WEBVTT - The Wild West 2: Go West 0:00:05.200 --> 0:00:08.479 The land along Virginia's coastline had long been settled by 0:00:08.480 --> 0:00:11.959 the eighteenth century, but the territory west of that along 0:00:12.000 --> 0:00:15.319 the Blue Ridge in Piedmont was a different story. Even 0:00:15.400 --> 0:00:20.000 centuries later, those rolling hills and valleys remained largely uninhabited. 0:00:20.520 --> 0:00:23.759 The British government took notice when the French began to 0:00:23.800 --> 0:00:27.960 colonize the Ohio Valley. If the territory became exclusively French, 0:00:28.320 --> 0:00:31.120 their British settlements would be limited to the region east 0:00:31.200 --> 0:00:34.720 of the Appalachian Mountains. To aid in the British colonization 0:00:34.840 --> 0:00:39.400 of unappropriated lands, the Virginia Council and Governor made land grants, 0:00:39.600 --> 0:00:43.440 some of which were quite large. Colonist John Lewis headed 0:00:43.479 --> 0:00:46.640 up the Loyal Company of Virginia, a survey company that 0:00:46.720 --> 0:00:49.360 secured one of the Governor's grants on July twelfth of 0:00:49.400 --> 0:00:53.360 seventeen forty eight. The Loyal Company was granted over eight 0:00:53.479 --> 0:00:57.720 hundred thousand acres surrounding the Virginia and North Carolina area 0:00:58.040 --> 0:01:01.320 and ran westward to present day Kentucky Key. Essentially, the 0:01:01.320 --> 0:01:05.240 company enticed settlers to purchase land. It goes without saying 0:01:05.280 --> 0:01:08.640 that neither the French nor the British consulted the indigenous 0:01:08.640 --> 0:01:12.440 people regarding this landgrad The grant and the company were 0:01:12.520 --> 0:01:15.880 quite the endeavor, but John had help. His neighbors Peter 0:01:16.000 --> 0:01:19.800 and Joshua, as well as friends Thomas Walker and Thomas Merriweather, 0:01:19.959 --> 0:01:24.360 were also Loyal Company grant recipients. When John secured the grant, 0:01:24.560 --> 0:01:27.600 he appointed Thomas Walker as an agent and sent him 0:01:27.640 --> 0:01:31.320 and several other men westward to explore potential land acquisitions. 0:01:31.760 --> 0:01:35.720 The Loyal Company wasn't the only business surveying and selling land, though, 0:01:35.760 --> 0:01:39.959 and got into conflict with another surveying business, the Ohio Company. 0:01:40.440 --> 0:01:44.720 The Loyal Company began advertising promising settler's cheap land. They 0:01:44.760 --> 0:01:48.720 offered buyers the option of reasonable payments. Squatters were forced 0:01:48.720 --> 0:01:52.279 to pay the Loyal Company's asking price. Before Thomas Walker 0:01:52.320 --> 0:01:53.880 and a few of the other men set out to 0:01:53.920 --> 0:01:57.160 survey parts of eastern Kentucky, Peter made a name for 0:01:57.280 --> 0:02:01.760 himself through another more notable expedition. Peter's reputation as a 0:02:01.840 --> 0:02:05.160 skilled surveyor had long preceded him. He had come from 0:02:05.200 --> 0:02:09.280 a family who owned considerable property near present day Richmond, Virginia. 0:02:09.480 --> 0:02:13.200 In addition to his skills and intelligence, his physical strength 0:02:13.240 --> 0:02:16.680 and endurance were about to be tested. Peter had teamed 0:02:16.760 --> 0:02:20.840 up with another surveyor, Joshua Fry, in seventeen forty six, 0:02:21.080 --> 0:02:24.800 to mark off property owned by Lord Fairfax. The uncharted 0:02:24.880 --> 0:02:28.560 territory across the state proved to be quite a dangerous adventure. 0:02:28.919 --> 0:02:31.960 The pair first headed south, marking the dividing line between 0:02:32.080 --> 0:02:35.440 Virginia and North Carolina. The terrain across the Blue Ridge 0:02:35.440 --> 0:02:38.920 Mountains was treacherous, and reportedly the men fought off attacks 0:02:38.919 --> 0:02:42.079 from local wildlife at night. The pair had to sleep 0:02:42.120 --> 0:02:47.280 in trees for safety. Their expedition led Louis Burwell, Virginia's 0:02:47.320 --> 0:02:50.120 acting governor, to commission the men to create a map 0:02:50.160 --> 0:02:53.240 of the region in seventeen fifty. The governor worried that 0:02:53.280 --> 0:02:57.280 the French were potentially encroaching on British territory, and the 0:02:57.320 --> 0:03:01.640 surveyor's previous expedition and detail held material made them the 0:03:01.680 --> 0:03:06.320 most logical choice. Peter and Joshua worked