1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,160 Speaker 1: Hey everyone, it's Eaves. I just wanted to let you 2 00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: know that you'll be hearing an episode from me and 3 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:07,000 Speaker 1: an episode from Tracy V. Wilson today. I hope you 4 00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:14,040 Speaker 1: enjoyed the show. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. It's 5 00:00:14,160 --> 00:00:18,600 Speaker 1: July seven. Joan of ARC's heresy conviction was overturned on 6 00:00:18,640 --> 00:00:21,800 Speaker 1: this day in fourteen fifty six, although by that point 7 00:00:21,840 --> 00:00:25,239 Speaker 1: she had been dead for twenty five years. Joan of Arc. 8 00:00:25,320 --> 00:00:28,400 Speaker 1: Because how she's known in English and French, she is 9 00:00:28,440 --> 00:00:31,479 Speaker 1: generally known as Jen Dark. She grew up during the 10 00:00:31,520 --> 00:00:34,080 Speaker 1: one dred Years War, which actually spanned more like a 11 00:00:34,159 --> 00:00:37,320 Speaker 1: hundred and sixteen years. This was a war that, at 12 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:40,720 Speaker 1: its very basic level, boiled down to who gets to 13 00:00:40,960 --> 00:00:45,159 Speaker 1: rule France. She grew up in this territory that was 14 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,440 Speaker 1: right on the edge of what was controlled by France 15 00:00:48,479 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: and what was controlled by England. Very roughly speaking, when 16 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:54,560 Speaker 1: she was young, she started hearing the voices of three 17 00:00:54,600 --> 00:00:57,880 Speaker 1: Saints St Michael, Saint Catherine and St. Margaret, and they 18 00:00:58,040 --> 00:01:00,240 Speaker 1: told her that she should come to the aid of 19 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:03,920 Speaker 1: the French duffin that was Charles de Valois. He would 20 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:06,920 Speaker 1: later on become Charles the Seventh, the King of France, 21 00:01:07,120 --> 00:01:09,720 Speaker 1: and she did. She followed what those voices told her 22 00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:13,400 Speaker 1: to do. She went to the Duffins stronghold in May 23 00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,840 Speaker 1: of fourteen, and the captain told her to leave. She did, 24 00:01:18,160 --> 00:01:20,680 Speaker 1: but she was very persistent. She came back a few 25 00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:24,680 Speaker 1: months later. She made her journey disguised in men's clothing, 26 00:01:25,080 --> 00:01:27,640 Speaker 1: and this time they actually led her in. Some theologians 27 00:01:27,800 --> 00:01:31,280 Speaker 1: questioned her the idea that she was hearing voices that 28 00:01:31,360 --> 00:01:36,920 Speaker 1: were religiously oriented. That raised some suspicions. Ultimately, though, these 29 00:01:36,920 --> 00:01:40,440 Speaker 1: theologians advised the Duffin to let her do what she 30 00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:43,240 Speaker 1: was asking to do, which was to try to lead 31 00:01:43,520 --> 00:01:46,840 Speaker 1: an army to try to save France. They gave her 32 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:51,200 Speaker 1: a small army. She went to Orleans on April fourteen nine. 33 00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:55,160 Speaker 1: Orlean was besieged by the English at the time, and 34 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:58,720 Speaker 1: while these English troops were distracted on the west, she 35 00:01:58,760 --> 00:02:01,240 Speaker 1: came in from the east. What she was doing was 36 00:02:01,360 --> 00:02:06,400 Speaker 1: more about inspiring the people than actually being a strategic 37 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:11,240 Speaker 1: leader of the military movements themselves. This process continued. She 38 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:13,920 Speaker 1: actually wound up being injured in a battle on May seventh, 39 00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,519 Speaker 1: and immediately went back to fighting. After being bandaged up, 40 00:02:17,560 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 1: and the English were eventually driven out of Orleans. So 41 00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:24,760 Speaker 1: the Hundred Years War, as its name suggests, it went 42 00:02:24,800 --> 00:02:28,160 