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Speaker 1: Welcome to Unexplained Extra with me Richard McClane Smith, where

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Speaker 1: for the weeks in between episodes, we look at stories

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Speaker 1: and ideas that, for one reason or other, didn't make

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Speaker 1: it into the previous show. In last week's episode, New

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Speaker 1: Dawn Fades, we traced the origins of what is commonly

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Speaker 1: referred to as the Roswell Incident. When researching for the episode,

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Speaker 1: I was surprised to learn that, considering how well known

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Speaker 1: this event is, that it wasn't actually until Major Jesse

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Speaker 1: Marcel made his claims some thirty years after the fact,

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Speaker 1: that this incident gained the reputation it has today. Despite

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Speaker 1: its notoriety, however, many UFO enthusiasts considered the Roswell incident

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Speaker 1: to be one of the less compelling examples of a

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Speaker 1: possible extraterrestrial event. It may be then, that the reason

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Speaker 1: and it continues to enthrall is not so much the

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Speaker 1: UFO element, but rather how the event fits into a

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Speaker 1: wider narrative of government cover ups and conspiracy theory. In

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Speaker 1: this sense, we find in this later repositioning of the

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Speaker 1: Roswell Incident an example of how often our response to

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Speaker 1: a UFO sighting will often mirror the culture and general

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Speaker 1: thinking of the day. Had Major Marcel made his claim

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Speaker 1: of a military cover up back when the initial incident occurred,

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Speaker 1: for example, we might well have been summarily dismissed and

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Speaker 1: the event well and truly forgotten. By the time Stanton

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Speaker 1: Friedman began his investigations in nineteen seventy eight, however, the

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Speaker 1: American public broadly speaking, was still reeling from the revelations

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Speaker 1: of the Watergate scandal. As such, people were perhaps far

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Speaker 1: more inclined to entertain the idea of a military and

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Speaker 1: government cover up, with the status of the Roswell incident

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Speaker 1: becoming elevated as a result. Interestingly, when we look back

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Speaker 1: at the way in which UOFO events have been interpreted historically,

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Speaker 1: we find a similar pattern emerging, and paradoxically, such sightings

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Speaker 1: often end up revealing far more about ourselves than anything

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Speaker 1: about the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Reported sightings of unknown

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Speaker 1: objects in the sky have been dated to as far

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Speaker 1: back as at least the third century BC. In a

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Speaker 1: paper published in a two thousand and seven edition of

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Speaker 1: Classical Journal titled Unidentified Flying Objects in Classical Antiquity, NASA

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Speaker 1: scientist Richard Stothers charts the history of these ancient UFO sightings.

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Speaker 1: As Stothers points out, most observations around the beginning of

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Speaker 1: the Common Era, recorded by individuals such as Roman historians

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Speaker 1: Livy and Pliny the Elder, have since been easily explained

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Speaker 1: by ventional scientific ideas. Reports of ships gleaming in the sky,

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Speaker 1: flaming spears and oblong shields, for example, are thought to

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Speaker 1: be merely an unusual cloud formation, and the streamers of

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Speaker 1: an Aurora borealis, respectively. Here we find the notion of

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Speaker 1: the UFO limited by the general understanding of space and cosmology,

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Speaker 1: but also the interpretation of what has supposedly been seen

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Speaker 1: limited and distorted by the language used to describe it.

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Speaker 1: As Stothers puts it, the military terminology reflects the most

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Speaker 1: advanced technology known at the time, a tendency found also

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Speaker 1: in modern UFO reports in which a witness gropes for

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Speaker 1: a familiar technical vocabulary and perhaps a rationalization to describe

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Speaker 1: an unaccountable phenomenon. That many ancient reports were made during

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Speaker 1: wartime may partially explain this military terminology, But additionally, despite

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Speaker 1: our ancestors elaborate descriptions, rarely in antiquity, do we find

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Speaker 1: such sightings being associated with extraterrestrials in the way we

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Speaker 1: might find to day. The simple reason for this is

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Speaker 1: that such a thing was inconceivable on account of our

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Speaker 1: limited knowledge of the cosmos. The concept of cosmic pluralism,

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Speaker 1: the idea that there may be other inhabited worlds beyond

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Speaker 1: our own, had been discussed and considered by many thinkers

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Speaker 1: from as far back as pre Common era times. In fact,

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Speaker 1: many Islamic thinkers and scientists, such as Imam Muhammad Albakir,

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Speaker 1: who wrote of God creating thousands and thousands of worlds

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Speaker 1: as far back as the seventh century c E, were

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Speaker 1: particularly open to the idea, and in the second century

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Speaker 1: c E. Novel True History, written by Lucian of Samosata,

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Speaker 1: we find alien people from the Moon and the Sun

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Speaker 1: depicted at war with each other. However, most people's understanding

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Speaker 1: of space was based on the aristote alien ideas of

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Speaker 1: geocentrism and the sublunary sphere. This idea, with Earth at

