaker 1: father died on November seven of that year, her mother technically, 374 00:21:46,520 --> 00:21:50,280 Speaker 1: though not officially, took over as keeper. Although once Ida 375 00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,440 Speaker 1: was back on the island, she was the one who 376 00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:55,600 Speaker 1: was doing most of that work. After a while of 377 00:21:55,720 --> 00:21:59,920 Speaker 1: basically keeping the lighthouse herself, Ida started to become frustrate 378 00:22:00,119 --> 00:22:04,080 Speaker 1: with her lack of formal appointment as a lighthousekeeper. With 379 00:22:04,160 --> 00:22:06,720 Speaker 1: the exception of her time in Connecticut, she'd been doing 380 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:09,399 Speaker 1: most of the work involved with keeping the lighthouse and 381 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,840 Speaker 1: maintaining the light, as well as a lot of the 382 00:22:11,880 --> 00:22:15,120 Speaker 1: domestic work. She'd been doing that for well over a decade. 383 00:22:15,359 --> 00:22:19,800 Speaker 1: In November eighteen seventy seven, Lewis made another dramatic rescue 384 00:22:19,920 --> 00:22:24,280 Speaker 1: when she went after three inebriated soldiers from Fort Adams. 385 00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:28,000 Speaker 1: This was during another snowstorm and it was difficult, cold, 386 00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:31,160 Speaker 1: and wet enough that she and others around her blamed 387 00:22:31,160 --> 00:22:35,080 Speaker 1: it for contributing to a serious illness afterward, something that 388 00:22:35,160 --> 00:22:39,480 Speaker 1: may have really been diptheria. By this point, Louis's many rescues, 389 00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:44,160 Speaker 1: especially rescues of soldiers, were well known within the federal government. 390 00:22:44,640 --> 00:22:47,960 Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy eight, General Ambrose Everett Burnside, who was 391 00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:50,359 Speaker 1: former governor of Rhode Island and at the time of 392 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:53,560 Speaker 1: u S Senator, started investigating why she had never been 393 00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:58,360 Speaker 1: given a formal appointment. Finally, on January twenty one, eighteen 394 00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:03,000 Speaker 1: seventy nine, Ida Lewis was formally appointed as a lighthouse keeper. 395 00:23:03,640 --> 00:23:06,880 Speaker 1: She received a letter from John Sherman, Secretary of the Treasury, 396 00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:10,119 Speaker 1: which read quote, you are hereby appointed keeper of the 397 00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,199 Speaker 1: lighthouse at Lime Rock, Rhode Island, at a salary of 398 00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:18,280 Speaker 1: seven hundred fifty dollars per annum. Vice Miss Zaradia Lewis resigned. 399 00:23:18,880 --> 00:23:21,600 Speaker 1: This appointment is conferred upon you as a mark of 400 00:23:21,640 --> 00:23:26,440 Speaker 1: my appreciation for your noble and heroic efforts saving human lives. 401 00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:30,200 Speaker 1: This seven hundred fifty dollar salary made her the highest 402 00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:33,520 Speaker 1: paid lighthouse keeper in the United States, and, according to 403 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: many articles. She was also the first woman to get 404 00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:40,800 Speaker 1: this kind of formal appointment. That second distinction isn't completely clear, 405 00:23:40,840 --> 00:23:45,080 Speaker 1: though various women had had some kind of formal recognition 406 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:48,280 Speaker 1: as a lighthouse keeper before this. As we mentioned earlier 407 00:23:48,280 --> 00:23:51,080 Speaker 1: in the show, hundreds of women did this work. Exactly 408 00:23:51,119 --> 00:23:54,639 Speaker 1: who should be called first not entirely clear. On February 409 00:23:54,760 --> 00:23:59,080 Speaker 1: four one, Lewis made yet another rescue of inebriated soldiers 410 00:23:59,119 --> 00:24:02,639 Speaker 1: from Fort Adam. This time, though they had been on foot, 411 00:24:02,760 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: they were trying to cross the frozen harbor. As was 412 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:08,600 Speaker 1: