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Speaker 1: Brought to you by the Reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.

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Speaker 1: It's ready. Are you welcome to steph Mom Never Told

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Speaker 1: You from housetop works dot com. Hey, and well to

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Speaker 1: the podcast. This is Molly and I'm Kristen. Kristen. As

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Speaker 1: you know, we spent International Women's Stay together. Yes, we

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Speaker 1: went to the movie theater saw A Powerful Noise, which

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Speaker 1: is a really moving documentary about women in the developing

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Speaker 1: world and how they have overcome just tremendous obstacles in

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Speaker 1: their own community and become these inspirations both in the

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Speaker 1: community and worldwide. One story that particularly moved to me

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Speaker 1: was the story of Han, who's an HIV positive widow.

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Speaker 1: Her daughter and her husband died from AIDS, and rather

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Speaker 1: than just given to the stigma and discrimination of that

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Speaker 1: disease in her community, she formed a support group called

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Speaker 1: Immortal Flower, which gave people living with HIV a it's

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Speaker 1: a place for support. She went out into the communities

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Speaker 1: and did all this prevention awareness, gave out condoms and

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Speaker 1: really just a lot to dispel myths around the disease.

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Speaker 1: And the movie also focused on a woman who was

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Speaker 1: making an agricultural co op for other women and one

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Speaker 1: woman who worked on just getting girls and to school.

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Speaker 1: So the whole movie was about how empowering women really

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Speaker 1: can make a difference in the developing world. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: this documentary was produced by a nonprofit headquartered here in

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Speaker 1: Atlanta called Care, which um began its mission by sending

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Speaker 1: care packages to soldiers overseas and really wanting to um

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Speaker 1: tackle the issue of worldwide hunger, and that has kind

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Speaker 1: of evolved over the years to focus more on the

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Speaker 1: issue of global poverty, and most recently Care has really

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Speaker 1: focused its efforts on women in developing countries and the

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Speaker 1: important role that they play in alleviating poverty and all

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Speaker 1: of the ripple effects from that. So Molly and I

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Speaker 1: thought that with the holidays coming up, and you know,

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Speaker 1: just the pro women topics that we talk about every

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Speaker 1: week here on mom stuff, what better tie in than

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Speaker 1: Care And they're here in our hometown. So we decided

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Speaker 1: to go and talk to someone at Care about the

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Speaker 1: work that they're doing and also the crucial role of

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Speaker 1: women in the developing world. Right, So we talked to

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Speaker 1: Malia Han, who's the director for a program Impact at

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Speaker 1: Care USA, and we're going to hear from her right

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Speaker 1: now on a little bit about what Care does and

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Speaker 1: its mission. Care does a very wide variety of of

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Speaker 1: of work UM. If in fact, if there's anything that's

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Speaker 1: cares trade market is that we work in almost all

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Speaker 1: the sectors UM. So we do everything from agriculture UM,

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Speaker 1: increasing productivity, providing you know, better inputs to farmers, to

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Speaker 1: governance UM, getting people more involved in local budget making

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Speaker 1: and politics, UM, to health, education and and all of that.

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Speaker 1: So for a very for a long time, Care was

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Speaker 1: known as the NGO that did very wide variety of

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Speaker 1: work UM. Lately, the focus of that work has started

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Speaker 1: to become, UM through our years of experience in the field,

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Speaker 1: that we need to focus on women UM, and the

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Speaker 1: work that women do and the position that women have

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Speaker 1: in society in order to really be effective in addressing poverty. Now,

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Speaker 1: the role of women in alleviating poverty has been in

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Speaker 1: the news quite a bit in the past year. In

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Speaker 1: two thousand nine, probably most notably with the release of

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Speaker 1: a book called Half the Sky by Nicholas Kristoph and

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Speaker 1: Cheryl wu Dunn Uh. You might know Christoph as a

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Speaker 1: columnist for the New York Times, and there's actually a

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Speaker 1: really great excerpt of this book UM on the New

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Speaker 1: York Times website, it's called The Women's Crusade, it stated

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Speaker 1: August nine, and it just goes into how if we

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Speaker 1: ever want to end poverty, women are the key to

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Speaker 1: doing that. That by empowering women in their communities and

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Speaker 1: by ending the human rights violations that are against them,

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Speaker 1: then we can make a real impact on poverty. And

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Speaker 1: that's an idea that is shared by CARE. And we're

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Speaker 1: going to hear a little bit right now about how

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Speaker 1: CARE came to realize that women were central to alleviating poverty.

