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Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, everybody. A few weeks ago, the TV series

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Speaker 1: Watchman debuted and it opened with a depiction of the

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Speaker 1: destruction of the Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma, And then

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Speaker 1: afterward there were a lot of folks talking on social

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Speaker 1: media about how, yes, this was a real event that happened,

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Speaker 1: not an alternate history that had been concocted for this

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Speaker 1: TV show. Greenwood was a black neighborhood that was destroyed

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Speaker 1: by a white mob during a period of mass anti

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Speaker 1: black violence. This was just two years after the wave

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Speaker 1: of racist violence known as the Red Summer that we

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Speaker 1: also talked about earlier this year. So since there's been

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Speaker 1: so much talk about this event recently, we thought we

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Speaker 1: would share our July episode on the subject. Welcome to

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Speaker 1: Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of I

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Speaker 1: Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Trab Wilson and I'm Frying. And today we have

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Speaker 1: another frequently frequently requested episode. Lots and lots of people

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Speaker 1: have asked us to talk about the destruction of black

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Speaker 1: Wall Street. Black Wall Street was a nickname for Greenwood,

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Speaker 1: which was essentially a suburb of Tulsa, Oklahoma, which was

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Speaker 1: destroyed in a race riot in nine So the name

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Speaker 1: black Wall Street makes it sound kind of like it

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Speaker 1: was a business district, but Greenwood was really a vibrant

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Speaker 1: neighborhood of businesses and homes and schools that even had

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Speaker 1: its own hospital. And race riot also makes it sound

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Speaker 1: as though it was a fight instigated by people of

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Speaker 1: more than one race. But while Greenwood's destruction was definitely

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Speaker 1: the product of racial tensions, the actual event was a

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Speaker 1: whole lot more one sided than that. This all happened

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Speaker 1: during a period of extreme racial tension in the United States.

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Speaker 1: Race riots and lynchings and vigilante justice were really widespread,

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Speaker 1: and the Tulsa race riot was one of the deadliest

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Speaker 1: and most shocking events from this era, and yet a

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Speaker 1: lot of people knew nothing about it until maybe twenty

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Speaker 1: or thirty years ago. It got brushed under the rug

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Speaker 1: for a long time. And to set the scene, the

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Speaker 1: economy of Tulsa, Oklahoma, really boomed during the nineteen teens

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Speaker 1: thanks to the discovery of oil in the area, and

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Speaker 1: the population in this area of Oklahoma grew very quickly,

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Speaker 1: including an influx of African Americans, many of whom were

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Speaker 1: leaving the Deep South in the hope that they could

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Speaker 1: build a life in a less pressive environment, and so

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Speaker 1: Tulsa's population actually grew tenfold in the span of ten years.

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Speaker 1: Also growing during this time in Tulsa were crime and lawlessness.

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Speaker 1: A federal agent actually conducted an undercover investigation in April

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Speaker 1: of nine and found quote, gambling, bootlegging, and prostitution very

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Speaker 1: much in evidence at the leading hotels and rooming houses.

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Speaker 1: The bell hoops and porters are pimping for women and

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Speaker 1: also selling booze. Regarding violations of the law, these prostitutes

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Speaker 1: and pimps solicit without any fear of the police, as

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Speaker 1: they will invariably remind you that you are safe in

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Speaker 1: these houses. And that's where the quote ends. And in

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Speaker 1: addition to that, automobile theft was so common that insurance

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Speaker 1: companies started just canceling all their policies in Tulsa. And

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Speaker 1: at the same time, the suburb of Greenwood was really flourishing.

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Speaker 1: By there were about ten thousand African Americans living in

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Speaker 1: the Tulsa area, and the vast majority of them were

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Speaker 1: living in Greenwood. They fell all along the economic spectrum,

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Speaker 1: so you had everyone from doctors and investors worth hundreds

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Speaker 1: of thousands of dollars to families that were living in

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Speaker 1: extremely modest homes along dirt roads. Greenwood itself was simultaneously

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Speaker 1: the product of segregation the black entrepreneurship. O. W. Gurley

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Speaker 1: and J. B. Stratford were two prominent African American investors

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Speaker 1: who really get a lot of credit for making the

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Speaker 1: town what it was. In the early nineteen hundreds, Gurley,

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Speaker 1: who was a real real estate developer, bought some land,

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Speaker 1: plotted it out, and then sold it to other African Americans.