the case with the boat that struck the rock earlier 413 00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:11,359 Speaker 1: in the episode, locals had a pretty good sense of 414 00:24:11,359 --> 00:24:13,560 Speaker 1: which part of the frozen harbor were safe to walk 415 00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:16,560 Speaker 1: on and which we're not. But these two men either 416 00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:20,359 Speaker 1: didn't know, didn't care, or were just too intoxicated to 417 00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:23,960 Speaker 1: realize that they had strayed into dangerous territory. This time. 418 00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:25,840 Speaker 1: I think it was her mother who saw them to 419 00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:28,840 Speaker 1: go through the ice um, but again without a coat 420 00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:32,520 Speaker 1: on and while wearing a bustle gown. Ida Louis went 421 00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:35,560 Speaker 1: after these men on the ice. She tried to throw 422 00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:37,720 Speaker 1: them a clothes line so she could pull them back 423 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:41,120 Speaker 1: to safety. She made several attempts that didn't quite work, 424 00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:43,399 Speaker 1: where she would throw the line and they wouldn't be 425 00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:46,280 Speaker 1: able to grab it. One of the men finally grabbed 426 00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:49,040 Speaker 1: onto the line and yanked on it in his panic, 427 00:24:49,240 --> 00:24:52,520 Speaker 1: and in doing this he pulled Louis herself through the ice, 428 00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:56,280 Speaker 1: but she managed to pull herself and her bustle gown 429 00:24:56,600 --> 00:25:00,159 Speaker 1: back to safety before trying yet again. She maned to 430 00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:02,120 Speaker 1: get one of the two men out of the water 431 00:25:02,359 --> 00:25:04,920 Speaker 1: before her brother arrived on the scene and helped the other. 432 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:07,320 Speaker 1: I can't help but thinking if I were in her 433 00:25:07,359 --> 00:25:09,639 Speaker 1: position at this point, I'd be like, you're on your own, mout. 434 00:25:10,880 --> 00:25:13,320 Speaker 1: I think if I were in her position at this point, 435 00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:16,359 Speaker 1: I might have drowned. I cannot imagine how heavy a 436 00:25:16,480 --> 00:25:19,920 Speaker 1: wet bustle gown is. Yeah, it depends on what kind 437 00:25:19,920 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 1: of cage crineline she had um. At some point after 438 00:25:25,040 --> 00:25:28,200 Speaker 1: this rescue, someone asked Lewis what had given her the 439 00:25:28,240 --> 00:25:31,360 Speaker 1: strength to do this. She answered, quote, I don't know. 440 00:25:31,680 --> 00:25:34,879 Speaker 1: I ain't particularly strong. The Lord Almighty gives it to 441 00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:38,320 Speaker 1: me when I need it, that's all. This one rescue 442 00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:41,119 Speaker 1: sparked a second wave of fame for Idle Lewis, although 443 00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:43,960 Speaker 1: maybe not quite as dramatic as the earlier one. On 444 00:25:44,040 --> 00:25:47,119 Speaker 1: October eleventh of that year, she was awarded the US 445 00:25:47,200 --> 00:25:51,200 Speaker 1: Government's Life Saving Medal of the First Class. This medal 446 00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:53,800 Speaker 1: had been established by an Act of Congress in eighteen 447 00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:56,800 Speaker 1: seventy four, and Lewis was the first woman to receive it. 448 00:25:57,480 --> 00:26:01,360 Speaker 1: The Life Saving Services eighteen eighty one annual report described 449 00:26:01,359 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: her as having quote unquestionable nerve, presence of mind, and 450 00:26:05,160 --> 00:26:09,600 Speaker 1: dashing courage. On November five, eighty one, Lewis was also 451 00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:14,320 Speaker 1: written up in Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper. Louis continued on 452 00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:17,720 Speaker 1: with her work