1 00:00:06,360 --> 00:00:08,320 Speaker 1: Hey, you welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. My 2 00:00:08,400 --> 00:00:10,559 Speaker 1: name is Robert Lamb. Today is Saturday, so we have 3 00:00:10,600 --> 00:00:12,360 Speaker 1: a vault episode for you. This is going to be 4 00:00:12,400 --> 00:00:15,080 Speaker 1: the Great Eye of Jupiter, Part one of two. It 5 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:18,560 Speaker 1: was originally published five eight, twenty twenty five. Let's jump 6 00:00:18,680 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 1: right into that eye. 7 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:27,200 Speaker 2: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind, production of iHeartRadio. 8 00:00:33,120 --> 00:00:35,280 Speaker 1: Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. My 9 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:36,640 Speaker 1: name is Robert Lamb. 10 00:00:36,520 --> 00:00:39,640 Speaker 3: And I am Joe McCormick. And today on Stuff to 11 00:00:39,640 --> 00:00:42,600 Speaker 3: Blow your Mind, we're going to be talking about the 12 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:45,120 Speaker 3: great Red Spot of Jupiter. 13 00:00:45,920 --> 00:00:48,839 Speaker 1: That's right. We've you know, we've talked about the Jovian 14 00:00:48,880 --> 00:00:51,800 Speaker 1: moons before Jupiter comes up time and time again. We 15 00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:55,400 Speaker 1: did an episode talking about, you know, then the mythical 16 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:58,920 Speaker 1: connotations of Jupiter for sure, but you know we've never 17 00:00:58,920 --> 00:01:01,640 Speaker 1: done an episode just on Jupiter, and we're not going 18 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:04,240 Speaker 1: to do that today. We're focusing on a detail of Jupiter. 19 00:01:04,360 --> 00:01:06,800 Speaker 1: I think Jupiter is just too big, Like, is it 20 00:01:06,800 --> 00:01:09,319 Speaker 1: too big of a topic. Well, probably not. We could 21 00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:11,720 Speaker 1: cover it in multiple episodes, but Jupiter is just so 22 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: large that it feels intimidating to even attempt to cover 23 00:01:16,440 --> 00:01:16,840 Speaker 1: all of it. 24 00:01:16,920 --> 00:01:19,600 Speaker 3: Oh, we're doing it piece by piece, defeat in detail. 25 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:23,520 Speaker 1: That's right, It's like eating an elephant, as they say. Yeah, 26 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:27,800 Speaker 1: Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, commanding, 27 00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:30,600 Speaker 1: as we've covered before, its own vast system of moons. 28 00:01:31,480 --> 00:01:34,480 Speaker 1: Its massiveness is such that a Jupiter mass is actually 29 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 1: used as a unit to describe the massive other massive 30 00:01:37,680 --> 00:01:40,840 Speaker 1: cosmic bodies. And given its size and proximity to Earth, 31 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,560 Speaker 1: humans have known of the fifth planet since very ancient times, 32 00:01:44,560 --> 00:01:48,000 Speaker 1: so long before the invention of the telescope, with observations 33 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:53,400 Speaker 1: made by ancient Babylonians, ancient Chinese, among others. It's bright 34 00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:55,840 Speaker 1: and it is observable to the naked eye. 35 00:01:56,160 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 3: Right, you may in fact associate Jupiter with the dawn 36 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:02,600 Speaker 3: of the age of the telescope, and that could be 37 00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 3: because Jupiter is very important, and say the story of 38 00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:10,160 Speaker 3: Galileo's early observations. Like Galileo, one of the most important 39 00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:13,200 Speaker 3: things he saw early on the telescope was the moons 40 00:02:13,240 --> 00:02:17,000 Speaker 3: of Jupiter. He discovered the Galilean moons named after him. Now, 41 00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:19,959 Speaker 3: but yeah, we knew about the planet as a point 42 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,119 Speaker 3: of light in the sky, one of the movable stars 43 00:02:23,160 --> 00:02:24,560 Speaker 3: going back thousands of years. 44 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:27,079 Speaker 1: That's right, So there are a number of What I mean, 45 00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:32,120 Speaker 1: Jupiter is an immensely important planet as in addition to 46 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:35,400 Speaker 1: just being immense in all sorts of ways. The main 47 00:02:35,440 --> 00:02:37,280 Speaker 1: thing we're going to be talking about here today, though, 48 00:02:37,360 --> 00:02:42,359 Speaker 1: is is less essential but more of an interesting detail 49 00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:45,840 Speaker 1: and indeed an iconic detail of its appearance, that being 50 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:50,600 Speaker 1: the Great Red Spot, the big red storm that is 51 00:02:51,200 --> 00:02:54,440 Speaker 1: visible on the planet Jupiter, and I think, more to 52 00:02:54,440 --> 00:02:58,119 Speaker 1: the point, is highly visible in every illustration you've ever 53 00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:01,800 Speaker 1: seen of the Solar system, redrawing of the of the 54 00:03:01,800 --> 00:03:04,400 Speaker 1: Solar System and specifically the planet Jupiter, that you ever 55 00:03:04,880 --> 00:03:07,920 Speaker 1: had to do or chose to do as a child 56 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:09,240 Speaker 1: and onward. 57 00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:11,840 Speaker 3: I would say that the Great Red Spot sort of 58 00:03:11,919 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 3: gives Jupiter a face that some of the other gas 59 00:03:15,440 --> 00:03:18,800 Speaker 3: giants don't have. Though, as we may discuss later on 60 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:21,880 Speaker 3: in this episode or the next, there are similar visible 61 00:03:21,919 --> 00:03:25,000 Speaker 3: weather patterns and storms on some of the other gas giants. 62 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 3: There is there's a big spot on Saturn, there's a 63 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:32,560 Speaker 3: spot on Neptune, as we've talked about before. But I 64 00:03:32,560 --> 00:03:37,160 Speaker 3: would say none of those other features are as clear 65 00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 3: and easy to see and as just kind of face 66 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,200 Speaker 3: like as the red spot on Jupiter. 67 00:03:44,720 --> 00:03:48,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, like a great red eye staring at us, judging us, 68 00:03:49,640 --> 00:03:52,920 Speaker 1: maybe protecting us a little bit. And you know, of 69 00:03:52,920 --> 00:03:55,560 Speaker 1: course it's not really an eye, you know, I'm glad 70 00:03:55,600 --> 00:03:57,200 Speaker 1: it's nothing. Oh what if it was just a blemish 71 00:03:57,240 --> 00:03:59,120 Speaker 1: on Jupiter's face and we've just been staring at it 72 00:03:59,160 --> 00:03:59,640 Speaker 1: the whole time? 73 00:03:59,680 --> 00:04:01,960 Speaker 3: So my belts are up here. 74 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:07,080 Speaker 1: Yeah. So yeah. Even with great vision and optimal eyesight, 75 00:04:07,200 --> 00:04:10,120 Speaker 1: humans were unable to glimpse the details of the gas 76 00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:13,520 Speaker 1: giants swirling surface until the invention of the telescope in 77 00:04:13,560 --> 00:04:18,120 Speaker 1: the early seventeenth century CEE. So, to be clear, humans 78 00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:20,760 Speaker 1: have only been capable of observing the great Red Spot 79 00:04:20,760 --> 00:04:24,560 Speaker 1: of Jupiter for roughly three centuries. And the really interesting 80 00:04:24,640 --> 00:04:28,520 Speaker 1: thing on top of this is that the planet's key 81 00:04:28,560 --> 00:04:32,120 Speaker 1: identifying mark again that every school child can replicate, is 82 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:35,960 Speaker 1: neither a permanent or even long lasting feature, certainly in 83 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:38,200 Speaker 1: terms of the life of a planet, but rather a 84 00:04:38,240 --> 00:04:42,880 Speaker 1: temporary atmospheric occurrence that seemingly comes and goes. We've only 85 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:45,599 Speaker 1: been observing it for a very short amount of time, 86 00:04:46,360 --> 00:04:48,720 Speaker 1: you know, it's as a human observed phenomenon. 87 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:51,599 Speaker 3: Yeah, and I guess it can actually be weird in 88 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:55,039 Speaker 3: terms of its existence in time from two different directions. 