1 00:00:08,520 --> 00:00:11,320 Speaker 1: Hey, Jorge, if you could have just one of the 2 00:00:11,400 --> 00:00:15,440 Speaker 1: Infinity Stones from the Avengers, which one would you pick? Oh? Man, 3 00:00:15,880 --> 00:00:19,279 Speaker 1: there's five good choices, but I think the obvious one 4 00:00:19,560 --> 00:00:21,760 Speaker 1: is the Time Stone. Oh yeah, why is that too? 5 00:00:21,800 --> 00:00:26,440 Speaker 1: You'd have more time to nap or avoid missing deadlines then, 6 00:00:26,520 --> 00:00:28,680 Speaker 1: and you could also go back in time and get 7 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:33,520 Speaker 1: the other stones. Very clever. It's like wishing for more wishes. Well, 8 00:00:33,920 --> 00:00:37,800 Speaker 1: I would probably take the reality Stone. You're not happy 9 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: with our current reality now. I'm feeling kind of tied 10 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:43,160 Speaker 1: down by all these physical laws. I want to break 11 00:00:43,159 --> 00:00:45,519 Speaker 1: one or two of them. And that doesn't make me 12 00:00:45,600 --> 00:00:48,839 Speaker 1: feel comfortable about giving billions of dollars to physicists. You 13 00:00:48,840 --> 00:00:51,360 Speaker 1: don't want to watch the TV show called Physicists Gone 14 00:00:51,360 --> 00:01:09,600 Speaker 1: Wild as long as nobody takes their shirts off. I 15 00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:12,720 Speaker 1: am more handmade cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi, 16 00:01:12,880 --> 00:01:16,600 Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I go wild 17 00:01:16,880 --> 00:01:20,319 Speaker 1: for crazy particle physics discoveries. Oh nice, what does that mean? 18 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:22,960 Speaker 1: You let your hair grow out, you sleep out in 19 00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:25,720 Speaker 1: nature or at the collider. Well, you know, I've only 20 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 1: been in this field for twentysomething years, and in those 21 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:33,039 Speaker 1: two plus decades, we've basically only had one discovery, which 22 00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:36,199 Speaker 1: was the Higgs boson. So that's really the only place 23 00:01:36,280 --> 00:01:38,399 Speaker 1: I can refer to. And Yeah, we had a lot 24 00:01:38,400 --> 00:01:40,600 Speaker 1: of parties. We drank a lot of nice champagne. We 25 00:01:40,640 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: had a lot of French cheese. It was wow. Nobody 26 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:48,680 Speaker 1: picked their shirts off now that I can remember, well, 27 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:51,440 Speaker 1: Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, 28 00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:54,400 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio in which we celebrate 29 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:57,880 Speaker 1: all the crazy, wacky, wild stuff about the universe. The 30 00:01:58,000 --> 00:02:00,520 Speaker 1: things that we don't understand going on in the hearts 31 00:02:00,520 --> 00:02:02,680 Speaker 1: of black holes, to the things we think we might 32 00:02:02,760 --> 00:02:06,280 Speaker 1: be grappling with on the quantum mechanical scale, Everything that 33 00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:09,200 Speaker 1: you want to know about the universe, everything you didn't 34 00:02:09,240 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 1: know that you wanted to know about the universe. We 35 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:13,320 Speaker 1: talk about all of it, and we explain all of 36 00:02:13,360 --> 00:02:16,440 Speaker 1: it to you because it is a pretty fascinating universe. 37 00:02:16,480 --> 00:02:18,440 Speaker 1: There's a lot going on out there and a lot 38 00:02:18,480 --> 00:02:21,200 Speaker 1: for us to discover and also a lot for us 39 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:24,480 Speaker 1: to imagine happening. Absolutely, and it's fun to think about 40 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:27,079 Speaker 1: how the universe might work in different ways. Does it 41 00:02:27,200 --> 00:02:29,240 Speaker 1: work the way we expect or is life here on 42 00:02:29,280 --> 00:02:32,000 Speaker 1: Earth kind of unusual and weird, and if we could 43 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:34,240 Speaker 1: go to other places in the universe, we might see 44 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:37,600 Speaker 1: things working very differently and learned some deeper truth about 45 00:02:37,639 --> 00:02:40,760 Speaker 1: the nature of the universe and reality. Yeah, unfortunately we 46 00:02:40,840 --> 00:02:43,480 Speaker 1: have here in our human species, in our human society, 47 00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:47,160 Speaker 1: we have awesome writers and artists who can imagine some 48 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,520 Speaker 1: of these things for us, and sometimes that spills over 49 00:02:49,600 --> 00:02:54,680 Speaker 1: into reality. That's right. Sometimes art and literature and science 50 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:58,239 Speaker 1: actually connect and we can explore these fun concepts about 51 00:02:58,280 --> 00:03:01,040 Speaker 1: the basic nature of space and time and how our 52 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:05,560 Speaker 1: universe works in lots of different fund ways, including superhero movies. Yeah, 53 00:03:05,760 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 1: you know, I feel like something there are topics in 54 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:12,040 Speaker 1: these science fiction or fantasy or superhero movies that sort 55 00:03:12,040 --> 00:03:14,600 Speaker 1: of feel like they could be real, but you're not sure. 56 00:03:14,840 --> 00:03:18,200 Speaker 1: At least it looks pretty real in the movie. It does. 57 00:03:18,240 --> 00:03:20,480 Speaker 1: And I know that Martin Scorsese is not a fan 58 00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:23,080 Speaker 1: of superhero movies, but I like that they bring up 59 00:03:23,080 --> 00:03:25,160 Speaker 1: a lot of these scientific elements. You know, I never 60 00:03:25,160 --> 00:03:28,320 Speaker 1: saw Martin Scorsese movie bring up fundamental questions of the 61 00:03:28,400 --> 00:03:30,960 Speaker 1: nature of space and time. There are some place concepts 62 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:34,240 Speaker 1: in fantasy and science fiction movies and superhero movies that 63 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: you know, sound very techy and science and you sort 64 00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:41,560 Speaker 1: of wonder if they are actually real things exactly in 65 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:44,240 Speaker 1: our goal on this podcast is not just to explain 66 00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:47,520 Speaker 1: what scientists are thinking, but to dig deep into what 67 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:50,880 Speaker 1: you are thinking, to answer your questions about the nature 68 00:03:50,920 --> 00:03:53,520 Speaker 1: of the universe, and explain to you things you might 69 00:03:53,520 --> 00:03:56,000 Speaker 1: have heard about and wanted broken down. So to be 70 00:03:56,120 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: on the podcast, we'll be asking the question what is 71 00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:06,800 Speaker 1: a test iract now, Daniel, is it test irat or 72 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:12,600 Speaker 1: test rat or I think it's test i act? I said, 73 00:04:12,600 --> 00:04:19,159 Speaker 1: you got you gotta say with some drama, some enthusiasm. Yeah. 74 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: This is a concept that comes up in a couple 75 00:04:21,720 --> 00:04:24,599 Speaker 1: of interesting places like the Avengers movies. It was one 76 00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:26,640 Speaker 1: of the things that they were fighting about and trying 77 00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:30,080 Speaker 1: to control, and also in the Wrinkle in Time Blox 78 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:33,400 Speaker 1: and wasn't it also in that movie Interstellar? Everything was 79 00:04:33,440 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 1: an interstellar Man that was just like a garbage can 80 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:40,600 Speaker 1: of all the ideas that everybody had. Man, I was 81 00:04:40,720 --> 00:04:45,279 Speaker 1: a pretty negative assessment there. Well, you know, time is 82 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:47,520 Speaker 1: love and you can move through the fifth dimension if 83 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:49,360 Speaker 1: you believe in love. Like, I don't even know what 84 00:04:49,400 --> 00:04:52,039 Speaker 1: that was Obviously you're not paying attention, Daniel. Love is 85 00:04:52,080 --> 00:04:55,920 Speaker 1: the fifth dimension? I love the fifth dimension? Is that 86 00:04:55,960 --> 00:05:00,720 Speaker 1: what that means? And I think you to watch it again? 87 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:02,440 Speaker 1: And you know, I think I'm not smart enough to 88 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:05,279 Speaker 1: understand that movie. That's really the problem. That's Christopher Nolan 89 00:05:05,360 --> 00:05:08,120 Speaker 1: movie for you. You need like a PhD or something. 90 00:05:08,920 --> 00:05:12,279 Speaker 1: I need like seven peachd's like Brince Banner. M there 91 00:05:12,320 --> 00:05:14,960 Speaker 1: you go back to the Avengers, all right, Yeah, the 92 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:17,720 Speaker 1: test arrect shows up in the Avengers movies. And so 93 00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:20,400 Speaker 1: this actually came from one of our listeners. They posted 94 00:05:20,400 --> 00:05:22,960 Speaker 1: a question to us. That's right. This is a concept 95 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:24,960 Speaker 1: that one of our listeners had heard all about and 96 00:05:25,040 --> 00:05:28,200 Speaker 1: wanted broken down. So if you have a question you 97 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:31,720 Speaker 1: hear about in science that you'd like explained, please send 98 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:33,479 Speaker 1: it to us. We'd love to hear from you and 99 00:05:33,560 --> 00:05:36,920 Speaker 1: love to help you understand these concepts. So here's the 100 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:41,000 Speaker 1: question from Zoe from Vietnam. Hi, Daniel, and hell, hey, 101 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:43,960 Speaker 1: I'm a big fan of your podcast. Um. I used 102 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:47,760 Speaker 1: to dislike physics in high school, but your podcast has 103 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:51,359 Speaker 1: now made me realize how funny and interesting physics can be. 104 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:55,680 Speaker 1: I've recently been introduced to the concept of a test arrect, 105 00:05:56,200 --> 00:05:58,080 Speaker 1: and I was just wondering if you could make a 106 00:05:58,160 --> 00:06:01,719 Speaker 1: podcast episode about how a test ract describes a four 107 