tirelessly on the map, 0:03:06.360 --> 0:03:09.840 printed in seventeen fifty one. In the following years, the 0:03:09.919 --> 0:03:13.880 map's accuracy benefited British generals during the Seven Years War. 0:03:14.480 --> 0:03:17.600 Four copperplate engravings were made of the map, making it 0:03:17.680 --> 0:03:21.600 Virginia's most significant map of its day, and most importantly, 0:03:21.960 --> 0:03:24.960 the map would be used decades later, in seventeen eighty 0:03:25.000 --> 0:03:28.320 one by Peter's son Thomas, as part of a book 0:03:28.360 --> 0:03:30.800 that he would write called Notes on the State of 0:03:30.880 --> 0:03:36.080 Virginia and what was Peter's son's full name, Thomas Jefferson. 0:03:37.560 --> 0:03:50.920 I'm Aaron Mankee, and welcome to the Wild West. From 0:03:51.000 --> 0:03:53.920 Alaska and parts of Canada and throughout the lower forty 0:03:53.920 --> 0:03:58.600 eight States, the indigenous peoples lived independently, each self supporting. 0:03:59.000 --> 0:04:02.440 They built homes or followed the migration of animals. They 0:04:02.480 --> 0:04:06.120 formed their own systems of government and trade whatever foods 0:04:06.200 --> 0:04:09.960 or products they traded. Most indigenous people valued one thing 0:04:10.120 --> 0:04:15.920 above all, their land, and other countries agreed. Europeans first 0:04:15.960 --> 0:04:19.560 began to set up colonies shortly after Christopher Columbus's journey, 0:04:19.839 --> 0:04:22.960 and the Spanish conquistro or Hernando de Soto arrived in 0:04:23.000 --> 0:04:25.960 search of gold in the mid sixteenth century, ordering the 0:04:26.000 --> 0:04:29.880 slaughter of any tribe thought to be hiding gold. Meanwhile, 0:04:29.880 --> 0:04:32.719 the French began to settle in the territories from Canada 0:04:32.760 --> 0:04:36.040 down to what is present day Louisiana. The first English 0:04:36.080 --> 0:04:39.200 attempts at settlements in fifteen eighty five and again two 0:04:39.279 --> 0:04:43.520 years later during the Roanoke Colony failed. The English first 0:04:43.520 --> 0:04:47.880 found success in sixteen oh seven with Jamestown, Virginia. However, 0:04:48.000 --> 0:04:51.320 survival wouldn't have been possible without the help from local 0:04:51.360 --> 0:04:55.560 indigenous tribes. Further north, England established a colony at Plymouth 0:04:55.600 --> 0:05:00.400 in sixteen twenty with assistance from the native peoples. More 0:05:00.440 --> 0:05:04.120 Europeans arrived, all looking to seize land from local tribes. 0:05:04.400 --> 0:05:07.640 Although Native Americans fought to keep their land, the onslaught 0:05:07.680 --> 0:05:10.960 of immigrants and the diseases that they brought forced them 0:05:11.000 --> 0:05:15.359 further into the nation's interior. While England began colonizing the 0:05:15.400 --> 0:05:19.120 New World's eastern regions, the French kept busy with the interior. 0:05:19.480 --> 0:05:21.920 Although we think of the English settlements taking over much 0:05:21.960 --> 0:05:25.800 of present day America, in the mid eighteenth century, France 0:05:25.880 --> 0:05:30.520 controlled more US territory than England or Spain. On April 0:05:30.640 --> 0:05:34.440 ninth of sixteen eighty two, French explorer Robert Cavalier stood 0:05:34.480 --> 0:05:37.280 before a group of Native Americans and announced that their 0:05:37.360 --> 0:05:41.039 land now belonged to King Louis the fourteenth and named 0:05:41.080 --> 0:05:46.320 the region Louisiana after the French monarch. Later, in seventeen eighteen, 0:05:46.520 --> 0:05:50.200 Jean Baptiste Lemoyne founded Nouvelle or Leone in honor of 0:05:50.279 --> 0:05:53.360 Prince Philippe, regent to France and the Duke of Orleon. 0:05:53.800 --> 0:05:56.800 The French and Indian War brought changes in land rights, 0:05:56.839 --> 0:06:00.000 and France surrendered the Louisiana territory west of the misiss 0:06:00.080 --> 0:06:03.320 Sippy to Spain in seventeen sixty two and the rest 0:06:03.480 --> 0:06:06.880 to Great Britain a year later. To Thomas Jefferson, the 0:06:06.920 --> 0:06:11.159 western frontier held great potential. Jefferson shared his father's love 0:06:11.200 --> 0:06:15.240 of exploration and land, and like his father, Jefferson had 0:06:15.320 --> 0:06:20.320 extensive knowledge of American territory. In fact, in seventeen seventy nine, 0:06:20.360 --> 0:06:23.520 while still Virginia's governor, he