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Speaker 1: the center of the universe, suggested that laws of physics

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Speaker 1: as they were understood then only existed in the sublunary sphere,

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Speaker 1: an area roughly incorporating everything from the ground up to

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Speaker 1: the moon. Anything beyond this was considered fixed and unchanging,

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Speaker 1: as part of some kind of celestial ceiling. Although as

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Speaker 1: far back as four hundred and fifty BC, the Greek

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Speaker 1: philosopher Anaxagoras had speculated that the small lights in the

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Speaker 1: sky were actually sun's most rejected this theory. It wasn't

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Speaker 1: until the eleventh century CE, thanks to the ideas of

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Speaker 1: Ibn Alhitem, that we really began to consider this as

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Speaker 1: a genuine possibility. Even as late as sixteen hundred CE, however,

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Speaker 1: astronomer Giordano Bruno was burnt at the stake for asserting

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Speaker 1: that the Sun was just a star. Are you always

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Speaker 1: taking care of your family? Do you often take care

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Speaker 1: of others and not yourself? Now it's time to take

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Speaker 1: care of yourself, to make time for you. You deserve it.

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Speaker 1: you get back to feeling your best to feeling like

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Speaker 1: yourself again. With teledoc, you can speak to a licensed

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Speaker 1: therapist by phone or video. Therapy appointments are available seven

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Speaker 1: days a week from seven am to nine pm local time.

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Speaker 1: depressed or lonely, or you might be struggling with a

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Speaker 1: personal or family issue. Teledoc can help. Teledoc is committed

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Speaker 1: available through most insurance or employers. Download the app or

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Speaker 1: visit teledoc dot com forward slash Unexplained podcast today to

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Speaker 1: get started. That's teladoc dot com slash Unexplained podcast. In

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Speaker 1: the early morning of April fifteen sixty one, citizens of Nuremberg,

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Speaker 1: Germany awoke to an extraordinarily strange event occurring in the

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Speaker 1: sky above the city. Small globes were witnessed seeming to

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Speaker 1: come out of the sun before lining themselves up in

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Speaker 1: a variety of geometric shapes, as described by a witness

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Speaker 1: at the time, in between these globes there were blood

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Speaker 1: red crosses, between which there were blood red strips becoming

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Speaker 1: thicker to the rear and in the front malleable like

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Speaker 1: the rods of reed grass. Among them were two big rods,

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Speaker 1: one on the right, the other to the left, and

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Speaker 1: within the small and big rods, there were three also

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Speaker 1: four and more globes. These then started to fight among themselves,

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Speaker 1: so that the globes which were first in the sun

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Speaker 1: flew out to the one standing on both sides. Thereafter,

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Speaker 1: the globes standing outside the sun in the small and

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Speaker 1: large rods, flew back into the sun. The globes then

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Speaker 1: fought with each other for over an hour, and when

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Speaker 1: the conflict was most intense, they became fatigued to such

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Speaker 1: an extent that they fell from the sun down upon

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Speaker 1: the earth as if they had all burned, and wasted

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Speaker 1: away on the earth with immense smoke. This event, known

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Speaker 1: as the fifteen sixty one celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg, was

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Speaker 1: recorded and illustrated in a wood engraving by local printer

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Speaker 1: Hans Glasser. For some, this event remains one of the

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Speaker 1: most inexplicable UFO sightings. Others have explained it away as

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Speaker 1: merely a SunDog. For Hans Glasser, however, and presumably many

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Speaker 1: others who had witnessed it, the incident was a clear

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Speaker 1: sign from God. It is an unsurprisingly common explanation for

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Speaker 1: many UFO stings up to this point in time. But

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Speaker 1: then things slowly begin to change. It is ten years later,

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Speaker 1: in fifteen seventy two, when astronomer Tico bra observes a

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Speaker 1: brilliant supernova traveling beyond Earth's atmosphere. It was the first

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Speaker 1: verifiable proof ever that the heavens were not quite what

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Speaker 1: we thought they were. Only forty years later and Galileo

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Speaker 1: Galilee publishes Sedarius Nuncius, a highly controversial treatise which built

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Speaker 1: on Copernicus's earlier findings that the Earth revolved around the

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Speaker 1: Sun and not the other way round. And with this

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Speaker 1: begins the gradual untethering of our belief that the Solar

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Speaker 1: System was at the center of the universe. As the

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Speaker 1: Age of re takes hold, triggered in part by Galileo's

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Speaker 1: heretical proofs, our understanding of space and the universe expands exponentially.