89 00:04:55,040 --> 00:04:58,200 Speaker 3: On one hand, if you think of it as a 90 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:01,520 Speaker 3: feature of the surface of a planet, the fact that 91 00:05:01,600 --> 00:05:05,200 Speaker 3: it's a weather pattern makes it actually quite kind of 92 00:05:05,240 --> 00:05:08,800 Speaker 3: transient and unstable. You know, it sort of undermines the 93 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:11,280 Speaker 3: ground beneath your feet to think that the face of 94 00:05:11,320 --> 00:05:13,600 Speaker 3: another planet in our Solar system, which we learned when 95 00:05:13,640 --> 00:05:17,280 Speaker 3: we were children in school, could be changing within our lifetimes. 96 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:20,840 Speaker 3: Even on the other hand, if you think about it 97 00:05:20,880 --> 00:05:24,800 Speaker 3: as a weather pattern, it's kind of freaky how stable 98 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:27,520 Speaker 3: it is for decades or even hundreds of years. 99 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:31,160 Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, that's a great point. All right, Well, let's 100 00:05:31,320 --> 00:05:34,440 Speaker 1: let's get into the history of the observation of the 101 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:37,800 Speaker 1: Great Red Spot. So, given that that observation of the 102 00:05:37,839 --> 00:05:40,960 Speaker 1: Great Red Spot wasn't possible before the telescope, when do 103 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:46,359 Speaker 1: human observers start noticing it during the telescope era? Based 104 00:05:46,360 --> 00:05:49,520 Speaker 1: on what I was reading here, the earliest possible observation, 105 00:05:49,839 --> 00:05:55,120 Speaker 1: and I think, ultimately, as we'll discuss, unlikely observation dates 106 00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:59,040 Speaker 1: back to May ninth, sixteen sixty four, and that's when 107 00:05:59,080 --> 00:06:04,280 Speaker 1: seventeenth century the English polymath and author of Micrographia Robert 108 00:06:04,279 --> 00:06:07,840 Speaker 1: Hook observed something on the face of Jupiter that he 109 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:11,520 Speaker 1: described as a small spot moving east to west. Quote 110 00:06:11,800 --> 00:06:15,200 Speaker 1: in the biggest of the three obscure belts of Jupiter. 111 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:18,040 Speaker 1: Now we could easily do a whole episode on Robert Hook. 112 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:21,279 Speaker 1: He had his hands in multiple areas of scientific inquiry. 113 00:06:21,520 --> 00:06:24,560 Speaker 1: He was especially active in the study of the microscopic 114 00:06:24,640 --> 00:06:29,600 Speaker 1: world using new microscopic technology. His book Micrographia concerns this work. 115 00:06:29,680 --> 00:06:32,520 Speaker 1: In fact, i'm to understand he coined the term cell 116 00:06:32,920 --> 00:06:35,760 Speaker 1: in this book, so he was concerned with the little things, 117 00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:40,719 Speaker 1: but also the ginormous things such as Jupiter. But based 118 00:06:40,760 --> 00:06:45,840 Speaker 1: on a subsequent sixteen sixty six observation and nineteen eighty 119 00:06:45,839 --> 00:06:49,760 Speaker 1: seven analysis by Marco for Lani in the Journal of 120 00:06:49,880 --> 00:06:53,760 Speaker 1: the British Astronomical Association, I was reading his thought that 121 00:06:54,640 --> 00:06:57,280 Speaker 1: this would have situated the spot in what is now 122 00:06:57,320 --> 00:07:02,240 Speaker 1: known as the North Equatorial Belt the Great Black Belt 123 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:06,560 Speaker 1: according to the American Physical Society, while the Great Red 124 00:07:06,600 --> 00:07:10,720 Speaker 1: Spot that we know today is in the South Equatorial Belt. So, 125 00:07:10,880 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 1: given what we've already explored and what we'll be getting into, 126 00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:16,200 Speaker 1: you might well wonder if this was actually a different 127 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:21,400 Speaker 1: storm that Hook was observing well, possibly. But for Lani's 128 00:07:21,480 --> 00:07:24,320 Speaker 1: argument here was that Hook actually was looking at the 129 00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 1: shadow of the or the transit you know, the silhouette 130 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: of the second largest Jovian moon, Callisto, or some other 131 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:38,520 Speaker 1: transit shadow. The Royal Society backed Hook's claim, however, and 132 00:07:38,600 --> 00:07:41,400 Speaker 1: there are you know, various arguments about you know, nationalism 133 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:44,760 Speaker 1: and so forth that would have been wound up in 134 00:07:44,840 --> 00:07:45,880 Speaker 1: that judgment at the time. 135 00:07:46,400 --> 00:07:49,120 Speaker 3: Yeah, so I've read the same analysis. So the question is, 136 00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:53,960 Speaker 3: did he observe the same storm that we see today 137 00:07:53,960 --> 00:07:56,960 Speaker 3: as the Great Red Spot? Probably not. Was it maybe 138 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:01,320 Speaker 3: a different storm than we see today possibly, or was 139 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:04,600 Speaker 3: it the shadow cast or the silhouette of one of 140 00:08:04,600 --> 00:08:07,600 Speaker 3: the moons, And for Lani says the latter. 141 00:08:07,960 --> 00:08:10,800 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, And that seems to be a fairly convincing 142 00:08:10,960 --> 00:08:15,280 Speaker 1: argument here. Now, the other possibility in terms of first 143 00:08:15,360 --> 00:08:18,880 Speaker 1: or earliest documented sighting of the red spot takes us 144 00:08:18,880 --> 00:08:21,920 Speaker 1: to sixteen sixty five, just a year after Hook's sighting, 145 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:26,480 Speaker 1: and that's when Italian French astronomer Giovanni Cassini noted it 146 00:08:26,520 --> 00:08:28,800 Speaker 1: for the first time. In his letters, he described weeding 147 00:08:28,800 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 1: out different transit shadow spots and noting, quote a permanent 148 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:35,720 Speaker 1: one which was often seen to return in the same 149 00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:39,160 Speaker 1: place with the same size and shape. So he totaled 150 00:08:39,200 --> 00:08:43,199 Speaker 1: thirteen observations. He calculated its rotation. He did not note 151 00:08:43,240 --> 00:08:46,120 Speaker 1: the color, perhaps, according to the Journal of the British 152 00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:50,080 Speaker 1: Astronomical Association, because the instrumentation was too low light to 153 00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:54,520 Speaker 1: really pick up on any colorization. Now again, historians between 154 00:08:54,520 --> 00:08:56,880 Speaker 1: these two tend to favor the Cassini observation because it 155 00:08:56,880 --> 00:09:01,240 Speaker 1: seems that Cassini is definitely observing There's a stronger case 156 00:09:01,280 --> 00:09:03,719 Speaker 1: to be made that he's observing an actual storm here, 157 00:09:03,760 --> 00:09:07,920 Speaker 1: an actual storm spot on Jupiter. But an important distinction 158 00:09:08,040 --> 00:09:10,400 Speaker 1: to make here is that this might not have been 159 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:14,240 Speaker 1: the same storm that we see and know today as 160 00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:18,120 Speaker 1: being the iconic Great storm of Jupiter. The article that 161 00:09:18,160 --> 00:09:22,200 Speaker 1: I referenced on the Journal of the British Astronomical Association, 162 00:09:24,080 --> 00:09:28,240 Speaker 1: titled May sixteen sixty four Hook versus Cassini, who discovered 163 00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,840 Speaker 1: Jupiter's red spot, points out that first of all, the 164 00:09:32,880 --> 00:09:35,560 Speaker 1: history of the red spot or spots is imperfect, and 165 00:09:35,559 --> 00:09:38,360 Speaker 1: that no one observed the red spot on Jupiter after 166 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:43,160 Speaker 1: seventeen thirteen until eighteen thirty one. That's when Heinrich Schwabe 167 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:47,319 Speaker 1: observed it and then described in much greater detail by 168 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:51,880 Speaker 1: American astronomer C. W. Pritchett in eighteen seventy eight. Often 169 00:09:51,960 --> 00:09:56,320 Speaker 1: references being the individual to quote unquote rediscover the Great 170 00:09:56,320 --> 00:09:59,080 Speaker 1: Red Spot. So the permanent spot of Cassini and the 171 00:09:59,080 --> 00:10:01,920 Speaker 1: Great Red Spot that is astronomers have been observing since 172 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:05,480 Speaker 1: at least eighteen thirty one, they might be two very 173 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:10,000 Speaker 1: different storms. Since around twenty twelve, scientists have observed a 174 00:10:10,080 --> 00:10:13,440 Speaker 1: shrinking of the Great Red Spot, and recent flaking has 175 00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:15,240 Speaker 1: also led some to think that it might it might 176 00:10:15,280 --> 00:10:17,760 Speaker 1: one day disappear. Some have predicted in the past as 177 00:10:18,400 --> 00:10:22,360 Speaker 1: little as decades from the point of observation. Others, and 178 00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:27,440 Speaker 1: certainly I think more recent observers have urged more caution 179 00:10:27,600 --> 00:10:30,160 Speaker 1: on this. I mean, I say caution, not that this 180 00:10:30,360 --> 00:10:35,319 Speaker 1: is really any threat to us whatsoever, but it They 181 00:10:35,360 --> 00:10:37,959 Speaker 1: tend to suggest that it may last for some centuries. 