at the lighthouse. Her brother Hosey died 453 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:21,120 Speaker 1: in eighty three, and her sister Hattie died the next year. 454 00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:25,800 Speaker 1: They both had tuberculosis. Ida's mother rarely left her bed 455 00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,520 Speaker 1: after their deaths Ida had always been Christian, but after 456 00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:33,200 Speaker 1: her siblings died, she became truly devout, joining the church 457 00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:37,040 Speaker 1: she had been married in and being baptized there on June. 458 00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:42,080 Speaker 1: She also started attending services daily. At the height of 459 00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:46,119 Speaker 1: Louis's earlier fame, the island had seen hundreds of visitors 460 00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:48,879 Speaker 1: a month, but by the eighteen eighties, Lime Rock was 461 00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:52,439 Speaker 1: a solitary place. Again, Ida and her mother did not 462 00:26:52,520 --> 00:26:56,280 Speaker 1: get many visitors, and after Zaradia died in eighteen eighty seven, 463 00:26:56,440 --> 00:26:59,840 Speaker 1: Ida was mostly alone as she got older. Her brother 464 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:02,919 Speaker 1: Adolf helped her tend the light, but Ida loved it 465 00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:06,040 Speaker 1: on the island. In her words, quote, there's a piece 466 00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:08,840 Speaker 1: on this rock that you don't find on shore. There 467 00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:11,399 Speaker 1: are hundreds of boats going in and out of this harbor. 468 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:14,400 Speaker 1: It's part of my happiness to know they are depending 469 00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:17,600 Speaker 1: on me to guide them to safety. In eight six, 470 00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:21,560 Speaker 1: lighthouse keepers in the US were classified as civil servants 471 00:27:21,640 --> 00:27:25,640 Speaker 1: as part of ongoing civil service reform. Ten years later, 472 00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:29,520 Speaker 1: Louis carried out her last documented rescue. A friend came 473 00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:32,560 Speaker 1: to visit her and capsized her boat just shy of 474 00:27:32,680 --> 00:27:37,000 Speaker 1: the island stock. Louis's friend, Cornelia Chadwick, tried to use 475 00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:40,440 Speaker 1: this rescue to get Louis a pension through Andrew Carnegie's 476 00:27:40,480 --> 00:27:43,560 Speaker 1: Hero Fund. This is the fund that recognized acts of 477 00:27:43,640 --> 00:27:47,040 Speaker 1: heroism that had happened after the fund was established in 478 00:27:47,119 --> 00:27:50,480 Speaker 1: nineteen o four. For her part, Louis didn't think pulling 479 00:27:50,480 --> 00:27:52,600 Speaker 1: her friend out of the water right by the lighthouse 480 00:27:52,640 --> 00:27:56,119 Speaker 1: really counted as a rescue, but it seemed that Carnegie 481 00:27:56,160 --> 00:27:59,640 Speaker 1: was moved by all of Louis's earlier acts of heroism. 482 00:27:59,680 --> 00:28:02,679 Speaker 1: In tino six, he decided to give her a thirty 483 00:28:02,680 --> 00:28:05,480 Speaker 1: dollar a month pension out of his own pocket, which 484 00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:07,840 Speaker 1: Ida put into a bank account for her brother to 485 00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:11,320 Speaker 1: leave to him after her death. Also in nineteen o six, 486 00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:14,520 Speaker 1: an Act of Congress established the American Cross of Honor. 