1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:13,800 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,840 --> 00:00:17,760 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. There are 4 00:00:18,560 --> 00:00:21,440 Speaker 1: so many first person accounts of the U. S. Civil War. 5 00:00:21,520 --> 00:00:24,080 Speaker 1: I don't know if you've heard. Maybe you're aware. There's 6 00:00:24,079 --> 00:00:27,159 Speaker 1: just a ton of them. What. Yeah, there's letters and 7 00:00:27,240 --> 00:00:29,440 Speaker 1: diaries and all kinds of other records, and a lot 8 00:00:29,520 --> 00:00:33,360 Speaker 1: of memoirs and other accounts that people actually published, not 9 00:00:33,479 --> 00:00:37,680 Speaker 1: just their personal papers. One in particular, though, is unique. 10 00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:41,400 Speaker 1: It is Susie King Taylor's Reminiscences of my Life in 11 00:00:41,479 --> 00:00:45,080 Speaker 1: Camp with the thirty third United States Colored Troops late 12 00:00:45,240 --> 00:00:49,640 Speaker 1: first South Carolina Volunteers. So she wrote this book later 13 00:00:49,720 --> 00:00:52,760 Speaker 1: on when she was in her fifties, but during the war, 14 00:00:52,920 --> 00:00:54,600 Speaker 1: in the parts that she was writing about, she was 15 00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:59,080 Speaker 1: still in her teens. This memoir is one of a 16 00:00:59,280 --> 00:01:03,720 Speaker 1: very very few published works by black women about their 17 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:07,399 Speaker 1: lives during the Civil War, and it is the only 18 00:01:07,480 --> 00:01:11,040 Speaker 1: one knowns who have been written by a black woman 19 00:01:11,080 --> 00:01:15,600 Speaker 1: who was actively involved in the military. Susie King Taylor 20 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:19,840 Speaker 1: was born Susannah Baker on August sixty eight to a 21 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:23,040 Speaker 1: Guichi family. Living in a small island known as Isle 22 00:01:23,080 --> 00:01:27,080 Speaker 1: of White in Liberty County, Georgia. The Gola Gichi are 23 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:30,319 Speaker 1: descended from people who belong to multiple different ethnic groups 24 00:01:30,319 --> 00:01:33,760 Speaker 1: in West Africa who were enslaved and transported to the 25 00:01:33,800 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 1: Sea Islands and other isolated coastal areas of the southern 26 00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:42,039 Speaker 1: United States. Because these areas tended to be interconnected with 27 00:01:42,080 --> 00:01:46,640 Speaker 1: one another but also isolated from further inland, enslaved people 28 00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:49,800 Speaker 1: living there retained many elements of their cultures and also 29 00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: developed a Creole language known as Gola Gichi or Gola Gichi. 30 00:01:54,720 --> 00:01:59,400 Speaker 1: There are some regional variations in these names. Susie's parents 31 00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,280 Speaker 1: were hagar And and Raymond Baker, and she was the 32 00:02:02,320 --> 00:02:06,600 Speaker 1: oldest of their nine children, six of whom survived infancy. 33 00:02:06,840 --> 00:02:11,720 Speaker 1: Because Susie's mother was enslaved by Valentine and Frederica Cottman Gressed, 34 00:02:11,840 --> 00:02:16,320 Speaker 1: Susie was also enslaved from birth. In her early childhood, 35 00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:19,240 Speaker 1: she lived with her parents and younger siblings on the 36 00:02:19,320 --> 00:02:23,840 Speaker 1: greats Rice Plantation. There were some key differences between the 37 00:02:23,880 --> 00:02:27,399 Speaker 1: experiences of the Baker family and that of many other 38 00:02:27,560 --> 00:02:33,080 Speaker 1: enslaved families in the United States. Enslavers often intentionally tried 39 00:02:33,120 --> 00:02:36,480 Speaker 1: to break down family and community ties by separating people 40 00:02:36,960 --> 00:02:40,080 Speaker 1: things like splitting up couples or selling children away from 41 00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:44,240 Speaker 1: their parents. Over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, 42 00:02:44,280 --> 00:02:48,120 Speaker 1: Slave states also made it illegal to teach enslaved people 43 00:02:48,600 --> 00:02:52,079 Speaker 1: or any people of color to read or write, so 44 00:02:52,200 --> 00:02:56,040 Speaker 1: after being physically separated, people often had no straightforward way 45 00:02:56,080 --> 00:03:00,520 Speaker 1: to keep in touch. Even though families intentionally taught one 46 00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:04,080 Speaker 1: another about their connections and their ancestry and tried to 47 00:03:04,120 --> 00:03:07,680 Speaker 1: find one another by whatever means they had, often this 48 00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:12,640 Speaker 1: knowledge was lost due to the systemic effort to destroy it. Susie, though, 49 00:03:12,760 --> 00:03:16,800 Speaker 1: could trace her ancestry back through multiple generations to two 50 00:03:16,880 --> 00:03:20,120 Speaker 1: women who had an almost mythic presence in her family. 51 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,120 Speaker 1: There was a great great grandmother in Virginia who had 52 00:03:24,160 --> 00:03:27,359 Speaker 1: both African and Indigenous ancestry and who lived to be 53 00:03:27,400 --> 00:03:29,959 Speaker 1: a hundred and twenty had five sons who fought in 54 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 1: the Revolutionary War. This woman also had two daughters, One 55 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:38,120 Speaker 1: of them was Susannah, Susie's great great grandmother, who was 56 00:03:38,160 --> 00:03:41,600 Speaker 1: a respected midwife who had twenty four children of her own, 57 00:03:41,680 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 1: twenty three girls and a boy. And Susannah also lived 58 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:50,119 Speaker 1: to be more than a hundred. Susie's maternal grandparents were 59 00:03:50,240 --> 00:03:54,520 Speaker 1: Dolly and Fortune Lambert Reid, who lived nearby, and Dolly 60 00:03:54,600 --> 00:03:58,920 Speaker 1: played a huge role in Susie's upbringing. The lives of 61 00:03:58,960 --> 00:04:01,680 Speaker 1: Susie and her blings also seemed to have been a 62 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:04,440 Speaker 1: little bit less restrictive than the lives of many other 63 00:04:04,600 --> 00:04:07,480 Speaker 1: enslaved children, who were often forced to work from a 64 00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:11,600 Speaker 1: very young age. Susie and two of her younger siblings 65 00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:15,440 Speaker 1: were allowed to go live with their grandmother instead. Some 66 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:19,200 Speaker 1: sources described Dolly Reid as free at this point, and 67 00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:21,920 Speaker 1: others say that she was enslaved by the Great Family 68 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:25,560 Speaker 1: but had been hired out to work in Savannah. We 69 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:29,000 Speaker 1: do know that Dolly Reid was earning money of her own, 70 00:04:29,160 --> 00:04:31,960 Speaker 1: so if she was enslaved at this point, that was 71 00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:35,599 Speaker 1: in addition to her other work. She took in laundry 72 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:39,520 Speaker 1: and cleaned rooms being rented out by single men. She 73 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:42,680 Speaker 1: also turned her four times a year visits to see 74 00:04:42,680 --> 00:04:46,240 Speaker 1: her family on Isle of Wight into a trade opportunity, 75 00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:50,880 Speaker 1: so in Savannah she would get things like bacon, tobacco, flour, molasses, 76 00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:53,680 Speaker 1: and sugar and then take them to the Sea islands 77 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:55,960 Speaker 1: where she would trade them for chicken and eggs and 78 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:59,840 Speaker 1: take that back with her to sell in Savannah. Savannah 79 00:04:59,880 --> 00:05:02,440 Speaker 1: was about thirty five miles from Isle of Wight, and 80 00:05:02,480 --> 00:05:04,800 Speaker 1: there wasn't a rail connection in between them, so this 81 00:05:04,839 --> 00:05:08,680 Speaker 1: would have been an arduous journey at the time. Susie 82 00:05:08,680 --> 00:05:11,520 Speaker 1: went to live with her grandmother around eighteen fifty five 83 00:05:11,600 --> 00:05:14,960 Speaker 1: when she was seven, and her grandmother immediately saw to 84 00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:17,680 Speaker 1: it that she be taught how to read. As we 85 00:05:17,720 --> 00:05:22,680 Speaker 1: said earlier, this was illegal. Under George's antiliteracy law passed 86 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:26,120 Speaker 1: in eighteen twenty nine, both the person teaching and the 87 00:05:26,160 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: person being taught could be fined and whipped, although if 88 00:05:30,200 --> 00:05:33,440 Speaker 1: the teacher was white, they could be jailed rather than whipped. 