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:06,000 Speaker 1: dimensional space, is the fourth dimension time and does the 108 00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:09,120 Speaker 1: testrect relate to the concept of space time? Thank you? 109 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:12,320 Speaker 1: All right? Thank you? Zoe? When if she's seen the 110 00:06:12,360 --> 00:06:15,799 Speaker 1: Avengers movies. They made it out there to Vietnam, didn't 111 00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:19,560 Speaker 1: they They're everywhere. Yeah, it's an interesting question, and it's 112 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:21,480 Speaker 1: one that we were wondering. How many people out there 113 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:23,680 Speaker 1: had an idea about what this could be exactly. So 114 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:27,320 Speaker 1: we asked our other listeners questions from Zoe the listener, 115 00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,279 Speaker 1: and so basically we're not even needed anymore. The listeners 116 00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:33,240 Speaker 1: are asking questions and answering questions. Yeah, we're just here 117 00:06:33,279 --> 00:06:37,240 Speaker 1: to provide the bad jokes and the Wikipedia reading no, 118 00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:39,919 Speaker 1: and to make everybody realize that physics is awesome. That 119 00:06:39,960 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 1: was my favorite moment in her question, that we have 120 00:06:42,440 --> 00:06:45,320 Speaker 1: made physics fun for her awesome. So Daniel went out 121 00:06:45,320 --> 00:06:48,000 Speaker 1: there and asked people and here's what they had to say. 122 00:06:48,279 --> 00:06:51,400 Speaker 1: I think the test wractor is the four dimensional cube, right, 123 00:06:51,680 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 1: have you seen that? Like my mind has the animation 124 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:56,640 Speaker 1: like the cube turning itself inside out. It's supposed to 125 00:06:56,640 --> 00:06:58,320 Speaker 1: be like a visual aid to help you think about 126 00:06:58,320 --> 00:07:04,760 Speaker 1: the fourth dimension. Never saw tessellation. Tessellate could be could 127 00:07:04,760 --> 00:07:07,599 Speaker 1: be same route word. Yeah, I've heard of that before 128 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:12,920 Speaker 1: as being a fourth dimensional more model of a cube 129 00:07:12,960 --> 00:07:16,280 Speaker 1: which acts in the three dimensions, And I've also seen 130 00:07:17,240 --> 00:07:22,920 Speaker 1: an animation which shows how it behaves. But it's a 131 00:07:22,960 --> 00:07:27,040 Speaker 1: little bit over my head how that works a fold 132 00:07:27,280 --> 00:07:31,400 Speaker 1: in space, and apparently to make one you just have 133 00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:39,040 Speaker 1: to think really hard about it. Testarunt is something super cube, 134 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:44,200 Speaker 1: like four dimensional cube, but I know it's something more 135 00:07:44,240 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 1: than that. I don't know more. I don't know what 136 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:50,960 Speaker 1: test rings are in physics. When I remember the Avengers movie, 137 00:07:51,120 --> 00:07:53,840 Speaker 1: they were like blue cubes that had like a lot 138 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:56,200 Speaker 1: of energy, So it might be something relating to energy. 139 00:07:56,960 --> 00:07:59,360 Speaker 1: I remember hearing about it in the movies. A lot 140 00:07:59,440 --> 00:08:02,240 Speaker 1: I don't remember, but I think it's something to do 141 00:08:02,320 --> 00:08:09,040 Speaker 1: with like either time travel or bending space. All right, See, 142 00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 1: a lot of people had heard about it from the movies, Yeah, exactly, 143 00:08:11,840 --> 00:08:14,400 Speaker 1: the Avengers. That's definitely made this idea, or at least 144 00:08:14,400 --> 00:08:18,200 Speaker 1: this word popular, And according to them, it's a blue 145 00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: cube with a lot of energy. Yeah, a lot of 146 00:08:22,560 --> 00:08:26,440 Speaker 1: power in it, somehow mysterious power. Why is mysterious stuff 147 00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:28,560 Speaker 1: in the movie is always glowing blue? You know, it's 148 00:08:28,600 --> 00:08:31,679 Speaker 1: like blue some special thing for our brains. It means 149 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:35,960 Speaker 1: like weird and unnatural. M Sometimes it's purple. Yeah, the 150 00:08:36,160 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 1: Infinity Stones all had different colors. They're all mysterious and powerful. 151 00:08:39,880 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: That's true. And you know, it turns out the Infinity 152 00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:44,120 Speaker 1: Stones all used to have different colors like in the 153 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:46,719 Speaker 1: original comic books. And there's like a reboot, but they 154 00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 1: swapped all the colors. No kidding, Yeah, exactly. Maybe they 155 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:53,959 Speaker 1: used the Reality Stone, dude, with the colors. I come 156 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:57,240 Speaker 1: from an alternate universe where the Reality Stone was always purple. 157 00:08:58,240 --> 00:09:03,120 Speaker 1: What It's all going towards the multiverse apparently. So that's alright, 158 00:09:03,120 --> 00:09:05,640 Speaker 1: So break it down for us. What is a test react? Tests? 159 00:09:05,640 --> 00:09:10,120 Speaker 1: React a super fun concept. It starts in geometry, where 160 00:09:10,120 --> 00:09:15,199 Speaker 1: it's basically the fourth dimensional extrapolation of what a cube 161 00:09:15,280 --> 00:09:17,920 Speaker 1: would be in three D. But it really does have 162 00:09:18,120 --> 00:09:21,640 Speaker 1: deep connections to like the nature of space and space time, 163 00:09:21,720 --> 00:09:24,520 Speaker 1: and then of course it does appear in science fiction. 164 00:09:24,679 --> 00:09:26,720 Speaker 1: But at the root of it, it really is a 165 00:09:26,880 --> 00:09:31,000 Speaker 1: geometrical object. Take a cube, which is a three D object, 166 00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:33,760 Speaker 1: and try to imagine with the four D version of 167 00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:37,240 Speaker 1: that would be that's a tests react M. You mean, 168 00:09:37,280 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: like you know, length with depth would be three dimensions, 169 00:09:41,280 --> 00:09:44,000 Speaker 1: And like what if you added a fourth one? Yeah, exactly. 170 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:45,719 Speaker 1: You start with a point to which is zero D. 171 00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:48,560 Speaker 1: You make a line which is one D. Then you 172 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:50,800 Speaker 1: add the second dimension. You get a plane. You had 173 00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:53,480 Speaker 1: a third dimension, you get a cube. A tessaract is 174 00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:56,000 Speaker 1: what happens if you add a fourth dimension? M M. 175 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:58,280 Speaker 1: I see. And it has to be like a dimension 176 00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:01,800 Speaker 1: in space, like could it be like a density? Could 177 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:05,640 Speaker 1: that be something or I don't know color. That's a 178 00:10:05,640 --> 00:10:08,320 Speaker 1: cool idea, you know. Mathematically it doesn't have to be 179 00:10:08,320 --> 00:10:11,720 Speaker 1: connected to anything physical in geometry. These are just you know, 180 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:15,199 Speaker 1: points in some arbitrary space. But by space they don't 181 00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:18,360 Speaker 1: necessarily mean like physical space. It could be space, it 182 00:10:18,360 --> 00:10:21,120 Speaker 1: could be time, it could be anything else really, and 183 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,400 Speaker 1: so mathematically it's just sort of like an abstract concept. 184 00:10:24,440 --> 00:10:27,679 Speaker 1: It's like a relationship between points. It's the definition of 185 00:10:27,800 --> 00:10:30,640 Speaker 1: like the number of ways you can move around in 186 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:34,320 Speaker 1: that space. I see. So, but mostly people think of 187 00:10:34,360 --> 00:10:37,240 Speaker 1: it as sort of like something you can move around in, right, 188 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:40,320 Speaker 1: like you can't. It's hard to move around color or 189 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:43,079 Speaker 1: or density. You can map it dimension anything. Yeah, you 190 00:10:43,120 --> 00:10:46,920 Speaker 1: could map it to color, you could map into density. Really, 191 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:49,960 Speaker 1: you take this abstract concept of a dimension and map 192 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:53,160 Speaker 1: into something physical basically anything you Like, The question is 193 00:10:53,360 --> 00:10:56,160 Speaker 1: does that really mean anything? Like is there anything in 194 00:10:56,200 --> 00:10:59,400 Speaker 1: our universe which really respects that as a dimension or 195 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,000 Speaker 1: refle lets that as a dimension. That's why, for example, 196 00:11:02,160 --> 00:11:04,640 Speaker 1: and we'll dig into this later, why we think space 197 00:11:04,679 --> 00:11:07,320 Speaker 1: and time might fit together into four dimensions because there 198 00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:10,360 Speaker 1: are real physical things about our universe that reflect and 199 00:11:10,400 --> 00:11:13,040 Speaker 1: respect that dimensionality. But you can make up your own 200 00:11:13,080 --> 00:11:17,000 Speaker 1: dimensions doesn't necessarily mean anything. M So it has more 201 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:19,760 Speaker 1: to do with like a coordinate system, right, Like if 202 00:11:19,760 --> 00:11:21,840 Speaker 1: you have a coordinate system like x, y and z, 203 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:24,400 Speaker 1: what happens if you add another one like double a 204 00:11:24,559 --> 00:11:27,800 Speaker 1: or something? Yeah, or you go backwards you had W right, 205 00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:30,920 Speaker 1: So like W X, y and z. And this is 206 00:11:30,960 --> 00:11:33,800 Speaker 1: tricky to think about because we're used to thinking in 207 00:11:33,840 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: three D, because they're you still living in three D. 208 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:38,280 Speaker 1: So you might be trying to imagine in your head, like, well, 209 00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:41,120 Speaker 1: what is a four dimensional version of a cube? Look 210 00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:44,080 Speaker 1: like it's not hard to imagine a point or a line, 211 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:47,280 Speaker 1: or a plane or even a cube. How do you 212 00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:50,560 Speaker 1: like play the mental game of imagining a four D cube? 213 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:52,880 Speaker 1: What does it tests aract, look like other than like 214 00:11:52,920 --> 00:11:55,400 Speaker 1: a blue glowing cube on the screen at the movie theater. 