attempted to strike a deal 0:06:23.560 --> 0:06:26.919 with the Spanish for land access in Louisiana. While the 0:06:26.960 --> 0:06:30.120 deal failed, Jefferson kept his eye on the prize the 0:06:30.160 --> 0:06:33.679 port city of New Orleans. During his rise to power 0:06:33.680 --> 0:06:37.560 in seventeen ninety nine, Napoleon sought to re establish France 0:06:37.600 --> 0:06:41.760 in America. In eighteen hundred, Spain quietly exchanged land in 0:06:41.839 --> 0:06:46.120 Italy for Louisiana. Jefferson feared that Napoleon would cut off 0:06:46.200 --> 0:06:49.920 access to the Mississippi River and the port city. By 0:06:49.920 --> 0:06:53.360 eighteen oh one, Jefferson had become the nation's third president. 0:06:53.760 --> 0:06:56.760 What lay beyond a fifty mile westward radius from most 0:06:56.760 --> 0:07:02.200 settlements remained mostly unknown, though in his address Jefferson promised 0:07:02.279 --> 0:07:05.080 to change that. In support of his belief that God 0:07:05.080 --> 0:07:08.520 had given men land to explore and tame, Jefferson offered 0:07:08.600 --> 0:07:13.720 George Rogers Clark funding to explore the western territory. Clark declined, 0:07:13.760 --> 0:07:16.520 but suggested that his brother William might be up to 0:07:16.560 --> 0:07:20.560 the task instead. When Spain's King Charles the Fourth officially 0:07:20.600 --> 0:07:24.080 signed over Louisiana in eighteen oh two, tensions between the 0:07:24.200 --> 0:07:28.600 US and France escalated. US rights to the ports expired, 0:07:28.920 --> 0:07:33.720 risking large amounts of goods. As Jefferson feared, frontiersmen suggested 0:07:33.760 --> 0:07:39.480 taking Louisiana by force instead, an opportunity presented itself, you 0:07:39.520 --> 0:07:42.800 see years earlier, in seventeen ninety one, a revolt in 0:07:42.920 --> 0:07:46.880 Sandamanga among the enslaved people there started a domino effect, 0:07:46.920 --> 0:07:50.440 forcing France to abolish slavery to stem the violence. It 0:07:50.480 --> 0:07:53.640 didn't work, though, before long, enslaved people took over, and 0:07:53.760 --> 0:07:58.119 more revolts in French owned territories followed. When winter weather 0:07:58.200 --> 0:08:01.600 thwarted Napoleon's plans to send troops from the Netherlands to 0:08:01.640 --> 0:08:04.840 New Orleans and eighteen oh three, Jefferson offered to buy 0:08:04.840 --> 0:08:07.600 the city. To his surprise, the French gave him the 0:08:07.600 --> 0:08:11.800 opportunity to buy the entire Louisiana territory, from Canada to 0:08:11.840 --> 0:08:15.480 the Rocky Mountains and south from the Mississippi River. While 0:08:15.560 --> 0:08:19.239 France had plenty of reasons, Jefferson didn't ponder them too much. 0:08:19.760 --> 0:08:22.520 He had been granted nine million dollars to make the deal, 0:08:22.680 --> 0:08:27.040 hardly close to the twenty two million asking price. Through negotiations, 0:08:27.240 --> 0:08:31.040 the agreed price was dropped to fifteen million dollars, Jefferson 0:08:31.160 --> 0:08:36.120 accepted without Washington's approval. While some approved of Jefferson overstepping 0:08:36.120 --> 0:08:39.240 his bounds, others did not. On May second of eighteen 0:08:39.280 --> 0:08:42.120 oh three, France and the US signed the deal and 0:08:42.200 --> 0:08:45.520 backdated it to April thirtieth, though the US wouldn't take 0:08:45.559 --> 0:08:48.800 over until later that year. The day was bright and 0:08:48.840 --> 0:08:51.600 sunny on December twelfth of eighteen oh three in New 0:08:51.679 --> 0:08:56.040 Orleans main square, officials lowered the French tricolor and hoisted 0:08:56.040 --> 0:09:00.679 the American flag throughout the port. People cheered. Meanwhile, though 0:09:00.880 --> 0:09:04.360 French politician Pierre Clement de la Sas stood on the 0:09:04.360 --> 0:09:15.640 balcony at the town hall and quietly wept go West. 0:09:16.040 --> 0:09:18.760 It's a phrase we've often heard, and even before the 0:09:18.800 --> 0:09:22.800 Louisiana purchase, Jefferson had his mindset on sending explorers on 0:09:22.880 --> 0:09:26.559 an expedition to the Pacific. He wrote Congress on January 0:09:26.640 --> 0:09:30.200 eighteenth of eighteen oh three, asking for twenty five hundred 0:09:30.200 --> 0:09:33.640 dollars for the Core of Discovery. The purpose, he explained, 0:09:33.800 --> 0:09:36.719 would be to establish trade with the indigenous