89 00:05:33,520 --> 00:05:38,960 Speaker 1: So all of this happened in secret. Susie described first 90 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:42,560 Speaker 1: going to a secret school belonging to a Mrs. Woodhouse 91 00:05:43,160 --> 00:05:45,240 Speaker 1: that was a free black woman who was friends with 92 00:05:45,279 --> 00:05:48,799 Speaker 1: her grandmother. She wrote about this quote. We went every 93 00:05:48,839 --> 00:05:52,200 Speaker 1: day about nine o'clock with our books wrapped in paper 94 00:05:52,279 --> 00:05:55,640 Speaker 1: to prevent the police or white persons from seeing them. 95 00:05:55,760 --> 00:05:58,520 Speaker 1: We went in one at a time through the gate 96 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:02,279 Speaker 1: into the yard to the l kitchen, which was a schoolroom. 97 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:05,159 Speaker 1: She had twenty five or thirty children whom she taught, 98 00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: assisted by her daughter Mary Jane. The neighbors would see 99 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:11,440 Speaker 1: us going in sometimes, but they supposed we were there 100 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: learning trades, as it was the custom to give children 101 00:06:14,360 --> 00:06:17,960 Speaker 1: a trade of some kind. After school, we left the 102 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:21,000 Speaker 1: same way we entered, one by one. Then we would 103 00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:23,440 Speaker 1: go to a square about a block from the school 104 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:27,159 Speaker 1: and wait for each other. After studying with Mrs Woodhouse 105 00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:30,440 Speaker 1: for about two years, Susie started studying with a woman 106 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:35,039 Speaker 1: named Mary Beasley. This continued until May of eighteen sixty, 107 00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:38,360 Speaker 1: at which point Beasley told Susie's grandmother that she had 108 00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:42,839 Speaker 1: taught her everything she knew. Susie and her grandmother then 109 00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:46,240 Speaker 1: turned to white people for help. First, a girl named 110 00:06:46,320 --> 00:06:50,760 Speaker 1: Katie O'Connor, who Susie described as a playmate. Katie went 111 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:54,600 Speaker 1: to a convent school and tutored Susie for about four months, 112 00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,000 Speaker 1: something that Katie's mother knew about but had to be 113 00:06:57,120 --> 00:07:00,960 Speaker 1: kept secret from her father, and this did when Katie 114 00:07:01,040 --> 00:07:06,320 Speaker 1: entered the convent permanently. Susie's next and apparently final tutor 115 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:08,960 Speaker 1: was the son of her grandmother's landlord, who was in 116 00:07:09,040 --> 00:07:13,400 Speaker 1: high school. Their lessons didn't last long, though. The Civil 117 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:17,360 Speaker 1: War began on April twelfth, eighteen sixty one, and soon 118 00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:21,120 Speaker 1: he was sentenced a combat. He initially fought for the Confederacy, 119 00:07:21,280 --> 00:07:24,559 Speaker 1: but deserted and instead fought for the United States after 120 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:28,800 Speaker 1: his brother was killed in action. Georgia already had numerous 121 00:07:28,880 --> 00:07:32,120 Speaker 1: laws in place restricting the movements of both enslaved and 122 00:07:32,280 --> 00:07:35,760 Speaker 1: free people of color, something that escalated after the start 123 00:07:35,760 --> 00:07:39,240 Speaker 1: of the war, but Susie's literacy made it possible for 124 00:07:39,280 --> 00:07:41,800 Speaker 1: her grandmother to go places she would not have been 125 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:45,960 Speaker 1: able to otherwise. In her words, quote, I often wrote 126 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:49,800 Speaker 1: passes for my grandmother for all colored persons, free or 127 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:53,560 Speaker 1: slaves were compelled to have a pass. Free colored people 128 00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:57,160 Speaker 1: having a guardian in place of a master. These passes 129 00:07:57,320 --> 00:08:00,360 Speaker 1: were good until ten or ten thirty pm for night, 130 00:08:00,560 --> 00:08:05,800 Speaker 1: or every night for one month. The past read as follows. Savannah, Georgia, 131 00:08:05,960 --> 00:08:09,720 Speaker 1: March first, eighteen sixty passed the bearer from nine to 132 00:08:10,080 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: thirty p m. Valentine dressed Dolly Reid used these passes 133 00:08:15,400 --> 00:08:18,520 Speaker 1: to meet with other members of Savannah's black community, and 134 00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:20,760 Speaker 1: she was arrested at one of those meetings in early 135 00:08:20,840 --> 00:08:24,480 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty two. The meeting was being held at a church, 136 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:27,080 Speaker 1: and she and other people there were singing a hymn 137 00:08:27,080 --> 00:08:29,800 Speaker 1: that had a refrain of yes, we shall all be 138 00:08:29,960 --> 00:08:34,080 Speaker 1: free when the Lord shall appear. So local authorities believed 139 00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:37,520 Speaker 1: that black people were using this song as a code 140 00:08:37,920 --> 00:08:42,320 Speaker 1: that the Lord really meant the Union, or, in Susie's words, Yankees. 141 00:08:43,160 --> 00:08:46,440 Speaker 1: The police broke up this meeting and arrested everyone there, 142 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:49,880 Speaker 1: and afterwards Susie and her siblings were sent back to 143 00:08:49,920 --> 00:08:53,200 Speaker 1: Isle of Light. She did not stay there long, though, 144 00:08:53,720 --> 00:09:05,960 Speaker 1: we'll talk more about that after a sponsor break. On 145 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:09,360 Speaker 1: April tenth and eleventh, eighteen sixty two, the U. S. 146 00:09:09,480 --> 00:09:12,440 Speaker 1: Army lay siege to Fort Pulaski on the coast of 147 00:09:12,480 --> 00:09:16,840 Speaker 1: Georgia between Savannah and Tybee Island. Although she and her 148 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:21,000 Speaker 1: family were miles away, Susie Baker could hear this attack. 149 00:09:21,440 --> 00:09:25,079 Speaker 1: About two days after the Confederate army surrendered the fort, 150 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:28,360 Speaker 1: Susie and her uncle made their way to the Union 151 00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:31,440 Speaker 1: Army by boat, along with the rest of her uncle's family. 152 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:35,040 Speaker 1: She didn't go into detail about this and her writing, 153 00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:38,000 Speaker 1: but they were doing what a lot of enslaved people did. 154 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:41,000 Speaker 1: As the U. S. Army retook control of parts of 155 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:43,800 Speaker 1: the South, and that was using the chaos of the 156 00:09:43,880 --> 00:09:49,400 Speaker 1: war as protection while liberating themselves from bondage. Prior to 157 00:09:49,440 --> 00:09:52,160 Speaker 1: this point, the U. S. Army classified people who had 158 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:55,560 Speaker 1: either escaped to areas of Union control or had been 159 00:09:55,679 --> 00:09:59,760 Speaker 1: in areas that the army recaptured as contraband we am 160 00:09:59,760 --> 00:10:01,960 Speaker 1: a whole episode on this that we recently ran as 161 00:10:01,960 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: a Saturday Classic for a little bit more context. But 162 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:08,200 Speaker 1: for a time these people existed in kind of a 163 00:10:08,280 --> 00:10:10,920 Speaker 1: gray area. The U. S. Army had the right to 164 00:10:10,960 --> 00:10:14,880 Speaker 1: seize anything the Confederacy was using to support its rebellion, 165 00:10:15,440 --> 00:10:18,840 Speaker 1: including the enslaved people, but at first the law didn't 166 00:10:18,880 --> 00:10:23,520 Speaker 1: specify whether they were at that point free. But soon 167 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:26,800 Speaker 1: after the end of the siege at Fort Pulaski, Major 168 00:10:26,840 --> 00:10:30,040 Speaker 1: General David Hunter, commander of the Department of the South, 169 00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:34,280 Speaker 1: issued General Order Number eleven, which set in part quote, 170 00:10:34,320 --> 00:10:39,240 Speaker 1: slavery and martial law in a free country are altogether incompatible. 