Speaker 1: on a very long time. The tide of battle shifted 43 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:31,160 Speaker 1: back and forth during all of this, and it had 44 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:35,520 Speaker 1: not been going well for France in recent years. The 45 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:40,280 Speaker 1: population of France and especially areas that were occupied by 46 00:02:40,280 --> 00:02:43,760 Speaker 1: England that people were downtrodden. They were exhausted. But this 47 00:02:43,919 --> 00:02:49,200 Speaker 1: victory in Orleans and Gene's leadership really started to turn 48 00:02:49,240 --> 00:02:51,880 Speaker 1: the tide back in favor of France. This is the 49 00:02:51,919 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 1: first of a series of victories, and the Dauphin was 50 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:59,960 Speaker 1: eventually able to be coronated in July as king. After 51 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:04,359 Speaker 1: her a series of other battles, Joan was actually captured 52 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:06,800 Speaker 1: in May of fourteen thirty. She was sold to the English, 53 00:03:06,800 --> 00:03:10,200 Speaker 1: who put her on trial for heresy and witchcraft. During 54 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:13,960 Speaker 1: this questioning, they gave her a lot of confusing and 55 00:03:14,160 --> 00:03:17,160 Speaker 1: deceptive questions, and sometimes one where there was really no 56 00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:19,920 Speaker 1: right answer at all. There was also a lot of 57 00:03:19,919 --> 00:03:23,880 Speaker 1: focus on her wardrobe, their passages in the Bible relating 58 00:03:23,919 --> 00:03:27,400 Speaker 1: to how women shouldn't quote where that which pertaineth unto 59 00:03:27,480 --> 00:03:30,360 Speaker 1: a man came up. A lot she had been wearing 60 00:03:30,480 --> 00:03:35,640 Speaker 1: masculine attire during this service to France. She was eventually 61 00:03:35,680 --> 00:03:39,960 Speaker 1: condemned to death, but when that happened, she recanted her testimony. 62 00:03:40,200 --> 00:03:43,360 Speaker 1: She agreed to start wearing feminine dress again. A few 63 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:46,760 Speaker 1: days later, though, she was found to be wearing masculine attire, 64 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:49,280 Speaker 1: and she said that St. Catherine and St. Margaret had 65 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:51,040 Speaker 1: appeared to her and they had told her that she 66 00:03:51,120 --> 00:03:53,280 Speaker 1: was wrong to give into what the Church had told 67 00:03:53,280 --> 00:03:56,280 Speaker 1: her to do, that being to dress properly in their 68 00:03:56,320 --> 00:03:59,560 Speaker 1: minds like a woman. She was burned at the stake 69 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:04,120 Speaker 1: and as a relapsed heretic, not actually for witchcraft, the 70 00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:07,760 Speaker 1: fact that she had relapsed into her heretical ways was 71 00:04:07,800 --> 00:04:12,040 Speaker 1: what caused it. I was on ma. It is not 72 00:04:12,280 --> 00:04:17,520 Speaker 1: totally clear exactly how much influence that she had on 73 00:04:17,720 --> 00:04:22,480 Speaker 1: battles themselves, but she definitely inspired people. The work that 74 00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:26,800 Speaker 1: she did was what eventually helped Charles become the King 75 00:04:26,839 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: of France. He had not intervened during her trial, but afterward, 76 00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:35,599 Speaker 1: in part because this heresy conviction maybe could have undermined 77 00:04:35,680 --> 00:04:37,919 Speaker 1: his claim to the throne, he had had such support 78 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:41,720 Speaker 1: from her that connection became very suspicious. He helped get 79 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:46,960 Speaker 1: her sentence overturned posthumously, a trial of rehabilitation was convened, 80 00:04:46,960 --> 00:04:50,920 Speaker 1: and it ultimately found her innocent. There's ongoing debate today 81 00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:53,920 Speaker 1: about the cause of her visions where they came from. 82 00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:56,360 Speaker 1: But now she's recognized as a saint in the Roman 83 00:04:56,400 --> 00:04:59,240 