215 00:11:55,840 --> 00:11:58,560 Speaker 1: I see, So it's a geometric shape basically, but it's 216 00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:01,920 Speaker 1: a geometric shape in four dimensions, exactly in four dimensions, 217 00:12:02,120 --> 00:12:04,960 Speaker 1: and we can play games trying to imagine what it 218 00:12:05,040 --> 00:12:07,960 Speaker 1: might look like. Obviously, we can't like build something in 219 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:10,120 Speaker 1: four dimensional space because we think we live in three 220 00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:13,199 Speaker 1: dimensional space, But that doesn't mean you can't like play 221 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:15,360 Speaker 1: some games to help yourself understand it. Like, you know, 222 00:12:15,480 --> 00:12:18,720 Speaker 1: you can look at the drawing of a cube. Drawing 223 00:12:18,840 --> 00:12:20,800 Speaker 1: is usually in two D. You write on pencil on 224 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:23,080 Speaker 1: paper that's on a plane, but you can draw the 225 00:12:23,120 --> 00:12:25,000 Speaker 1: lines in a way that your brain looks at them 226 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:28,000 Speaker 1: and imagines a three D object in your three D 227 00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,280 Speaker 1: mental space. You can do sort of similar stuff drawing 228 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:33,480 Speaker 1: things in three D or even in two D to 229 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,080 Speaker 1: give yourself the impression of what a four D object 230 00:12:36,240 --> 00:12:39,240 Speaker 1: might look like in your mind. M M, I see, 231 00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:42,200 Speaker 1: Like you draw a cube, and you you draw another cube, 232 00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:45,600 Speaker 1: and you connect them together somehow. Yeah, exactly, you can extrapolate, like, 233 00:12:45,880 --> 00:12:48,400 Speaker 1: how do you draw a three D cube on a 234 00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:51,080 Speaker 1: two D piece of paper? When you take two squares 235 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:53,760 Speaker 1: and you connect all their edges, then it looks like 236 00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:56,080 Speaker 1: a cube. Right, So if you want to play the 237 00:12:56,120 --> 00:12:59,640 Speaker 1: same game, now draw two cubes piece of paper and 238 00:12:59,720 --> 00:13:03,640 Speaker 1: can act all of their eight edges, And that's sort 239 00:13:03,679 --> 00:13:06,040 Speaker 1: of maybe what it tests rack might look like if 240 00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:08,480 Speaker 1: you were four D being with four D eyes and 241 00:13:08,520 --> 00:13:11,880 Speaker 1: a four D brain. M right, But I guess that's 242 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:14,760 Speaker 1: just sort of like a a drawing or a or 243 00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:17,520 Speaker 1: like a spatial way to depicnic But really, I mean 244 00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:19,800 Speaker 1: if there was a fourth dimension, you wouldn't see it 245 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:22,560 Speaker 1: in our three dimensions, right, Yeah, that's a great question. 246 00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:24,600 Speaker 1: I mean you would see it, but you would only 247 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:27,840 Speaker 1: see a slice of it. Right. The fourth dimension, if 248 00:13:27,880 --> 00:13:30,360 Speaker 1: it was a real part of space and time, wouldn't 249 00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:32,600 Speaker 1: be something hidden to us. It would just be that 250 00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:35,320 Speaker 1: we couldn't see all of it. You know, imagine being 251 00:13:35,440 --> 00:13:38,439 Speaker 1: a two D being in a three D space. You're 252 00:13:38,440 --> 00:13:40,960 Speaker 1: still seeing that three D space, You're only seeing a 253 00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:43,840 Speaker 1: two D slice of it though, So things would look 254 00:13:43,880 --> 00:13:46,760 Speaker 1: pretty weird if we were in a four dimensional space 255 00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:50,080 Speaker 1: and we were three D beings. All right, Well, maybe 256 00:13:50,120 --> 00:13:53,160 Speaker 1: let's jump into this idea of a fourth dimension. What 257 00:13:53,240 --> 00:13:56,640 Speaker 1: does that even mean, Daniel? It's hard to wrap your 258 00:13:56,640 --> 00:13:59,680 Speaker 1: mind around because our brains are three D objects and 259 00:13:59,679 --> 00:14:02,600 Speaker 1: we've been thinking about three dimensions for so long. And 260 00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:05,760 Speaker 1: you know, if you think about X, Y and Z, 261 00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,320 Speaker 1: those are like three glowing lines in your brain that 262 00:14:09,360 --> 00:14:12,080 Speaker 1: are all ninety degrees from each other. It seems like 263 00:14:12,120 --> 00:14:15,559 Speaker 1: they sort of fill the universe. The whole idea behind X, 264 00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:17,840 Speaker 1: Y and Z is that that's all you need to 265 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:20,760 Speaker 1: know to know where anything is. Like with if you 266 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:23,800 Speaker 1: specify the X, the Y, and the z value, then 267 00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:25,960 Speaker 1: you know where something is. There's isn't the need for 268 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:29,240 Speaker 1: another direction, But now try to add a fourth dimension, 269 00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: Like where does it fit? You can't stick another line 270 00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:34,960 Speaker 1: coming out of that axis because it would be moving 271 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:37,200 Speaker 1: through three D space. So you have to like take 272 00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:41,200 Speaker 1: this sort of mental leap and imagine a whole other direction. 273 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:44,440 Speaker 1: So imagine like a family of these X, Y, Z 274 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,840 Speaker 1: axes and the relationship between those is the fourth dimension. 275 00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:50,720 Speaker 1: So you can move from like one access to another 276 00:14:50,760 --> 00:14:55,000 Speaker 1: access to another access. That's motion in this now other direction, right, 277 00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:57,320 Speaker 1: and I think that maybe the interesting thing, or the 278 00:14:57,360 --> 00:15:00,720 Speaker 1: tricky thing to imagine is that moving in this other 279 00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:04,480 Speaker 1: fourth dimension shouldn't affect how you look like in the 280 00:15:04,520 --> 00:15:08,280 Speaker 1: original three dimensions. Right, Like I can move backwards, forwards, 281 00:15:08,360 --> 00:15:11,400 Speaker 1: up and down into the sides in our regular three dimensions. 282 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:14,120 Speaker 1: But then if I moved in the fourth dimension, someone 283 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:16,320 Speaker 1: looking at me right here in the room wouldn't see 284 00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:19,240 Speaker 1: me move. Right. Technically, that's right, they wouldn't see you 285 00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:22,720 Speaker 1: move in three D. But it depends on your shape 286 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:25,600 Speaker 1: in the fourth dimension, right, And again it's hard to 287 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:27,880 Speaker 1: think about. So it's a little easier to step down 288 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:31,040 Speaker 1: in dimensions and think about like two versus three dimensions. 289 00:15:31,120 --> 00:15:34,160 Speaker 1: Imagine we were living on a two D surface and 290 00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:36,600 Speaker 1: somebody passed a stick through that two D surface. What 291 00:15:36,640 --> 00:15:38,960 Speaker 1: would we see. We would just see like a slice 292 00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:40,640 Speaker 1: of the stick. It would look like, you know, a 293 00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:43,440 Speaker 1: flat circle, and even if it was moving in that 294 00:15:43,520 --> 00:15:46,040 Speaker 1: extra dimension, we couldn't tell. I think that's the example 295 00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:48,320 Speaker 1: you were giving. But what if it wasn't a stick. 296 00:15:48,360 --> 00:15:52,160 Speaker 1: What if it was like a pyramid or a sphere, right, 297 00:15:52,440 --> 00:15:55,840 Speaker 1: and we smooved that sphere through our two D slice, 298 00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:58,920 Speaker 1: then we would see a flat circle that was growing, 299 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:01,600 Speaker 1: and then would grow and we get larger as the 300 00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:04,000 Speaker 1: center of the sphere passed through a plane, and then 301 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:06,160 Speaker 1: it would shrink again as the back half of the 302 00:16:06,160 --> 00:16:08,360 Speaker 1: sphere pass through a plane, and then it would disappear. 303 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:11,360 Speaker 1: So motion in the fourth dimension can be visible in 304 00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:15,400 Speaker 1: your three dimensions, depending on your shape in that fourth dimension. 305 00:16:15,760 --> 00:16:21,560 Speaker 1: M m m. Yeah. Like imagine, for example, that you 306 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: were a three D person and I was a two 307 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:26,040 Speaker 1: D person, and I like try to put you in prison. 308 00:16:26,080 --> 00:16:28,360 Speaker 1: I like build walls around you in my two D world. 