171 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:44,240 Speaker 1: The persons in these three states Georgia, Florida, and South Carolina, 172 00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: heretofore held as slaves, are therefore declared forever free. Then 173 00:10:50,160 --> 00:10:53,319 Speaker 1: he started recruiting black soldiers to fight for the United States. 174 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:57,960 Speaker 1: This was deeply controversial within the military command all the 175 00:10:57,960 --> 00:11:01,920 Speaker 1: way up to President Abraham Lincoln. At this point, Lincoln's 176 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:04,920 Speaker 1: focus with the war was primarily on trying to reunite 177 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:09,520 Speaker 1: the country, not specifically to end slavery. He was concerned 178 00:11:09,559 --> 00:11:12,640 Speaker 1: that Hunter's actions and the recruitment of black troops would 179 00:11:12,679 --> 00:11:16,839 Speaker 1: antagonize border states and encourage them to join the Confederacy 180 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:21,440 Speaker 1: as well. The regiment was disbanded and Lincoln rescinded Hunter's 181 00:11:21,520 --> 00:11:25,240 Speaker 1: order freeing people in those three states. But word about 182 00:11:25,280 --> 00:11:28,440 Speaker 1: both the Declaration of Freedom and the regiment was already 183 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:31,800 Speaker 1: spreading among the black population of the Sea Islands and 184 00:11:31,920 --> 00:11:36,200 Speaker 1: other coastal areas. Yeah, so, Susie and her family by 185 00:11:36,240 --> 00:11:39,240 Speaker 1: far not the only people making their way out to 186 00:11:39,280 --> 00:11:41,520 Speaker 1: the Sea Islands at this point, and Susie and her 187 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,240 Speaker 1: family were in transit as all of this was happening. 188 00:11:45,040 --> 00:11:48,240 Speaker 1: They arrived at St. Catherine Island about two weeks after 189 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:51,920 Speaker 1: the siege at Fort Pulaski. They stayed there for about 190 00:11:51,920 --> 00:11:55,600 Speaker 1: another two weeks before being taken to St. Simon's Island 191 00:11:55,679 --> 00:11:59,120 Speaker 1: aboard the U S. S. Potomska. St. Simon's was being 192 00:11:59,200 --> 00:12:03,280 Speaker 1: used as a contraband camp. It's population grew as more 193 00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: and more people escaped from farther inland. From about April 194 00:12:07,559 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: to August of eighteen sixty two, the camp at St. 195 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:14,120 Speaker 1: Simon's Island was home to roughly six hundred people. At 196 00:12:14,120 --> 00:12:17,640 Speaker 1: this point, the U. S Government, the Army, and Northern 197 00:12:17,679 --> 00:12:20,640 Speaker 1: Reformers were carrying out a project known as the Port 198 00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:24,240 Speaker 1: Royal Experiment. It started in the Sea Islands off the 199 00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:27,920 Speaker 1: coast of South Carolina after the United States regained control 200 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:32,079 Speaker 1: of those islands in eighteen sixty one. The white landowners 201 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:35,559 Speaker 1: in this area had mostly fled, leaving their enslaved workforces 202 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:39,160 Speaker 1: and their crops behind. A major crop in this area 203 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:42,040 Speaker 1: was cotton, which was needed for the war effort, so 204 00:12:42,080 --> 00:12:45,200 Speaker 1: this experiment was an attempt to keep the agricultural system 205 00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:48,800 Speaker 1: running with the same labor as before, but with those 206 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:53,040 Speaker 1: people now free. Land was redistributed to the black families 207 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:56,600 Speaker 1: who were working it, and white volunteers helped establish things 208 00:12:56,640 --> 00:13:00,440 Speaker 1: like schools and hospitals. We talked about this it more 209 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:03,360 Speaker 1: in our two parter on Harriet's Hubman, which we ran 210 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:07,440 Speaker 1: as a Saturday classic in June of and in case 211 00:13:07,480 --> 00:13:11,320 Speaker 1: folks are wondering we unfortunately do not know if she 212 00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:14,400 Speaker 1: and Susie King Taylor ever met one another while they 213 00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:18,679 Speaker 1: were in the same general geographic area. And also, if 214 00:13:18,679 --> 00:13:23,120 Speaker 1: you're wondering, didn't Harriet Tubman also write an autobiography about 215 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:27,240 Speaker 1: her time in the Civil War. Harriet Tubman's biographies were 216 00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:30,240 Speaker 1: written by a white woman she worked with, named Sarah 217 00:13:30,280 --> 00:13:34,559 Speaker 1: Hopkins Bradford, So while they are notable in their own right, 218 00:13:35,160 --> 00:13:39,520 Speaker 1: they're not autobiographies and they're definitely filtered through Bradford's lens. 219 00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:43,600 Speaker 1: Although St. Simon's Island was farther south than the area 220 00:13:43,640 --> 00:13:47,120 Speaker 1: considered part of the Port Royal Experiment Commissions, they were 221 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:50,520 Speaker 1: very similar. It was home to large cotton plantations and 222 00:13:50,600 --> 00:13:53,440 Speaker 1: farms that needed to be kept going, and to a 223 00:13:53,559 --> 00:13:59,000 Speaker 1: similarly growing refugee population, including children. While heading there aboard 224 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:02,000 Speaker 1: the Potomskas, Susie had a conversation with the officer in 225 00:14:02,120 --> 00:14:06,000 Speaker 1: charge of the boat, a Captain Whitmore. Whitmore asked if 226 00:14:06,040 --> 00:14:08,719 Speaker 1: she could read right and so, and was surprised when 227 00:14:08,720 --> 00:14:11,199 Speaker 1: she told him that she could. He said he did 228 00:14:11,240 --> 00:14:13,120 Speaker 1: not know that there were black people who could read 229 00:14:13,160 --> 00:14:15,600 Speaker 1: and write, and that quote you seem to be so 230 00:14:15,679 --> 00:14:18,080 Speaker 1: different from the other colored people who came from the 231 00:14:18,120 --> 00:14:22,120 Speaker 1: same place you did, She replied, quote no, the only 232 00:14:22,160 --> 00:14:24,920 Speaker 1: differences they were reared in the country and I in 233 00:14:24,960 --> 00:14:27,600 Speaker 1: the city, as was a man from darry And Georgia 234 00:14:27,680 --> 00:14:32,160 Speaker 1: named Edward King. Soon Whitmore decided to put Susie in 235 00:14:32,240 --> 00:14:35,520 Speaker 1: charge of a school. So just a couple of weeks 236 00:14:35,520 --> 00:14:38,920 Speaker 1: after arriving at St. Simon's Island, and after getting a 237 00:14:38,960 --> 00:14:42,800 Speaker 1: shipment of books and bibles that she had requested, Susie 238 00:14:42,880 --> 00:14:45,960 Speaker 1: Baker was teaching. She was a few months away from 239 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:50,080 Speaker 1: her fourteenth birthday. She taught about forty children during the 240 00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:53,840 Speaker 1: day and adults at night. She also did laundry and 241 00:14:53,920 --> 00:14:57,560 Speaker 1: learned how to clean and fire a musket. Edward King, 242 00:14:57,920 --> 00:15:00,160 Speaker 1: who she had mentioned when talking to the cap Dion, 243 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:03,800 Speaker 1: became a soldier and, as an educated person himself, taught 244 00:15:03,840 --> 00:15:07,560 Speaker 1: adults to read as well, and at some point, it 245 00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:11,240 Speaker 1: is not clear exactly when, but probably sometime in eighteen 246 00:15:11,280 --> 00:15:14,960 Speaker 1: sixty two or early eighteen sixty three, Edward and Susie 247 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:17,800 Speaker 1: got married. In the book that she wrote much later, 248 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:22,880 Speaker 1: Susie King Taylor used pretty straightforward, simple language, but the 249 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: thing she describes happening at the camp make it clear 250 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:30,760 Speaker 1: that this was a traumatic, uncertain, and dangerous time. For example, 251 00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:33,440 Speaker 1: in June of eighteen sixty two, they were notified of 252 00:15:33,480 --> 00:15:36,760 Speaker 1: a settlement being proposed to end the war, one in 253 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:39,880 Speaker 1: which enslaved people would be required to keep working for 254 00:15:39,920 --> 00:15:43,280 Speaker 1: their enslavers three days a week and free people would 255 00:15:43,320 --> 00:15:47,880 Speaker 1: be sent to Liberia. Proposals to resettle people of African 256 00:15:47,880 --> 00:15:51,320 Speaker 1: descent in Liberia had started well before