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Speaker 1: Several years ago, CARES started a sort of internal process

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Speaker 1: of UM analysis which we we said that what we

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Speaker 1: have to do is really identify in each context the

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Speaker 1: underlying cause of poverty, like what's actually causing it, rather

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Speaker 1: than the symptoms of it that you know, poverty results

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Speaker 1: in in this level of income or this level of

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Speaker 1: access to health care. But rather than go into that

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Speaker 1: which we considered to be symptoms of poverty, we said

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Speaker 1: that there has to be reasons why poverty exists in

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Speaker 1: particular contexts, and and in starting to do that analysis

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Speaker 1: around the world, we came up with a few common

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Speaker 1: UM causes and the two most common causes, and it

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Speaker 1: didn't matter whether you were talking about Benin or Malawi

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Speaker 1: or Bangladesh. The two most common causes were um a

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Speaker 1: low status that women had in society and poor governance,

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Speaker 1: you know, just governance, structures, accountability of people in public offices,

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Speaker 1: et cetera. When when we identify those two, we said,

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Speaker 1: we have to go about and and really try to

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Speaker 1: understand what has CARES impact been in those areas. So

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Speaker 1: UM for the law and we chose women's empowerment first

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Speaker 1: UM and said we we would address governance after that.

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Speaker 1: And we we did a study that that that was

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Speaker 1: in twenty six countries, involved four or five hundred of

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Speaker 1: our own stuff and took place over four years in

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Speaker 1: which we said, let us look at how CARE has

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Speaker 1: actually been impacting or changing the lives of women, because

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Speaker 1: if if that is one of our underlying causes, then

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Speaker 1: that should be something that CARES really addressing. And we

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Speaker 1: we looked at that and discovered that in some of

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Speaker 1: our projects we really were about of our project, we

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Speaker 1: really were sustainably for the long term changing women's lives.

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Speaker 1: But we also discovered that in a lot of our

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Speaker 1: projects we're doing well. We were addressing whatever it is

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Speaker 1: that we we said we would. We were increasing enrollment

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Speaker 1: rates in schools, We were, you know, providing better healthcare.

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Speaker 1: We were say, creating more awareness around HIV or whatever

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Speaker 1: it was that we were doing, but we weren't really

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Speaker 1: changing the social positions of women. Women's lives and how

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Speaker 1: people viewed them were changing, and so we really sat

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Speaker 1: down and said why and how can we do it better?

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Speaker 1: And that's when UM A couple of years ago, CARE

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Speaker 1: came up with its on what we call theory of change.

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Speaker 1: How will we create social change UM in the lives

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Speaker 1: of the people we want to work with? And we

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Speaker 1: came to the conclusion that changing the lives of women,

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Speaker 1: the way they're viewed in society, the way they viewed themselves,

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Speaker 1: and the opportunities have is key to actually addressing poverty. Now.

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Speaker 1: As you can imagine, though, going in and really trying

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Speaker 1: to reach out to these women, UM isn't as simple

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Speaker 1: as just CARE walking in and setting up a program,

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Speaker 1: holding some meetings, throwing some funding dollars their way. These

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Speaker 1: are some real deep cultural issues that they are having

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Speaker 1: to tackle, and I mean some of the issues. Just

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Speaker 1: to give you an idea, UM we've got rampant sex trafficking,

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Speaker 1: child marriages, rape as a means of control, and infant

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Speaker 1: and maternal mortality. And just to give you an idea

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Speaker 1: of UM, some of the statistics UM. And this is

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Speaker 1: from the Nicholas Kristoff New York Times magazine UM article

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Speaker 1: that Molly referenced a few minutes ago. UM. He says,

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Speaker 1: in India, brideburning takes place approximately once every two hours

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Speaker 1: to punish you woman for an adequate dowry or to

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Speaker 1: eliminate her so a man can remarry. UM. In many countries,

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Speaker 1: if a man isn't able to pay a doll or,

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Speaker 1: he will rape a girl and therefore devalue her in

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Speaker 1: her community's eyes, so that her family essentially has to

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Speaker 1: give her away to this man because she's not going

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Speaker 1: to be marriageable anymore after she's been raped. UM. Another

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Speaker 1: study has found that thirty nine thousand baby girls died

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Speaker 1: annually in China because parents didn't give them the same

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Speaker 1: medical care and attention that boys received. UM. And about

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Speaker 1: a hundred and seven million females are missing from the

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Speaker 1: globe today. Right. And you know the statistics that really

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Speaker 1: struck me, Kristen, when both when I read this book

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Speaker 1: and in this article, is that in a country in

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Speaker 1: West Africa, Niger, a woman has a one in seven