309 00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:30,200 Speaker 1: You would just laugh at me. You would just like 310 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:33,240 Speaker 1: step over them, right, because I'm just like drawing a 311 00:16:33,280 --> 00:16:35,800 Speaker 1: box on the ground around you. It's no big deal 312 00:16:35,840 --> 00:16:38,400 Speaker 1: for you to like escape my two D prison because 313 00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:40,280 Speaker 1: you're a three D person. You can just like go 314 00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:42,920 Speaker 1: up and over it. And from my point of view, 315 00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:45,400 Speaker 1: it would be like you just disappear from my prison 316 00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:47,680 Speaker 1: cell and appear on the other side of it. I 317 00:16:47,720 --> 00:16:50,280 Speaker 1: wouldn't be able to understand how you had gone from 318 00:16:50,320 --> 00:16:53,680 Speaker 1: inside to outside. In the same way, if a four 319 00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:57,040 Speaker 1: D person is in a three D prison, in principle, 320 00:16:57,080 --> 00:17:00,960 Speaker 1: they could move through that fourth dimension right and appear 321 00:17:01,040 --> 00:17:05,040 Speaker 1: outside the prison. Cell Ummm. This is really hard because 322 00:17:05,040 --> 00:17:07,520 Speaker 1: I feel like we're trying to describe four dimensions with 323 00:17:07,600 --> 00:17:13,120 Speaker 1: one dimension, which is sound, which is a pretty impossible. 324 00:17:13,160 --> 00:17:15,200 Speaker 1: But you say it sort of depends on your shape, 325 00:17:15,359 --> 00:17:17,879 Speaker 1: I guess, But does that sort of depend on the 326 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:21,359 Speaker 1: idea that you are projecting onto a plane or a 327 00:17:21,480 --> 00:17:25,040 Speaker 1: three dimensions? Like, isn't it possible that I still am 328 00:17:25,040 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: projecting onto a plane, but I'm also moving in a 329 00:17:29,119 --> 00:17:32,240 Speaker 1: fourth dimension without that changing that doesn't really depend on 330 00:17:32,280 --> 00:17:35,360 Speaker 1: my shape. That's totally possible, it's just not necessary. There's 331 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:38,040 Speaker 1: lots of different configurations. It's possible for you to be 332 00:17:38,119 --> 00:17:40,520 Speaker 1: moving in the fourth dimension and not have any apparent 333 00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,760 Speaker 1: motion in the third dimension, just like you know, you 334 00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,639 Speaker 1: could be moving in Z without changing anything in X 335 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:49,879 Speaker 1: and Y and that totally works. But it's also it 336 00:17:50,040 --> 00:17:53,000 Speaker 1: is possible to move in the fourth dimension and to 337 00:17:53,119 --> 00:17:56,359 Speaker 1: have that motion affect how you look in three dimensions. 338 00:17:56,640 --> 00:17:59,879 Speaker 1: M all right. So it's tricky and we're not quite 339 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:02,680 Speaker 1: sure how it would work, right because we sort of 340 00:18:02,680 --> 00:18:05,800 Speaker 1: don't know what our shape would be in the fourth dimension. Yeah, exactly, 341 00:18:05,840 --> 00:18:07,800 Speaker 1: Like I could be a really long cylinder or I 342 00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:10,840 Speaker 1: could be a sphere, right, yeah exactly. Or I could 343 00:18:10,840 --> 00:18:14,040 Speaker 1: be you know, a really attractive you know perimeter, yeah, 344 00:18:14,119 --> 00:18:15,679 Speaker 1: or you could be shaped like a peanut. Like we 345 00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:18,439 Speaker 1: just we just don't know. We have no idea, you know, 346 00:18:18,520 --> 00:18:21,399 Speaker 1: if a fourth dimension exists and what our extent in 347 00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:24,199 Speaker 1: that fourth dimension would be. We also don't know the 348 00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:27,200 Speaker 1: nature of that dimension. Like we're imagining that fourth dimension 349 00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:30,880 Speaker 1: as if it's a flat dimension that goes on forever, 350 00:18:31,240 --> 00:18:33,720 Speaker 1: just like X, Y and Z, but we don't actually 351 00:18:33,760 --> 00:18:37,320 Speaker 1: even know if that's true, right, Yeah, And this actually 352 00:18:37,359 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 1: answers another question we've got from a listener almost on 353 00:18:39,880 --> 00:18:43,840 Speaker 1: the same topic. Yeah, exactly. People are thinking about four dimensions, 354 00:18:43,920 --> 00:18:47,560 Speaker 1: and so we had Tom right in and ask his question. Here. 355 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:50,240 Speaker 1: It is Hi, Daniel and Johai. I'm tall, and I 356 00:18:50,280 --> 00:18:53,359 Speaker 1: have a question about the fourth dimension. Can life forms 357 00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,399 Speaker 1: exist in the fourth dimension? And if so, how would 358 00:18:56,400 --> 00:18:59,680 Speaker 1: we interact with them? Good question, Tom, Yeah, I think 359 00:18:59,680 --> 00:19:02,240 Speaker 1: we have answered it already, right, which is that would 360 00:19:02,320 --> 00:19:04,119 Speaker 1: we be able to see them? Maybe? Maybe not? It 361 00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:06,600 Speaker 1: so it depends on your shape in this fourth dimension, 362 00:19:06,920 --> 00:19:09,119 Speaker 1: Like you could maybe have a really long shape in 363 00:19:09,119 --> 00:19:12,880 Speaker 1: the fourth dimension, or you could not, right, yeah, exactly, 364 00:19:12,920 --> 00:19:15,680 Speaker 1: So it depends on the nature of that fourth dimension 365 00:19:15,880 --> 00:19:18,440 Speaker 1: and our shape in that fourth dimension, like what our 366 00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:21,359 Speaker 1: extent is in that dimension, And we just don't know 367 00:19:21,359 --> 00:19:23,840 Speaker 1: because we can't sense or detect the fourth dimension if 368 00:19:23,840 --> 00:19:26,240 Speaker 1: it exists, so we just don't really know the answer 369 00:19:26,280 --> 00:19:28,920 Speaker 1: to that question. But if the universe is four D 370 00:19:29,119 --> 00:19:31,200 Speaker 1: and there's a life form out there that lives in 371 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:34,159 Speaker 1: that fourth dimension as well, you know, and looks at 372 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:36,199 Speaker 1: us the way we would look at people living on 373 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:38,080 Speaker 1: the surface of a piece of paper, then you know, 374 00:19:38,119 --> 00:19:41,120 Speaker 1: it would have a much more complex and nuanced relationship 375 00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:43,960 Speaker 1: with that dimension, and it could probably literally run circles 376 00:19:43,960 --> 00:19:46,880 Speaker 1: around us. Yeah, and what they look like, thannas, it's 377 00:19:46,920 --> 00:19:50,560 Speaker 1: the question, I think. And they have purple skin, they 378 00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:53,440 Speaker 1: would be glowing blue of course. All right, well, let's 379 00:19:53,480 --> 00:19:55,960 Speaker 1: get into why we think there might be more than 380 00:19:56,000 --> 00:20:00,119 Speaker 1: three dimensions and also what those dimensions could be. But 381 00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:14,600 Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break. All right, we're talking 382 00:20:14,640 --> 00:20:17,840 Speaker 1: about four dimensions, and the tests are act which is 383 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:20,359 Speaker 1: not a blue cube in a superhero movie, but a 384 00:20:20,520 --> 00:20:23,639 Speaker 1: geometric shape in four dimensions. Yeah, and I guess when 385 00:20:23,640 --> 00:20:25,879 Speaker 1: we say it's a cuban four dimensions, because the cube 386 00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:28,119 Speaker 1: is kind of like your most basic shape. Yeah, you 387 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:30,879 Speaker 1: could also imagine a four D sphere. I suppose, right, 388 00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:32,760 Speaker 1: you can play the same game. You could say you 389 00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:35,520 Speaker 1: have a dot in zero dimensions, you have a circle 390 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:38,840 Speaker 1: in two dimensions, you have a sphere in three dimensions. 391 00:20:39,040 --> 00:20:40,760 Speaker 1: I'm not sure what a circle would be like in 392 00:20:40,880 --> 00:20:43,879 Speaker 1: one dimension, but you can go zero to three, and 393 00:20:43,880 --> 00:20:46,960 Speaker 1: then I suppose you could imagine a four dimensional sphere 394 00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:50,040 Speaker 1: where the surface has the same distance from the central point, 395 00:20:50,240 --> 00:20:53,720 Speaker 1: including the fourth dimensional distance. I think you can play 396 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:56,760 Speaker 1: similar games in four D for other objects. But yeah, 397 00:20:56,760 --> 00:20:59,000 Speaker 1: a cube is sort of like the basic thing because 398 00:20:59,320 --> 00:21:02,960 Speaker 1: you're moving perpendicular in all four directions, and so it's 399 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:05,560 Speaker 1: like the building block. Yeah, well step us through. Why 400 00:21:05,560 --> 00:21:08,080 Speaker 1: do we think there might be more dimensions? Is it 401 00:21:08,359 --> 00:21:12,200 Speaker 1: based on theory or a hunter just just like wild possibility. 402 00:21:13,440 --> 00:21:18,080 Speaker 1: It's based on wild theories from physicists gone wild, of course, Yeah, exactly. 403 00:21:19,440 --> 00:21:22,720 Speaker 1: You know, sometimes it's just the math works better if 404 00:21:22,760 --> 00:21:25,840 Speaker 1: you assume more dimensions, Like we try to write down 405 00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: theories of physics that makes sense, and sometimes they just 406 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:31,840 Speaker 1: don't really work. And it turns out if you like 407 00:21:31,960 --> 00:21:35,280 Speaker 1: assume that space has more dimensions, then all of a sudden, 408 00:21:35,320 --> 00:21:38,320 Speaker 1: the math gets not simpler, it gets more complicated, but 409 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:41,560 Speaker 1: it fits together in a more natural way. Really, it 410 00:21:41,640 --> 00:21:44,399 Speaker 1: makes the math easier, or it makes it make more sense. 411 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:47,240 Speaker 1: Like you're doing the math and something's not fitting quite right. 412 00:21:47,280 --> 00:21:49,359 Speaker 1: But if you added a whole new dimension, you know, 413 00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:53,080 Speaker 1: things would be smoother, exactly. And one of the places 414 00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:55,639 Speaker 1: this comes up is in trying to understand the universe 415 00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:58,720 Speaker 1: that a really really small scale, you know, down deep 416 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:03,040 Speaker 1: below atoms, below, nuclei, below protons, below, quarks, much much 417 00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:05,760 Speaker 1: deeper down the very smallest scale. We don't know what 418 00:22:05,840 --> 00:22:08,840 Speaker 1: the nature of the university is, but people have speculations, 419 00:22:08,880 --> 00:22:12,080 Speaker 1: ideas business gone wild, think about how maybe it's made 420 00:22:12,119 --> 00:22:16,160 Speaker 1: out of tiny little vibrating strings, and these strings vibrate 421 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:19,280 Speaker 1: in some funny dimensions, and so in order to make 422 00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:23,439 Speaker 1: those calculations work, like to have those strings vibrate and 423 00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:27,600 Speaker 1: have those vibrating strings turn into particles. At our scale, 424 00:22:27,880 --> 00:22:30,439 Speaker 1: you need more ways for those strings to vibrate. You 425 00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:32,480 Speaker 1: need for them to be able to wiggle in certain ways, 426 00:22:32,520 --> 00:22:34,720 Speaker 1: and to make sheets when they wiggle, and to make 427 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:38,160 Speaker 1: complicated structures, and those structures make a lot more sense. 