the start of 257 00:15:51,320 --> 00:15:54,960 Speaker 1: the war, and shortly before this the legislation that ended 258 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: slavery in Washington, d c. Also Provided compensation for free 259 00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:03,560 Speaker 1: people who chose to emigrate to another country like Haiti 260 00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:07,920 Speaker 1: or Liberia. People on St. Simon's Island tried to prepare 261 00:16:07,960 --> 00:16:12,680 Speaker 1: themselves for the possibility of moving to another continent. Susie 262 00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:15,840 Speaker 1: described it as quote a gloomy time for us all. 263 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:19,440 Speaker 1: But of course nothing came of this, and afterward nobody 264 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:21,560 Speaker 1: was really sure if it had just been some kind 265 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,600 Speaker 1: of a rumor. Although the camp was in an area 266 00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:27,600 Speaker 1: controlled by the U. S. Army, there were also ongoing 267 00:16:27,680 --> 00:16:31,960 Speaker 1: raids and skirmishes by Confederates and their supporters. People were 268 00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,000 Speaker 1: afraid to go out at night out of fear of 269 00:16:34,040 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 1: being abducted. Something that continued after guards were posted all 270 00:16:37,720 --> 00:16:42,160 Speaker 1: around the island. At one point two Confederate soldiers chased 271 00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 1: some men from the camp down the beach, leading the 272 00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:47,760 Speaker 1: camp to rally an armed group of about ninety men 273 00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:50,960 Speaker 1: to try to hunt them down. This led to a 274 00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,480 Speaker 1: confrontation in which two men were killed and others were wounded. 275 00:16:55,480 --> 00:16:58,840 Speaker 1: Captain C. T. Trowbridge heard about this and came to 276 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:01,520 Speaker 1: the camp to try to a recruitment for the first 277 00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:07,359 Speaker 1: South Carolina Volunteer Infantry. This was essentially a reformation of 278 00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:11,679 Speaker 1: the unit that Major General David Hunter had previously organized 279 00:17:11,720 --> 00:17:15,919 Speaker 1: and then been ordered to disband. This unit was officially 280 00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:19,919 Speaker 1: recognized in November of eighteen sixty two, under the command 281 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,959 Speaker 1: of Colonel Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Susie King operated her school 282 00:17:25,040 --> 00:17:28,440 Speaker 1: on St. Simon's Island until the fall of eighteen sixty two, 283 00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,159 Speaker 1: at which point the U. S. Army decided it was 284 00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:34,960 Speaker 1: impossible to keep the island secure. Refugees were moved to 285 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:39,960 Speaker 1: Hilton Head, South Carolina into Fernandina, Florida. Recruited troops went 286 00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:43,040 Speaker 1: to a camp at Beaufort, South Carolina, which they called 287 00:17:43,119 --> 00:17:47,760 Speaker 1: Camp Saxton after General Rufus Saxton. King went with them 288 00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:50,560 Speaker 1: and rolled as a laundress with Company E, where her 289 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:54,840 Speaker 1: husband was also serving. She also had multiple other male 290 00:17:54,920 --> 00:17:58,080 Speaker 1: relatives in the infantry, some in Company E and some 291 00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:02,359 Speaker 1: in other units. Being married may have offered Susie's some 292 00:18:02,480 --> 00:18:07,199 Speaker 1: protection in this environment. Although she was officially an army laundress, 293 00:18:07,359 --> 00:18:10,240 Speaker 1: she was in a similar role to a camp follower. 294 00:18:11,080 --> 00:18:15,959 Speaker 1: Those were civilians, mostly women and children, who followed army units, 295 00:18:16,040 --> 00:18:18,639 Speaker 1: many of them because they just had no other place 296 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:21,960 Speaker 1: to go and no way to support themselves. In North 297 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:26,600 Speaker 1: America up through the nineteenth century, camp followers were simultaneously 298 00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:30,480 Speaker 1: necessary to the functioning of the military and also viewed 299 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: with a lot of suspicion and even hostility. Camp followers 300 00:18:35,119 --> 00:18:38,800 Speaker 1: made food, did laundry, and cared for the sick and dying, 301 00:18:39,359 --> 00:18:42,240 Speaker 1: but they were often seen as a nuisance or a burden. 302 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:45,879 Speaker 1: Women in particular, were seen as immoral or suspected of 303 00:18:45,920 --> 00:18:50,800 Speaker 1: doing sex work. Various military officials who mentioned Susie King's 304 00:18:50,840 --> 00:18:53,800 Speaker 1: time with the army stressed that she was a decent, 305 00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:58,719 Speaker 1: responsible married woman. King also wrote about how the army's 306 00:18:58,760 --> 00:19:01,480 Speaker 1: treatment of the black sold ers made the situation worse 307 00:19:01,560 --> 00:19:05,040 Speaker 1: for their families. Quote, the first Colored troops did not 308 00:19:05,119 --> 00:19:08,240 Speaker 1: receive any pay for eighteen months, and the men had 309 00:19:08,240 --> 00:19:11,080 Speaker 1: to depend wholly on what they received from the commissary 310 00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:15,240 Speaker 1: established by General Saxton. A great many of these men 311 00:19:15,320 --> 00:19:17,720 Speaker 1: had large families, and as they had no money to 312 00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:21,119 Speaker 1: give them, their wives were obliged to support themselves and 313 00:19:21,240 --> 00:19:23,920 Speaker 1: children by washing for the officers of the gunboats and 314 00:19:23,960 --> 00:19:27,320 Speaker 1: the soldiers, and making cakes and pies which they sold 315 00:19:27,359 --> 00:19:31,240 Speaker 1: to the boys in camp. Finally, in eighteen sixty three, 316 00:19:31,280 --> 00:19:34,119 Speaker 1: the government decided to give them half pay, but the 317 00:19:34,160 --> 00:19:37,520 Speaker 1: men would not accept this. They wanted full pay or nothing. 318 00:19:38,280 --> 00:19:41,080 Speaker 1: They preferred rather to give their services to the state, 319 00:19:41,160 --> 00:19:44,360 Speaker 1: which they did until eighteen sixty four, when the government 320 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:47,520 Speaker 1: granted them full pay with all the back paid due. 321 00:19:48,440 --> 00:19:51,320 Speaker 1: Susie King was a volunteer as well. Quote. I gave 322 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:55,040 Speaker 1: my services willingly for four years and three months without 323 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:58,600 Speaker 1: receiving a dollar. I was glad, however, to be allowed 324 00:19:58,640 --> 00:20:00,879 Speaker 1: to go with the regiment to for the sick and 325 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:04,760 Speaker 1: afflicted comrades. We're going to talk more about Susie and 326 00:20:04,840 --> 00:20:07,040 Speaker 1: her time in the army after we paused for a 327 00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:19,639 Speaker 1: sponsor break. As we said earlier, Susie King and her 328 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:22,880 Speaker 1: husband became part of Company E of the first South 329 00:20:22,920 --> 00:20:26,880 Speaker 1: Carolina Volunteer Infantry, and she was enrolled as a laundress, 330 00:20:27,640 --> 00:20:30,480 Speaker 1: but in her words, quote, I did very little of 331 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:34,160 Speaker 1: it because I was always busy doing other things through 332 00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:37,960 Speaker 1: camp and was employed all the time doing something for 333 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:42,639 Speaker 1: the officers and comrades. Those other things included working as 334 00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:46,760 Speaker 1: a nurse, including during a smallpox outbreak among the troops, 335 00:20:46,800 --> 00:20:49,080 Speaker 1: something that she was not afraid to do because, in 336 00:20:49,160 --> 00:20:52,160 Speaker 1: her words, quote, I had been vaccinated and I drank 337 00:20:52,200 --> 00:20:56,240 Speaker 1: sassafras tea constantly, which kept my blood purged and prevented 338 00:20:56,280 --> 00:20:59,560 Speaker 1: me from contracting this dread scourge. And no one need 339 00:20:59,640 --> 00:21:01,800 Speaker 1: fear of getting it if they will only keep their 