tribes, and 0:09:36.800 --> 0:09:41.040 a CFO water route to the Pacific Ocean existed. Congress 0:09:41.080 --> 0:09:44.800 approved the expedition in February of eighteen oh three. Jefferson 0:09:44.840 --> 0:09:49.280 wrote his secretary Meriwether Lewis four months later, asking him 0:09:49.360 --> 0:09:52.960 to lead the expedition. Lewis had served with the militia 0:09:53.040 --> 0:09:56.640 during the Whiskey Rebellion before becoming Jefferson's secretary. At the 0:09:56.640 --> 0:09:59.040 age of twenty seven. He had risen to the rank 0:09:59.080 --> 0:10:02.200 of captain in the arm Although he was born in Virginia, 0:10:02.559 --> 0:10:05.200 Lewis spent most of his youth in Georgia, where he 0:10:05.200 --> 0:10:09.080 had learned to hunt. Jefferson asked Lewis to document everything 0:10:09.160 --> 0:10:13.040 from plants and animals to the soil, weather and topography, 0:10:13.440 --> 0:10:17.560 and the indigenous people that they encountered. To prepare, Lewis 0:10:17.559 --> 0:10:21.160 studied under the nation's top scientists in Philadelphia. He also 0:10:21.280 --> 0:10:24.920 visited Harper's Ferry to stock up on rifles, ammunition, and 0:10:25.040 --> 0:10:29.480 other supplies that Jefferson thought necessary for the journey. While 0:10:29.480 --> 0:10:33.360 the supplies were shipped to Philadelphia, Lewis began selecting recruits 0:10:33.400 --> 0:10:36.080 to join him. He chose William Clark to be his 0:10:36.160 --> 0:10:39.360 partner and sent him a letter on June nineteenth. In 0:10:39.400 --> 0:10:43.200 addition to his military record, Clark excelled at making maps. 0:10:43.520 --> 0:10:46.360 Lewis explained that their journey would take them well outside 0:10:46.360 --> 0:10:50.040 of US territory, although France and Great Britain had granted 0:10:50.080 --> 0:10:53.840 them a passport. Lewis planned to start from the mouth 0:10:53.880 --> 0:10:56.960 of the Mississippi River. The journey wouldn't be easy, though 0:10:57.160 --> 0:11:00.800 The river current was swift and downed logs submerged under 0:11:00.800 --> 0:11:05.040 the surface might capsize boats. Every observation and every recording 0:11:05.120 --> 0:11:08.520 must be cared for and protected. Jefferson orders included that 0:11:08.559 --> 0:11:12.120 they were to treat all indigenous tribes with courtesy and friendliness. 0:11:12.360 --> 0:11:16.240 He supplied Lewis with smallpox vaccines to give to the tribes. 0:11:16.920 --> 0:11:21.320 On July eighteenth, Clark replied, accepting Lewis's request. Clark was 0:11:21.440 --> 0:11:24.079 also a Native Virginian, although his family had moved to 0:11:24.120 --> 0:11:27.920 Kentucky when he was a teenager. During the summer, Lewis 0:11:27.960 --> 0:11:31.160 had a custom boat made to accommodate the crew. Construction 0:11:31.320 --> 0:11:34.400 took longer than expected, but on August thirty first, Lewis 0:11:34.440 --> 0:11:36.880 and a crew of eleven set off down the Ohio River. 0:11:37.160 --> 0:11:41.440 After overcoming some initial difficulties, they arrived in Clarksville, Indiana 0:11:41.600 --> 0:11:45.280 on October fourteenth, where Clark and an additional nine men 0:11:45.440 --> 0:11:48.480 joined them. And if that coincidence of names Clark and 0:11:48.640 --> 0:11:52.280 Clarksville makes you curious, yes, the place was named after 0:11:52.360 --> 0:11:56.240 a Clark, William Clark's brother George Rogers Clark, the man 0:11:56.280 --> 0:11:59.680 responsible for William's involvement in the first place. It seems 0:12:00.000 --> 0:12:03.199 maybe they were looking for a poetic start to their journey. 0:12:03.520 --> 0:12:06.400 Two months later, the team arrived in Saint Louis. The 0:12:06.440 --> 0:12:09.480 men spent the winter recruiting and training others, growing the 0:12:09.480 --> 0:12:13.080 Corp of Discovery to over seventy people. On May fourteenth 0:12:13.120 --> 0:12:16.560 of eighteen oh four, after gathering additional supplies, the Corps 0:12:16.559 --> 0:12:19.480 headed up the Missouri River on their custom keel boats 0:12:19.480 --> 0:12:24.000 and additional canoes. Strong currents, insects, and heat made for 0:12:24.120 --> 0:12:28.440 a slow and uncomfortable start. Lewis and Clark journaled everything, too, 0:12:28.880 --> 0:12:33.320 naming streams, animals, and plants along the way. Every morning, 0:12:33.600 --> 0:12:36.959 hunters searched for food, and while Lewis walked the shoreline 0:12:37.000 --> 0:12:40.640 documenting what he found, Clark stayed on the boat. Over 0:12:40.679 --> 0:12:43.280 the course of the expedition, Lewis and Clark met with 0:12:43.440 --> 0:12:47.640 and took council with about fifty different local tribes to 0:12:47.800 --> 0:12:51.320 establish goodwill. Lewis and Clark presented the tribe's leader with 0:12:51.440 --> 0:12:55.000 a Jefferson Indian peace metal and offered to trade goods. 