182 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:40,040 Speaker 1: Yet I'm not sure if it all a last to 183 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:42,559 Speaker 1: twenty four oh one. Hard to say. But this is 184 00:10:42,640 --> 00:10:45,680 Speaker 1: ultimately one of those things where no one really knows, 185 00:10:45,760 --> 00:10:50,080 Speaker 1: because again it's a storm. Everyone is familiar with the 186 00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:54,160 Speaker 1: difficulties we have in predicting how the weather works on 187 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:58,840 Speaker 1: our planet. You know, it's a complex system. Likewise, it's 188 00:10:58,880 --> 00:11:02,240 Speaker 1: difficult even with jew to figure out, Well, this storm 189 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:06,120 Speaker 1: has lasted for decades at least, but will it last 190 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:07,960 Speaker 1: for decades, more, centuries more. 191 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 3: We just don't know, right, So not caution in the 192 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:13,360 Speaker 3: sense of it could harm us, but maybe caution in 193 00:11:13,400 --> 00:11:15,360 Speaker 3: the sense of, like, don't go to one of the 194 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 3: betting markets and put big money on the storm being 195 00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:21,040 Speaker 3: there or disappearing in a certain timeline. There's not a 196 00:11:21,040 --> 00:11:21,720 Speaker 3: whole lot we know. 197 00:11:22,240 --> 00:11:25,520 Speaker 1: It would be very interesting to see how the public 198 00:11:25,679 --> 00:11:28,720 Speaker 1: responded to it, because I think back to, of course 199 00:11:29,280 --> 00:11:34,079 Speaker 1: changes in categorizations or adjustments and categorizations of Pluto as 200 00:11:34,120 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: a planet or some other astral body, and you know, 201 00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:42,360 Speaker 1: people ended up having strong opinions about that because the 202 00:11:42,440 --> 00:11:46,400 Speaker 1: idea that Pluto's not on the list anymore. It made 203 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:50,920 Speaker 1: them feel threatened at times, are wounded in a way. 204 00:11:51,160 --> 00:11:54,960 Speaker 1: And I can imagine a similar reaction to scientists telling everyone, 205 00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:57,079 Speaker 1: you know, the red spot in Jupiter is not there anymore, 206 00:11:57,360 --> 00:12:00,600 Speaker 1: so don't draw Jupiter the same way, and please everyone 207 00:12:00,600 --> 00:12:02,240 Speaker 1: make corrections to your textbooks. 208 00:12:02,760 --> 00:12:05,959 Speaker 3: You know, thinking back on the Pluto thing, some people 209 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,400 Speaker 3: I think genuinely do get frustrated when they have to 210 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:12,960 Speaker 3: update what they know about something. But on the other hand, 211 00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:15,280 Speaker 3: I think a lot of that was just people trying 212 00:12:15,280 --> 00:12:19,079 Speaker 3: to be cute. Yes, just making a little jokey post 213 00:12:19,120 --> 00:12:22,520 Speaker 3: on Facebook, like don't take my Pluto away. But somehow, 214 00:12:22,679 --> 00:12:27,360 Speaker 3: I don't know, it's something that I think snowballed from 215 00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,679 Speaker 3: mostly ironic posting to begin with, into like, I don't know, 216 00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:36,679 Speaker 3: somehow an actual kind of sentiment about like I'm dissatisfied 217 00:12:36,760 --> 00:12:38,000 Speaker 3: with astronomy today. 218 00:12:38,160 --> 00:12:40,640 Speaker 1: Yeah, it kind of at least dips its toes, even 219 00:12:40,679 --> 00:12:43,640 Speaker 1: in jest, into sort of science denial, doesn't it. 220 00:12:44,080 --> 00:12:46,640 Speaker 3: Yes, though, of course, the idea of a planet is 221 00:12:46,679 --> 00:12:50,840 Speaker 3: not like a consistent objective category over time. The whole 222 00:12:50,840 --> 00:12:53,480 Speaker 3: thing was like we're updating the definition of what we 223 00:12:53,559 --> 00:12:54,480 Speaker 3: consider a planet. 224 00:12:54,679 --> 00:12:56,360 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, we could have gone in the other 225 00:12:56,440 --> 00:12:59,679 Speaker 1: direction and just added a list of other things. I mean, 226 00:13:00,120 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: on the end there, I can't imagine people wanted to 227 00:13:02,400 --> 00:13:06,120 Speaker 1: memorize more planets. So you know, I feel like this 228 00:13:06,240 --> 00:13:07,000 Speaker 1: was a good balance. 229 00:13:07,320 --> 00:13:09,280 Speaker 3: Oh, I hadn't thought of it that way. Yeah, yeah, 230 00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:11,000 Speaker 3: you'd want to add series. 231 00:13:10,600 --> 00:13:14,760 Speaker 1: To the list you want to, But that's Pto Pluto, 232 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:19,520 Speaker 1: small and ultimately insignificant compared to the glory of Jupiter. 233 00:13:19,679 --> 00:13:24,120 Speaker 1: And of course it's Red Storm, It's great red spot. 234 00:13:24,840 --> 00:13:27,480 Speaker 1: There is another, by the way, at least one more. 235 00:13:27,520 --> 00:13:29,480 Speaker 1: There is the Little Red Spot, also known as Red 236 00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:33,360 Speaker 1: Spot Junior or Oval Ba, which formed in nineteen ninety 237 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:37,040 Speaker 1: eight and two thousand from three white oval shaped storms. 238 00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:41,120 Speaker 1: So again, like new stuff pops up new details. If 239 00:13:41,559 --> 00:13:44,720 Speaker 1: you look at some of the glorious detailed imagery that 240 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:48,200 Speaker 1: we now have of the storms of Jupiter, I mean, 241 00:13:48,240 --> 00:13:50,840 Speaker 1: it is a complex system. It is like a crazy 242 00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:53,120 Speaker 1: swirl of madness there. 243 00:13:53,679 --> 00:13:56,280 Speaker 3: Sorry, sorry, I just had to check something off, Mike, 244 00:13:56,360 --> 00:13:59,120 Speaker 3: because I had a massive musical confusion in my brain. 245 00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:01,920 Speaker 3: When you said red I thought I was hearing that 246 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:04,960 Speaker 3: to the tune of the theme song of a cartoon 247 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:08,200 Speaker 3: I watched as a child called James Bond Junior Red 248 00:14:08,200 --> 00:14:10,480 Speaker 3: Spot Junior. But then it turned out I went and 249 00:14:10,600 --> 00:14:13,480 Speaker 3: checked and I wasn't even remembering the theme song, right. 250 00:14:13,760 --> 00:14:16,679 Speaker 3: I think I was hearing the tune of the Transformers 251 00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:20,640 Speaker 3: theme in my head, but putting James Bond Junior Robots 252 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:21,320 Speaker 3: in disguise. 253 00:14:21,960 --> 00:14:24,320 Speaker 1: I don't remember James Bond JR. Oh Man. 254 00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 3: I'm glad I could bring you on this journey with me. Folks. 