487 00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:17,879 Speaker 1: Louis became the first person to receive it. In nineteen 488 00:28:17,920 --> 00:28:21,639 Speaker 1: o seven, old Lewis was still being recognized for her work. 489 00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:25,680 Speaker 1: The job of lighthouse keeper was dramatically changing. It had 490 00:28:25,720 --> 00:28:28,480 Speaker 1: been a job that was mostly about keeping and maintaining 491 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:32,240 Speaker 1: a lighthouse and sometimes rescuing people, but it started to 492 00:28:32,280 --> 00:28:35,840 Speaker 1: involve more and more administrative work. There were more forms 493 00:28:35,920 --> 00:28:39,360 Speaker 1: and more procedures, and more records to be kept. Basically 494 00:28:39,400 --> 00:28:42,360 Speaker 1: just a lot more bureaucracy, and none of those things 495 00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:46,760 Speaker 1: were really Lewis's strengths. There was also an increasing focus 496 00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:51,160 Speaker 1: on automation and efficiency, and Lewis became concerned that this 497 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,160 Speaker 1: trend was going to put her out of a job 498 00:28:53,520 --> 00:28:56,360 Speaker 1: and separate her from a light that she described almost 499 00:28:56,400 --> 00:29:00,280 Speaker 1: as her own child. In nineteen eleven. Ida Lewis, age 500 00:29:00,320 --> 00:29:03,120 Speaker 1: sixty nine, was still tending the light on Lime Rock 501 00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:06,800 Speaker 1: with her brother Rudolph's help. In late October of that year, 502 00:29:06,840 --> 00:29:08,840 Speaker 1: he arrived one morning and he found her on the 503 00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:12,000 Speaker 1: floor of her bedroom, where she had probably had a stroke. 504 00:29:12,840 --> 00:29:17,000 Speaker 1: She never regained consciousness, and she died on October nineteen eleven. 505 00:29:18,080 --> 00:29:21,200 Speaker 1: Some of her friends and relatives attributed her sudden death 506 00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:23,840 Speaker 1: to stress brought on by all the changes to the 507 00:29:23,920 --> 00:29:27,440 Speaker 1: lighthouse administration and her fears about her own future in it. 508 00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,440 Speaker 1: During her life, she had saved at least eighteen people 509 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:34,600 Speaker 1: from drowning, the actual number may have been more than 510 00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,560 Speaker 1: twenty five. Flags were flown at half staff and bells 511 00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:41,400 Speaker 1: were told all over Newport in Louis's honor. On the 512 00:29:41,480 --> 00:29:45,520 Speaker 1: day of her funeral, six soldiers from Fort Adams served 513 00:29:45,560 --> 00:29:49,680 Speaker 1: as pall bearers. A new lighthouse keeper, Ever Jensen, was 514 00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:53,760 Speaker 1: chosen as Lewis's successor. He moved into the keeper's residence 515 00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:56,360 Speaker 1: with his wife, and not long after they had a 516 00:29:56,400 --> 00:30:00,360 Speaker 1: baby daughter, who they named Ida Lewis Jansen. After her death, 517 00:30:00,480 --> 00:30:03,920 Speaker 1: Lewis's friend, Cornelia Chadwick, circulated a letter that she had 518 00:30:03,920 --> 00:30:07,040 Speaker 1: gotten from Andrew Carnegie that read, in part quote your 519 00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:10,680 Speaker 1: kind note gives me one source of satisfaction, A happy 520 00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:13,320 Speaker 1: and favored man. Am I to be enabled to help 521 00:30:13,360 --> 00:30:16,840 Speaker 1: such heroines as Ida Lewis, who has passed away. She 522 00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:19,320 Speaker 1: had no future to fear, having made the best of 523 00:30:19,360 --> 00:30:23,080 Speaker 1: this life. Fortunate she was, and having you as a friend, 524 00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:25,880 Speaker 1: let us try to emulate her in the service of 525 00:30:25,880 --> 00:30:30,000 Speaker 1: our fellows. In nineteen twenty four, Lime Rock was renamed 526 00:30:30,040 --> 00:30:34,640 Speaker 1: Ida Lewis Rock in the Lighthouse Service changed the name 527 00:30:34,680 --> 00:30:38,040 Speaker 1: of the lighthouse to Ida Lewis Lighthouse, even though the 528 00:30:38,080 --> 00:30:43,600 Speaker 1: policy was to name lighthouses only after geographical features. The 529 00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:47,040 Speaker 1: lighthouse that Lewis had tended was deactivated in July of 530 00:30:47,160 --> 00:30:50,480 Speaker 1: ninety seven and replaced with an automated light on a 531 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:54,200 Speaker 1: steel tower, and then its function as a lighthouse ended 532 00:30:54,280 --> 00:30:57,280 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty three. Yeah. I don't know if that 533 00:30:57,360 --> 00:31:01,880 Speaker 1: lighthouse renaming was tech