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Speaker 1: chance of dying in childbirth. Eternal mortality is huge in

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Speaker 1: some of these countries, whereas in the United States you

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Speaker 1: have a one in forty eight hundred chance, in Ireland

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Speaker 1: one in forty seven thousand, six hundred, so one in

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Speaker 1: seven in Niger. Thing and um, talking about the issues

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Speaker 1: that are facing girl, it is not just women, but

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Speaker 1: you know very young girls. UM. About a hundred thousand

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Speaker 1: girls have been are annually kidnapped and trafficked into brothels

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Speaker 1: and held there against their will. And at one point UM,

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Speaker 1: as we'll talk about, UM, I think the next episode

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Speaker 1: a little more detail. UM. Nicholas Kristof actually went into

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Speaker 1: these brothels to talk to these women, UM, and actually

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Speaker 1: tried to to rescue a couple of them, which is

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Speaker 1: it was proved a lot more challenging than you might

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Speaker 1: think it would have been. Right now, all of these issues,

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Speaker 1: from sex trafficking to child marriage to bride burning, these

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Speaker 1: are all things that could make entire stuff. Mom never

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Speaker 1: told you episodes, and they might very well in the future,

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Speaker 1: but we don't want to dwell on them too much

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Speaker 1: in this episode, except to show that these are the

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Speaker 1: problems that organizations like care are trying to deal with

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Speaker 1: and what they all have in common according to all

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Speaker 1: these scholarships. But the whole reason this happens is because

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Speaker 1: women are second class citizens in other countries, right, and

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Speaker 1: it all links back as well to a cycle UH

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Speaker 1: of poverty globally. UH. The statistics show that disproportionately more

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Speaker 1: girls are kept out of school than boys. And then

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Speaker 1: you know, once they are basically betrothed into a marriage, UM,

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Speaker 1: they're still held a second class citizens and the cycle

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Speaker 1: just continues because they don't have control of their money,

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Speaker 1: and the husbands are less likely to set aside money

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Speaker 1: for their children's education than the wives are, and then

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Speaker 1: it's just going to continue for generations. And it's you know,

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Speaker 1: it's something as simple as that, if you have two

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Speaker 1: children and both of them get sick, these parents, even

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Speaker 1: the mothers, are more likely to spend the money on

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Speaker 1: medication for the boy as opposed to the girl. And

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Speaker 1: so the argument that's made over and over again by

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Speaker 1: UM people like Nicholas Kristof are that women just aren't

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Speaker 1: valued the way they are here and that that has

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Speaker 1: to change. Now that is a pretty massive change, which

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Speaker 1: is what um Molia Hans spoke about in the clip

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Speaker 1: we're gonna hear about right now, addressing social justice and

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Speaker 1: general no matter what, you know, the reason for people

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Speaker 1: being marginalized. UM. And you know, you've got a long

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Speaker 1: history in the United States, UM, if you look at

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Speaker 1: race relations in which you and then look at how

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Speaker 1: long it took to do that. UM. So definitely it's

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Speaker 1: it's much easier said than done. UM. But one of

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Speaker 1: the things that we we also realized, Karen, it's you know,

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Speaker 1: many many years of work UM in the different context

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Speaker 1: so out what you know, what people call the field

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Speaker 1: or the countries where we want to have the change

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Speaker 1: in UM, there was a realization that you have you

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Speaker 1: can't just address one part of a woman's life. You've

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Speaker 1: got to address multiple parts of a woman's life if

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Speaker 1: you really want to have long term change. So now,

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Speaker 1: Kristen talked UM a little bit before that clip about

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Speaker 1: how education can be central to really changing this perspective

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Speaker 1: in a community. And as Mila Hahn will will tell

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Speaker 1: us in future clips and in these ones that she

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Speaker 1: started to hint at, you've got to change everyone in

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Speaker 1: the community's viewpoint on women. You've got to change from

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Speaker 1: the very essence of what a community believes about how

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Speaker 1: women should be valued. And UM, to my mind after

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Speaker 1: reading the book and doing some research, it really comes

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Speaker 1: down to making sure that girls can get an education

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Speaker 1: when they're young, because if they stay in school, then

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Speaker 1: they're more likely and then then they're less likely to

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Speaker 1: get married at the age of you know, eleven or twelve.

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Speaker 1: That means they're not going to start having babies at

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Speaker 1: the age of twelve or thirteen. And it really just,

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Speaker 1: you know, has a tremendous impact on their life from

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Speaker 1: a very young age if they get that education. UM.