428 00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,440 Speaker 1: It turns out if the universe has something like eleven 429 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:45,960 Speaker 1: dimensions rather than just three, because with only three dimensions, like, 430 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:48,400 Speaker 1: what's the problem, you can't get sort of the richness 431 00:22:48,440 --> 00:22:50,480 Speaker 1: that you see in our universe. Yeah, you don't get 432 00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:52,600 Speaker 1: the richness, you don't get the results you want. And 433 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:55,679 Speaker 1: also sometimes things just collapse, Like if you try to 434 00:22:55,760 --> 00:22:58,800 Speaker 1: do calculations in string theory and go for more than 435 00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:02,920 Speaker 1: eleven dimensions, like up to twenty four or thirty nine dimensions, 436 00:23:03,040 --> 00:23:05,440 Speaker 1: that it always just sort of ends up collapsing back 437 00:23:05,520 --> 00:23:08,800 Speaker 1: down to eleven dimensions. It's just like the most natural 438 00:23:08,840 --> 00:23:12,280 Speaker 1: way to express some of these theories is in eleven dimensions, 439 00:23:12,320 --> 00:23:14,880 Speaker 1: and that makes us wonder, like, wells that just mathematics 440 00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:18,520 Speaker 1: or is that actually reflecting something fundamental about the universe? 441 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:20,399 Speaker 1: You know, often if physics were doing this, we're like 442 00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:23,280 Speaker 1: noticing a pattern about the way things seem to work 443 00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:27,439 Speaker 1: mathematically and wondering, who does that reflect something real in 444 00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:30,520 Speaker 1: the universe. Is that like how we're discovering something about 445 00:23:30,560 --> 00:23:32,639 Speaker 1: the structure of the universe or is this just the 446 00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:34,960 Speaker 1: way we write things down because we're humans and that's 447 00:23:34,960 --> 00:23:37,600 Speaker 1: where our brains work, And you know, it's a deep question. 448 00:23:37,640 --> 00:23:39,800 Speaker 1: We just don't know the answer to right, is it 449 00:23:39,880 --> 00:23:42,160 Speaker 1: maybe just physicists not wanting to do any more math? 450 00:23:43,400 --> 00:23:47,000 Speaker 1: That's just add more dimensions? Why not more dimensions? This 451 00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:49,960 Speaker 1: more math, man, it makes it more complicated. You know, 452 00:23:50,160 --> 00:23:54,080 Speaker 1: eleven dimensional integral it's like, you know, eleven times harder 453 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:57,280 Speaker 1: than a three dimensional integraw. But yeah, sometimes the math 454 00:23:57,359 --> 00:23:59,960 Speaker 1: just works. And it also makes for a cooler grand 455 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:04,040 Speaker 1: title grant application form. Yeah, but the money you get 456 00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:06,000 Speaker 1: from that grant then gets thinner and thinner because it 457 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:09,920 Speaker 1: spreads out through all eleven dimensions, it gets diluted. Yeah, 458 00:24:10,080 --> 00:24:13,720 Speaker 1: but you can build a grant in more dimensions than three. Yeah, 459 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:16,040 Speaker 1: maybe we can find funding agencies that work in these 460 00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:18,320 Speaker 1: other dimensions as well. All right, Well, there's also this 461 00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:22,920 Speaker 1: other idea that maybe more dimensions explains gravity in some way, right, 462 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,879 Speaker 1: like why gravity seems so weak? Or how can we 463 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:31,880 Speaker 1: kind of resolve this conflict between special relativity and quantum physics. 464 00:24:32,280 --> 00:24:35,160 Speaker 1: There's other excuses for adding more dimensions. It's a really 465 00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:37,920 Speaker 1: tempting idea for lots of reasons. And one is, you say, 466 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:40,920 Speaker 1: is to explain this mystery of gravity. You know, of 467 00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:45,119 Speaker 1: all the fundamental forces, the strong force, the weak force, electromagnetism. 468 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:48,040 Speaker 1: Gravity is the weakest, and not by a little bit, 469 00:24:48,280 --> 00:24:50,840 Speaker 1: but like ten to the thirty. So it's just like 470 00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:54,840 Speaker 1: so much weaker than the other forces. And we physicists 471 00:24:54,840 --> 00:24:56,640 Speaker 1: we like harmony. We like things to sort of fit 472 00:24:56,720 --> 00:25:00,119 Speaker 1: together and be explainable as part of a package. When 473 00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:02,080 Speaker 1: one thing really sticks out, we don't like that. We 474 00:25:02,119 --> 00:25:04,720 Speaker 1: look for an explanation for why that might be. And 475 00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:07,520 Speaker 1: as you say, the idea is that gravity might not 476 00:25:07,640 --> 00:25:10,480 Speaker 1: actually be super weak. It might just seem like it's 477 00:25:10,480 --> 00:25:13,760 Speaker 1: super weak because it's spreading out in these other dimensions. 478 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,000 Speaker 1: Remember that the power of gravity gets weaker as you 479 00:25:17,040 --> 00:25:19,960 Speaker 1: get further away from something. Currently, we measured that to 480 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:22,679 Speaker 1: be like one over the distance squared, But if you 481 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:25,879 Speaker 1: actually had more dimensions than just three, then the distance 482 00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:28,399 Speaker 1: would grow more rapidly because you'd be moving away in 483 00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:32,080 Speaker 1: more dimensions. So if gravity actually moves through all these 484 00:25:32,119 --> 00:25:34,960 Speaker 1: other dimensions as well, then the reason it feels weak 485 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:37,160 Speaker 1: is that it's spreading out through those dimensions, that your 486 00:25:37,240 --> 00:25:39,800 Speaker 1: distance from the other object is actually greater than it 487 00:25:39,880 --> 00:25:43,119 Speaker 1: seems like it is in just three dimensions. So maybe 488 00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:45,920 Speaker 1: gravity is just as powerful as these other forces. It's 489 00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:49,800 Speaker 1: just mostly getting wasted in the other eight or whatever dimensions, 490 00:25:49,880 --> 00:25:52,240 Speaker 1: And so that would be super awesome because it would 491 00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:55,120 Speaker 1: let us like discover other dimensions of the universe and 492 00:25:55,200 --> 00:25:58,919 Speaker 1: also solve this really deep mystery about why gravity seems 493 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:01,560 Speaker 1: so different from the other forces, right, And the idea 494 00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:04,359 Speaker 1: is that the other forces, like magnetism and the strong 495 00:26:04,560 --> 00:26:07,400 Speaker 1: and the weak forces, they only act in the three 496 00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:09,960 Speaker 1: dimensions that we know, right, or they're like more focused 497 00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:13,720 Speaker 1: in our regular dimensions and they're they're not acting in 498 00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:16,560 Speaker 1: the other dimensions like gravity is, yeah, exactly, and that's 499 00:26:16,560 --> 00:26:18,280 Speaker 1: a question we don't know the answer to, like why 500 00:26:18,320 --> 00:26:21,400 Speaker 1: would that be? And as often happens in physics, if 501 00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:24,480 Speaker 1: you have found those dimensions and discover the gravity is 502 00:26:24,480 --> 00:26:26,240 Speaker 1: the only one that moved through them, then you'd be 503 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:29,040 Speaker 1: left with another, maybe deeper question, which is like, well, 504 00:26:29,240 --> 00:26:31,720 Speaker 1: what's different about gravity that it moves through these other 505 00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:35,680 Speaker 1: dimensions but electromagnetism doesn't and the strong force doesn't. So 506 00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:37,639 Speaker 1: you know, we're never going to run out of those questions, 507 00:26:37,720 --> 00:26:41,360 Speaker 1: even if we make crazy discoveries about the nature of space. Right. 508 00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:44,760 Speaker 1: So basically you would wait the same in other dimensions, 509 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,680 Speaker 1: but your cell phone and your magnets wouldn't work. That 510 00:26:48,720 --> 00:26:53,760 Speaker 1: would be inconvenient. Yeah, exactly. But it also means that 511 00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:56,760 Speaker 1: gravity might be much more powerful than we thought, and 512 00:26:56,760 --> 00:26:59,600 Speaker 1: that if you managed to get really really close to something, 513 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:03,159 Speaker 1: if you can, for example, two particles super duper close 514 00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:06,159 Speaker 1: together so their distance actually gets very very small, that 515 00:27:06,280 --> 00:27:09,040 Speaker 1: you might see that very strong gravity. And that's why 516 00:27:09,119 --> 00:27:11,879 Speaker 1: people think we might make many black holes at the 517 00:27:11,960 --> 00:27:15,600 Speaker 1: Large Hadron Collider, because two protons getting pushed really really 518 00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:19,240 Speaker 1: close together might trigger super strong gravity and create a 519 00:27:19,240 --> 00:27:23,119 Speaker 1: black hole. That's the whole idea behind making many black holes. 