chnically okay because the rock had 534 00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:04,360 Speaker 1: been renamed after her, or if they were just like, 535 00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:07,440 Speaker 1: you know what, forget that whole standard, We're going to 536 00:31:07,520 --> 00:31:11,360 Speaker 1: do it this way. By the time the lighthouse stopped operating, 537 00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:14,600 Speaker 1: the island itself had been sold many years earlier. The 538 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:18,080 Speaker 1: Ida Lewis Yacht Club bought it in ninety eight and 539 00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:21,320 Speaker 1: built a board walk between it and the mainland. As 540 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:23,720 Speaker 1: we said earlier, it wasn't that far to the nearest point. 541 00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:29,400 Speaker 1: The yacht club formally opened on the island on July four, nine, 542 00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:33,840 Speaker 1: sixty years after Newport had celebrated Ida Lewis Day. In 543 00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:37,640 Speaker 1: nine seven, the Coast Guard unveiled a new Keeper class 544 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:40,840 Speaker 1: of bully tenders, with the first of fourteen ships of 545 00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:44,320 Speaker 1: that class, named the Ida Lewis. The Ida Lewis was 546 00:31:44,360 --> 00:31:48,680 Speaker 1: commissioned on April twelfth, nine and a station from Newport. 547 00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:51,800 Speaker 1: The crew of the Ida Lewis also paid for the 548 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:57,200 Speaker 1: restoration of Lewis's headstone at the Common Burial Ground in Newport. Today, 549 00:31:57,240 --> 00:31:59,680 Speaker 1: her boat The Rescue is in the collection of the 550 00:32:00,320 --> 00:32:03,720 Speaker 1: museum at Fort Adams. I tried to look into whether 551 00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:06,160 Speaker 1: this museum is still a place that can be visited. 552 00:32:06,920 --> 00:32:09,760 Speaker 1: That's a little hard to determine, giving the fact that 553 00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:13,480 Speaker 1: everything is closed right now. You definitely cannot visit it 554 00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:19,040 Speaker 1: right now when we're recorded, sure can't. On February seventeen, 555 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:21,800 Speaker 1: Ida Louis was honored with a Google Doodle for her 556 00:32:21,880 --> 00:32:25,720 Speaker 1: hundred and seventy fifth birthday, and in eighteen a road 557 00:32:25,880 --> 00:32:29,840 Speaker 1: was named in her honor at Arlington National Cemetery, making 558 00:32:29,840 --> 00:32:32,880 Speaker 1: her the first woman to be so honored. I also 559 00:32:32,960 --> 00:32:34,960 Speaker 1: thought that we would end on a quote from her 560 00:32:35,080 --> 00:32:37,959 Speaker 1: which I particularly love and which I also feel like 561 00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:41,840 Speaker 1: is appropriate given the time that we're living in right now. 562 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:44,880 Speaker 1: She said, quote, if there were some people out there 563 00:32:44,880 --> 00:32:47,200 Speaker 1: who needed my help, I would get into my boat 564 00:32:47,240 --> 00:32:49,200 Speaker 1: and go to them, even if I knew I couldn't 565 00:32:49,240 --> 00:32:53,200 Speaker 1: get back, wouldn't you? Uh? And I'd also liked if 566 00:32:53,200 --> 00:32:54,840 Speaker 1: you would like to know more about her, you can 567 00:32:54,840 --> 00:32:58,840 Speaker 1: read a book called lighthouse Keeper's Daughter. The remarkable true 568 00:32:58,880 --> 00:33:02,240 Speaker 1: story of Harold in Ida Lewis is one of the 569 00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:07,239 Speaker 1: sources for this episode. UM, do you also have some 570 00:33:07,360 --> 00:33:12,560 Speaker 1: listener mail for us? By just a totally delightful coincidence, 571 00:33:12,640 --> 00:33:18,520 Speaker 1: Tiffany left this note on our Facebook wall yesterday. Tiffany says, so, 572 00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:22,600 Speaker 1: I just recently listened to the Flannon Aisles Lighthouse podcast. 