0:12:55.400 --> 0:12:58.600 Interestingly enough, they also informed the tribes that America owned 0:12:58.640 --> 0:13:02.400 their lands, and in a shoe of peace, offered military protection. 0:13:03.360 --> 0:13:06.200 In late September, they traveled through Sioux Territory in what 0:13:06.280 --> 0:13:09.200 is now Pierre, South Dakota. Lewis and Clark knew that 0:13:09.240 --> 0:13:11.920 the Tensions between the Sioux and the settlers were high, 0:13:12.000 --> 0:13:15.040 as well as with another neighboring tribe. At first, their 0:13:15.160 --> 0:13:17.760 interactions did not go well, but in the end they 0:13:17.840 --> 0:13:21.440 shared a meal and stories before traveling on. When the 0:13:21.480 --> 0:13:24.680 frost began to appear with regularity and the nights grew cooler, 0:13:24.960 --> 0:13:27.240 the men built a fort for the winter just north 0:13:27.280 --> 0:13:30.680 of present day Bismarck, North Dakota, and nearby lived two 0:13:30.800 --> 0:13:34.800 notable Native American tribes, the Mandan and the Hidatsa. The 0:13:34.840 --> 0:13:38.280 two coexisted peacefully during their more than one hundred and 0:13:38.280 --> 0:13:41.120 fifty day residency. At the camp that they named Fort Mandan, 0:13:41.280 --> 0:13:44.680 they met Sheheke, a member of the Mandan tribe. Much 0:13:44.720 --> 0:13:47.000 of the survival of the corps is owed to him. 0:13:47.240 --> 0:13:50.320 Although white settlers had brought smallpox to the area and 0:13:50.400 --> 0:13:53.360 wiped out a significant amount of his tribe, he still 0:13:53.400 --> 0:13:57.560 offered his assistance, even providing them with a map. But 0:13:57.600 --> 0:14:01.320 the Mandan, of course, weren't the only Native Americans to 0:14:01.440 --> 0:14:10.880 help Louis and Clark. The expedition westward meant crossing the 0:14:11.000 --> 0:14:14.280 Rocky Mountains, and without the help of the Shoshone, the 0:14:14.360 --> 0:14:18.240 trip would be impossible. Fortunately for Lewis and Clark, they 0:14:18.280 --> 0:14:21.840 met Toussaint Charboneau, a trapper and fur trader who had 0:14:21.840 --> 0:14:25.760 two Shoshone wives. One of Charboneau's wives was a teenage 0:14:25.760 --> 0:14:30.000 Shoshone girl named Sakajuwea. In February of eighteen oh five, 0:14:30.240 --> 0:14:33.239 Sakajuia gave birth to a little boy named Jean Baptiste. 0:14:33.480 --> 0:14:35.640 Lewis and Clark learned that she had come to live 0:14:35.680 --> 0:14:38.440 with the Hidatsas when she was a child. Her tribe 0:14:38.440 --> 0:14:42.200 had traveled from the area of Colorado. The Hidatsa attacked, 0:14:42.440 --> 0:14:45.440 taking the women and children with them with a snow 0:14:45.480 --> 0:14:47.720 and ice melting In the spring of eighteen oh five. 0:14:48.120 --> 0:14:50.320 Lewis and Clark sent some of the party back to 0:14:50.360 --> 0:14:54.400 Saint Louis with a variety of soil samples, artifacts, seeds, 0:14:54.560 --> 0:14:57.920 and small animals. The remainder of the camp, including the 0:14:57.920 --> 0:15:01.840 addition of Charboneau, Sakajuwea, and their infant son, began their 0:15:01.920 --> 0:15:06.960 journey west. Lewis journaled new plants and animal specimens, including 0:15:07.000 --> 0:15:10.080 grizzly bears, which they hunted until a few of the 0:15:10.080 --> 0:15:13.720 bears hunted back. That is, on June thirteenth, they came 0:15:13.760 --> 0:15:16.800 to the great Falls. Lewis wrote that the rapids made 0:15:16.880 --> 0:15:20.200 crossing at that point impossible, forcing them to continue on 0:15:20.280 --> 0:15:23.440 foot for eighteen miles, and as you imagine, carrying the 0:15:23.480 --> 0:15:27.760 supplies was backbreaking. Mosquitoes and rattlesnakes were plentiful, and the 0:15:27.840 --> 0:15:30.360 hunters had to contend with those grizzly bears when they 0:15:30.360 --> 0:15:33.840 were out foraging for food. In late July, they reached 0:15:33.840 --> 0:15:36.560 the location on the map marked three