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Speaker 1: Stratford built a fifty four room hotel that was also

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Speaker 1: home to a restaurant, a banquet hall, and other amenities,

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Speaker 1: and Stratford's hotel was one of the largest black owned

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Speaker 1: businesses in Oklahoma at that time. These and other businesses

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Speaker 1: became the seeds of a really robust community that was

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Speaker 1: also deeply segregated from the rest of Tulsa UH. It

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Speaker 1: in a way and a lot of ways, was really

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Speaker 1: self sufficient. It had two newspapers, the Tulsa Star and

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Speaker 1: the Oklahoma Sun. It also had its own library, branch, schools, hospital, theaters,

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Speaker 1: and lots of small businesses that were owned and operated

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Speaker 1: by the black community. There were also many many churches,

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Speaker 1: but most of its residents, while they were living and

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Speaker 1: conducting almost all their business in Greenwood, worked for white

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Speaker 1: employers elsewhere in the city, and this was the case

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Speaker 1: for a man important to our story by the name

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Speaker 1: of Dick Rowland. Dick Roland was a young black man

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Speaker 1: who worked in a downtown building shining shoes. Restrooms at

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Speaker 1: this point were segregated, and his workplace didn't have a

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Speaker 1: bathroom for black people, so his employer had arranged for

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Speaker 1: him to use one that was on the top floor

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Speaker 1: of the nearby Drexel Building. Sarah Page was a young

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Speaker 1: white woman who ran the Drexel Buildings elevator. An incident

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Speaker 1: passed between Roland and Page on May. Exactly what happened

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Speaker 1: is completely unclear. Her story changed at various points, and

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Speaker 1: there seems to be no testimony on record of Dick Rowland. However,

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Speaker 1: a clerk at a clothing store in the Drexel Building

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Speaker 1: thought he heard a scream and he saw Dick Roland

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Speaker 1: hurrying out of the building, and he called the police.

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Speaker 1: The story that spread through Tulsa was that Dick Roland

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Speaker 1: had either raped or tried to rape Sarah Page in

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Speaker 1: broad daylight in the elevator. Roland was arrested the next

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Speaker 1: morning and held on the top floor of the Tulsa Courthouse.

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Speaker 1: The Tulsa Tribune, which was an afternoon paper, covered his

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Speaker 1: arrest on the thirty first, and reported his crime as

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Speaker 1: a physical attack, quote scratching her hands and face and

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Speaker 1: tearing her clothes. The paper also reportedly published an editorial

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Speaker 1: calling for Roland to be lynched. However, no original copies

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Speaker 1: of these articles exist. There are pieces torn out of

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Speaker 1: the bound copies of the paper that were kept on record.

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Speaker 1: The text of the story reporting Roland's arrest is reprinted

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Speaker 1: from a ninety six Masters thesis. Yeah, there are multiple

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Speaker 1: eyewitness testimonies of people who who saw these articles in

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Speaker 1: the newspaper, but the actual copies of the note of

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Speaker 1: the news paper no longer exists. Before we talk about

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Speaker 1: how this turned the scene at the courthouse to one

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Speaker 1: of a mob scene, let's take a brief moment for

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Speaker 1: a word from a sponsor that sounds grand. By about

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Speaker 1: seven thirty in the evening on May the thirty one,

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Speaker 1: a lynch mob had started to gather outside the Tulsa

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Speaker 1: Courthouse and the mob was demanding that Roland be turned

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Speaker 1: over to them. The sheriff refused to do this, and

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Speaker 1: word spread to the Greenwood district about what was going on.

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Speaker 1: People were positive that Roland was going to be lynched.

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Speaker 1: There had been thirty three recorded lynchings in Oklahoma between

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Speaker 1: the time it had been declared as a state in

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Speaker 1: nineteen o seven and n and seven of the victims

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Speaker 1: of those lynchings had been black. They also had ample

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Speaker 1: reason to doubt that the courthouse was a secure place

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Speaker 1: to keep Roland safe. There had been a couple of

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Speaker 1: really dramatic jail breaks from the courthouse in the months

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Speaker 1: leading up to this event, and the black community was

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Speaker 1: quite positive that if they did not protect Roland, no

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Speaker 1: one would, and that he was going to be lynched. So,

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Speaker 1: with all of that in mind, about twenty five African

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Speaker 1: American residents, many of whom were veterans of World War One,

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Speaker 1: armed themselves and went from Greenwood to the courthouse to

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Speaker 1: offer their assistance in defending him. The sheriff refused and

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Speaker 1: insisted that Roland was safe, and so the men went

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Speaker 1: back to Greenwood. However, the arrival of twenty five armed

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Speaker 1: black men on the scene really stirred up a lot

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Speaker 1: of fear and anger among the white mob outside the courthouse.