340 00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:05,880 Speaker 1: blood in good condition with this sassafras tea and take 341 00:21:05,920 --> 00:21:09,240 Speaker 1: it before going where the patient is. I just I 342 00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:17,080 Speaker 1: love how she equally credits the vaccine. And she also 343 00:21:17,119 --> 00:21:21,000 Speaker 1: wrote about a gathering to recognize the Emancipation Proclamation going 344 00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:23,719 Speaker 1: into effect. That, of course, was held on January one, 345 00:21:23,960 --> 00:21:28,439 Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, and they celebrated with a barbecue. Quote 346 00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:31,400 Speaker 1: A number of oxen were roasted whole, and we had 347 00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:35,760 Speaker 1: a fine feast, although not served as tastily or correctly 348 00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:38,080 Speaker 1: as it would have been at home. Yet it was 349 00:21:38,200 --> 00:21:42,240 Speaker 1: enjoyed with keen appetites and relish. The soldiers had a 350 00:21:42,280 --> 00:21:45,600 Speaker 1: good time. They sang or shouted Hurrah all through the 351 00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:49,920 Speaker 1: camp and seemed overflowing with fun and frolic until taps 352 00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:54,800 Speaker 1: were sounded, when many no doubt dreamt of this memorable day. 353 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:57,560 Speaker 1: King was with Company E for the duration of the war, 354 00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:01,440 Speaker 1: including after it was reorganized as the thirty third United 355 00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:05,040 Speaker 1: States Colored Troops Regiment that happened in February of eighteen 356 00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:08,800 Speaker 1: sixty four. When a hospital for Black soldiers was opened 357 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:12,240 Speaker 1: in Baufort, South Carolina, in April of eighteen sixty three, 358 00:22:12,560 --> 00:22:15,280 Speaker 1: she was a regular visitor, checking in on soldiers she 359 00:22:15,359 --> 00:22:19,119 Speaker 1: knew and helping out where she could. During these months, 360 00:22:19,119 --> 00:22:21,879 Speaker 1: she met Clara Barton, who was also working in Union 361 00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:25,919 Speaker 1: hospitals in South Carolina. Some of her descriptions from this 362 00:22:25,960 --> 00:22:28,919 Speaker 1: period are about things she saw on the front lines, 363 00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:33,399 Speaker 1: things like gunners firing on the city of Charleston, Confederate 364 00:22:33,480 --> 00:22:36,480 Speaker 1: soldiers jeering at them from the other side of a picket. 365 00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:41,120 Speaker 1: Colonel Higginson, returning wounded from an expedition up the Edista river. 366 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,800 Speaker 1: Some of these passages are vivid. Quote, it seems strange 367 00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:49,400 Speaker 1: how our aversion to seeing suffering is overcome in war. 368 00:22:50,040 --> 00:22:53,000 Speaker 1: How we are able to see the most sickening sites, 369 00:22:53,200 --> 00:22:56,040 Speaker 1: such as men with their limbs blown off and mangled 370 00:22:56,080 --> 00:22:59,879 Speaker 1: by the deadly shells, without a shutter, and instead of 371 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:03,879 Speaker 1: turning away, how we hurried to assist in alleviating their pain, 372 00:23:04,440 --> 00:23:07,480 Speaker 1: bind up their wounds, and press the cool water to 373 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:12,400 Speaker 1: their parched lips, with feelings only of sympathy and pity. 374 00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:16,200 Speaker 1: She also wrote about the more mundane aspects of camp life, 375 00:23:16,320 --> 00:23:19,000 Speaker 1: like quote, in winter, when it was very cold, I 376 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:21,199 Speaker 1: would take a mess pan, put a little earth in 377 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:23,480 Speaker 1: the bottom, and go to the cook shed and fill 378 00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:26,320 Speaker 1: it nearly full of coals, carry it back to my 379 00:23:26,359 --> 00:23:28,919 Speaker 1: tent and put another pan over it, so when the 380 00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:32,000 Speaker 1: provost guard went through camp after taps, they would not 381 00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:34,320 Speaker 1: see the light, as it was against the rules to 382 00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:37,399 Speaker 1: have a light after taps. In this way I was 383 00:23:37,480 --> 00:23:42,120 Speaker 1: heated and kept very warm, or what they ate quote 384 00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:45,119 Speaker 1: we had fresh beef once in a while, and we 385 00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:47,639 Speaker 1: would have soup, and the vegetables they put in this 386 00:23:47,760 --> 00:23:51,359 Speaker 1: soup were dried and pressed. They look like hops. Salt 387 00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,560 Speaker 1: beef was our standby. Sometimes the men would have what 388 00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:57,720 Speaker 1: we called slapjacks. This was flour made into bread and 389 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:00,280 Speaker 1: spread thin on the bottom of the mess pans a cook. 390 00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:02,760 Speaker 1: Each man had one of them with a pint of 391 00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:05,040 Speaker 1: tea for his supper, or a pint of tea and 392 00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:07,920 Speaker 1: five or six hard tech. I often got my own 393 00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:11,639 Speaker 1: meals and would fix some dishes for the non commissioned officers. Also, 394 00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:15,280 Speaker 1: in June of eighteen sixty four, the troops left the 395 00:24:15,320 --> 00:24:18,560 Speaker 1: camp and most of the women were left behind. Quote 396 00:24:18,840 --> 00:24:21,240 Speaker 1: Mary Shaw shared my tent that night and we went 397 00:24:21,280 --> 00:24:23,840 Speaker 1: to bed, but not to sleep for the fleas nearly 398 00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:26,920 Speaker 1: eight us alive. We caught a few, but it did 399 00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:29,400 Speaker 1: seem now that the men were gone, that every flee 400 00:24:29,480 --> 00:24:33,000 Speaker 1: in camp had located my tent and caused us to vacate. 401 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:35,960 Speaker 1: Sleep being out of the question, we sat up the 402 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:39,520 Speaker 1: remainder of the night. When injured men started returning from 403 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:41,800 Speaker 1: combat the next day, King needed to find a way 404 00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:44,720 Speaker 1: to feed them, but she didn't have many provisions, so 405 00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:48,600 Speaker 1: she made a custard from condensed milk and turtle legs. 406 00:24:49,359 --> 00:24:50,919 Speaker 1: She was not sure how that was going to go 407 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:54,760 Speaker 1: because she had never kiked with turtle Legs before, apparently 408 00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:58,720 Speaker 1: came out okay. In December of eighteen sixty four, King 409 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:02,480 Speaker 1: was nearly killed when the boat she was traveling on capsuized. 410 00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:06,520 Speaker 1: Some of the people aboard either drowned or died of exposure. 411 00:25:07,119 --> 00:25:10,080 Speaker 1: She was found and rescued on Christmas Day, but she 412 00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:13,960 Speaker 1: was very ill afterwards. She was not recovered enough to 413 00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:17,240 Speaker 1: return to the unit until later in January of eighteen 414 00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:21,520 Speaker 1: sixty five, and she also survived at least two other 415 00:25:21,680 --> 00:25:25,320 Speaker 1: shipwrecks in addition to this one during her life. General 416 00:25:25,400 --> 00:25:29,120 Speaker 1: Robert Elie surrendered on April ninth, eighteen sixty five, which 417 00:25:29,119 --> 00:25:32,240 Speaker 1: started the process of ending the war, although it was 418 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:34,919 Speaker 1: not officially over for more than a year. After that, 419 00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:39,200 Speaker 1: the thirty third United States Colored Troops Regiment was mustered 420 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:43,240 Speaker 1: out on February nine, eighteen sixty six. Susie and Edward 421 00:25:43,320 --> 00:25:48,200 Speaker 1: King returned to Savannah. Although Edward was a skilled carpenter, 422 00:25:48,240 --> 00:25:50,840 Speaker 1: he was not able to find work because of the 423 00:25:50,960 --> 00:25:54,600 Speaker 1: ongoing climate of racism there. He got a job as 424 00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:58,760 Speaker 1: a longshoreman instead. At first, Susie kept their home, but 425 00:25:58,960 --> 00:26:03,920 Speaker 1: soon she was teach again, charging students a dollar a month. Tragically, 426 00:26:03,960 --> 00:26:07,119 Speaker 1: though Edward King died in an accident at work on 427 00:26:07,160 --> 00:26:11,920 Speaker 1: September eighteen sixty six, and at that point Susie was pregnant. 