255 00:14:37,440 --> 00:14:40,520 Speaker 1: All right, So back to the Great Red Spot GRS 256 00:14:40,600 --> 00:14:43,560 Speaker 1: if you prefer. Is pointed out by Simon Ett Hall 257 00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:47,440 Speaker 1: in twenty eighteen's Historical and Contemporary Trends in the Size, Drift, 258 00:14:47,520 --> 00:14:49,880 Speaker 1: and Color of Jupiter's Great Red Spot, published in the 259 00:14:50,160 --> 00:14:53,880 Speaker 1: Astronomical Journal. We have roughly one hundred and fifty years 260 00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:56,760 Speaker 1: going one hundred and sixty now obviously were of recorded 261 00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,280 Speaker 1: observations of the Great Red Spot that we can study now. 262 00:15:00,280 --> 00:15:02,240 Speaker 1: They point out that the measurement accuracy and all of 263 00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:06,840 Speaker 1: these observations depending greatly on terrestrial atmospheric conditions, the skill 264 00:15:06,920 --> 00:15:10,680 Speaker 1: of the observer, and the contrast of the Great Red 265 00:15:10,680 --> 00:15:14,960 Speaker 1: Spot with its ever moving surroundings. Because as we'll discuss, 266 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: it's like there's coloration changes in there as well. It's 267 00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:22,280 Speaker 1: not a consistent color over time, nor a consistent shape 268 00:15:22,280 --> 00:15:23,400 Speaker 1: and size. 269 00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:25,760 Speaker 3: Nor a consistent color throughout. I mean, even within the 270 00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:27,880 Speaker 3: Great Red Spot, you've got like the sort of central 271 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:30,160 Speaker 3: redder area, and then you've got kind of a white 272 00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:32,920 Speaker 3: band around the outside of it, and then that's within 273 00:15:33,080 --> 00:15:38,440 Speaker 3: like the wider stripes along the latitudinal stripes along Jupiter, 274 00:15:38,480 --> 00:15:40,760 Speaker 3: which are known as the zones, and the darker, more 275 00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:43,120 Speaker 3: orange or red stripes, which are known as the belts. 276 00:15:43,640 --> 00:15:47,040 Speaker 1: Yeah. So in this paper they averaged out reported measurements 277 00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:51,800 Speaker 1: to better reflect the likely actual conditions in Jupiter's atmosphere. 278 00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:54,560 Speaker 1: And I'll get to some of their general details here 279 00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:56,440 Speaker 1: in a second, but we should probably point out some 280 00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:58,600 Speaker 1: of the things that they highlight here as well about 281 00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:01,480 Speaker 1: where our image comes from. So some of our most 282 00:16:01,520 --> 00:16:04,800 Speaker 1: impressive images, of course, of Jupiter come not from earth 283 00:16:04,800 --> 00:16:09,160 Speaker 1: bound telescopes and observatories, but from satellites and especially flybys 284 00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: of the planet Jupiter, such as nineteen seventy four's Pioneer 285 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:17,440 Speaker 1: ten and eleven. These revealed stark colorization more than detail. 286 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:21,360 Speaker 1: Then we had seventy nine's Voyager and Voyager two. I 287 00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:25,320 Speaker 1: forget which one became vegure. Interesting since we mentioned I 288 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:27,400 Speaker 1: don't know which you want? Did they both become feature? 289 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:27,840 Speaker 1: I don't know. 290 00:16:28,480 --> 00:16:29,480 Speaker 3: We all become vegure. 291 00:16:29,560 --> 00:16:34,800 Speaker 1: Eventually they revealed a more complex inner working in velocity 292 00:16:34,880 --> 00:16:38,000 Speaker 1: fields of the storm. And then we have of course 293 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:42,680 Speaker 1: the Hubble space telescope Galileo Cassini New Horizons and Juno, 294 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:45,440 Speaker 1: and these have all helped to produce just a robust 295 00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:51,000 Speaker 1: monitoring record of Jupiter and Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Certainly, 296 00:16:51,440 --> 00:16:54,840 Speaker 1: among other things confirming is continual evolution, that it is 297 00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:58,200 Speaker 1: a thing that is continually changing now at the time 298 00:16:58,240 --> 00:17:01,640 Speaker 1: of this study, they pointed to these general trends and stats. 299 00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:04,280 Speaker 1: You can get into a great deal of detail here. 300 00:17:04,359 --> 00:17:08,240 Speaker 1: We'll get into more detail as we get into this episode, 301 00:17:08,280 --> 00:17:11,600 Speaker 1: but they do state that yeah, it is in fact shrinking, 302 00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:14,439 Speaker 1: though it's too large and too complex a system for 303 00:17:14,560 --> 00:17:17,399 Speaker 1: us to really leave it at that and do it justice. 304 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:20,639 Speaker 1: There's a great deal of information about how its longitudinal 305 00:17:20,720 --> 00:17:24,840 Speaker 1: length has continued to decrease, as has its latitudinal width, 306 00:17:25,400 --> 00:17:28,320 Speaker 1: while there's also been an observable increase in its westward 307 00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:32,879 Speaker 1: drift rate. Internal velocities have increased on the east west 308 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:36,040 Speaker 1: edges and to decreased on the north and south, so 309 00:17:36,080 --> 00:17:39,080 Speaker 1: it's become a rounder over time. But again, it's like 310 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:42,200 Speaker 1: our mind, it's so big, and we'll get into even 311 00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:45,000 Speaker 1: more details. I mean, the Jupiter is enormous, This storm 312 00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:49,159 Speaker 1: is enormous, and it is also incredibly complex, so you 313 00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:52,040 Speaker 1: can't again, you can't just talk about its color. It 314 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: has multiple colors in it, and maybe those colors, when 315 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:58,600 Speaker 1: seen from a great distance or rendered in just a 316 00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,879 Speaker 1: certain way, takes on a certain feeling of red or 317 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:06,680 Speaker 1: orange or you know, sort of a rusty brown. But yeah, 318 00:18:06,720 --> 00:18:09,440 Speaker 1: it's it's one of those things that we want to 319 00:18:09,480 --> 00:18:12,240 Speaker 1: be able to categorize it as more of a single 320 00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:15,480 Speaker 1: entity when I mean it is, but it is again, 321 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:19,359 Speaker 1: it's a great storm. It's not it's not a it's 322 00:18:19,520 --> 00:18:22,080 Speaker 1: it's not like even a planet itself we can sort 323 00:18:22,080 --> 00:18:24,640 Speaker 1: of look to as a you know, conceivable whole, and 324 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:26,880 Speaker 1: we have just a different system going on here. 325 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:29,360 Speaker 3: Well, much like a storm on Earth. I mean, we 326 00:18:29,520 --> 00:18:33,320 Speaker 3: identify it as a thing, a coherent mass, but of 327 00:18:33,359 --> 00:18:37,400 Speaker 3: course that you know, it is a pattern within fluids, 328 00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:40,199 Speaker 3: within masses of fluids, and so there are fluids that 329 00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:43,199 Speaker 3: are constantly flowing in and flowing out from it. 330 00:18:43,720 --> 00:18:46,520 Speaker 1: Yeah. Yeah, you get into quick questions like, well, there's 331 00:18:46,560 --> 00:18:50,440 Speaker 1: a hurricane, what is it made of? Well it's yes, 332 00:18:50,520 --> 00:18:53,520 Speaker 1: it's it's made of rain drops on one level, but 333 00:18:53,680 --> 00:18:55,320 Speaker 1: it's there's a lot more to the answer. 334 00:18:55,680 --> 00:18:57,000 Speaker 3: You could say it's made of energy. 