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Speaker 1: Word got to Major James A. Bell of the National

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Speaker 1: Guard that things were starting to look really ugly, and

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Speaker 1: even though the sheriff told him things were okay, he

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Speaker 1: quietly sent word to the other National guardsmen in the

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Speaker 1: area to come down to the armory. This was fortunate

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Speaker 1: because some of the mob from the courthouse then went

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Speaker 1: to the armory to try to get rifles and ammunition

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Speaker 1: for themselves elves, and they were stopped by the National

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Speaker 1: Guard members that Major Bell had summoned. Tensions continued to

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Speaker 1: grow for another couple of hours. The crowd at the

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Speaker 1: courthouse got bigger and bigger. Small groups of Greenwood residents

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Speaker 1: started patrolling the streets, armed both as recon and to

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Speaker 1: try to show that Greenwood was not entirely defenseless, and

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Speaker 1: the white community began to fear that an uprising was imminent.

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Speaker 1: Soon rumor reared its head again. At about ten PM,

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Speaker 1: word got back to Greenwood that a lynch mob was

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Speaker 1: breaking into the courthouse, and so this time it was

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Speaker 1: about seventy five armed African American men who made their

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Speaker 1: way there to once again offer their aid in keeping

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Speaker 1: Roland safe. So again the sheriff refused their help, and

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Speaker 1: as they turned to go back to Greenwood, one of

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Speaker 1: the white men tried to disarm one of the black men,

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Speaker 1: and in the ensuing scuffle, a shot was fired. It

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Speaker 1: was this spark that started the riot in Earnest. More

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Speaker 1: shots were fired in front of the courthouse, with as

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Speaker 1: many as a dozen people being killed there, and as

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Speaker 1: the dust settled, the black men, who were vastly outnumbered,

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Speaker 1: began falling back to Greenwood in a fighting retreat, with

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Speaker 1: the white mob in pursuit. Once the men were back

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Speaker 1: in Greenwood, things continued to get worse. Car loads of

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Speaker 1: white men started driving through black neighborhoods, just shooting and

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Speaker 1: discriminately into houses and at people on the street. White

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Speaker 1: vigilantes also broke into downtown Tulsas sporting goods stores to

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Speaker 1: steal guns and ammunition. Others went to some of the

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Speaker 1: white neighborhoods all night cafes and started a plan to

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Speaker 1: invade Greenwood the next morning. The law enforcement's action at

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Speaker 1: this point and Tulsa was to begin deputizing people, including

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Speaker 1: members of the original lynch mob. Soon the national Guard

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Speaker 1: was ordered to aid local authorities. They did this by

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Speaker 1: setting up a perimeter around the northern edge of Tulsa's

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Speaker 1: white neighborhood to send it against a counter attack, a

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Speaker 1: counter attack which never actually happened. People started setting fires

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Speaker 1: in Greenwood at about one am, and then the mob

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Speaker 1: prevented the fire department from trying to put the fires out,

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Speaker 1: so the fires spread really rapidly. Throughout the night. Both

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Speaker 1: the National Guard and local law enforcement wound up responding

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Speaker 1: to false reports of shots fired by black people in

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Speaker 1: white neighborhoods all over Tulsa, and they were doing this

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Speaker 1: rather than responding to the real reports of violence and

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Speaker 1: arson that we're going on in Greenwood. At one thirty

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Speaker 1: six am, the Chief of Police sent a telegram to

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Speaker 1: the state capitol which read race riot developed here, several killed,

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Speaker 1: unable handle situation, Request that National Guard forces be sent

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Speaker 1: by special train. Situation serious. This telegram was signed by

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Speaker 1: the Chief of Police, the sheriff, and a district judge.

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Speaker 1: A train was scheduled to leave Oklahoma City bound for

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Speaker 1: Tulsa at five am that morning, carrying about one hundred

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Speaker 1: additional National Guard troops. During the night, a lot of

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Speaker 1: Greenwood residents stayed behind to try to defend their homes

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Speaker 1: and businesses, but many others fled. They took cards, taxis,

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Speaker 1: and other transportation north out of the city. Greenwood was

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Speaker 1: on the northern side of Tulsa, so the smith that

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Speaker 1: they didn't have to go back through Tulsa to try

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Speaker 1: to get away. Some people were able to take refuge

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Speaker 1: with their employers or other compassionate citizens on the Tulsa

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Speaker 1: side of town, but a lot of people were really

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Speaker 1: left mostly defenseless. Before the sun came up on June one,

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Speaker 1: an armed mob had gathered around the fringes of Greenwood.