428 00:26:12,560 --> 00:26:15,560 Speaker 1: Susie continued to teach until she had to stop due 429 00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:19,080 Speaker 1: to a combination of factors. One was the impending birth 430 00:26:19,119 --> 00:26:21,679 Speaker 1: of her son, whose name she does not give in 431 00:26:21,720 --> 00:26:24,879 Speaker 1: her memoir. The other was the opening of a free 432 00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:28,560 Speaker 1: school for black children in Savannah, and King's memoir she 433 00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:32,240 Speaker 1: says this was a Beach Institute school. Although the Beach 434 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:36,040 Speaker 1: Institute did open a school in Savannah in eighteen sixty seven, 435 00:26:36,440 --> 00:26:39,640 Speaker 1: it initially also charged the same tuition that King did. 436 00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:44,280 Speaker 1: Regardless with a free school available, King had trouble attracting 437 00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,560 Speaker 1: enough paying students to keep her own efforts going. After 438 00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:51,120 Speaker 1: a series of attempts to open a school for either 439 00:26:51,280 --> 00:26:54,720 Speaker 1: children or adults, none of which worked out, King eventually 440 00:26:54,720 --> 00:26:56,920 Speaker 1: had to leave her son in the care of her mother, 441 00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:59,800 Speaker 1: who had also been recently widowed and had opened a 442 00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:04,919 Speaker 1: grocery store. King started doing domestic work for affluent white families. 443 00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:09,000 Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy two, she applied for her late husband's 444 00:27:09,160 --> 00:27:14,760 Speaker 1: army pension and was granted some of a hundred dollars. Unfortunately, though, 445 00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:17,280 Speaker 1: she lost at least part of it in the collapse 446 00:27:17,320 --> 00:27:21,080 Speaker 1: of the Freedmen's Savings Bank. For some context on that, 447 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:24,679 Speaker 1: the Freedmen's Savings Bank was chartered by Congress in eighteen 448 00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:28,959 Speaker 1: sixty five to benefit black soldiers, former slaves, their descendants 449 00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:32,840 Speaker 1: folks like that. It collapsed in eighteen seventy four due 450 00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:35,959 Speaker 1: to a combination of factors, including the Panic of eighteen 451 00:27:35,960 --> 00:27:42,280 Speaker 1: seventy three, policy changes, and mismanagement and fraud. This happened 452 00:27:42,320 --> 00:27:45,480 Speaker 1: after Frederick Douglas had been recruited to try to save 453 00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:48,399 Speaker 1: the bank. He was not actually aware of how dire 454 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:51,800 Speaker 1: the situation was, and lost ten thousand dollars of his 455 00:27:51,920 --> 00:27:55,800 Speaker 1: own money trying to keep it afloat. This was truly 456 00:27:55,920 --> 00:27:58,960 Speaker 1: devastating to the tens of thousands of black people who 457 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:02,480 Speaker 1: had deposited her money at the bank, especially since for 458 00:28:02,760 --> 00:28:06,320 Speaker 1: so many of them it was the first money they'd 459 00:28:06,359 --> 00:28:10,760 Speaker 1: been able to earn after years or decades of unpaid 460 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:15,760 Speaker 1: work while enslaved. King's grandmother, Dolly Reid, also lost most 461 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:19,639 Speaker 1: of her savings in this collapse as well. Susie King's 462 00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:23,840 Speaker 1: memoirs describe her having a childhood fascination with Northerners and 463 00:28:23,880 --> 00:28:28,160 Speaker 1: the North, or, to again use her word, Yankees. While 464 00:28:28,280 --> 00:28:30,359 Speaker 1: she had met people from the North during her time 465 00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:33,280 Speaker 1: with the army during the war, her first visit to 466 00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:36,440 Speaker 1: a northern state was while working for a Mrs Charles Green, 467 00:28:36,960 --> 00:28:39,320 Speaker 1: whose family took her with them when they went to 468 00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:42,800 Speaker 1: Rye Beach in New Hampshire for the summer. In eighteen 469 00:28:42,840 --> 00:28:45,719 Speaker 1: seventy four, she went to Boston again in the company 470 00:28:45,760 --> 00:28:49,720 Speaker 1: of an employer, and eventually she moved there. That is 471 00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:52,640 Speaker 1: where she met her second husband, Russell Taylor, who she 472 00:28:52,720 --> 00:28:57,720 Speaker 1: married in eighteen seventy nine. Her experiences of enslavement and 473 00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:01,560 Speaker 1: the Civil War and trying to a life for herself 474 00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:04,480 Speaker 1: in the post war South meant that living in New 475 00:29:04,520 --> 00:29:09,440 Speaker 1: England was a wildly different experience, and her words quote, 476 00:29:09,520 --> 00:29:12,280 Speaker 1: I have been in many states and cities, and in 477 00:29:12,360 --> 00:29:15,560 Speaker 1: each I have looked for liberty and justice equal for 478 00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:18,240 Speaker 1: the black as for the white. But it was not 479 00:29:18,360 --> 00:29:20,600 Speaker 1: until I was within the borders of New England and 480 00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:24,400 Speaker 1: reached Old Massachusetts that I found it. I want to 481 00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:26,400 Speaker 1: take a moment and say I don't want to question 482 00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:29,320 Speaker 1: her experience, but I also don't want to leave people 483 00:29:29,360 --> 00:29:32,960 Speaker 1: with the impression that there was no racism and equal 484 00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:37,719 Speaker 1: justice in Massachusetts in the nineteenth century, because that's not 485 00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:41,320 Speaker 1: the case. It's a comparative situation for her, where it 486 00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:47,280 Speaker 1: probably seemed completely better but not perfect. In eighteen eighty six, 487 00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:50,240 Speaker 1: Taylor helped establish a chapter of the Women's Relief Corps, 488 00:29:50,280 --> 00:29:53,080 Speaker 1: which is a women's auxiliary connected to the Grand Army 489 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:56,520 Speaker 1: of the Republic, which was a fraternal organization for veterans 490 00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,960 Speaker 1: that fought for the United States during the Civil War. 491 00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:02,320 Speaker 1: She was active in this organization for most of the 492 00:30:02,360 --> 00:30:06,320 Speaker 1: rest of her life, including serving as its secretary, treasurer, 493 00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:10,000 Speaker 1: and president at various points. One of the projects she 494 00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:12,520 Speaker 1: worked on with the CORE involved helping to create a 495 00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:16,560 Speaker 1: roster of all the Union veterans who were living in Massachusetts. 496 00:30:17,200 --> 00:30:20,200 Speaker 1: The CORE also sent relief packages to troops during the 497 00:30:20,240 --> 00:30:24,200 Speaker 1: Spanish American War. She also wrote about how, in her view, 498 00:30:24,480 --> 00:30:28,960 Speaker 1: the United States had essentially exported its racism to Cuba 499 00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:32,800 Speaker 1: during and after that war. Quote, the Cubans are free, 500 00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:36,800 Speaker 1: but it is a limited freedom. For prejudice deep rooted 501 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:40,520 Speaker 1: has been brought to them, and a separation made between 502 00:30:40,520 --> 00:30:43,360 Speaker 1: the white and black Cubans, a thing that had never 503 00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:47,080 Speaker 1: existed between them before, but today there is the same 504 00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:51,040 Speaker 1: intense hatred towards the Negro in Cuba that there is 505 00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:55,360 Speaker 1: in some parts of this country. Taylor's grandmother, Dolly Reid, 506 00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:58,600 Speaker 1: died in May of eight nine, and Taylor was able 507 00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:01,320 Speaker 1: to make one final trip to see her before her death. 