335 00:18:57,440 --> 00:19:00,439 Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, I don't have to think about that. But 336 00:19:00,520 --> 00:19:02,399 Speaker 1: we want to be able to answer the question with 337 00:19:02,440 --> 00:19:05,239 Speaker 1: the succinct Oh, it's made of X. You know. So 338 00:19:05,359 --> 00:19:07,760 Speaker 1: this study also points out, yeah, you have changing size 339 00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:11,159 Speaker 1: and internal wind speeds that have been observable from seventy 340 00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:15,640 Speaker 1: nine through twenty seventeen, again keeping in mind the publication 341 00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:19,320 Speaker 1: date of this paper, and this seemed to result in 342 00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:24,360 Speaker 1: decreased internal circulation within the spot, intensity of the storm 343 00:19:24,520 --> 00:19:29,280 Speaker 1: and resulting darkness. Lightness in places has also shifted, and 344 00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:32,439 Speaker 1: again I've seen this characterized as a general darkening, but 345 00:19:32,520 --> 00:19:35,560 Speaker 1: I think that what you see discussed in more in 346 00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:38,639 Speaker 1: depth papers like this indicates something far more complex, with 347 00:19:39,200 --> 00:19:43,240 Speaker 1: coloration and brightness depending on the exact composition and intensities 348 00:19:43,280 --> 00:19:46,280 Speaker 1: within the storm system. Now, again, we absolutely don't know 349 00:19:46,320 --> 00:19:49,720 Speaker 1: how long the storm will ultimately last. Again, it's an 350 00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:53,159 Speaker 1: extremely temporary condition in the lifespan of a planet, but 351 00:19:53,320 --> 00:19:56,560 Speaker 1: long lasting within the context of human lives, human observation, 352 00:19:56,760 --> 00:20:01,320 Speaker 1: and in comparison to terrestrial storms. That being said, more 353 00:20:01,359 --> 00:20:06,040 Speaker 1: commentators these days seem to favor a longer continued lifespan 354 00:20:06,119 --> 00:20:09,320 Speaker 1: for the storm unless I noticed at least one paper 355 00:20:09,320 --> 00:20:12,959 Speaker 1: pointing out unless something really cataclysmic occurs. 356 00:20:12,840 --> 00:20:14,320 Speaker 3: I wonder what they got in mind for that, what 357 00:20:14,520 --> 00:20:16,639 Speaker 3: like like an asteroid hitting it or something. 358 00:20:16,840 --> 00:20:18,720 Speaker 1: Well, this got me thinking. I was like, well, what 359 00:20:19,320 --> 00:20:22,720 Speaker 1: would it take? So this is and it does get 360 00:20:22,800 --> 00:20:26,480 Speaker 1: rather fascinating because, first of all, Jupiter does take a 361 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:30,160 Speaker 1: lot of hits, and some of these hits have been 362 00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:33,320 Speaker 1: like pretty brutal. It's pointed out in a twenty nineteen 363 00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:37,760 Speaker 1: NASA article by Carl B. Hilly. From July sixteenth through 364 00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:42,000 Speaker 1: July twenty second, in nineteen ninety four, enormous fragments of 365 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:45,520 Speaker 1: the Shoemaker Levy nine comet crashed into Jupiter over the 366 00:20:45,560 --> 00:20:48,480 Speaker 1: course of several days, and it had just been discovered 367 00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:52,560 Speaker 1: a year prior, quote, creating huge dark scars in the 368 00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:59,040 Speaker 1: planet's atmosphere and lofting superheated plumes into its stratosphere. Yeah, 369 00:20:59,080 --> 00:21:01,320 Speaker 1: and you can look up images of this. I included 370 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:05,880 Speaker 1: a couple for us here, Joe. Yeah, Like, it basically 371 00:21:05,920 --> 00:21:10,679 Speaker 1: looks like the planet's a lower hemisphere was hit with 372 00:21:10,760 --> 00:21:12,640 Speaker 1: celestial buckshot. Yes. 373 00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:16,840 Speaker 3: Yeah, it has wounds, and they're strangely kind of scattered 374 00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:18,119 Speaker 3: almost along a line. 375 00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:22,280 Speaker 1: Yeah you see. Yeah. Yeah, And the interesting thing is that, 376 00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:26,200 Speaker 1: first of all, these scars persisted for months and we were, 377 00:21:26,240 --> 00:21:28,679 Speaker 1: and we're reported to be. And certainly you can look 378 00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: at the images and see this for yourself. They're more 379 00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:36,160 Speaker 1: noticeable than the Great Red Spot during this time. So 380 00:21:36,320 --> 00:21:39,520 Speaker 1: this was definitely a period. And you know, I was 381 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:41,640 Speaker 1: in school at the time. I don't remember anyone making 382 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:44,400 Speaker 1: a point out of this, but like, Jupiter definitely looked 383 00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:48,200 Speaker 1: different as long as these scars were hanging out. And 384 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:51,400 Speaker 1: you know, we didn't freak out about updating the illustrations 385 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:54,000 Speaker 1: or anything, but these were big hits. These were the 386 00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:57,240 Speaker 1: sorts of things that if these fragments had hit the Earth, 387 00:21:57,359 --> 00:22:01,840 Speaker 1: we'd be talking about an extinction event. And observation of 388 00:22:01,880 --> 00:22:04,840 Speaker 1: these impacts I was reading at the time helped fuel 389 00:22:04,880 --> 00:22:09,080 Speaker 1: efforts to better protect potential space collisions involving the Earth. 390 00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:13,760 Speaker 1: You know, certainly, you know driving home that collisions like 391 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:16,560 Speaker 1: this still do occur in our Solar system, and it's 392 00:22:16,560 --> 00:22:19,560 Speaker 1: not unthinkable that they could occur to our planet, and 393 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:22,320 Speaker 1: therefore maybe we need to keep a better eye on 394 00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: what's out there. 395 00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:26,439 Speaker 3: Well, fortunately we're a smaller target both in terms of 396 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:29,000 Speaker 3: size and gravitational attraction. 397 00:22:29,720 --> 00:22:32,119 Speaker 1: Yeah, Jupiter is the broad side of a barn here 398 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:34,240 Speaker 1: any respects. 399 00:22:34,280 --> 00:22:36,360 Speaker 3: But doesn't mean we shouldn't we shouldn't be vigilant. 400 00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:38,720 Speaker 1: Yeah, I think, as we've discussed in the show before, 401 00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:40,440 Speaker 1: like we need to have an idea of what's out 402 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:43,640 Speaker 1: there and and all these efforts to track them and 403 00:22:43,680 --> 00:22:49,400 Speaker 1: coordinate and to possibly redirect anything that's incoming vitally important 404 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:53,200 Speaker 1: to everything we're doing on the planet for good or ill. 405 00:22:53,440 --> 00:22:56,440 Speaker 3: Yeah, and a plan of what to do, a well 406 00:22:56,480 --> 00:22:57,320 Speaker 3: researched plan. 407 00:22:57,920 --> 00:23:02,760 Speaker 1: Yes. So, these these frag that hit a hit Jupiter, 408 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:06,600 Speaker 1: they didn't directly impact the Red Spot. We can if 409 00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:08,120 Speaker 1: you look at some of these images, and you can 410 00:23:08,160 --> 00:23:11,200 Speaker 1: look at one up here, Joe, you can still see 411 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,800 Speaker 1: the much fainter spot in this July first, nineteen ninety 412 00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,240 Speaker 1: four image that I've included for you to the right. 413 00:23:18,119 --> 00:23:20,920 Speaker 1: And even if the Red Spot took a direct hit, 414 00:23:21,480 --> 00:23:23,960 Speaker 1: it seems like there's plenty of reason to assume that 415 00:23:24,119 --> 00:23:30,240 Speaker 1: such a large storm system would maybe be slightly temporarily altered, 416 00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:34,399 Speaker 1: but otherwise would remain. So we should remember that in 417 00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: addition to being historically larger than the Earth in its diameter, 418 00:23:38,560 --> 00:23:41,919 Speaker 1: in its footprint, the storm is also quite deep, and 419 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:46,080 Speaker 1: again is an energetic system. Now, how deep, fairly recent 420 00:23:46,119 --> 00:23:48,760 Speaker 1: recordings give us estimates on this. According to a twenty 421 00:23:48,840 --> 00:23:53,080 Speaker 1: twenty one Wiseman Institute of Science and NASA collaboration, the 422 00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:55,960 Speaker 1: Great Red Spot likely extends to a depth of about 423 00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:59,520 Speaker 1: five hundred kilometers or three hundred and eleven miles below 424 00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:01,920 Speaker 1: the planet clouds. And you can compare that to the 425 00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:06,080 Speaker 1: storm's diameter of roughly two hundred and fifty miles or 426 00:24:06,080 --> 00:24:09,760 Speaker 1: sixteen three hundred and fifty kilometers. So what kind of 427 00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:12,960 Speaker 1: cataclysm would it take to like erase the Big Red Spot. 428 00:24:13,119 --> 00:24:15,360 Speaker 1: It seems like it would need to be a cataclysm 429 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,320 Speaker 1: on the sort of scale it would threaten Jupiter itself 430 00:24:18,520 --> 00:24:22,240 Speaker 1: like a collision with a planet or a close passage 431 00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:25,200 Speaker 1: to a massive star. And of course, in either scenario, 432 00:24:25,320 --> 00:24:27,160 Speaker 1: the loss of the Red Spot will be the least 433 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:28,439 Speaker 1: of our worries here on Earth. 