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Speaker 1: When Larry Summers, who was the Chief Economists of the

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Speaker 1: World Bank when he was holding that position, he wrote,

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Speaker 1: investment in girls education may well be the highest return

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Speaker 1: investment available in the developing world. So if you invest

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Speaker 1: in those schools that try and keep girls and boys

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Speaker 1: in school longer, then you're really making a change in

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Speaker 1: that community. Yeah and uh. In terms of jackling this

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Speaker 1: issue of global poverty, um Christof points out in his article.

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Speaker 1: He says that in many poor countries, the greatest unexploited

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Speaker 1: resource is an oil fields or veins of gold. Is

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Speaker 1: the women and girls who aren't educated and never become

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Speaker 1: a major presence in the formal economy because they are

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Speaker 1: never given those opportunities. And he also points out in

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Speaker 1: Half the Sky, Uh, that it's not just when we

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Speaker 1: talk about, you know, women being considered second class citizens

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Speaker 1: in a lot of these areas. It's not just the

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Speaker 1: men who are are holding the women back. It's also

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Speaker 1: the women themselves. Um. It's the women who are you know,

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Speaker 1: feeding their sons before their daughters. It's the mothers who

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Speaker 1: are taking their girls to be circumcised. It's you know,

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Speaker 1: And so I think it's important to um to realize

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Speaker 1: that it's the entire community, not just not just men,

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Speaker 1: you know, who need to be re educated as well.

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Speaker 1: So how do you re educate a community. I think

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Speaker 1: that for a long time, people in this country have thought,

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Speaker 1: you know, I'll make a donation. Um, that money may

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Speaker 1: go to let's say a woman who's trying to start

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Speaker 1: her own business. Um, she will then you know, get

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Speaker 1: some training, she'll turn all that money around and it'll

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Speaker 1: be great. She'll be one of those examples of the

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Speaker 1: women who can be in that movie But what I

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Speaker 1: like about care and I think that's one of the

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Speaker 1: reasons we have chosen to highlight them, is that they

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Speaker 1: know that it's not right and it's not fair to

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Speaker 1: just handle woman money and expect her to change her

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Speaker 1: entire community. And that is why um ms Han will

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Speaker 1: talk about in this next clip. One thing I want

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Speaker 1: to emphasize is that our approach is not the bootstrap approach, right.

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Speaker 1: It's kind of like saying to the woman, the poor,

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Speaker 1: illiterate indigenous women in the Andean region, or the you

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Speaker 1: know again, the illiterate mother of six in a small

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Speaker 1: landless you know, laborers and a village in Bangladesh, lift

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Speaker 1: yourself up by your bootstraps and here's some you know,

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Speaker 1: here's here's some training, and you can do it. Like

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Speaker 1: she can't do it. I mean, she can do things,

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Speaker 1: but there's so much a raid against that woman, um

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Speaker 1: that you know, expecting her to on top of her

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Speaker 1: workload in the house, workload in the field, everything else

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Speaker 1: that she has to contend with, we expect her to

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Speaker 1: take responsibility, um for her own change of circumstances is

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Speaker 1: really you know, it's it's unrealistic and it's it's not

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Speaker 1: fair either. Now it's very easy after hearing clips like

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Speaker 1: that and reading a book like Half the Sky, to

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Speaker 1: be like, yes, women stick them into every development project

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Speaker 1: you have, things will automatically get better. And that is

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Speaker 1: that's just not what happens. It's got to be. This

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Speaker 1: is why it's got to be such a community effort,

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Speaker 1: because Kristen, you have an example of what happens when

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Speaker 1: you just put a woman in a project without trying

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Speaker 1: to do anything about changing the mindset of that community, right,

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Speaker 1: because they can actually have unintended results that will UM

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Speaker 1: end up harming the women UM at the end of

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Speaker 1: the project, which of course is the opposite of what

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Speaker 1: these nonprofits and NGOs want and UM. An example from

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Speaker 1: Half the Sky UH talks about a u N project

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Speaker 1: in Nigeria to bring in UM strains of a widely

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Speaker 1: eaten root called cassava. And basically the un workers thought

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Speaker 1: if they brought brought these healthy strains of cassava and

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Speaker 1: then the the women could plant them and harvest them

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Speaker 1: and they'd be able to sell it and to make

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Speaker 1: UM more money. And so they did that, and these

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Speaker 1: women began um raising the cassava and they actually the

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Speaker 1: cassava took off the crop harvested, you know, a pretty

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Speaker 1: large yield, and they were able to make a lot

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Speaker 1: of money, which was fantastic. These women all of a

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Speaker 1: sudden had money on their in their pockets, but that