508 00:31:02,080 --> 00:31:05,320 Speaker 1: In two she applied for a pension for her service 509 00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:08,440 Speaker 1: as an army nurse, but since she had been described 510 00:31:08,520 --> 00:31:12,000 Speaker 1: as a laundress and not a nurse, this petition was denied. 511 00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:15,760 Speaker 1: Taylor was by far not the only black person to 512 00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:18,320 Speaker 1: work as a nurse during the war while being classified 513 00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:22,160 Speaker 1: as a laundress. This not only denied them all compensation 514 00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:25,960 Speaker 1: for their work, but it largely erased black women's contributions 515 00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:31,120 Speaker 1: as nurses during the Civil War. In February of Taylor 516 00:31:31,160 --> 00:31:34,200 Speaker 1: got word that her son, who was working as an actor, 517 00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:37,400 Speaker 1: had been ill for some time and that she needed 518 00:31:37,400 --> 00:31:41,160 Speaker 1: to come to Shreveport, Louisiana to see him. So. This 519 00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:45,080 Speaker 1: was after the end of Reconstruction and former slave states 520 00:31:45,120 --> 00:31:49,800 Speaker 1: had started passing oppressive laws against their black population. It 521 00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:52,920 Speaker 1: was also after the U. S. Supreme Court had ruled 522 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:57,760 Speaker 1: in plus e versus Ferguson that segregation was legal. After 523 00:31:57,960 --> 00:32:01,840 Speaker 1: roughly two decades of living in Assachusetts, where racism was 524 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:06,480 Speaker 1: typically less overt and less violent, she was deeply shocked 525 00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:10,120 Speaker 1: and dismayed by what she experienced while once again traveling 526 00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:13,440 Speaker 1: in the South. On her way to Shreveport, she was 527 00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:16,840 Speaker 1: forced to ride in the smoking car, the only place 528 00:32:16,920 --> 00:32:20,080 Speaker 1: that black passengers were allowed, and after she got there, 529 00:32:20,160 --> 00:32:22,680 Speaker 1: she discovered that her son was so ill that the 530 00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,360 Speaker 1: only way he could hope to survive a journey was 531 00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:28,360 Speaker 1: in a berth in a sleeping car, and she tried 532 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:31,200 Speaker 1: to buy a ticket and was refused because the sleeping 533 00:32:31,200 --> 00:32:35,000 Speaker 1: cars were for white passengers only. She wrote, quote, it 534 00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:38,000 Speaker 1: seemed very hard when his father fought to protect the 535 00:32:38,160 --> 00:32:41,320 Speaker 1: Union and our flag, and yet this boy was denied 536 00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:44,760 Speaker 1: under this same flag, a birth to carry him home 537 00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:48,840 Speaker 1: to die because he was a Negro. She stayed with 538 00:32:48,840 --> 00:32:51,760 Speaker 1: her son until his death and then reluctantly had him 539 00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:55,720 Speaker 1: buried in Louisiana. She witnessed a lynching on the way home, 540 00:32:55,760 --> 00:33:00,320 Speaker 1: which was both terrifying and horrifying. In addition to her 541 00:33:00,360 --> 00:33:04,160 Speaker 1: descriptions of her upbringing, her wartime service, and her trip 542 00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:07,760 Speaker 1: to see her dying son, Susie King Taylor included a 543 00:33:07,840 --> 00:33:11,840 Speaker 1: chapter in her memoir called Thoughts on Present Conditions, in 544 00:33:11,880 --> 00:33:14,960 Speaker 1: which she reflected on what the nation had gone through 545 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:18,640 Speaker 1: during the war and how far it still had to go. 546 00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:22,160 Speaker 1: This chapter said, in part quote, I wonder if our 547 00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:27,000 Speaker 1: white fellow men realized the true sense or meaning of brotherhood. 548 00:33:27,280 --> 00:33:30,080 Speaker 1: For two hundred years we had toiled for him. The 549 00:33:30,120 --> 00:33:33,040 Speaker 1: War of eighteen sixty one came and was ended, and 550 00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:37,240 Speaker 1: we thought our race was forever free from bondage, and 551 00:33:37,280 --> 00:33:40,520 Speaker 1: that the two races could live in unity with each other. 552 00:33:40,760 --> 00:33:44,240 Speaker 1: But when we read almost every day of what is 553 00:33:44,320 --> 00:33:47,040 Speaker 1: done to my race by some whites in the South, 554 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:50,960 Speaker 1: I sometimes ask was the war in vain? Has it 555 00:33:51,040 --> 00:33:53,560 Speaker 1: brought freedom in the full sense of the word, or 556 00:33:53,640 --> 00:33:57,200 Speaker 1: has it not made our condition more hopeless? In this 557 00:33:57,320 --> 00:34:00,480 Speaker 1: land of the Free, we are burned, tortured, and denied 558 00:34:00,560 --> 00:34:05,200 Speaker 1: a fair trial, murdered for any imaginary wrong conceived in 559 00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:08,319 Speaker 1: the brain of the negro hating white man. There is 560 00:34:08,360 --> 00:34:11,480 Speaker 1: no redress for us from a government which promised to 561 00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:15,839 Speaker 1: protect all under its flag. It seems a mystery to me. 562 00:34:16,360 --> 00:34:20,920 Speaker 1: They say, one flag, one nation, one country, indivisible. Is 563 00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:24,960 Speaker 1: this true? Can we say this truthfully? When one race 564 00:34:25,120 --> 00:34:28,920 Speaker 1: is allowed to burn, hang and inflict the most horrible 565 00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:33,560 Speaker 1: torture weekly monthly on another. No, we cannot sing my 566 00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:36,520 Speaker 1: countries as of the sweet land of liberty. It is 567 00:34:36,560 --> 00:34:41,720 Speaker 1: a hollow mockery. Taylor started writing her memoir in nineteen 568 00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:44,480 Speaker 1: o one and self published it in nineteen o two. 569 00:34:45,320 --> 00:34:48,920 Speaker 1: She dedicated it to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who also wrote 570 00:34:48,920 --> 00:34:54,960 Speaker 1: its introduction. Higginson recognized that it represented a unique perspective. Quote, 571 00:34:55,320 --> 00:34:58,799 Speaker 1: actual military life is rarely described by a woman, and 572 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:01,719 Speaker 1: this is especially true of a woman whose place was 573 00:35:01,800 --> 00:35:04,359 Speaker 1: in the ranks, as the wife of a soldier, and 574 00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:09,120 Speaker 1: herself a regimental laundress. No such description has ever been given, 575 00:35:09,239 --> 00:35:12,640 Speaker 1: I am sure by one thus connected with a colored regiment, 576 00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:16,160 Speaker 1: so that the nearly two hundred thousand black soldiers of 577 00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:19,480 Speaker 1: our Civil War have never before been delineated from the 578 00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:23,600 Speaker 1: woman's point of view. All this gives peculiar interest to 579 00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:26,719 Speaker 1: this little volume, relating wholly to the career of the 580 00:35:26,840 --> 00:35:30,520 Speaker 1: very earliest of these regiments, the one described by myself 581 00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:33,360 Speaker 1: from a wholly different point of view in my volume 582 00:35:33,760 --> 00:35:37,759 Speaker 1: Army Life and a Black Regiment. Higginson also noted that 583 00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:40,160 Speaker 1: he had not made any changes to the text beyond 584 00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:44,560 Speaker 1: correcting some proper names. Taylor also printed a letter from 585 00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:47,480 Speaker 1: Charles T. Trowbridge, who had been captain of the first 586 00:35:47,560 --> 00:35:52,400 Speaker 1: South Carolina Volunteer Infantry. He endorsed the memoir as quote 587 00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:56,439 Speaker 1: a truthful account of your unselfish devotion and service through 588 00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:00,239 Speaker 1: more than three long years of war. He also said 589 00:36:00,280 --> 00:36:03,520 Speaker 1: he regretted the technicality of her not being given a 590 00:36:03,560 --> 00:36:07,080 Speaker 1: pension or named as an army nurse, that technicality again 591 00:36:07,080 --> 00:36:09,719 Speaker 1: being that she had been listed as a laundress instead. 