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Speaker 1: With Darwin's theory of evolution to boot our sense of

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Speaker 1: the age of the Earth, and consequently the universe also

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Speaker 1: begins to change. And with this the horizons of our

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Speaker 1: cosmological knowledge were vastly expanded, and so too did the

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Speaker 1: horizons of our imaginations begin to expand. In sixteen sixty six,

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Speaker 1: author Margaret Cavendish pends her pioneering novel, the Description of

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Speaker 1: a new world called The Blazing World. The book, which

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Speaker 1: has been described as a forerunner of science fiction, depicts

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Speaker 1: a utopian kingdom on what is essentially another planet, and

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Speaker 1: by the late nineteenth century, writers are really beginning to

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Speaker 1: get to grips with the possibilities of outer space, with

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Speaker 1: stories and ideas epitomized by H. G. Wells's War of

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Speaker 1: the Worlds, and soon our interpretations of UFO sightings begin

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Speaker 1: to follow suit, shifting from a theological framework to one

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Speaker 1: that incorporates our newly expanded ideas of space. By the

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Speaker 1: end of the nineteenth century, sightings are routinely being discussed

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Speaker 1: in terms of spaceships with alien entities at the helm,

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Speaker 1: and in the eighteen nineties we see some of the

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Speaker 1: first reports of alien abduction being recorded, With advances and

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Speaker 1: radio technology, rocket science, and even our own first ventures

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Speaker 1: into space developing in tandem with an ever increasing sense

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Speaker 1: of the size of the universe, a golden age of

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Speaker 1: science fiction explodes. Soon we are routinely imagining not only

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Speaker 1: other species, but entire civilizations, intergalactic warfare, and technologies beyond

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Speaker 1: our comprehension, and Consequently, no longer are UFOs observed passively

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Speaker 1: flitting about in the sky, but instead begin to speculate

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Speaker 1: about their intentions. Are they here to harm us or

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Speaker 1: simply observers, we wonder, or do they not even notice

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Speaker 1: us at all? As more abstract scientific discoveries such as

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Speaker 1: Einstein's theory of relativity and the exotic realm of the

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Speaker 1: quantum world begin to filter into the public consciousness, our

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Speaker 1: interpretation of UFOs shifted again. No longer were they being

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Speaker 1: considered as merely interstellar craft, but interdimensional two And with

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Speaker 1: some of the more recent ideas about how the purpose

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Speaker 1: or simply the mechanism of UFOs may be beyond our

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Speaker 1: distinctly human thought processes, ironically, we find the conversation coming

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Speaker 1: full circle back to the theological ideas of not being

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Speaker 1: able to comprehend gods. This way in which UFO observations

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Speaker 1: are often informed by the social and psychological states of

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Speaker 1: the day is often referred to as the psychosocial hypothesis.

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Speaker 1: This idea was explored in depth by Carl Jung in

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Speaker 1: his fascinating nineteen fifty nine book Flying Sources, a Modern

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Speaker 1: Myth of Things Seen in the Sky. As he put it, then,

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Speaker 1: the starry vault of Heaven is, in truth the open

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Speaker 1: book of cosmic projection, in which are reflected the mythologyms

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Speaker 1: of our species. Perhaps, for example, we fear the purpose

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Speaker 1: of UFOs because we know only too well what their

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Speaker 1: intentions might be if it were humans of the helm

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Speaker 1: of an interplanetary reconnaissance mission. Or perhaps we dream of

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Speaker 1: them because the universe is too incomprehensibly large that the

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Speaker 1: thought of the creatures of Earth being the only sentient

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Speaker 1: life forms out here is too crushing to bear. Or

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Speaker 1: perhaps when we see those alien aircraft in the sky,

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Speaker 1: we see not visitors from outer space, but visions of

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Speaker 1: our future instead. As such, although extra terrestrial life may

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Speaker 1: well exist out there, and for all we know it

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Speaker 1: has even visited planet Earth, it remains that much of

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Speaker 1: what we see in the sky is not something from beyond,

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Speaker 1: but from inside. If you enjoy listening to Unexplained and

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Speaker 1: would like to help supporters, you can now go to

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Speaker 1: Unexplained podcast dot com forward slash support. All donations, no

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Speaker 1: matter how large or small, are massively appreciated. All elements

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Speaker 1: of Unexplained are produced by me Richard McClain Smith. Please

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Speaker 1: subscribe and rate the show on iTunes, and feel free

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Speaker 1: to get in touch with any thoughts or ideas regarding

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Speaker 1: the stories you've heard on the show. Perhaps you have

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Speaker 1: an explanation of your own you'd like to share. You

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Speaker 1: can reach us online at Unexplained podcast dot com, or

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Speaker 1: Twitter at Unexplained Pod and Facebook at Facebook dot com.

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Speaker 1: Forward slash Unexplained Now, it's time to take care of yourself.

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Speaker 1: To make time for you. Teledoc gives you access to

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Speaker 1: a licensed therapist to help you get back to feeling

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Speaker 1: your best. Speak to a licensed therapist by phone or

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Speaker 1: video any time between seven a m. To nine pm

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Speaker 1: local time, seven days a week. Teledoc Therapy is available

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Speaker 1: through most insurance or employers. Download the app or visit

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Speaker 1: telldoc dot com. Forward slash Unexplained Podcast Today to get started.

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Speaker 1: That's t e l a d oc dot com Slash

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Speaker 1: Unexplained Podcast