forks of the 0:15:36.600 --> 0:15:39.240 Missouri River. They took a few days to rest in 0:15:39.320 --> 0:15:43.000 late July before setting off toward the Continental Divide along 0:15:43.040 --> 0:15:46.960 the deepest of the three streams. At one point, Sakajuwia 0:15:47.080 --> 0:15:50.960 recognized a landmark from her childhood. This was good news 0:15:51.000 --> 0:15:54.240 to Lewis. He was anxious to meet the Shoshone. If 0:15:54.240 --> 0:15:58.040 they were to cross the mountains before winter, they needed horses, 0:15:58.520 --> 0:16:01.040 but the first Shoshone man they met was spooked and 0:16:01.120 --> 0:16:03.920 ran off, fearing that they were the Hidatsa or some 0:16:04.040 --> 0:16:07.080 other tribe who might attack them. It was August twelfth 0:16:07.080 --> 0:16:10.320 when Lewis stood at the Lem High Pass. Instead of plains, 0:16:10.640 --> 0:16:13.280 mountains as far as the eye could see greeted him. 0:16:13.640 --> 0:16:16.200 The view was a thing of beauty, but they needed 0:16:16.200 --> 0:16:19.720 horses now more than ever. Luckily, the very next day, 0:16:20.000 --> 0:16:23.080 the group came upon a few shoshonees. Louis did his 0:16:23.200 --> 0:16:26.120 best to show them that he meant no harm. The 0:16:26.160 --> 0:16:29.360 Shoshone agreed to bring the travelers to their village. They 0:16:29.360 --> 0:16:32.280 were met with warriors, but again Lewis managed to calm 0:16:32.320 --> 0:16:35.720 their fears. Suspicions arose the next day when Lewis pushed 0:16:35.760 --> 0:16:40.280 them for horses. Fortunately, Sakajawea was the chief's sister and 0:16:40.360 --> 0:16:43.240 managed to negotiate the sale of some of the tribe's horses. 0:16:44.040 --> 0:16:46.960 Leuis listened to the Shoshone's advice about their route to 0:16:47.000 --> 0:16:50.120 the Colorado River. These sheer cliffs and rapids would be 0:16:50.160 --> 0:16:54.000 more than just treacherous. The Shoshone advised against the route, 0:16:54.080 --> 0:16:56.920 although they did provide Lewis and Clark with a guide 0:16:57.000 --> 0:17:00.360 to help them over the mountain range. Old Toby, as 0:17:00.360 --> 0:17:03.560 the Shoshone called him, didn't lead the expedition party over 0:17:03.600 --> 0:17:06.680 the easiest terrain, though. Instead he took them due north 0:17:06.760 --> 0:17:09.720 over the rugged Bitter Root Range. From there, he led 0:17:09.760 --> 0:17:12.639 them through a pass along the Continental Divide, where they 0:17:12.680 --> 0:17:16.760 met the Salish, a tribe similar to the Shoshone. Lewis 0:17:16.800 --> 0:17:20.120 and Clark attained more horses and supplies from them while 0:17:20.119 --> 0:17:22.680 they rested for a few days. Lewis and Clark also 0:17:22.840 --> 0:17:24.879 learned that the river leading to the ocean was a 0:17:24.920 --> 0:17:28.200 five day journey through the Bitter Root Range. The corps 0:17:28.240 --> 0:17:31.439 set out on September eleventh of eighteen oh five. Instead 0:17:31.440 --> 0:17:34.439 of five days, the journey took them eleven. The descent 0:17:34.600 --> 0:17:37.000 down the range was difficult on the best of days, 0:17:37.040 --> 0:17:39.960 but winter had come early and the snow was deep. 0:17:40.440 --> 0:17:43.520 One of the horses carrying supplies lost its footing and 0:17:43.600 --> 0:17:47.240 fell to its death. In desperation, Clark set out with 0:17:47.320 --> 0:17:50.080 six men ahead of the group. He hoped to find 0:17:50.119 --> 0:17:53.120 a tribe of Native Americans who might help them, especially 0:17:53.160 --> 0:17:56.280 with food, and thankfully, after just a couple of days, 0:17:56.320 --> 0:17:59.520 the group came across the Nez Perce. The explorers were 0:17:59.520 --> 0:18:03.000 the first white men the tribe had ever seen. Louis 0:18:03.080 --> 0:18:05.399 and the rest of the corps arrived a few days later. 0:18:05.840 --> 0:18:08.320 Due to the language barrier, the group took to sign 0:18:08.400 --> 0:18:11.639 language for communication. They learned that travel by water was 0:18:11.720 --> 0:18:15.040 once again possible, and the men got to work making canoes. 0:18:15.880 --> 0:18:18.560 After leaving their horses with the Nez Perce. The Core 0:18:18.680 --> 0:18:21.960 of Discovery set out on five canoes on October seventh. 