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Speaker 1: Some of them were carrying weapons that had been provided

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Speaker 1: to them by public officials. In addition to the deputized

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Speaker 1: members of the lynch mob, some of this crowd were

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Speaker 1: uniformed police officers and members of the National Guard. There

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Speaker 1: are also multiple eyewitnessed reports of airplanes in the skies

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Speaker 1: over Greenwood as their riot went on, although exactly what

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Speaker 1: was done from airplanes is a little harder to substantiate.

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Speaker 1: There are reports that bombs are dropped that there's not

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Speaker 1: clear evidence to support that. It's pretty likely that there

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Speaker 1: were definitely people firing their guns from the airplanes. Though

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Speaker 1: the train carrying the additional National Guard troops got to

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Speaker 1: Tulsa around nine fifteen am. These out of town troops

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Speaker 1: became known as the State troops, and this helps differentiate

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Speaker 1: them from the local National Guard that were part of

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Speaker 1: the rioting. But by that point most of Greenwood had

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Speaker 1: already been burned to the ground. Martial law was declared

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Speaker 1: at eleven am on June one, although by then the

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Speaker 1: riot had really mostly run its course. Once martial law

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Speaker 1: was declared, the state troops moved through Greenwood, putting out fires,

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Speaker 1: disarming the rioters who were still there, and forcing them

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Speaker 1: to go back to Tulsa. Order was restored around eight

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Speaker 1: pm on June one. The state troops also took custody

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Speaker 1: of African Americans who had been imprisoned by vigilantes during

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Speaker 1: the riot, but this was not exactly a rescue. The

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Speaker 1: State troops took every black person they could find into

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Speaker 1: custody in a mass arrest. People who had fled the

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Speaker 1: city were detained when they returned. It was supposedly for

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Speaker 1: people's own protection, but a clear part of the motivation

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Speaker 1: was the white community's ongoing fear of a black uprising.

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Speaker 1: In the end, about six thousand African Americans were held

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Speaker 1: at the convention Hall, and when they ran out of

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Speaker 1: room there at the fair grounds in the ball field.

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Speaker 1: Some black citizens were held for more than a week.

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Speaker 1: No one was released until a white person could vouch

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Speaker 1: for them and also take responsibility for their future behavior.

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Speaker 1: So before we talk about the aftermath of this riot,

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Speaker 1: let's take another brief moment for a word from a sponsor. So,

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Speaker 1: in this riot, Greenwood was virtually destroyed. Thirty five city

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Speaker 1: blocks were burned to the ground, and at least eight

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Speaker 1: hundred people sustained injuries that had to be treated. One thousand,

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Speaker 1: two hundred fifty six homes were destroyed, plus the hospital,

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Speaker 1: the library, some of the schools, and both of the

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Speaker 1: newspaper's offices. A couple of weeks after the riot, the

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Speaker 1: Nation reported that the damages totalled one point five million dollars,

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Speaker 1: although more recent estimates are multiple times higher than that.

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Speaker 1: And from the Tulsa Daily World the next day is

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Speaker 1: this quote. Personal belongings in household goods had been removed

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Speaker 1: from many homes impiled in the streets. On the steps

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Speaker 1: of a few houses that remained sat feeble and gray

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Speaker 1: negro men and women, and occasionally a small child. The

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Speaker 1: look in their eyes was one of dejection and supplication.

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Speaker 1: Judging from their attitude, it was not of material consequence

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Speaker 1: to them whether they lived or died harmless themselves. They

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Speaker 1: apparently could not conceive the brutality and fiendishness of men

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Speaker 1: who would deliberately set fire to the homes of their

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Speaker 1: friends neighbors, and just as deliberately shoot them in their tracks.

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Speaker 1: Doctor Robert Bridgewater and his wife Maddie were two of

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Speaker 1: the fortunate few to have had their homes spared by

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Speaker 1: the fire, but they got to it to find that

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Speaker 1: their possessions had all been destroyed. Doctor Bridgewater wrote quote,

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Speaker 1: I saw my piano and all of my elegant furniture

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Speaker 1: piled in the street. My safe had been broken open,

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Speaker 1: all of my money stolen, also my silverware, cut glass,

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Speaker 1: all of the family clothes and everything of value had

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Speaker 1: been removed, even my family bible, my electric light pictures

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Speaker 1: were broken, all of the window lights and glass and

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Speaker 1: the doors were broken. The floors were covered literally speaking

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Speaker 1: with glass. Even the phone was torn from the wall.