434 00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:32,840 Speaker 3: All right now, Rob, you asked me to look a 435 00:24:32,840 --> 00:24:36,359 Speaker 3: little bit more into the nature of the storm. We've 436 00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:38,919 Speaker 3: said several times now that the Great Red Spot is 437 00:24:39,119 --> 00:24:42,520 Speaker 3: a storm, but what kind of storm is it? 438 00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:42,800 Speaker 1: Like? 439 00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:46,520 Speaker 3: What's going on there? So I looked into this. The 440 00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:49,280 Speaker 3: Great Red Spot is in the words of the authors 441 00:24:49,320 --> 00:24:51,919 Speaker 3: of a paper I think you mentioned earlier. Rob and 442 00:24:51,960 --> 00:24:54,040 Speaker 3: we may come back to in the next part of 443 00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:56,600 Speaker 3: the series. Won by Sanchez la Vega at All from 444 00:24:56,960 --> 00:25:01,240 Speaker 3: twenty twenty four. The Great Red Spot is a giant 445 00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:06,560 Speaker 3: anti cyclone vortex. Now that will make more sense if 446 00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:09,240 Speaker 3: we break it up into its parts. Normally, when we're 447 00:25:09,240 --> 00:25:15,320 Speaker 3: talking about weather, a vortex is a rotating, revolving mass 448 00:25:15,359 --> 00:25:19,080 Speaker 3: of air, so when air begins flowing in a spiral 449 00:25:19,480 --> 00:25:22,960 Speaker 3: around a central axis, So a tornado is a type 450 00:25:22,960 --> 00:25:26,760 Speaker 3: of vortex. A hurricane is a vortex. A polar vortex 451 00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:31,120 Speaker 3: is a vortex. Vortex has the same meaning on Jupiter 452 00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:33,560 Speaker 3: that it does on Earth, but of course, because we're 453 00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:37,280 Speaker 3: on Jupiter, it's not rotating air. It is the atmospheric 454 00:25:37,359 --> 00:25:41,440 Speaker 3: gases found on the planet, which are mostly hydrogen and helium, 455 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,320 Speaker 3: with some other things mixed in there as well, methane, 456 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:48,440 Speaker 3: ammonia and things like that. So that's vortex. What about 457 00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:53,440 Speaker 3: the anti cyclone bit. Anti cyclone refers to the structure 458 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:56,680 Speaker 3: of the vortex, and anti cyclone is easier to understand 459 00:25:56,720 --> 00:25:59,640 Speaker 3: in contrast with its opposite, which, as you might guess, 460 00:25:59,840 --> 00:26:05,119 Speaker 3: is the cyclone. A cyclone has a circulation pattern where 461 00:26:05,240 --> 00:26:10,520 Speaker 3: the wind flows counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise 462 00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:14,439 Speaker 3: in the southern hemisphere, and anti cyclone is the opposite. 463 00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:18,440 Speaker 3: North of the equator, an anti cyclone spins clockwise south 464 00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:22,600 Speaker 3: of the equator counterclockwise. Now, from that distinction, you might 465 00:26:22,640 --> 00:26:26,920 Speaker 3: assume that cyclones and anti cyclones are essentially just mirror 466 00:26:26,960 --> 00:26:29,399 Speaker 3: images of each other, kind of like a wind that 467 00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:32,000 Speaker 3: blows from the east versus a wind that blows from 468 00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:33,800 Speaker 3: the west is going to be about the same as 469 00:26:33,840 --> 00:26:37,119 Speaker 3: just what direction that's going. But that's not the case 470 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:41,719 Speaker 3: at all. On Earth, cyclones and anti cyclones tend to 471 00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:47,040 Speaker 3: have extremely different characteristics as weather. There are some exceptions, 472 00:26:47,119 --> 00:26:52,240 Speaker 3: but generally an anti cyclone is going to mean clear skies, calm, 473 00:26:52,520 --> 00:26:56,160 Speaker 3: dry weather on the ground, really just not much to notice. 474 00:26:56,359 --> 00:27:00,199 Speaker 3: So often an anti cyclone doesn't even really register to 475 00:27:00,280 --> 00:27:02,720 Speaker 3: us as weather. It's just like, oh, it's nice and 476 00:27:02,800 --> 00:27:06,680 Speaker 3: clear out, clear skies, it's dry. It's yeah, great, great 477 00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:13,440 Speaker 3: nice weather. Meanwhile, cyclones include stormy patterns like hurricanes and typhoons. 478 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:18,520 Speaker 3: Those are both examples of a tropical cyclone. These bring clouds, 479 00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,640 Speaker 3: high winds, and rain. So what makes the difference. Why 480 00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:27,000 Speaker 3: would the direction of rotation of a massive air feel 481 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:31,520 Speaker 3: so different on the ground well. A major factor determining 482 00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:35,040 Speaker 3: whether a cyclone or an anti cyclone pattern forms in 483 00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:40,360 Speaker 3: a massive air is pressure. So an anti cyclone forms 484 00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:45,000 Speaker 3: around a region of relatively high atmospheric pressure and high pressure, 485 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:48,239 Speaker 3: the air is dense and it wants to sink. So 486 00:27:48,359 --> 00:27:52,320 Speaker 3: with an anti cyclone, you've got dry, cool air from 487 00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:56,080 Speaker 3: higher up in the atmosphere that converges near the center 488 00:27:56,119 --> 00:27:59,239 Speaker 3: of the pattern, and then it falls down toward the 489 00:27:59,240 --> 00:28:01,320 Speaker 3: Earth because of the high pressure, it wants to sink, 490 00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:05,320 Speaker 3: and then it diverges outward from the center at the bottom. 491 00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:08,960 Speaker 3: So this is not exactly right, but just you can 492 00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:12,600 Speaker 3: roughly kind of imagine a whirlpool sucking cool, dry air 493 00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:15,360 Speaker 3: from way up high in the atmosphere and then funneling 494 00:28:15,359 --> 00:28:17,040 Speaker 3: it down to the ground where it then kind of 495 00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:21,800 Speaker 3: spreads out gently over the surface. Meanwhile, a cyclone is 496 00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:26,160 Speaker 3: formed around a region of low atmosphereic pressure. It's the opposite. 497 00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:30,320 Speaker 3: In a low pressure region, warm moist air near the 498 00:28:30,359 --> 00:28:34,560 Speaker 3: surface begins to rise up, and this causes more warm 499 00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,879 Speaker 3: moist air to flow in from all around near the 500 00:28:37,920 --> 00:28:41,840 Speaker 3: surface to take its place. This is sometimes described as 501 00:28:42,040 --> 00:28:45,200 Speaker 3: convergence at the surface, meaning the surface of the Earth 502 00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:48,200 Speaker 3: like the ground or the surface of the sea. So 503 00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:51,600 Speaker 3: it's flowing to the middle around the ground, and the 504 00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:53,960 Speaker 3: air flowing to the middle from the bottom is again 505 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:56,560 Speaker 3: in contrast to the anti cyclone, where the air flows 506 00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,719 Speaker 3: to the middle from the top the low pressure and 507 00:28:59,760 --> 00:29:03,280 Speaker 3: the invergen set the surface. These tend to result in 508 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:08,400 Speaker 3: cloud formation, rain, and high winds. So why do these 509 00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:13,080 Speaker 3: patterns have opposite rotation in the northern and southern hemispheres. 