0:18:22.400 --> 0:18:26.080 By October sixteenth, they had reached the Columbia River. Lewis 0:18:26.160 --> 0:18:29.720 and Clark finally arrived off the Oregon coast in November 0:18:29.760 --> 0:18:33.159 of eighteen oh five. With winter closing in, the weary 0:18:33.200 --> 0:18:36.840 but joyful explorers set up camp, choosing to stay until 0:18:36.880 --> 0:18:39.920 March of eighteen oh six. As he marveled at the 0:18:39.960 --> 0:18:43.240 beauty of the Pacific, Clark carved a few words on 0:18:43.280 --> 0:18:48.160 the bark of a large pine. William Clark December three, 0:18:48.359 --> 0:18:56.360 eighteen o five. The corp of Discovery made their way 0:18:56.400 --> 0:18:58.919 back across the country in the late spring of eighteen 0:18:58.960 --> 0:19:01.320 oh six. Every time hown they passed through on their 0:19:01.359 --> 0:19:05.280 return journey celebrated their success, and Jefferson rewarded both of 0:19:05.320 --> 0:19:08.560 the men Upon their return to Washington. In addition to 0:19:08.640 --> 0:19:12.240 his salary, Lewis received sixteen hundred acres of land and 0:19:12.400 --> 0:19:16.199 was given the office of governor over the Louisiana Territory. Sadly, 0:19:16.320 --> 0:19:19.800 Lewis developed a drinking problem. On October eleventh of eighteen 0:19:19.840 --> 0:19:22.919 oh nine, he died in Tennessee. Some say that he 0:19:22.960 --> 0:19:25.480 took his own life, while others believe that he may 0:19:25.560 --> 0:19:30.240 have actually been murdered. Clark fared much better. Jefferson appointed 0:19:30.320 --> 0:19:34.000 him an agent for indigenous people's affairs. He also ascended 0:19:34.000 --> 0:19:36.880 to the rank of brigadier general. In eighteen o eight. 0:19:37.119 --> 0:19:40.720 He married Julia Hancock, and when Sakajuea passed away in 0:19:40.800 --> 0:19:44.639 eighteen twelve, Clark and his wife raised her children. The 0:19:44.680 --> 0:19:48.000 following year, he became the governor of the Missouri Territory. 0:19:48.520 --> 0:19:53.160 He passed away in eighteen thirty eight. Without saka Juea's help, 0:19:53.280 --> 0:19:56.120 perhaps the Lewis and Clark expedition would have been different, 0:19:56.560 --> 0:20:00.159 although there are misconceptions regarding her part to play. She 0:20:00.240 --> 0:20:02.359 led the men to her place of birth, where they 0:20:02.400 --> 0:20:05.000 met up with the Shoshone, but she was not the 0:20:05.080 --> 0:20:09.720 guide for the entire expedition. Even so, her translation skills 0:20:09.760 --> 0:20:13.479 and resourcefulness and knowledge of familiar land were crucial to 0:20:13.520 --> 0:20:16.760 the expedition's success. Lewis and the other members of the 0:20:16.760 --> 0:20:20.160 corps noted that her presence with the child helped tensions 0:20:20.160 --> 0:20:23.480 when making contact with new tribes. Warriors knew that no 0:20:23.600 --> 0:20:26.560 woman with a child would travel with a war party. 0:20:27.359 --> 0:20:30.440 It's also noted that saka Juea helped the others become 0:20:30.480 --> 0:20:33.840 more in tune with Native Americans and to see nature 0:20:33.880 --> 0:20:37.119 a bit more from their perspective. Her part in bringing 0:20:37.119 --> 0:20:42.280 together different cultures was immeasurable. On August fourteenth of eighteen 0:20:42.280 --> 0:20:46.199 oh six, Sakajuea, her son, and her husband returned to 0:20:46.240 --> 0:20:50.040 the Hidatsa Mandan settlement. Three years later, Clark offered them 0:20:50.160 --> 0:20:53.520 land to farm in exchange for educating their son. Farming 0:20:53.600 --> 0:20:57.200 life didn't suit zaka Juea and Charboneau, and they returned 0:20:57.240 --> 0:21:00.400 to fur trading. Saka Juea died in eighteen two twelve 0:21:00.400 --> 0:21:02.880 at the age of twenty five, near what is now 0:21:03.000 --> 0:21:06.439 present day Bismarck, North Dakota, and while some believe that 0:21:06.520 --> 0:21:09.159 she was buried on the Wind River Reservation where the 0:21:09.200 --> 0:21:13.320 Lemhi Shoshone tribe lived, others disagree. And as I said before, 0:21:13.480 --> 0:21:17.360 Clark took in her two children, Lizette and Pierre Baptiste. 0:21:17.480 --> 0:21:20.720 Although Jefferson instructed Lewis to take detailed notes on the 0:21:20.720 --> 0:21:24.080 people they met, Lewis never gave the same attention to 0:21:24.119 --> 0:21:27.359 Sakajawea or anyone else in the Core for that matter. 