573 00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:24,880 Speaker 1: I'm that person that has to listen from the beginning 574 00:33:24,880 --> 00:33:28,640 Speaker 1: and cannot skip ahead. Anyways, Tracy mentioned that she would 575 00:33:28,680 --> 00:33:31,640 Speaker 1: like the lighthouse job. Does working from home make you 576 00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:34,040 Speaker 1: feel like you're working at the lighthouse and secondly, are 577 00:33:34,080 --> 00:33:36,960 Speaker 1: you enjoying it as much as you thought you would? Anyways, 578 00:33:36,960 --> 00:33:39,360 Speaker 1: stay healthy and I'll continue to listen. Maybe I'll catch 579 00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:42,360 Speaker 1: up in a year or two. Um. Thank you so much, 580 00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:48,320 Speaker 1: Tiffany for this fortuitously coincidentally, very well timed question. Um So, 581 00:33:49,080 --> 00:33:52,000 Speaker 1: uh we talked as is I think the only other 582 00:33:52,080 --> 00:33:55,400 Speaker 1: episode that we've done that's really about a lighthouse. Um, 583 00:33:55,440 --> 00:33:58,080 Speaker 1: because when I landed on this idea for an episode, 584 00:33:58,080 --> 00:33:59,680 Speaker 1: I was sort of just making sure we had not 585 00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:04,360 Speaker 1: done thinks super duper similar. And I remember saying, uh 586 00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:07,040 Speaker 1: in that episode that I felt like I would really 587 00:34:07,080 --> 00:34:12,080 Speaker 1: like being a lighthousekeeper. Uh. I think when that episode 588 00:34:12,200 --> 00:34:16,760 Speaker 1: came out, I don't think I was married yet. I'm 589 00:34:16,760 --> 00:34:21,040 Speaker 1: not even sure. I must have been at least dating 590 00:34:21,120 --> 00:34:25,760 Speaker 1: my husband by that point. Um. But I have actually 591 00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:33,719 Speaker 1: been working from home on this podcast since. And I 592 00:34:33,880 --> 00:34:38,120 Speaker 1: also have always been a pretty introverted person, and so 593 00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:42,879 Speaker 1: long before the current pandemic, I would sort of reach 594 00:34:42,920 --> 00:34:44,400 Speaker 1: a point in a week where I would kind of think, 595 00:34:44,440 --> 00:34:47,480 Speaker 1: to myself, when is the last time that I went outside? 596 00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:51,239 Speaker 1: Perhaps I should go outside today. Vitamin D is good 597 00:34:51,320 --> 00:34:55,480 Speaker 1: for you. Um. So, in a very strange way the 598 00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:58,759 Speaker 1: current Um. I don't think we have escalated to a 599 00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:01,720 Speaker 1: shelter in place you're in Massachusetts yet, but the governor 600 00:35:01,800 --> 00:35:05,120 Speaker 1: did issue a stay at home directive. Um, and it 601 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:09,360 Speaker 1: weirdly does not feel that much different from my typical 602 00:35:09,480 --> 00:35:12,480 Speaker 1: day to day life except my husband is with me. 603 00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:17,120 Speaker 1: That's not like it was before. UM. So yeah, it's 604 00:35:17,280 --> 00:35:19,920 Speaker 1: it's a very strange thing where I know a lot 605 00:35:19,920 --> 00:35:21,839 Speaker 1: of folks who are a lot more social and a 606 00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:24,080 Speaker 1: lot more extroverted than I am, who have really been 607 00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,399 Speaker 1: struggling with the staying at home where I have been 608 00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:30,560 Speaker 1: sort of like, yes, this this steels um in terms 609 00:35:30,640 --> 00:35:33,759 Speaker 1: of my day to day workplace functioning, it feels a 610 00:35:33,760 --> 00:35:37,520 Speaker 1: lot like normal. Um. So thanks Tiffany for this question. 611 00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:39,760 Speaker 1: It just it delights me so much that it happens 612 00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:41,920 Speaker 1: to be asked right before we were going to record 613 00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:47,000 Speaker 1: an episode about a lighthousekeeper. For reference, that episode originally 614 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:51,800 Speaker 1: came out in August of Okay, Patrick and I were dating, Yeah, 615 00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:55,600 Speaker 1: I had not moved in with him. No, so you 616 00:35:55,680 --> 00:35:58,280 Speaker 1: were still living alone and had been for a while. 