1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,599 Speaker 1: Hey y'all, Eve's here. We're doubling up today with two 2 00:00:02,640 --> 00:00:05,440 Speaker 1: events in history, one from me and one from former 3 00:00:05,480 --> 00:00:09,960 Speaker 1: host Tracy V. Wilson. On with the show Welcome to 4 00:00:09,960 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: this Day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot 5 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:14,480 Speaker 1: Com and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in 6 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:17,040 Speaker 1: History Class. It's the show where we explore the past 7 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:19,240 Speaker 1: one day at a time with a quick look at 8 00:00:19,280 --> 00:00:26,439 Speaker 1: what happened today in history. Hello, Welcome to the podcast. 9 00:00:26,720 --> 00:00:29,520 Speaker 1: On this day in twelve thirty seven, the Treaty of 10 00:00:29,680 --> 00:00:34,479 Speaker 1: York formally established the border between Scotland and England. Prior 11 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:38,400 Speaker 1: to the eleven hundreds, neither England nor Scotland was really 12 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:41,639 Speaker 1: what we would think of as a nation. They were 13 00:00:41,680 --> 00:00:45,440 Speaker 1: more like a collection of associated clans and tribes and kingdoms. 14 00:00:45,960 --> 00:00:49,280 Speaker 1: Even when there was a monarch, that monarch wasn't ruling 15 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:54,400 Speaker 1: over one coalesced unified entity that had a common law 16 00:00:54,480 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: that applied to all of it, and the people living 17 00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,480 Speaker 1: there who had a sense of a national identity. England 18 00:01:00,840 --> 00:01:03,600 Speaker 1: developed into a nation as we think of it, first 19 00:01:03,720 --> 00:01:06,959 Speaker 1: with Ethelston uniting most of the nation at the end 20 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:09,319 Speaker 1: of the tenth century, and then this sense of a 21 00:01:09,400 --> 00:01:15,280 Speaker 1: unified national identity followed from there. Scotland started to coalesce 22 00:01:15,360 --> 00:01:18,080 Speaker 1: into a unified nation a little bit later, in the 23 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:22,160 Speaker 1: twelfth and thirteen centuries. Until that time, the people that 24 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:25,679 Speaker 1: we think of as Scots and sometimes even describe as 25 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:29,320 Speaker 1: Scots really thought of themselves as Gaels, and they had 26 00:01:29,760 --> 00:01:33,040 Speaker 1: in their minds more in common with Ireland than with England. 27 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:37,280 Speaker 1: But again we're still an associated collection of different tribes 28 00:01:37,400 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 1: and kingdoms and people's not so much one unified nation. 29 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:45,080 Speaker 1: Even before these two nations were really nations, though, there 30 00:01:45,160 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: was a general since that they were different from each other, 31 00:01:48,160 --> 00:01:50,240 Speaker 1: and there was a border between them, or at least 32 00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:52,720 Speaker 1: the idea of a border, and there were some efforts 33 00:01:52,760 --> 00:01:56,200 Speaker 1: to mark that border in various ways, including for example, 34 00:01:56,240 --> 00:02:00,840 Speaker 1: Hadrian's Wall. The border that was outlined in the Treaty 35 00:02:00,840 --> 00:02:04,240 Speaker 1: of York was the Solway to Tweed line. It goes 36 00:02:04,320 --> 00:02:06,760 Speaker 1: from the Salway Firth and the west to the River 37 00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:09,200 Speaker 1: Tweed in the east, and this treaty was signed by 38 00:02:09,200 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 1: Henry the third of England and Alexander the Second of Scotland, 39 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:14,959 Speaker 1: who were brothers in law. They were brothers in law 40 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:18,399 Speaker 1: because Alexander the second had married an English Princess, which 41 00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:20,680 Speaker 1: is something that his son would also do to try 42 00:02:20,720 --> 00:02:25,200 Speaker 1: to build up the connections between England and Scotland. By 43 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:29,720 Speaker 1: signing this treaty, Alexander willingly gave up Scotland's claims to Northumberland. 44 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:32,600 Speaker 1: Scotland had been claiming parts of Northumberland for a couple 45 00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:36,320 Speaker 1: of generations. This line, or at least part of it, 46 00:02:36,360 --> 00:02:39,440 Speaker 1: had been considered to be the border before this point, 47 00:02:39,639 --> 00:02:43,120 Speaker 1: but the treaty was what really formalized it. The idea 48 00:02:43,160 --> 00:02:45,000 Speaker 1: that that was where the border was goes all the 49 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,079 Speaker 1: way back to the year ten eighteen, after the Battle 50 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:50,920 Speaker 1: of Krham, which put the border at the River Tweed. 51 00:02:51,560 --> 00:02:55,240 Speaker 1: This treaty, though, did leave a stretch of debatable lands 52 00:02:55,560 --> 00:02:58,080 Speaker 1: in the western part of the island, north of Carlisle, 53 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:02,480 Speaker 1: which really remained in dispute. Powerful clans controlled these debatable 54 00:03:02,560 --> 00:03:05,519 Speaker 1: lands for centuries and they tended to be quite lawless. 