0:21:27.800 --> 0:21:30.639 Although she is undeniably one of the key figures in 0:21:30.680 --> 0:21:35.840 American history. There exists no painting, no descriptions, and no 0:21:36.000 --> 0:21:46.280 drawings of the woman herself. Our history with the indigenous 0:21:46.280 --> 0:21:50.600 peoples of North America is obviously complex and nuanced. It's 0:21:50.680 --> 0:21:52.800 clear from the story of Lewis and Clark that their 0:21:52.880 --> 0:21:56.760 journey west would not have been possible without Native American assistance, 0:21:57.240 --> 0:21:59.439 and to be clear, they seemed grateful for that in 0:21:59.480 --> 0:22:02.840 the moment. Still, the results of that interaction are far 0:22:02.920 --> 0:22:06.000 from ideal. With that in mind, we've set aside one 0:22:06.040 --> 0:22:10.720 more story of exploration, complex relationships, and the pain of history. 0:22:11.160 --> 0:22:13.679 Stick around through this brief sponsor break to hear my 0:22:13.760 --> 0:22:16.760 teammates Ali Steed tell you all about it. 0:22:22.920 --> 0:22:26.080 Daniel Boone was born in seventeen thirty four in Pennsylvania, 0:22:26.119 --> 0:22:29.280 where his parents worked as weavers and blacksmiths. As a 0:22:29.320 --> 0:22:31.439 young boy, he helped his mother tend to the cattle 0:22:31.520 --> 0:22:33.879 in the pastures, where it said his deep love for 0:22:33.920 --> 0:22:37.040 the wilderness and the hunter's life began. Boone was an 0:22:37.080 --> 0:22:41.040 excellent marksman and frequently neglected the cows, choosing to spend 0:22:41.080 --> 0:22:44.960 his days in the woods. Numerous Indigenous settlements existed within 0:22:45.040 --> 0:22:47.400 some twenty or thirty miles of his home, giving young 0:22:47.440 --> 0:22:50.359 Boone the opportunity to learn from several different tribes, and 0:22:50.440 --> 0:22:54.200 his time with them strongly influenced the remainder of his life. 0:22:54.520 --> 0:22:56.879 Deep in the forest, he also met other hunters of 0:22:56.920 --> 0:23:00.880 European descent. White and indigenous hunters hot Boone the ways 0:23:00.920 --> 0:23:04.320 of the forest, and most considered him a friend. In 0:23:04.359 --> 0:23:07.040 the spring of seventeen fifty, the Boone family moved near 0:23:07.080 --> 0:23:09.960 the Yadkin River in North Carolina. After serving in the 0:23:09.960 --> 0:23:12.680 militia during the French and Indian War, Boone returned home 0:23:12.720 --> 0:23:15.359 in the summer of seventeen fifty five. A year later, 0:23:15.400 --> 0:23:18.600 he married Rebecca Bryan, and they settled in the Yadkin Valley. 0:23:19.400 --> 0:23:22.119 Over the years, the family grew with several hungry mouths 0:23:22.119 --> 0:23:24.920 to feed. Boone disappeared for months at a time during 0:23:24.920 --> 0:23:27.520 the fall and winter to hunt for food, returning in 0:23:27.560 --> 0:23:31.080 the spring to sell his pelts to traders. While Boone hunted, 0:23:31.160 --> 0:23:34.040 his wife was left to maintain and defend the homestead 0:23:34.280 --> 0:23:38.480 and raise their children all alone. In seventeen fifty nine, 0:23:38.560 --> 0:23:41.119 a group of Cherokee raided the Yadkin Valley, forcing the 0:23:41.160 --> 0:23:44.440 Boone family and many others to flee to Culpepper County, Virginia. 0:23:45.200 --> 0:23:48.879 Boone remained friends with many of his fellow militiamen, including 0:23:49.040 --> 0:23:51.760 John Findley, a trader that told him stories about the 0:23:51.840 --> 0:23:55.359 lands beyond the Appalachians. In the fall and winter of 0:23:55.400 --> 0:23:58.880 seventeen sixty seven and sixty eight, Boone traveled across the mountains, 0:23:59.000 --> 0:24:02.959 though he never saw the areas. Findley described. Boone's relationship 0:24:03.040 --> 0:24:05.520 with many of the Cherokee people remained good, and he 0:24:05.560 --> 0:24:09.040 occasionally hunted with them while on his travels. He and 0:24:09.080 --> 0:24:11.240 a few other hunters set out for a second trip 0:24:11.320 --> 0:24:14.919 to Kentucky in May of seventeen sixty nine. They followed 0:24:14.920 --> 0:24:18.800 the Great Warrior's Path and crossed Appalachian ridges and valleys. 0:24:19.480 --> 0:24:22.080 Others like Thomas Walker of the Loyal Land Company, had 0:24:22.119 --> 0:24:25.400 also made the same journey. Eventually, the hunters came upon 0:24:25.400 --> 0:24:28.720 the most famous gap in North America, the Cumberland Gap. 0:24:29.240 --> 0:24:31.520 Boone's love of the area prompted him to stay, and 0:24:31.560 --> 0:24:34.080