Speaker 1: Catholic Church. She is a national hero of France, and 84 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:03,159 Speaker 1: of course is an object of respect and admiration among 85 00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:05,760 Speaker 1: women who see that she was able to make a 86 00:05:05,839 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 1: place for herself in this way in the very masculine 87 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:13,279 Speaker 1: world of military service during the Hundred Years War. Thanks 88 00:05:13,320 --> 00:05:16,360 Speaker 1: to Eve's Jeff Code for her research work on today's episode, 89 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,440 Speaker 1: and Tari Harrison, who edits all of these episodes. You 90 00:05:19,440 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 1: can learn more about Joan of Arc or Jenn Dark 91 00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:26,080 Speaker 1: on the April two thousand nine episode of Stuff You 92 00:05:26,120 --> 00:05:28,560 Speaker 1: Miss in History Class, and you can subscribe to This 93 00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: Day in History Class on Apple podcasts, Google podcasts, and 94 00:05:31,920 --> 00:05:35,120 Speaker 1: whatever else you get your podcasts. Tune in tomorrow for 95 00:05:35,240 --> 00:05:44,920 Speaker 1: a famous sermon. This Day in History Class is a 96 00:05:44,960 --> 00:05:50,839 Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio hi Um Eve's Welcome to 97 00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:53,800 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class, a show that reveals a 98 00:05:53,800 --> 00:06:04,560 Speaker 1: little bit more about history day by day. The day 99 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:10,080 Speaker 1: was July seventh, nine, The Chillicottie Baking Company in Missouri 100 00:06:10,360 --> 00:06:15,280 Speaker 1: sold the first wrapped package of automatically sliced bread Otto. 101 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:18,960 Speaker 1: Frederick Roweder was a jeweler who owned three jewelry stores 102 00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:22,880 Speaker 1: in Missouri, but in nineteen twelve he had also started 103 00:06:22,920 --> 00:06:27,040 Speaker 1: working on creating a bread slicing machine. At the time, 104 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:30,360 Speaker 1: people either baked their own bread or bought whole loaves 105 00:06:30,400 --> 00:06:33,160 Speaker 1: of bread from the bakery. When they wanted a slice 106 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: of bread, they had to cut it themselves. That wasn't 107 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:39,800 Speaker 1: a terrible task, but it was inconvenient since it was 108 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:43,840 Speaker 1: time consuming and slices were hard to cut uniformly. Row 109 00:06:43,920 --> 00:06:47,520 Speaker 1: Wedder created several prototypes for his bread slicing machines, but 110 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:51,560 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventeen, a fire at a factory in Mommouth, Illinois, 111 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:55,600 Speaker 1: destroyed his blueprints and a prototype he built. It took 112 00:06:55,680 --> 00:06:58,760 Speaker 1: him several years to get back up and running, but 113 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:01,440 Speaker 1: as he continued king on the design of the machine, 114 00:07:01,920 --> 00:07:04,240 Speaker 1: he realized that he would have to incorporate into his 115 00:07:04,279 --> 00:07:08,239 Speaker 1: invention away to keep the slice bread fresh. Slice bread 116 00:07:08,320 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: goes stale faster than bread that is not sliced. He 117 00:07:12,120 --> 00:07:16,040 Speaker 1: began designing a machine that sliced and wrapped bread pins 118 00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:20,520 Speaker 1: held the loaf together inside the bag. In seven, row 119 00:07:20,600 --> 00:07:23,840 Speaker 1: Weather filed a patent for a quote machine for slicing 120 00:07:23,880 --> 00:07:26,960 Speaker 1: an entire loaf of bread at a single location, which 121 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 1: he received in nineteen thirty two, but he sold his 122 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:33,160 Speaker 1: first machine to his friend and baker, Frank Bench of 123 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:39,800 Speaker 1: the