520 00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:26,159 Speaker 1: It might actually reveal the existence of other dimensions of 521 00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:28,280 Speaker 1: space and time. Hey, let's give it a try. That 522 00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:33,600 Speaker 1: sounds like a good idea. Let's make black holes here. Yeah, 523 00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:36,720 Speaker 1: and let's do it million times a second. Yeah, what's 524 00:27:36,760 --> 00:27:40,160 Speaker 1: the worst, Like, let's just go wild, all right? Well, 525 00:27:40,160 --> 00:27:43,359 Speaker 1: there's also the idea that maybe the fourth dimension or 526 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:47,320 Speaker 1: the extra dimensions are not necessarily related to space, like 527 00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:50,280 Speaker 1: a direction that we can move in or kind of 528 00:27:50,320 --> 00:27:53,200 Speaker 1: like wiggle around in. There's also the idea that maybe 529 00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:56,159 Speaker 1: this fourth dimension is timet exactly. The way we were 530 00:27:56,160 --> 00:27:59,000 Speaker 1: talking about gravity a moment ago was as a force 531 00:27:59,080 --> 00:28:02,080 Speaker 1: that gets weaker as it propagates through space, and that's 532 00:28:02,080 --> 00:28:04,200 Speaker 1: sort of like the quantum mechanical views like trying to 533 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:07,320 Speaker 1: understand gravity is one of the other forces and maybe 534 00:28:07,359 --> 00:28:09,400 Speaker 1: finding a quantum theory of it. But you're right, there's 535 00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,840 Speaker 1: another way to look at gravity, and that's part of relativity. 536 00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:16,240 Speaker 1: And relativity tells us that there's a deep connection between 537 00:28:16,240 --> 00:28:19,479 Speaker 1: the three dimensions of space that we're familiar with and time. 538 00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:21,639 Speaker 1: So it's like you were saying earlier, like do the 539 00:28:21,680 --> 00:28:24,119 Speaker 1: dimensions all have to be space? Could they be like 540 00:28:24,359 --> 00:28:28,480 Speaker 1: flavor or color or you know, sourness or whatever. But 541 00:28:28,560 --> 00:28:31,080 Speaker 1: you're right, it's cool to think about other dimensions and 542 00:28:31,119 --> 00:28:34,320 Speaker 1: have them be not necessarily just motion in space, but time. 543 00:28:34,680 --> 00:28:37,760 Speaker 1: And the more we learn about space and special relativity, 544 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,920 Speaker 1: the more it feels like time should get promoted to 545 00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:45,040 Speaker 1: like one of the dimensions. Promoter. Are you saying time 546 00:28:45,160 --> 00:28:48,600 Speaker 1: is lesser than space, Daniel, you're saying it needs and promotion. 547 00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:51,640 Speaker 1: I'm saying it's segregated. It's like put by itself. You know, 548 00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:54,480 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics likes to say the time is really separate 549 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:57,440 Speaker 1: from space, that the two things are different, and you know, 550 00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,239 Speaker 1: space can do all sorts of things that time can't do. Like, 551 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:02,200 Speaker 1: you know, you can go backwards and forwards in space 552 00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:03,760 Speaker 1: and you can't do that in time. So it would 553 00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:07,320 Speaker 1: be super awesome if we understood time is actually part 554 00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:11,480 Speaker 1: of some four D object, which was three spatial dimensions 555 00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:13,720 Speaker 1: and this one weird time to mention. I think that 556 00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:16,120 Speaker 1: would be a promotion for time to get graduated up 557 00:29:16,160 --> 00:29:18,800 Speaker 1: to a full dimension. Right, but you know what is 558 00:29:18,840 --> 00:29:22,160 Speaker 1: space without time? Then? You know, do you think about it? 559 00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:25,600 Speaker 1: It's brief. I can exist without space or you know, 560 00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: time doesn't need three dimensions of space. You know, I 561 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: would could hang out with two dimensions of space. Yeah, 562 00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:33,280 Speaker 1: that's true. So really, I mean, I think time is 563 00:29:33,320 --> 00:29:39,920 Speaker 1: just cooler. It's more, it's more timeless. It's a classic. Yeah, 564 00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 1: you know, there's something good about everybody, but it's also 565 00:29:42,520 --> 00:29:45,680 Speaker 1: just cool to understand them as part of the bigger picture. 566 00:29:45,840 --> 00:29:48,880 Speaker 1: And I think there's something really beautiful. They're something really 567 00:29:48,920 --> 00:29:51,760 Speaker 1: deep and insightful, and understanding time is part of this 568 00:29:51,880 --> 00:29:54,120 Speaker 1: for D object. You know, it's not just like, hey, 569 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:57,200 Speaker 1: there's some similarities, let's write them down together. It's that 570 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:00,640 Speaker 1: the concept makes much more sense when you put them together. 571 00:30:00,960 --> 00:30:04,120 Speaker 1: Then when you leave them apart. Special relativity really shows 572 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,640 Speaker 1: us that it shows us that space and time are 573 00:30:06,720 --> 00:30:09,600 Speaker 1: really closely connected in the same way that the three 574 00:30:09,640 --> 00:30:12,880 Speaker 1: spatial dimensions are really closely connected. You know, the universe 575 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:15,000 Speaker 1: makes much more sense if you look at it in 576 00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:17,680 Speaker 1: three dimensions, and it turns out it makes even more 577 00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:20,720 Speaker 1: sense if you packed it all together into a four 578 00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:24,560 Speaker 1: dimensional concept. Right. This is the concept of space time, right, 579 00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:28,240 Speaker 1: like you treated all is one concept or one thing 580 00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:31,959 Speaker 1: or one like coordinate system that we live in. Yeah, exactly, 581 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:34,280 Speaker 1: you think about it is like one coordinate system, and 582 00:30:34,360 --> 00:30:37,600 Speaker 1: some things just make more sense in that coordinate system. 583 00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:40,280 Speaker 1: You know. Take for example, the length of an object 584 00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:44,080 Speaker 1: in three dimensional space, right, doesn't really matter how you 585 00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:46,640 Speaker 1: measure it, you know, or where your axes are, how 586 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:48,960 Speaker 1: you define your X, y and z. The length of 587 00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:50,800 Speaker 1: a stick is the length of a stick, and you 588 00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:52,760 Speaker 1: can turn that stick around and it still has the 589 00:30:52,840 --> 00:30:55,320 Speaker 1: same length, right, And that would be true if you're 590 00:30:55,320 --> 00:30:57,120 Speaker 1: only looking at like a two D slice of it. 591 00:30:57,240 --> 00:30:58,880 Speaker 1: If you're only looking at a two D slice of 592 00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:01,280 Speaker 1: that stick, it would seem like it changing length as 593 00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:03,720 Speaker 1: you like rotated it around or whatever. But we know 594 00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,400 Speaker 1: the stick has a certain length, and so we want 595 00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:09,480 Speaker 1: our measurement system to reflect that. Well, the same thing 596 00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:13,200 Speaker 1: is actually true in space time. If you add time 597 00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:16,280 Speaker 1: to your universe as the fourth dimension, then you can 598 00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:18,840 Speaker 1: have a new definition of distance, which is called a 599 00:31:18,960 --> 00:31:22,240 Speaker 1: space time interval, which is a distance in space and 600 00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:25,400 Speaker 1: in time. You like add another bit to the calculation. 601 00:31:25,560 --> 00:31:28,160 Speaker 1: And we know in our universe that like distance between 602 00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:31,000 Speaker 1: objects is actually weird. It depends on how where you 603 00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:33,880 Speaker 1: are and how fast you're going, and that the distance 604 00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:37,680 Speaker 1: in time between objects depends also on how fast you're going. 605 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:40,760 Speaker 1: This is like length contraction and time dilation. The universe 606 00:31:40,760 --> 00:31:43,680 Speaker 1: seems really weird, like it doesn't follow a lot of rules. 607 00:31:43,680 --> 00:31:46,480 Speaker 1: It turns out in four D it does follow those rules, 608 00:31:46,560 --> 00:31:50,120 Speaker 1: and like the four D space time interval, it doesn't 609 00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:52,680 Speaker 1: change no matter what reference frame you're in how you 610 00:31:52,840 --> 00:31:55,960 Speaker 1: rotate your measuring stick. So there are these properties, these 611 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:59,280 Speaker 1: principles that are respected only in four dimensional space and 612 00:31:59,360 --> 00:32:01,800 Speaker 1: not in three dimensional space. And that's what makes us 613 00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:04,160 Speaker 1: think that the four D spaces like more natural, that 614 00:32:04,240 --> 00:32:06,440 Speaker 1: it's the better way to think about the universe. M 615 00:32:07,040 --> 00:32:09,320 Speaker 1: It's like you don't need a special kind of math 616 00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:11,960 Speaker 1: or a whole different set of equations to deal with time. 617 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:14,360 Speaker 1: You can use the same equations if you treat it 618 00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:17,280 Speaker 1: another dimension. Yeah, you can use the same equations, and 619 00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:19,440 Speaker 1: a bunch of stuff now suddenly makes sense, and it 620 00:32:19,520 --> 00:32:22,320 Speaker 1: is simple if you do the math altogether. You know, 621 00:32:22,360 --> 00:32:25,960 Speaker 1: for example, our laws of physics don't change if you 622 00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:29,720 Speaker 1: rotate them in four dimensional space. What that means is 623 00:32:29,760 --> 00:32:32,840 Speaker 1: that they're the same for everybody in an inertial reference frame. 