617 00:35:58,480 --> 00:36:01,400 Speaker 1: So yeah, I, Um, I'm telling you, I thought I 618 00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:05,480 Speaker 1: was gonna go bananas having to stay home and I 619 00:36:06,840 --> 00:36:12,080 Speaker 1: love it. Um part of me almost thinks I caused 620 00:36:12,120 --> 00:36:14,319 Speaker 1: this by all the times that I said as I 621 00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:16,200 Speaker 1: left the house, I wish I could stay home with 622 00:36:16,239 --> 00:36:18,640 Speaker 1: you and the cats, And now I get to stay 623 00:36:18,640 --> 00:36:22,640 Speaker 1: on with Brian and the cats, and it's um uh pandemic. 624 00:36:22,640 --> 00:36:25,400 Speaker 1: Aside which I certainly have concerns about, it's pretty great. 625 00:36:25,520 --> 00:36:28,000 Speaker 1: I love it. I love getting all this time with 626 00:36:28,040 --> 00:36:31,200 Speaker 1: Brian and my house. And also I think because I 627 00:36:31,239 --> 00:36:34,319 Speaker 1: have been traveling so much in the last year, Yeah, 628 00:36:34,360 --> 00:36:36,279 Speaker 1: I'm like, what do you mean there's no trip on 629 00:36:36,360 --> 00:36:40,239 Speaker 1: my calendar. It's pretty great. Yeah. For the context for 630 00:36:40,320 --> 00:36:44,040 Speaker 1: listeners who who may not know your your job has 631 00:36:44,080 --> 00:36:47,600 Speaker 1: evolved to include executive producing a lot of other shows, 632 00:36:47,600 --> 00:36:51,080 Speaker 1: and that has involved a lot, a lot of travel. Yeah, 633 00:36:51,120 --> 00:36:52,880 Speaker 1: a lot, a lot, a lot of Like there's the 634 00:36:52,920 --> 00:36:54,840 Speaker 1: travel that you and I do together for the show, 635 00:36:54,920 --> 00:36:58,160 Speaker 1: and then there's this whole world of other travel. It 636 00:36:58,320 --> 00:37:02,760 Speaker 1: is very common for me to uh finished writing whatever 637 00:37:02,840 --> 00:37:05,120 Speaker 1: that week's show is on Monday. I basically spend all 638 00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,000 Speaker 1: day working on that. We record on Tuesday morning, and 639 00:37:08,040 --> 00:37:10,000 Speaker 1: then I run right to the airport and that's been 640 00:37:10,080 --> 00:37:12,320 Speaker 1: late and then I get home either on like Saturday 641 00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:14,920 Speaker 1: or Sunday, and that's been the way my weeks have 642 00:37:14,960 --> 00:37:18,120 Speaker 1: been playing out for a while. So like to be 643 00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:20,480 Speaker 1: able to just sit here with none of that on 644 00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:24,640 Speaker 1: the horizon is feels like an incredible gift because I 645 00:37:24,680 --> 00:37:27,720 Speaker 1: really missed my home and my husband and my fuzzy 646 00:37:27,760 --> 00:37:32,520 Speaker 1: babies up And I'll just reiterate a thing that we 647 00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:35,680 Speaker 1: said in Monday, like we we both feel incredibly fortunate 648 00:37:35,760 --> 00:37:38,880 Speaker 1: to be in in a state where it and in 649 00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:42,520 Speaker 1: terms of our home, daily lives, lives feels like manageable 650 00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:47,400 Speaker 1: and safe. So anyway, thank you again for asking me 651 00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:50,440 Speaker 1: about the Flanton Aisles lighthouse comment that I made back 652 00:37:50,480 --> 00:37:54,680 Speaker 1: in a very different world than we're feeling like. Run 653 00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:56,719 Speaker 1: right now if you like to write to us about 654 00:37:56,719 --> 00:37:59,040 Speaker 1: this or any other podcast or a history podcast that 655 00:37:59,080 --> 00:38:01,000 Speaker 1: I heart radio dot com and then we are all 656 00:38:01,040 --> 00:38:03,600 Speaker 1: over social media at miss in History. That's where you'll 657 00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:06,440 Speaker 1: find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, and you can 658 00:38:06,480 --> 00:38:09,359 Speaker 1: subscribe to our show on Apple Podcasts, the I heart 659 00:38:09,440 --> 00:38:17,080 Speaker 1: Radio app anywhere else you get your podcasts. Stuff you 660 00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:19,800 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class is a production of I heart Radio. 661 00:38:20,160 --> 00:38:23,600 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart radio, app, 662 00:38:23,680 --> 00:38:26,880 Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.