55 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:08,280 Speaker 1: There were border reavers, there was a lot of cross 56 00:03:08,360 --> 00:03:12,360 Speaker 1: border raiding of cattle and other livestock. After drawing this 57 00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:15,280 Speaker 1: border with the Treaty of York, Scotland was its own 58 00:03:15,400 --> 00:03:18,400 Speaker 1: independent kingdom for a while, but really not for very long. 59 00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:21,840 Speaker 1: After the death of Alexander the Third, there was an 60 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:24,639 Speaker 1: interruption in the line of succession that almost led to 61 00:03:24,720 --> 00:03:26,959 Speaker 1: a civil war, and then Edward the First of England 62 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:30,000 Speaker 1: invaded and this led to the Scottish Wars of Independence. 63 00:03:30,440 --> 00:03:32,640 Speaker 1: This was part of a long series of disputes and 64 00:03:32,680 --> 00:03:36,720 Speaker 1: wars between England and Ireland, and they were united as 65 00:03:36,840 --> 00:03:40,520 Speaker 1: Great Britain in the Acts of Union in seventeen oh seven. 66 00:03:40,800 --> 00:03:43,160 Speaker 1: At that point they had had the same monarch since 67 00:03:43,320 --> 00:03:46,760 Speaker 1: sixteen o three, which was when James the sixth, King 68 00:03:46,840 --> 00:03:49,680 Speaker 1: of Scotland had ascended to the English throne after the 69 00:03:49,720 --> 00:03:53,520 Speaker 1: death of Queen Elizabeth the First, and really these disputes 70 00:03:53,560 --> 00:03:56,120 Speaker 1: had been going on for hundreds of years before the 71 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:59,880 Speaker 1: Treaty of York. Between ten forty and seventeen forty six, 72 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:04,119 Speaker 1: almost every English monarch either invaded Scotland or fought off 73 00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: an invasion from Scotland. And you may notice that seventeen 74 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:12,000 Speaker 1: forty six is after the Acts of Union of seventeen 75 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:14,680 Speaker 1: oh seven, so there was just a lot of back 76 00:04:14,680 --> 00:04:17,000 Speaker 1: and forth during all of these centuries. And in all 77 00:04:17,040 --> 00:04:20,039 Speaker 1: that time though, the border that was set down in 78 00:04:20,080 --> 00:04:22,720 Speaker 1: the Treaty of York has pretty much stayed as it 79 00:04:22,880 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 1: was in twelve thirty seven, with a few revisions, such 80 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:28,919 Speaker 1: as Berwick upon Tweed, which existed as a free burgh 81 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:33,440 Speaker 1: until formally becoming part of Northumberland. In This makes the 82 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:35,560 Speaker 1: line outlined in the Treaty of York one of the 83 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: oldest surviving political borders in the world. Thanks to Eaves 84 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:41,920 Speaker 1: Jeff Cope for her research work on today's episode, into 85 00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:44,720 Speaker 1: Tari Harrison for all of her audio work on this podcast. 86 00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:47,520 Speaker 1: You can subscribe to This Day in History Class on 87 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:51,000 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google podcast and wherever else you get your podcasts, 88 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:52,560 Speaker 1: and you can tune in tomorrow for the birth of 89 00:04:52,600 --> 00:05:04,400 Speaker 1: a famous name that sounds fictitious but definitely was not. Hi. 90 00:05:04,920 --> 00:05:08,480 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to This Day in History Class, 91 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:12,000 Speaker 1: a show that uncovers history one day at a time. 92 00:05:20,279 --> 00:05:27,200 Speaker 1: The day was September. Boxer Peter Black Prince Jackson won 93 00:05:27,240 --> 00:05:31,720 Speaker 1: the Australian Heavyweight Boxing Championship, becoming the first black man 94 00:05:31,839 --> 00:05:35,919 Speaker 1: to win a national boxing crown. Peter was born on 95 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:40,000 Speaker 1: July three, eighteen sixty one, and Christians did St. Croix, 96 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:44,520 Speaker 1: Virgin Islands. His grandfather was freed from slavery under a 97 00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:48,360 Speaker 1: planter whose last name was Jackson. His father, also named 98 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:53,120 Speaker 1: Peter Jackson, was a warehouseman. He was educated up to 99 00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:56,600 Speaker 1: a primary level, but soon left to work at sea 100 00:05:57,640 --> 00:06:01,039 Speaker 1: when he was young. He moved to Australia, settling in 101 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:04,599 Speaker 1: Sydney around eighteen eighty. He worked on the waterfront and 102 00:06:04,760 --> 00:06:08,920 Speaker 1: in hotels. While in Australia, he learned to fight under 103 00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:14,080 Speaker 1: the instruction of Larry Foley, a successful Australian middleweight championship boxer. 