Chilicothee Baking Company. On July six, the Chilicothee Constitution 124 00:07:39,840 --> 00:07:43,440 Speaker 1: Tribune printed a story that said the Chilicothee Baking Company 125 00:07:43,680 --> 00:07:47,720 Speaker 1: would begin selling slice bread the next day. The article 126 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:51,160 Speaker 1: explained the slicing process and the benefits of pre sliced 127 00:07:51,240 --> 00:07:55,320 Speaker 1: and wrapped bread. There is not crumbing and no crushing 128 00:07:55,320 --> 00:07:57,280 Speaker 1: of the loaf, and the result is such that the 129 00:07:57,320 --> 00:08:01,240 Speaker 1: housewife can well experience a thrill of pleasure when she 130 00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:03,920 Speaker 1: first sees a loaf of this bread. With each slice 131 00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:08,400 Speaker 1: the exact counterpart of its fellows. So neat and precise 132 00:08:08,440 --> 00:08:11,520 Speaker 1: are the slices, and so definitely better than anyone could 133 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: possibly slice by hand with the bread knife, that one 134 00:08:14,680 --> 00:08:18,680 Speaker 1: realizes instantly that here is a refinement that will receive 135 00:08:18,800 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: a hardy and permanent, welcome, clean made sliced bread, as 136 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:27,400 Speaker 1: the Chilicothie Baking Company called it, was successful. Customers were 137 00:08:27,400 --> 00:08:30,480 Speaker 1: a fan of the conveniently sliced bread, and demand for 138 00:08:30,600 --> 00:08:35,040 Speaker 1: row Wetter slicing machine grew. The first bread slicer broke 139 00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:38,760 Speaker 1: down after about six months of heavy use. That benches bakery, 140 00:08:39,320 --> 00:08:43,079 Speaker 1: but some bakers were still skeptical as some loades did 141 00:08:43,120 --> 00:08:47,560 Speaker 1: not look neat enough. A baker named Gustav Popendick bought 142 00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:51,040 Speaker 1: row Wetters second machine and worked on improving its design 143 00:08:51,120 --> 00:08:54,720 Speaker 1: and function. His modifications put the bread and cardboard trays 144 00:08:54,880 --> 00:08:58,720 Speaker 1: and wrapped it in wax paper. Though sliced bread was 145 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:02,440 Speaker 1: growing in popularity, the Great Depression hit in nineteen nine. 146 00:09:03,559 --> 00:09:05,640 Speaker 1: Row Weather had to sell the rights to his invention, 147 00:09:05,920 --> 00:09:09,320 Speaker 1: and the micro West Co. Company of Bettendorff, Iowa, purchased 148 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: his bread slicing machines. He became vice president and sales 149 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:17,720 Speaker 1: manager of the company's row Weather Bakery Machine division. In 150 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:21,360 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty, wonder Bread began to sail commercially produced pre 151 00:09:21,480 --> 00:09:25,320 Speaker 1: sliced wrapped loaves of bread, making it popular around the US. 152 00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:29,280 Speaker 1: Pre sliced bread was banned during World War Two to 153 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:32,440 Speaker 1: preserve food and metal, but the band was lifted two 154 00:09:32,480 --> 00:09:36,720 Speaker 1: months after it began. Sliced bread had become a staple 155 00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:41,720 Speaker 1: in households around the country. July eight is also Row 156 00:09:41,760 --> 00:09:45,880 Speaker 1: Wedder's birthday. I'm Eves deffico and hopefully you know a 157 00:09:45,880 --> 00:09:49,680 Speaker 1: little more about history today than you did yesterday. And 158 00:09:49,760 --> 00:09:52,920 Speaker 1: if you're so inclined, you can follow us at T 159 00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:58,520 Speaker 1: D i h C Podcast on Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter. 160 00:10:00,080 --> 00:10:02,960 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening, and I hope you come back 161 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:14,640 Speaker 1: tomorrow for more delicious morsels of history. For more podcasts 162 00:10:14,640 --> 00:10:16,720 Speaker 1: from I Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, 163 00:10:16,760 --> 00:10:19,360 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.