624 00:32:32,880 --> 00:32:35,440 Speaker 1: It doesn't matter where you are and how fast you're going. 625 00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:39,400 Speaker 1: You can always apply the same laws of physics, electromagnetism 626 00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:41,520 Speaker 1: and the strong force. All that can be applied no 627 00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:44,200 Speaker 1: matter who you are and how fast you're going. That's 628 00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:46,560 Speaker 1: not true. If you ignore that fourth dimension, you're like 629 00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:49,920 Speaker 1: missing part of the story. Mmmmm, I guess It's kind 630 00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:52,600 Speaker 1: of like if I'm sitting here doing nothing, you know, 631 00:32:52,680 --> 00:32:55,280 Speaker 1: taking it up. Maybe it doesn't look like I'm moving 632 00:32:55,280 --> 00:32:57,880 Speaker 1: in the three special dimensions, but I'm actually sort of 633 00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:01,880 Speaker 1: moving in the time dimension right, Yes, yes, exactly. And 634 00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:06,680 Speaker 1: the distance between your like spacetime locations right can be 635 00:33:06,760 --> 00:33:10,200 Speaker 1: measured in that four dimensional space. You have zero distance 636 00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:12,440 Speaker 1: in x, y and z, but you have a non 637 00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:15,560 Speaker 1: zero distance in time, right, So it only looks like 638 00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:18,959 Speaker 1: I mean lazy and inactive, But really I'm like working 639 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:21,480 Speaker 1: out in the time dimension, right, I'm like going for 640 00:33:21,520 --> 00:33:25,240 Speaker 1: a job. You're getting strong in time exactly. And somebody 641 00:33:25,280 --> 00:33:28,360 Speaker 1: else flying by near the speed of light might have 642 00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,680 Speaker 1: a different opinion about exactly when one event happened, but 643 00:33:31,760 --> 00:33:34,720 Speaker 1: they would make the same measurement of your space time interval, 644 00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:37,760 Speaker 1: your distance, and four dimensions between the beginning of your 645 00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:41,040 Speaker 1: workout and the end of your workout. I see, I 646 00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:44,520 Speaker 1: would look good no matter how fast you're going. Yes, 647 00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:48,560 Speaker 1: your beauty is invariant. All right, Well, let's talk about 648 00:33:48,920 --> 00:33:52,080 Speaker 1: how this relates to quantum physics and special relativity, and 649 00:33:52,120 --> 00:33:54,960 Speaker 1: also let's talk about how it shows up in The Avengers. 650 00:33:55,080 --> 00:34:09,879 Speaker 1: But first let's take another quick break. We're talking about 651 00:34:09,920 --> 00:34:12,320 Speaker 1: the tests or act Daniel, and now in the Avengers 652 00:34:12,320 --> 00:34:14,759 Speaker 1: the Tests I act shows up I think in the 653 00:34:15,440 --> 00:34:18,920 Speaker 1: thor movies First or or No Captain America. Maybe. Yeah, 654 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,600 Speaker 1: So it's this cube, right, and I think it's actually 655 00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:25,000 Speaker 1: in these movies it's a vessel. It's just like holds 656 00:34:25,120 --> 00:34:29,120 Speaker 1: the space stone, one of these six infinity stones, and 657 00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:32,240 Speaker 1: so like somebody at some point earlier on the Marvel 658 00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:35,680 Speaker 1: Universe took the Infinity Stone and put it inside this 659 00:34:35,880 --> 00:34:38,520 Speaker 1: cube which they call a test Aract to make it 660 00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:41,640 Speaker 1: like sound awesome in science, right, I think it's called 661 00:34:41,680 --> 00:34:44,359 Speaker 1: making it up as you go along in terms of 662 00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:49,160 Speaker 1: the writing craft there. But yeah, it turns out that 663 00:34:49,200 --> 00:34:51,640 Speaker 1: the talk connected and in particularly the tests I act 664 00:34:51,719 --> 00:34:54,000 Speaker 1: and this one is the space Stone, right, like it's 665 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,040 Speaker 1: somehow control space and lets you like create warm holes 666 00:34:57,160 --> 00:34:59,319 Speaker 1: and things like that. Yeah, the space Stone has a 667 00:34:59,360 --> 00:35:01,720 Speaker 1: lot of power unless you do all sorts of crazy stuff. 668 00:35:01,800 --> 00:35:04,640 Speaker 1: And so the space Stone itself is not the tests Irac, 669 00:35:04,719 --> 00:35:06,960 Speaker 1: but the tests Ract is this thing which holds it 670 00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:09,239 Speaker 1: and you know, test React we know now is a 671 00:35:09,239 --> 00:35:12,160 Speaker 1: four dimensional cube, but in the Avengers movie they use 672 00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:14,520 Speaker 1: a three D cube because I guess, you know, it's 673 00:35:14,560 --> 00:35:16,759 Speaker 1: harder to write a four D cube or even the 674 00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,920 Speaker 1: special effects that Marvel Studios can't do four D movies, 675 00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:22,319 Speaker 1: and so it's really just a three D C but 676 00:35:22,360 --> 00:35:25,440 Speaker 1: it's glowing blue, right, So maybe in the Marvel movies, 677 00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:29,200 Speaker 1: color is the fourth dimension. Well, technically if you're watching 678 00:35:29,239 --> 00:35:31,640 Speaker 1: in three D, you are watching a four D movie 679 00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:35,600 Speaker 1: because it is playing out in time that's true, right, Yeah, 680 00:35:35,680 --> 00:35:38,920 Speaker 1: exactly right. So if you saw the Avengers in three D, 681 00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:41,239 Speaker 1: you probably did see a four D test a rack 682 00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:44,680 Speaker 1: containing the Space Stone. So congrats to you. Right, and 683 00:35:44,719 --> 00:35:47,000 Speaker 1: then I see your notes here that it's powered by 684 00:35:47,080 --> 00:35:49,400 Speaker 1: dark energy, where they just like throwing all kinds of 685 00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:52,840 Speaker 1: physics terms in there to try to impress people. Yeah, exactly. 686 00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:55,640 Speaker 1: I don't know who the science consultant was for that movie, 687 00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:58,239 Speaker 1: but you know, they give them a broad introduction to 688 00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:00,640 Speaker 1: everything about the universe, and they just like cherry picked 689 00:36:00,680 --> 00:36:03,759 Speaker 1: the words that sounded cool, and hey, dark energy does 690 00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:05,920 Speaker 1: sound cool. So it's nice to know that if the 691 00:36:05,960 --> 00:36:09,160 Speaker 1: Space Stone were real, it would be somehow powered by 692 00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:13,040 Speaker 1: this mysterious force that's accelerating the expansion of the universe. 693 00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:16,920 Speaker 1: I might have to marvel a fact check that. I 694 00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:19,160 Speaker 1: think maybe it was another stone that was powered by 695 00:36:19,239 --> 00:36:23,839 Speaker 1: dark energy, maybe the Red one. Maybe I'm not quite sure. Yeah, 696 00:36:23,880 --> 00:36:26,440 Speaker 1: you you certainly might be right. I just remember watching 697 00:36:26,440 --> 00:36:29,680 Speaker 1: this movie and going, oh, dark energy, that sounds fun. 698 00:36:30,920 --> 00:36:32,840 Speaker 1: Now you were watching in black and white or something. 699 00:36:33,480 --> 00:36:37,160 Speaker 1: Maybe I was watching it backwards in time accidentally, right, 700 00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:40,440 Speaker 1: And it also shows up in other words, right, and 701 00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:42,960 Speaker 1: the wrinkle in Time books, right, Yeah, The Wrinkle in 702 00:36:43,040 --> 00:36:45,280 Speaker 1: Time is a really fun book which recently made into 703 00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:48,319 Speaker 1: a pretty good movie. And in that book they can 704 00:36:48,360 --> 00:36:52,360 Speaker 1: travel all around the universe and they call the fifth 705 00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:55,080 Speaker 1: dimension a test I act. So like a tests iact 706 00:36:55,280 --> 00:36:57,440 Speaker 1: is a four D cube in our universe, but in 707 00:36:57,640 --> 00:37:01,200 Speaker 1: a Wrinkle in Time universe, the whole fifth dimension is 708 00:37:01,239 --> 00:37:03,759 Speaker 1: a tests iract and you can like add that to 709 00:37:03,880 --> 00:37:07,400 Speaker 1: other four dimensions as you travel through space without like 710 00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:09,880 Speaker 1: having to go the long way around. So it's sort 711 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:13,120 Speaker 1: of like a portable wormhole you can use to get 712 00:37:13,239 --> 00:37:16,040 Speaker 1: from one spot to the other. Wait, what the fifth 713 00:37:16,040 --> 00:37:19,160 Speaker 1: dimension is actually a four dimensional cube? In that movie, 714 00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:20,960 Speaker 1: they sort of brush over the tests Iract as a 715 00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:23,320 Speaker 1: four D cube and they just call the tests Iract 716 00:37:23,320 --> 00:37:26,799 Speaker 1: the fifth dimension. And so imagine if like space and 717 00:37:26,920 --> 00:37:29,360 Speaker 1: time are four dimensions, and you wanted to get to 718 00:37:29,440 --> 00:37:32,279 Speaker 1: somewhere else in the universe, and you wanted to do 719 00:37:32,320 --> 00:37:35,120 Speaker 1: it without going through four D space, if you could 720 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:37,600 Speaker 1: somehow move in the fifth dimension, if the universe is 721 00:37:37,680 --> 00:37:40,919 Speaker 1: like bent in the fifth dimension, so that you could 722 00:37:40,960 --> 00:37:43,320 Speaker 1: like hop from one part of our four D sheet 723 00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:45,680 Speaker 1: to another part of the four D sheet by moving 724 00:37:45,760 --> 00:37:49,160 Speaker 1: in that fifth dimension. That's sort of like what wormholes 725 00:37:49,239 --> 00:37:51,680 Speaker 1: do in our universe. So it's sort of like, you know, 726 00:37:51,719 --> 00:37:54,279 Speaker 1: a little shortcut, m I see. It's kind of the 727 00:37:54,320 --> 00:37:57,520 Speaker 1: idea that maybe, like here where we are now is 728 00:37:57,840 --> 00:37:59,880 Speaker 1: and Jupiter, which is really far away or we think 729 00:38:00,120 --> 00:38:02,480 Speaker 1: really far away, could be really close to each other 730 00:38:02,760 --> 00:38:06,439 Speaker 1: in another dimension, right Like if I could somehow reach 731 00:38:06,480 --> 00:38:08,640 Speaker 1: out in another dimension, maybe I could just reach out 732 00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:12,799 Speaker 1: and touch Jupiter exactly. Imagine our universe again, just as 733 00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:15,440 Speaker 1: a sheet and then like roll it up. Then all 734 00:38:15,480 --> 00:38:19,480 Speaker 1: of a sudden, you're close to another layer of that sheet. 