510 00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:16,360 Speaker 3: This is because of the Coriolis effect. We've talked about 511 00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:19,480 Speaker 3: this on the show before, but just to briefly refresh, 512 00:29:19,520 --> 00:29:24,000 Speaker 3: it's an apparent force that manifests because it is not 513 00:29:24,280 --> 00:29:27,200 Speaker 3: only the air that is moving over the surface of 514 00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:29,320 Speaker 3: the Earth. It's not like the surface of the Earth 515 00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:31,920 Speaker 3: is actually stationary and the air is moving around the 516 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:34,720 Speaker 3: surface of the Earth is moving too. The Earth is rotating, 517 00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:39,560 Speaker 3: and so the Earth rotates counterclockwise if you're looking down 518 00:29:39,640 --> 00:29:42,640 Speaker 3: at it from the north pole, it rotates clockwise if 519 00:29:42,640 --> 00:29:46,200 Speaker 3: you're viewing from the south pole, and as a result, 520 00:29:46,520 --> 00:29:50,160 Speaker 3: objects moving in the atmosphere within the rotating reference frame 521 00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,360 Speaker 3: of the Earth will appear to have their path deflected 522 00:29:53,520 --> 00:29:56,360 Speaker 3: because the Earth itself is moving, and it will appear 523 00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,120 Speaker 3: to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere 524 00:29:59,280 --> 00:30:01,640 Speaker 3: and to the left in the southern hemisphere, and that 525 00:30:01,680 --> 00:30:04,080 Speaker 3: creates these different patterns. That's why it's different on the 526 00:30:04,120 --> 00:30:08,360 Speaker 3: different sides of the equator. By the way the Coriolis effect, 527 00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:11,800 Speaker 3: it only manifests on large scales. The idea that it 528 00:30:11,880 --> 00:30:14,280 Speaker 3: determines which way the water flows down the drain and 529 00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:18,680 Speaker 3: the sink, that is a misconception that's apparently based more 530 00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:20,760 Speaker 3: on things like the shape of the sink and how 531 00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:24,440 Speaker 3: you pour the water. You see Coriolis forces popping up 532 00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:29,120 Speaker 3: in like big movements of masses like weather and ocean 533 00:30:29,160 --> 00:30:30,440 Speaker 3: currents and stuff like that. 534 00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:32,640 Speaker 1: The Simpsons taught us wrong in this one. 535 00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:35,720 Speaker 3: They did, Yes, a rare miss for them, you know 536 00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:39,200 Speaker 3: the Simpsons. Often they get the math and science right, usually. 537 00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:42,080 Speaker 1: If you're not familiar with what we're talking about. I 538 00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:45,680 Speaker 1: don't remember the season, but what they travel to Australia, Yes, 539 00:30:45,760 --> 00:30:49,320 Speaker 1: where where the US Embassy has a toilet, like a 540 00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:53,720 Speaker 1: high tech toilet that's been specially designed to force a 541 00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:59,560 Speaker 1: Northern hemisphere directional flush effect as opposed to a Southern 542 00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:04,239 Speaker 1: hemisphe flush, which again, as we're making clear here is 543 00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:04,880 Speaker 1: not a thing. 544 00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:18,200 Speaker 3: Right to make it flow the right way. Yeah, but anyway, 545 00:31:18,440 --> 00:31:22,120 Speaker 3: back to the storms here. So again, cyclones form the 546 00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:25,720 Speaker 3: basis of most storms and bad weather on Earth. I 547 00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:30,080 Speaker 3: mentioned there were some exceptions. There are some occasional large 548 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:33,440 Speaker 3: anti cyclone storms that can form for various reasons, but 549 00:31:33,480 --> 00:31:36,440 Speaker 3: that's more rare on Earth. Most of your big storms 550 00:31:36,440 --> 00:31:41,560 Speaker 3: are cyclones. Tropical cyclones like hurricanes and typhoons form over 551 00:31:41,840 --> 00:31:45,400 Speaker 3: low pressure regions in the ocean north and south of 552 00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:50,160 Speaker 3: the equator. So they form these massive rotating systems where 553 00:31:50,160 --> 00:31:53,440 Speaker 3: you've got warm wet air that comes up off of 554 00:31:53,480 --> 00:31:57,400 Speaker 3: the ocean and it circulates and forms a spiral of 555 00:31:57,480 --> 00:32:02,320 Speaker 3: thunderstorms with high winds, and generally these storms they build 556 00:32:02,440 --> 00:32:05,480 Speaker 3: up in energy and intensity and they can travel around. 557 00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:09,400 Speaker 3: They usually dissipate once the storm either moves onto land 558 00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:13,560 Speaker 3: or into cooler waters at higher latitudes, robbing the storm 559 00:32:13,640 --> 00:32:16,720 Speaker 3: of the warm wet air that supplies it with energy 560 00:32:16,760 --> 00:32:20,720 Speaker 3: and keeps it going. So Jupiter's Great Red Spot is 561 00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:25,080 Speaker 3: an anti cyclone vortex. It is a spiraling storm, but 562 00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:27,960 Speaker 3: unlike most of these big storms on Earth, it is 563 00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:31,440 Speaker 3: a high pressure system, not a low pressure system, and 564 00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:36,400 Speaker 3: it rotates in the anti cyclonic direction counterclockwise in Jupiter's 565 00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:40,480 Speaker 3: southern hemisphere. So that's the two parts of the description 566 00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:43,240 Speaker 3: anti cyclone vortex. But there was a third word. It 567 00:32:43,360 --> 00:32:48,200 Speaker 3: is a giant anti cyclone vortex, and it is indeed giant. 568 00:32:48,280 --> 00:32:51,120 Speaker 3: You were already alluding to this, Rob, How big exactly 569 00:32:51,200 --> 00:32:55,160 Speaker 3: is the storm? It seems currently it is more than 570 00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:58,800 Speaker 3: sixteen thousand kilometers wide, which is bigger than the entire 571 00:32:58,840 --> 00:33:01,520 Speaker 3: planet Earth. As we've said, Earth's diameter is something like 572 00:33:01,520 --> 00:33:05,200 Speaker 3: twelve seven hundred and fifty kilometers. The red storm is 573 00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:08,720 Speaker 3: more than sixteen thousand. And I also just want to 574 00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:12,240 Speaker 3: briefly compare this to the biggest storms in the historical 575 00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:16,760 Speaker 3: record on Earth. The largest storm ever recorded. This doesn't 576 00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:19,320 Speaker 3: mean necessarily the largest storm ever to occur, but the 577 00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:23,400 Speaker 3: biggest one we ever measured was Typhoon Tip, a tropical 578 00:33:23,520 --> 00:33:27,400 Speaker 3: cyclone that formed in the Western Pacific in October nineteen 579 00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:32,560 Speaker 3: seventy nine. Tip was huge, with a peak diameter of 580 00:33:32,680 --> 00:33:36,720 Speaker 3: more than two thy two hundred kilometers. A common comparison 581 00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:39,160 Speaker 3: people make is that if you laid this storm out 582 00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:42,400 Speaker 3: over the eastern United States, the edges of the storm 583 00:33:42,440 --> 00:33:46,600 Speaker 3: would reach from Texas to New England, just gigantic by 584 00:33:46,640 --> 00:33:50,080 Speaker 3: Earth standards. But of course the Great Red Spot is 585 00:33:50,120 --> 00:33:51,880 Speaker 3: not only a lot bigger than that storm, it's bigger 586 00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:55,520 Speaker 3: than the whole planet. So and it is not even 587 00:33:55,560 --> 00:33:58,240 Speaker 3: currently at its maximum size, as you were talking about, Rob, 588 00:33:58,280 --> 00:34:01,040 Speaker 3: you know, when it was first observed, the diameter of 589 00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:04,800 Speaker 3: the spot was estimated to be almost fifty thousand kilometers, 590 00:34:04,920 --> 00:34:06,960 Speaker 3: which is more than three times the width of Earth. 