592 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:13,319 Speaker 1: We don't really know how many copies of this book 593 00:36:13,360 --> 00:36:17,800 Speaker 1: were printed or how many sold, although it still survives today. 594 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:20,520 Speaker 1: We also don't know much at all about Taylor's life 595 00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:23,399 Speaker 1: after she wrote it. She does seem to have kept 596 00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:26,000 Speaker 1: in touch with Higginson until his death in May of 597 00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:31,160 Speaker 1: nineteen eleven. Susie King Taylor died in Boston on October six, 598 00:36:31,320 --> 00:36:34,680 Speaker 1: nineteen twelve, at the age of sixty four. She's believed 599 00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:38,040 Speaker 1: to have been buried at Mount Hope Cemetery in Roslyndale, 600 00:36:38,080 --> 00:36:40,920 Speaker 1: next to her husband, Russell, who had died in nineteen 601 00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:43,840 Speaker 1: o one, Although her name was not added to the 602 00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:48,960 Speaker 1: gravestone in October of one, though, the Sons of Union 603 00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:53,120 Speaker 1: Veterans and other organizations raised funds for a monument to 604 00:36:53,160 --> 00:36:56,560 Speaker 1: her in the cemetery, which is there now. The Georgia 605 00:36:56,640 --> 00:37:01,920 Speaker 1: Historical Society also erected a historical marker honoring her in Midway, Georgia. 606 00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:05,920 Speaker 1: In and more recently, there's been a push to rename 607 00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:09,480 Speaker 1: the square in Savannah that was formerly known as John C. 608 00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:15,160 Speaker 1: Calhoun Square after her. So we'll see if that happens. Yeah, 609 00:37:15,239 --> 00:37:19,360 Speaker 1: it's as far as I know, had just been proposed 610 00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:23,840 Speaker 1: not that many months ago. We'll see. Do you have 611 00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:26,279 Speaker 1: a listener mail to wrap this one up? I do. 612 00:37:26,520 --> 00:37:29,600 Speaker 1: I have listener mail from Natalia and it is a correction. 613 00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:33,160 Speaker 1: Italia says Hi, Holly and Tracy. I've been following stuff 614 00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:35,839 Speaker 1: you missed in history class. It's and I've learned a 615 00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:39,120 Speaker 1: lot from this series. I was listening to your most 616 00:37:39,239 --> 00:37:42,600 Speaker 1: recent Unearthed episodes and noticed that in one of the 617 00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:45,680 Speaker 1: Shipwrecked stories you said that the ship departed from the 618 00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:50,959 Speaker 1: ports city of Gadanst now Danzig. That was true after 619 00:37:50,960 --> 00:37:54,160 Speaker 1: the first Partition of Poland, when the region was controlled 620 00:37:54,200 --> 00:37:56,960 Speaker 1: by the Germans, but today its name has reverted to 621 00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:00,960 Speaker 1: the original Gdans. I don't I feel like I'm saying 622 00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:05,879 Speaker 1: that with the exactly right vowel sound um doing my best. 623 00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:10,520 Speaker 1: The city does have an interesting history post World War One. 624 00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:13,759 Speaker 1: While the city was under Polish authority as determined by 625 00:38:13,760 --> 00:38:17,440 Speaker 1: the League of Nations, the majority of its constituents were German, 626 00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:20,319 Speaker 1: and from ninety and nineteen thirty nine it was known 627 00:38:20,360 --> 00:38:23,920 Speaker 1: as the Free City of Good Dance or Dancing in 628 00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,920 Speaker 1: German and operated as an independent city state. This northern 629 00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:31,960 Speaker 1: area of Poland separated the main body of Germany from Prussia, 630 00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:34,480 Speaker 1: and in the beginning of World War Two, the Nazis 631 00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,640 Speaker 1: targeted the city state to get access to this territory. 632 00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:41,520 Speaker 1: After World War Two, Gangs officially became part of the 633 00:38:41,560 --> 00:38:45,040 Speaker 1: country of Poland and many Germans left or were expelled 634 00:38:45,080 --> 00:38:48,080 Speaker 1: from the city. This mass expulsion of Germans occurred in 635 00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:51,960 Speaker 1: many occupied territories throughout Eastern and Central Europe after the 636 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:56,239 Speaker 1: Potsdam Agreement redefined the borders of Europe. Thanks again for 637 00:38:56,239 --> 00:38:58,440 Speaker 1: all your educational talks. I just had to point out 638 00:38:58,480 --> 00:39:01,479 Speaker 1: this error. I do think the history of guys would 639 00:39:01,480 --> 00:39:04,560 Speaker 1: it be an interesting topic to cover. Regards and Italian, 640 00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:08,960 Speaker 1: thank you for this email. Italian whenever I discover I've 641 00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:11,399 Speaker 1: made an error like this, I'd go to I try 642 00:39:11,440 --> 00:39:13,840 Speaker 1: to figure out what happened in case there is something 643 00:39:13,880 --> 00:39:16,680 Speaker 1: I can do to prevent such error from happening in 644 00:39:16,719 --> 00:39:19,360 Speaker 1: the future. And at first I was like, what in 645 00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:22,360 Speaker 1: the world. I remember going to try to find pronunciations, 646 00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:25,920 Speaker 1: but like none of the things that I had searched 647 00:39:25,960 --> 00:39:30,960 Speaker 1: for to find a good pronunciation resource had suggested that 648 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,680 Speaker 1: we should call the city Danzi. I realized, though, UM, 649 00:39:34,760 --> 00:39:37,800 Speaker 1: that the write ups of this shipwreck and the article 650 00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:41,400 Speaker 1: about it that I had read, all for reasons I 651 00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:44,120 Speaker 1: am had not actually clear on, had put the name 652 00:39:44,160 --> 00:39:47,560 Speaker 1: of the city at one point as good and then 653 00:39:47,560 --> 00:39:51,839 Speaker 1: in parentheses Danzig. And in my head I interpreted that 654 00:39:51,920 --> 00:39:54,719 Speaker 1: as meaning that was the name before, this is the 655 00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:58,960 Speaker 1: name now. That was wrong. So I am uh, I 656 00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:03,120 Speaker 1: apologize for my I error on that. Thank you Italia 657 00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,760 Speaker 1: for sending this email UM with not just the correction, 658 00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:09,960 Speaker 1: but other information about the city. If you would like 659 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:11,839 Speaker 1: to send us a note about this or any other 660 00:40:11,880 --> 00:40:14,719 Speaker 1: podcasts or a history podcasts that I heart radio dot com. 661 00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:17,200 Speaker 1: And then we're all over social media at miss in History. 662 00:40:17,239 --> 00:40:20,360 Speaker 1: That's where you'll find our Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Instagram, 663 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,840 Speaker 1: and you can subscribe to our show on the I 664 00:40:23,920 --> 00:40:26,799 Speaker 1: heart Radio app or wherever you like to get your podcasts. 665 00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:34,080 Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of 666 00:40:34,160 --> 00:40:37,360 Speaker 1: I heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, 667 00:40:37,520 --> 00:40:40,680 Speaker 1: visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 668 00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:42,120 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.