735 00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:22,000 Speaker 1: And if you like went through our universe space, it 736 00:38:22,040 --> 00:38:24,440 Speaker 1: would take you forever to get there. But you know, 737 00:38:24,560 --> 00:38:27,600 Speaker 1: in this like other direction, the direction in which our 738 00:38:27,680 --> 00:38:30,400 Speaker 1: universe is like a rolled up sheet or folded or whatever, 739 00:38:30,600 --> 00:38:32,560 Speaker 1: then you could just hop from one part of the 740 00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:35,000 Speaker 1: sheet to the other, moving in that other dimension. But 741 00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:37,640 Speaker 1: you know, we don't know that that dimension exists, but 742 00:38:37,760 --> 00:38:40,480 Speaker 1: in a ringle in time, it does exist. So it's 743 00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:42,960 Speaker 1: sort of this like cool wormhole strategy. But for a 744 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:44,960 Speaker 1: reason that just really doesn't make any sense to me 745 00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:47,680 Speaker 1: other than that it sounds cool and science e They 746 00:38:47,760 --> 00:38:51,719 Speaker 1: call that fifth dimension the tests I Act, right, And 747 00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:54,160 Speaker 1: it also shows up in the inter Sellar movies, right, 748 00:38:54,200 --> 00:38:56,919 Speaker 1: like Matthew McConaughey goes into a black hole and he's 749 00:38:56,920 --> 00:39:00,239 Speaker 1: somehow like navigating a tests I act where time is 750 00:39:00,280 --> 00:39:03,920 Speaker 1: another dimension and he's able to like send messages to 751 00:39:04,040 --> 00:39:07,200 Speaker 1: his daughter in the future. Right, Yeah, there is some 752 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:11,120 Speaker 1: weird stuff where Interstellar you go into the black hole 753 00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:14,359 Speaker 1: and space and time are all twisted up. And it's 754 00:39:14,360 --> 00:39:17,800 Speaker 1: certainly true that in a black hole, space and time 755 00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:20,640 Speaker 1: are a very confusing, right, and like time and space 756 00:39:20,640 --> 00:39:24,400 Speaker 1: sort of like switch relationships, and space is only forwards, 757 00:39:24,680 --> 00:39:27,120 Speaker 1: you know. Outside of the black hole, time can only 758 00:39:27,120 --> 00:39:29,879 Speaker 1: move forwards. Inside the black hole, you can only move 759 00:39:30,040 --> 00:39:33,920 Speaker 1: sort of one direction in space, sort of forwards towards 760 00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:37,720 Speaker 1: the singularity. As some people say that inside the black hole, 761 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:40,680 Speaker 1: space has become time, like so I think that's the 762 00:39:40,719 --> 00:39:43,239 Speaker 1: origin of that. But in the movie, you know, he 763 00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:46,600 Speaker 1: can then like move through time, but he moves through 764 00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:49,360 Speaker 1: time as part of the story, so there still is time. 765 00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:51,759 Speaker 1: There's like a time when he was earlier in time 766 00:39:51,760 --> 00:39:54,440 Speaker 1: and a time when he was later in time. You know, honestly, 767 00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:57,600 Speaker 1: it doesn't make any actual sense, but it's uh, you know, 768 00:39:57,719 --> 00:40:01,360 Speaker 1: it makes for a poignant scene. You mean, Christopher Nolan 769 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:05,080 Speaker 1: movie doesn't make sense with regards to time. That's so weird. 770 00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:08,920 Speaker 1: You know. I recently watched Tenant, which is really fun, 771 00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:11,520 Speaker 1: but I had the impression the whole time that like, wow, 772 00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:14,040 Speaker 1: I either I am not following because I'm not smart enough, 773 00:40:14,360 --> 00:40:17,000 Speaker 1: or this makes no sense and I can't tell which 774 00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:21,000 Speaker 1: it is. You couldn't tell, really tell, And I try 775 00:40:21,040 --> 00:40:22,479 Speaker 1: to map it out and try to watch a scene 776 00:40:22,480 --> 00:40:24,560 Speaker 1: by scene and be like, Okay, what's going on here? 777 00:40:24,920 --> 00:40:27,040 Speaker 1: How does that make sense? Trying to build a map 778 00:40:27,080 --> 00:40:29,160 Speaker 1: of like what's going on in that universe? But wow, 779 00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:31,200 Speaker 1: it's very confusing, And eventually I just went on to 780 00:40:31,239 --> 00:40:33,080 Speaker 1: read it, and of course somebody else had watched the 781 00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:35,480 Speaker 1: movie like a hundred times and built a map. But 782 00:40:35,560 --> 00:40:38,160 Speaker 1: even still, it's very confusing because it's hard to think 783 00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:42,600 Speaker 1: about things moving backwards in time as the story moves forwards. Right, Yeah, 784 00:40:42,880 --> 00:40:45,880 Speaker 1: I think the movie lost me at backwards oxygen. I 785 00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:51,040 Speaker 1: was like, you need backwards oxygen to survive living backwards. 786 00:40:51,480 --> 00:40:52,759 Speaker 1: I don't know how where are they going to get 787 00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:56,880 Speaker 1: to so much oxygen backwards? Anyways? Yeah, so it shows 788 00:40:56,920 --> 00:40:59,600 Speaker 1: up a lot in popular culture and movies and books, 789 00:40:59,760 --> 00:41:02,319 Speaker 1: But extrat dimensions and the test arc are sort of 790 00:41:02,360 --> 00:41:04,439 Speaker 1: real things that physicists are thinking about. Right, It might 791 00:41:04,560 --> 00:41:08,600 Speaker 1: explain gravity, might explain how quantum mechanics and general relativity 792 00:41:08,600 --> 00:41:11,000 Speaker 1: are connected. Right, it's a it's like a real thing. 793 00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:13,440 Speaker 1: It's a real thing. It might be a real thing. Yeah, 794 00:41:13,480 --> 00:41:16,160 Speaker 1: it's a real thing in science, and that it's a 795 00:41:16,280 --> 00:41:19,160 Speaker 1: very valuable and useful way to think about the universe. 796 00:41:19,480 --> 00:41:22,040 Speaker 1: And there's a larger lesson there, right, that we don't 797 00:41:22,080 --> 00:41:24,640 Speaker 1: know the deep nature of the universe, and we keep 798 00:41:24,680 --> 00:41:27,880 Speaker 1: making the same mistake as humans by imagining that the 799 00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:31,000 Speaker 1: universe is the way we always thought it was. And 800 00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:33,359 Speaker 1: so it's very healthy to try to like break out 801 00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:36,680 Speaker 1: of the confines of our intuition and imagine different ways 802 00:41:36,719 --> 00:41:40,000 Speaker 1: the universe might be. And this is a pretty deep one. 803 00:41:40,320 --> 00:41:42,239 Speaker 1: So we'd like to be open minded about the nature 804 00:41:42,239 --> 00:41:44,680 Speaker 1: of the universe and not just be stuck in three dimensions. 805 00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:46,759 Speaker 1: And I think that's how we made this leap to 806 00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:50,000 Speaker 1: thinking about the universe in four dimensions. This connection and 807 00:41:50,080 --> 00:41:53,440 Speaker 1: special relativity between space and time really does show us 808 00:41:53,640 --> 00:41:56,160 Speaker 1: that time is deeply connected to space in a way 809 00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:59,960 Speaker 1: that's not just mathematical, real and physical, and that whole 810 00:42:00,040 --> 00:42:02,840 Speaker 1: pully might help us bridge, as you say, between relativity 811 00:42:02,840 --> 00:42:05,480 Speaker 1: and quantum mechanics. Is quantum mechanics is a very very 812 00:42:05,520 --> 00:42:08,600 Speaker 1: different view of time. So whatever theory we come up with, 813 00:42:08,640 --> 00:42:11,040 Speaker 1: whether it's string theory or something else, to bring these 814 00:42:11,040 --> 00:42:13,839 Speaker 1: together and reveal the actual nature of the universe, it's 815 00:42:13,880 --> 00:42:16,520 Speaker 1: got to definitely be something that figures out time and 816 00:42:16,560 --> 00:42:19,960 Speaker 1: its relationship to space and all the other possible dimensions 817 00:42:19,960 --> 00:42:22,839 Speaker 1: that might be out there, like they might be real. Yeah. 818 00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:26,160 Speaker 1: I guess the history of science and physics and our 819 00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:30,040 Speaker 1: exploration of it is that the universe is much more 820 00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:33,040 Speaker 1: complex than we think it is. Right, There's more twit 821 00:42:33,120 --> 00:42:35,640 Speaker 1: and what it seems like apparently, yeah, exactly. There might 822 00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:38,359 Speaker 1: really be backwards oxygen and you might have to breathe 823 00:42:38,360 --> 00:42:41,040 Speaker 1: it one day. Keep your mind open. Yeah, the universe 824 00:42:41,160 --> 00:42:44,680 Speaker 1: might might be wilder than you think, exactly, And the 825 00:42:44,760 --> 00:42:47,759 Speaker 1: universe is always builled with surprises, And so I look 826 00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:50,280 Speaker 1: forward to learning about the deep nature of the universe 827 00:42:50,280 --> 00:42:53,640 Speaker 1: and discovering other dimensions of space and or time. You know, 828 00:42:53,680 --> 00:42:55,919 Speaker 1: we talked about other dimensions of space, but it's also 829 00:42:56,000 --> 00:43:00,400 Speaker 1: possible there are the dimensions of time. What all right, 830 00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:05,040 Speaker 1: let's get into that another time. Sounds good, But in 831 00:43:05,080 --> 00:43:07,600 Speaker 1: the meantime we hope that answer the questions that our 832 00:43:07,640 --> 00:43:09,960 Speaker 1: listeners had about the test are act and about living 833 00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:13,200 Speaker 1: in four dimensions. You hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for 834 00:43:13,280 --> 00:43:23,799 Speaker 1: joining us, see you next time. Thanks for listening, and 835 00:43:23,840 --> 00:43:26,560 Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge explained. The Universe is a 836 00:43:26,600 --> 00:43:30,040 Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio. Or more podcast from my 837 00:43:30,160 --> 00:43:33,759 Speaker 1: heart Radio visit the I heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 838 00:43:33,880 --> 00:43:36,240 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.