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Speaker 1: And there's actually a photo that's part of the historical

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Speaker 1: record of this event, and it shows massive columns of

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Speaker 1: smoke rising from the Greenwood District. Written across it and

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Speaker 1: misspelled is running the Negro out of Tulsa. A photo

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Speaker 1: of the charred body of one of the victims was

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Speaker 1: also used as a postcard. At the time, official estimates

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Speaker 1: put the death toll at nine white people and twenty

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Speaker 1: six black people, but pretty much immediately everyone knew that

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Speaker 1: those numbers were way too low. We'll never really know

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Speaker 1: the official number because birth records at the time are

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Speaker 1: incomplete and many of the African Americans who were killed

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Speaker 1: were buried in unmarked mass graves or thrown into the

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Speaker 1: Arkansas River. Funeral Home records report burials of many people

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Speaker 1: identified only as quote unknown Negro in the days after

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Speaker 1: the riot. More recent investigations suggest that more like three

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Speaker 1: hundred people were killed, with the overwhelming majority of them

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Speaker 1: being African American, and the riot forced most of Tulsa's

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Speaker 1: African American population into homelessness. The city and its residents

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Speaker 1: made things hard on those who had lost their homes

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Speaker 1: in the hopes of forcing people to resettle elsewhere. They

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Speaker 1: even passed a fire ordinance cifically designed to keep people

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Speaker 1: from rebuilding, although it was overturned as unconstitutional about four

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Speaker 1: years later. Even so, Tulsa's black community set to work

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Speaker 1: rebuilding Greenwood, but it was a slow process, so many

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Speaker 1: of them spent the following winter living in tents. With

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Speaker 1: the exception of the Red Cross and white residents of

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Speaker 1: surrounding communities, the black community got very little help in

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Speaker 1: its rebuilding efforts. The city of Tulsa, as we mentioned,

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Speaker 1: actively discouraged the rebuilding effort. On the legal end of things, UH,

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Speaker 1: Dick Roland's charges were ultimately dismissed. A grand jury convened

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Speaker 1: to investigate what had happened UH, and they found Tulsa's

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Speaker 1: black population responsible for the riot. About seventy black men

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Speaker 1: were charged with inciting the riot, although none of them

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Speaker 1: were ultimately convicted. J. B. Stratford was one. He fled

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Speaker 1: Oklahoma for Illinois, eventually building a law practice in Chicago.

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Speaker 1: He died in five and in nine, allowing his family's

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Speaker 1: fight to clear his name, he was finally cleared of

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Speaker 1: all charges. No white person was ever tried for any

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Speaker 1: of the murders or arsons that took place, or with

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Speaker 1: any other criminal act associated with the riot. Immediately after

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Speaker 1: the riot, the event was international news, and in the

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Speaker 1: weeks that followed, papers across the US published scathing editorials

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Speaker 1: condemning what had happened. Journalists called it both a disgrace

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Speaker 1: and a horror. But then it really fell from view

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Speaker 1: for pretty much everyone who did not directly live through it.

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Speaker 1: History books that were published in Oklahoma made no mention

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Speaker 1: of it for more than twenty years, and even then

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Speaker 1: it was very brief and glossed over. People began to

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Speaker 1: investigate and write about this riot following the Civil rights movement,

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Speaker 1: although the first people to blaze this trail were really

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Speaker 1: met with threats of violence. Eventually in the state of

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Speaker 1: Oklahoma formed a commission that was meant to investigate what

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Speaker 1: had happened and to create clear documentation of the riot.

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Speaker 1: The commission was also to make a recommendation of whether

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Speaker 1: reparations should be paid to the survivors and their descendants.