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Speaker 1: didn't make the men very happy. And so basically the

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Speaker 1: men then came in kicked the women out of the

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Speaker 1: cassava fields um and the men took over that cash

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Speaker 1: crop and as a result, they used the profits for beer,

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Speaker 1: and the women ended up having even less income than

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Speaker 1: before that u N project started. And so, you know,

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Speaker 1: I think it's a great example of a really good

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Speaker 1: idea with unintentionally bad results because you aren't addressing all

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Speaker 1: of the issues going on in the community that are

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Speaker 1: keeping these women in these communities in poverty, incorporating our

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Speaker 1: learnings around women's empowerment and what it takes too, for instance,

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Speaker 1: to really put in women's empowerment into an agricultural project,

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Speaker 1: not just incorperate women, so that you have a better project.

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Speaker 1: That's what I call the instrumental approach. You're using women

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Speaker 1: so that you recognize that women are you know, seventy

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Speaker 1: of the world's farmers. They provide the agricultural labor in

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Speaker 1: the world. So, how are you going to have a

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Speaker 1: successful agricultural project without talking to women. You're not. So

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Speaker 1: you talk to women, you get them involved, and you

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Speaker 1: use women to have higher yields. That's one way of

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Speaker 1: doing it right. What Care says is you can actually

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Speaker 1: involve women and have higher yields and actually make the

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Speaker 1: women's lives force. You can put higher demand labor demands

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Speaker 1: on them. You can switch from crops that are traditional

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Speaker 1: women's two crops that are traditionally commercial, which means that

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Speaker 1: women are providing the labor, but then don't have control

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Speaker 1: over the crops. The crops get sold by the men,

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Speaker 1: and then what do you do. But as far as

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Speaker 1: our culture is concerned, that will actually be a good

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Speaker 1: outcome because your productivity has gone up, your income has

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Speaker 1: gone up. Yeah, and so you can check it off

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Speaker 1: and say, hey, that was a great project. Um but

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Speaker 1: but but what Care says, we have to be very

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Speaker 1: careful about that. And there's but then there's ways of doing,

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Speaker 1: for instance, improving agricultural productivity while empowering women. And it

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Speaker 1: may be a longer, more complicated process, but that is

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Speaker 1: what we've got to do. Um So I think the

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Speaker 1: main threst of what we are going to be doing

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Speaker 1: over the next few years is making sure that in

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Speaker 1: all the different types of work we do, whether it

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Speaker 1: is a water project or its education or its maternal health,

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Speaker 1: that we're really and truly empowering women so that we

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Speaker 1: have longer lasting results. But we do have We have

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Speaker 1: identified three areas where we feel that CARE, through its

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Speaker 1: years of experience, has a particular model to offer. So

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Speaker 1: obviously Care has an incredibly huge goal to meet. It

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Speaker 1: probably seems insurmountable at times. I mean when I, you know,

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Speaker 1: just listening to Emilia talking about all these issues, I

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Speaker 1: think it's amazing that they have made as much progress

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Speaker 1: as they have right now, because, um, it is not

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Speaker 1: so simple to just go in as a nonprofit to

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Speaker 1: these foreign cultures, foreign societies and try to enact lasting change.

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Speaker 1: So how do they do it? And what are the

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Speaker 1: challenges that CARE faces wants to get into societies like

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Speaker 1: this While you're gonna have to tune in next time.

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Speaker 1: That's right, We're gonna do a two parter on Care

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Speaker 1: and women's issues. So in the next episode, just to

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Speaker 1: give you a little hint, as Kristin said, we're gonna

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Speaker 1: talk about how Care can go into communities and actually

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Speaker 1: change them from the bottom up and how that will

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Speaker 1: possibly help women all around the world. Yeah, but in

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Speaker 1: the meantime, if you do want to uh learn more

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Speaker 1: about CARES programs and and what the organization does, you

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Speaker 1: can head to their website. It's Care dot org, c

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Speaker 1: A r E dot org. And as always, if you

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Speaker 1: want to email me and Molly with your thoughts, feelings, opinions,

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Speaker 1: please feel free to send us an email. Our emails

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Speaker 1: mom stuff at how stuff works dot com. And as always,

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Speaker 1: you can check out our blog it's called how to

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Speaker 1: stuff and that and many other articles about poverty and

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Speaker 1: nonprofits and all that good stuff is on how stuff

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Speaker 1: works dot com. For more on this and thousands of

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Speaker 1: other topics, is it how stuff works dot com. Want

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Speaker 1: more how stuff works, check out our blogs on the

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Speaker 1: house stuff works dot com home page. Brought to you

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