104 00:06:15,240 --> 00:06:18,839 Speaker 1: Between eighteen eighty three and eighteen eighty six, Jackson fought 105 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:22,680 Speaker 1: seven times. One of those times he fought with bare knuckles, 106 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: and he only lost to Bill Farnum in eighteen eighty four. 107 00:06:28,040 --> 00:06:33,000 Speaker 1: On September eighteen eighty six, Jackson defeated Australian boxer Tom 108 00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: Lees by total knockout in the thirtieth round. That fight 109 00:06:36,720 --> 00:06:41,360 Speaker 1: won him the heavyweight championship of Australia. At six ft 110 00:06:41,440 --> 00:06:43,360 Speaker 1: one and a half inches or a hundred and eighty 111 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:46,880 Speaker 1: seven centimeters and a hundred and ninety pounds or eighty 112 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:51,200 Speaker 1: six kilograms, Jackson was big, fast, and he had a 113 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:55,599 Speaker 1: good reach out of worthy opponents and seeking more money, 114 00:06:56,040 --> 00:06:59,600 Speaker 1: Jackson left Australia and headed to the United States. In Britain. 115 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: He ended up in San Francisco in eighteen eighty eight, 116 00:07:03,279 --> 00:07:07,320 Speaker 1: associating himself with the California Athletic Club and teaching boxing. 117 00:07:08,120 --> 00:07:11,200 Speaker 1: After winning a few fights and building his reputation there, 118 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:14,600 Speaker 1: he headed to New York, taking on fights and exhibitions 119 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:18,400 Speaker 1: along the way. From there he went to England. From 120 00:07:18,480 --> 00:07:21,440 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty eight to eighteen nine two. He fought twenty 121 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:23,920 Speaker 1: eight men and did not lose any of his fights, 122 00:07:24,240 --> 00:07:26,720 Speaker 1: though he did come close in his eight round draw 123 00:07:26,960 --> 00:07:30,800 Speaker 1: in Melbourne in October of eighteen ninety against Joe Goddard. 124 00:07:31,880 --> 00:07:35,000 Speaker 1: Another notable fight was his bout with James J. Corbett 125 00:07:35,120 --> 00:07:38,240 Speaker 1: in May of eighteen ninety one in San Francisco, which 126 00:07:38,320 --> 00:07:42,760 Speaker 1: was a sixty one round, four hour draw. Jackson really 127 00:07:42,800 --> 00:07:45,480 Speaker 1: had his sight set on fighting the Boston strong Boy, 128 00:07:45,640 --> 00:07:49,440 Speaker 1: John L. Sullivan, an Irish American boxer who was a 129 00:07:49,560 --> 00:07:54,200 Speaker 1: highly paid and well known heavyweight champion, but Sullivan refused 130 00:07:54,240 --> 00:07:58,480 Speaker 1: to fight Jackson, a black man, because of the color line. 131 00:07:58,960 --> 00:08:03,000 Speaker 1: Jackson was successful despite racism and discrimination. He was a 132 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:07,560 Speaker 1: celebrated boxer and respected athlete, and he achieved some fame. 133 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:11,320 Speaker 1: He was allowed in the national Sporting Club rooms in London, 134 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:15,760 Speaker 1: but racism did show up even in his praise. He 135 00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 1: was called Peter the Great and the black Print, and 136 00:08:18,840 --> 00:08:22,480 Speaker 1: he was uplifted for being a gentleman and modest, contrary 137 00:08:22,520 --> 00:08:26,000 Speaker 1: to white perceptions of black people. He had a quote 138 00:08:26,240 --> 00:08:30,960 Speaker 1: respectable character. As his boxing career came to a close, 139 00:08:31,280 --> 00:08:35,719 Speaker 1: he dealt with depression, drank and spent money without discussion. 140 00:08:36,679 --> 00:08:42,520 Speaker 1: His health declined and he developed tuberculosis. He continued teaching boxing, 141 00:08:42,960 --> 00:08:46,840 Speaker 1: managed a pub, boxed exhibitions, and was an actor on 142 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:52,280 Speaker 1: a touring production of Uncle Tom's Cabin. In Jackson lost 143 00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:56,080 Speaker 1: his first fight in fourteen years to Jim Jefferies. The 144 00:08:56,160 --> 00:08:59,920 Speaker 1: next year, Jackson lost his fight against Jim Jeffords in Vancouver, 145 00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:04,120 Speaker 1: the last fight of his career. At the same time, 146 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:07,760 Speaker 1: his health was declining. In July of nineteen oh one, 147 00:09:08,120 --> 00:09:12,240 Speaker 1: Jackson died of tuberculosis. He was buried at the Brisbane 148 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:16,760 Speaker 1: General Cemetery. Less than a decade later, Jack Johnson became 149 00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:21,400 Speaker 1: the first black world heavyweight champion. I'm Eaves jeff Code, 150 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:24,000 Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today 151 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:27,480 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. You can learn more about history 152 00:09:27,920 --> 00:09:32,599 Speaker 1: by following us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at t 153 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:38,480 Speaker 1: d i H the podcast. Thanks for showing up. We'll 154 00:09:38,480 --> 00:09:48,600 Speaker 1: meet here again tomorrow. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, 155 00:09:48,760 --> 00:09:51,319 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 156 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:52,520 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.