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Speaker 1: Calls for reparations had actually started almost immediately after the

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Speaker 1: riot was over. In Judge Loyal J. Martin, who had

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Speaker 1: been the mayor, said quote, Tulsa can only redeem herself

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Speaker 1: from the countrywide shame and humiliation into which she is

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Speaker 1: today plunged by complete restitution and rehabilitation of the destroyed

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Speaker 1: black belt. The rest of the United States must know

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Speaker 1: that the real citizenship of Tulsa weeps at this unspeakable

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Speaker 1: crime and will make good the damage so far as

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Speaker 1: it can be done to the last penny. The report

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Speaker 1: of the Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot

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Speaker 1: of one called the event quote late to be acknowledged

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Speaker 1: and still to be repaired, and the commission's report argued

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Speaker 1: really strongly in favor of reparations, including direct reparations paid

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Speaker 1: to the survivors who were still living in their descendants

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Speaker 1: at this point, though many of the people who had

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Speaker 1: lived through the riot had died. When the commission put

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Speaker 1: out its final report, the riot was almost eighty years

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Speaker 1: in the past, but still alive were the children and

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Speaker 1: grandchildren of the people who had survived the riot and

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Speaker 1: of some people who had been killed. The state legislature

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Speaker 1: established scholarships, a memorial, and an economic development initiative for Greenwood,

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Speaker 1: but it declined to make actual reparations to survivors and

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Speaker 1: their descendants. As sort of a side note, a lot

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Speaker 1: of articles about the Tulsa Race Riot and about the

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Speaker 1: destruction of what was known as Blackwall Street. Say that

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Speaker 1: the riot was a result of clan activity, and while

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Speaker 1: the Ku Klux Klan had been re established in Atlanta

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Speaker 1: in nineteen fifteen and it was definitely growing all around

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Speaker 1: the United States, there's not really evidence to suggest that

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Speaker 1: the Ku Klux Klan specifically was active in Tulsa or

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Speaker 1: was part of the riot. However, one of the consequences

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Speaker 1: or the ramifications after the riot was that the clan

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Speaker 1: really started to flourish in Oklahoma once the riot was over.

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Speaker 1: We've had so many people request this particular subject, and

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Speaker 1: it's one that, unsurprisingly, based on having learned that it

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Speaker 1: was so conscientiously not discussed for so many years, is

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Speaker 1: one that I was not really familiar with before doing

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Speaker 1: research on it. You and I have had several episodes

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Speaker 1: where we had to stop recording because the material was

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Speaker 1: upsetting and we needed to take a minute. And this

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Speaker 1: is one where I had to stop researching because the

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Speaker 1: material was upsetting and I needed to take like a

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Speaker 1: step away from it. Yeah, it's it's hard. I mean

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Speaker 1: I had to stop earlier while we were recording. I

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Speaker 1: know you and I had been talking about it while

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Speaker 1: you were researching, and you messaged me at one point

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Speaker 1: where like, I can't handle this right now. It's a

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Speaker 1: lot to take in, and it's hard to think about

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Speaker 1: sort of the mob mentality and how hurtful uh and

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Speaker 1: sort of dispassionate these situations become where people stop thinking

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Speaker 1: about other people as people and they just get in

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Speaker 1: that mode of like violence right well. And there's also

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Speaker 1: a lot of ongoing controversy about the idea of reparations

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Speaker 1: and when a government should pay reparations and how long

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Speaker 1: is too long, And this seems like a case where

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Speaker 1: there was a really clear case for reparations. It's argued

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Speaker 1: really strongly in the Commission's report, because it wasn't just

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Speaker 1: this happened. People's homes were destroyed. There's also the part

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Speaker 1: where the people who were meant to be protecting the

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Speaker 1: population were instead taking part in this violent activity. Uh.

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Speaker 1: People's insurance claims were not able to be paid out

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Speaker 1: because most insurance claims don't or most insurance companies don't

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Speaker 1: offer coverage in the case of civil unrest, which this

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Speaker 1: counted as so uh. Uh. I think the thing that

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Speaker 1: shocked me most about it was in the face of

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Speaker 1: all that evidence. The final decision was still that that

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Speaker 1: direct reparations would not be paid to the survivors and

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Speaker 1: their descendants. Thank you so much for joining us on

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Speaker 1: this Saturday. If you have heard an email address or

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Speaker 1: a Facebook you are l or something similar over the

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Speaker 1: course of today's episode, since it is from the archive

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Speaker 1: that might be out of date now, you can email

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Speaker 1: us at history podcast at how stuff Works dot com,

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00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:38,920
Speaker 1: and you can find us all over social media at

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Speaker 1: missed in History, and you can subscribe to our show

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Speaker 1: on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, the I heart Radio app,

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00:24:45,720 --> 00:24:52,560
Speaker 1: and wherever else you listen to podcasts. Stuff You Missed

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Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of I Heart Radio's

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00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:57,879
Speaker 1: How Stuff Works. For more podcasts for my heart Radio,

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Speaker 1: visit the i heart radio app, Apple pod guests, or

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