591 00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,279 Speaker 3: I think actually almost four times the diameter of Earth. 592 00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:14,320 Speaker 3: And so again, contained in that fact about the change 593 00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:16,920 Speaker 3: over time is the implication that the Great Red Spot 594 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,960 Speaker 3: fluctuates greatly in terms of size and structure. Another thing 595 00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:24,759 Speaker 3: is the contrast in intensity with the biggest storms we 596 00:34:24,840 --> 00:34:28,880 Speaker 3: know about on Earth. In Typhoon Tip, the wind gusts 597 00:34:28,960 --> 00:34:32,279 Speaker 3: reached more than three hundred kilometers per hour, which is 598 00:34:32,360 --> 00:34:36,840 Speaker 3: absolutely crazy. That is really really high wind. But the 599 00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:40,320 Speaker 3: Great Red Spot storm is even more intense. I've read 600 00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:43,400 Speaker 3: different numbers here for the wind speeds. I'm not sure, 601 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:46,560 Speaker 3: but I wonder if any discrepancies in the accounting might 602 00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:48,360 Speaker 3: have to do with the fact that there's no solid 603 00:34:48,440 --> 00:34:51,600 Speaker 3: surface below to measure the winds against. I don't know 604 00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:53,440 Speaker 3: if it has to do with the fact that it's 605 00:34:53,520 --> 00:34:57,319 Speaker 3: fluid on fluid, but anyway, I was looking for a 606 00:34:57,320 --> 00:34:59,600 Speaker 3: good source on this, and I used a fact page 607 00:34:59,640 --> 00:35:02,920 Speaker 3: from now Juno mission which was focused on Jupiter's atmosphere, 608 00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:05,719 Speaker 3: among other things, so that seems to be a good authority. 609 00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:09,120 Speaker 3: And they peg the range of wind speeds within the 610 00:35:09,120 --> 00:35:11,600 Speaker 3: Great Red Spot at four hundred and thirty to six 611 00:35:11,719 --> 00:35:14,480 Speaker 3: hundred and eighty kilometers per hour or two hundred and 612 00:35:14,520 --> 00:35:17,719 Speaker 3: seventy four to twenty five miles per hour. That would 613 00:35:17,719 --> 00:35:20,319 Speaker 3: be within the outer reaches where the winds are the 614 00:35:20,360 --> 00:35:24,680 Speaker 3: most intense. In any case, way way more powerful than 615 00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:28,560 Speaker 3: the most powerful cyclone ever recorded in history on Earth. 616 00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:32,080 Speaker 1: Yeah, I mean, it's just an absolute monster on a 617 00:35:32,160 --> 00:35:38,240 Speaker 1: scale that staggers the imagination, challenges the imagination. And it's 618 00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:40,960 Speaker 1: a planet that is again it's a gas giant. As 619 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:45,120 Speaker 1: we've been driving home, there is no hard surface like 620 00:35:45,239 --> 00:35:48,920 Speaker 1: it's We can't even picture ourselves in the midst of 621 00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:52,239 Speaker 1: it like we have an easier time picturing ourselves of course, 622 00:35:52,360 --> 00:35:55,600 Speaker 1: on the surface of something like Venus, which in and 623 00:35:55,640 --> 00:36:00,200 Speaker 1: of itself is it a completely alien and inhospitable environment. 624 00:36:00,360 --> 00:36:02,360 Speaker 3: But would kill you. But there's something to stand on. 625 00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:05,040 Speaker 1: There is at least something to stand and crumble font 626 00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:10,480 Speaker 1: h here, it's just it's hell. It's mean Stupiter, baby. 627 00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:13,440 Speaker 3: But so yes, the red spot of Jupiter is a 628 00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:17,880 Speaker 3: giant high pressure storm in contrast to most of Earth's 629 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:22,120 Speaker 3: low pressure storms in the atmosphere of Jupiter's southern hemisphere, 630 00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:26,520 Speaker 3: swirling in the anti cyclonic direction. But there are a 631 00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:29,279 Speaker 3: bunch of interesting questions that remain, some of which we 632 00:36:29,880 --> 00:36:33,279 Speaker 3: have fairly good ideas of how to answer, some of 633 00:36:33,320 --> 00:36:35,560 Speaker 3: which are much more mysterious, and there are only some 634 00:36:35,680 --> 00:36:39,320 Speaker 3: kind of educated guesses. Questions like the one you raised, 635 00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:43,600 Speaker 3: how long is it going to be around? One question 636 00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:47,160 Speaker 3: that's interesting is how does this storm persist for so 637 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:49,799 Speaker 3: long over time? Storms on Earth don't last that long, 638 00:36:50,440 --> 00:36:52,279 Speaker 3: and also the question of how did it form in 639 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:54,160 Speaker 3: the first place. So I think we should come back 640 00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:55,960 Speaker 3: and do a part too on the Great Red Spot. 641 00:36:56,080 --> 00:37:00,759 Speaker 1: Rob Yeah, yeah, get into why this color. You might 642 00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:04,800 Speaker 1: think it's the jelly filling of the planet, but that's inaccurate. 643 00:37:04,840 --> 00:37:08,680 Speaker 1: If you've read that somewhere, that's a lie. And we'll 644 00:37:08,880 --> 00:37:11,400 Speaker 1: look at more plausible answers to that question. In the 645 00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:15,200 Speaker 1: next episode in the meantime, since we have several days 646 00:37:15,239 --> 00:37:18,120 Speaker 1: before that episode will come out, we would love to 647 00:37:18,160 --> 00:37:21,560 Speaker 1: hear from you if you have especially, I'm interested for 648 00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:25,520 Speaker 1: examples from various science fiction films where Jupiter pops up 649 00:37:25,560 --> 00:37:29,360 Speaker 1: in the background, or at least is the red storm 650 00:37:29,440 --> 00:37:31,919 Speaker 1: is acknowledged, and then I want to know what year 651 00:37:32,480 --> 00:37:35,239 Speaker 1: that is supposed to take place and how we might 652 00:37:35,280 --> 00:37:41,080 Speaker 1: therefore couch that in our very vague and shifting understanding 653 00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:43,560 Speaker 1: of how long this storm has lasted and how long 654 00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:46,919 Speaker 1: it will last. Just a reminder to everyone out there 655 00:37:46,920 --> 00:37:48,880 Speaker 1: that Stuff to Blow your Mind is primarily a science 656 00:37:48,880 --> 00:37:51,560 Speaker 1: and culture podcast, with core episodes on Tuesdays and Thursday, 657 00:37:51,680 --> 00:37:54,520 Speaker 1: short form episodes on Wednesdays and on Fridays. We set 658 00:37:54,560 --> 00:37:56,879 Speaker 1: aside most serious concerns to just talk about a weird 659 00:37:56,920 --> 00:37:59,600 Speaker 1: film on Weird House Cinema. If you want to follow 660 00:37:59,640 --> 00:38:02,160 Speaker 1: this one, well, we have different social media accounts. You 661 00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:05,160 Speaker 1: can follow the podcast wherever you get your podcasts, and 662 00:38:05,840 --> 00:38:08,200 Speaker 1: on Instagram we're s two b Yan podcast, so if 663 00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,000 Speaker 1: you use that you can find us there. 664 00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:14,600 Speaker 3: Huge thanks as always to our excellent audio producer JJ Posway. 665 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:16,680 Speaker 3: If you would like to get in touch with us 666 00:38:16,719 --> 00:38:19,080 Speaker 3: with feedback on this episode or any other, to suggest 667 00:38:19,160 --> 00:38:21,160 Speaker 3: a topic for the future, or just to say hello. 668 00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:24,279 Speaker 3: You can email us at contact Stuff to Blow Your 669 00:38:24,320 --> 00:38:32,800 Speaker 3: Mind dot com. 670 00:38:33,360 --> 00:38:36,279 Speaker 2: Stuff to Blow Your Mind is production of iHeartRadio. For 671 00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:39,160 Speaker 2: more podcasts from my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 672 00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:56,600 Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you're listening to your favorite shows.