1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,559 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, we're rerunning two episodes today. Enjoy the show, 2 00:00:04,519 --> 00:00:08,920 Speaker 1: Hi Um Eves, Welcome to This Day in History Class, 3 00:00:08,920 --> 00:00:11,520 Speaker 1: a show that reveals a little bit more about history 4 00:00:11,800 --> 00:00:26,119 Speaker 1: day by day. The day was April seventeen, nineteen seventeen. 5 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:31,760 Speaker 1: After seeing many patients with varying symptoms including lethargy and 6 00:00:31,840 --> 00:00:38,200 Speaker 1: odd eye movements, Romanian Austrian psychiatrists Constantine von Economo announced 7 00:00:38,200 --> 00:00:41,440 Speaker 1: the probable spread of a viral disease at a meeting 8 00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: of the Vienna Society for Psychiatry and Neurology. The disease, 9 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: which was spreading all over the world, became known as 10 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:56,200 Speaker 1: encephalitis lethargica or epidemic encephalitis. The so called sleeping sickness 11 00:00:56,240 --> 00:00:59,560 Speaker 1: put many people into a deep sleep and often resulted 12 00:00:59,640 --> 00:01:02,880 Speaker 1: in death. Our post and Stephilitic Parkinstone is m a 13 00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:08,759 Speaker 1: progressive neurodegenerative syndrome that develops after encephalitis. While the epidemic 14 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:11,040 Speaker 1: was in full swing in the late nineteen tens, in 15 00:01:11,160 --> 00:01:15,720 Speaker 1: nineteen twenties, the number and types of symptoms increased rapidly. 16 00:01:16,959 --> 00:01:19,880 Speaker 1: There were similar illnesses that popped up around the world 17 00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:23,760 Speaker 1: before the en stphilitis lethargica epidemics started in the early 18 00:01:23,840 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 1: nineteen hundreds. For instance, African sleeping sickness, which garnered attention 19 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:34,080 Speaker 1: in the late eighteen hundreds, has symptoms like sleepiness and apathy, 20 00:01:34,360 --> 00:01:37,479 Speaker 1: and there was a disease known as La Nona, which 21 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:41,679 Speaker 1: was a post fluid complication characterized by somnolence that was 22 00:01:41,880 --> 00:01:45,399 Speaker 1: prominent in northern Italy and central Europe in eighteen eighty 23 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:49,920 Speaker 1: nine and eighteen ninety. Somnolence just means a person feels 24 00:01:49,920 --> 00:01:53,200 Speaker 1: sleepy or drowsy, or sleeps for a really long time, 25 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:57,560 Speaker 1: but the earliest reports of people affected by the encephalitis 26 00:01:57,640 --> 00:02:01,560 Speaker 1: lethargica epidemic are from nineteen sixteen, when much of the 27 00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:05,320 Speaker 1: world was occupied with the First World War. In fact, 28 00:02:05,560 --> 00:02:09,080 Speaker 1: the troops marched across Europe during the war likely helped 29 00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:13,440 Speaker 1: spread the disease quickly. In France, doctor saw soldiers who 30 00:02:13,440 --> 00:02:16,880 Speaker 1: had fallen into a deep sleep, and while Dr Constantine 31 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 1: von Economo was working at a psychiatric neurological clinic in Vienna, 32 00:02:21,680 --> 00:02:25,800 Speaker 1: he began seeing patients with strange variations of neurological symptoms. 33 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:31,079 Speaker 1: They had been diagnosed with conditions like meningitis, multiplus sclerosis 34 00:02:31,240 --> 00:02:35,119 Speaker 1: and delirium, but those diagnoses didn't quite seem to fit 35 00:02:35,160 --> 00:02:39,880 Speaker 1: the bill. They had malaise, fevers, trouble with their eye muscles, 36 00:02:39,919 --> 00:02:43,519 Speaker 1: and a lot of them had lethargy, so von Economo 37 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:48,400 Speaker 1: figured all these cases stemmed from a sleeping sickness. Once 38 00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:52,079 Speaker 1: many of the affected patients began dying, he realized how 39 00:02:52,240 --> 00:02:56,040 Speaker 1: urgent the need to study the condition was. Not long 40 00:02:56,080 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: after the April seventeenth meeting, he described the disease in 41 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:03,919 Speaker 1: an article titled Encephalitis lethartica. He said patients would get 42 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:09,600 Speaker 1: headaches and malaise, then somnolence. Those initial symptoms could become 43 00:03:09,680 --> 00:03:12,639 Speaker 1: chronic and lead to a coma, or a recovery would 44 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:17,880 Speaker 1: eventually happen, or the patient could die. French physician Renee 45 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:22,480 Speaker 1: Cruche also saw patients with similar neurological symptoms, and he 46 00:03:22,600 --> 00:03:28,040 Speaker 1: distinguished their condition from previous cases of encephalomyelitis or inflammation 47 00:03:28,080 --> 00:03:31,840 Speaker 1: of the brain and spinal cord. Crochet published an article 48 00:03:31,880 --> 00:03:34,840 Speaker 1: on the disease around the same time as von Economo 49 00:03:34,920 --> 00:03:39,960 Speaker 1: published his. Since the disease was causing mental and behavior changes, 50 00:03:40,400 --> 00:03:42,880 Speaker 1: many people did not believe it could be caused by 51 00:03:42,920 --> 00:03:47,040 Speaker 1: a virus. At the time, people believed things like trauma 52 00:03:47,160 --> 00:03:51,760 Speaker 1: caused mental illness, and the nineteen eighteen flu pandemic, which 53 00:03:51,880 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: ended up killing at least fifty million people, was a 54 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:59,040 Speaker 1: medical crisis that demanded a lot of attention. So many 55 00:03:59,080 --> 00:04:03,680 Speaker 1: people weren't convinced by von Economo's proposal at first, but 56 00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:08,320 Speaker 1: the encephalitis lethargica epidemic was getting worse. Some patients were 57 00:04:08,360 --> 00:04:12,600 Speaker 1: sleeping for months and others were dying of exhaustion. The 58 00:04:12,680 --> 00:04:16,000 Speaker 1: disease was spreading to children who were losing impulse control 59 00:04:16,320 --> 00:04:21,560 Speaker 1: and becoming violent. The Neurological Institute began funding a lot 60 00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 1: of the research of the disease and Stephilitis lethargica cases 61 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:30,360 Speaker 1: reached epidemic proportions in Vienna in nineteen seventeen, then in 62 00:04:30,440 --> 00:04:35,000 Speaker 1: France and England in nineteen eighteen. By nineteen nineteen, it 63 00:04:35,040 --> 00:04:39,800 Speaker 1: has spread throughout most of Europe, Canada, the US, Central America, 64 00:04:39,920 --> 00:04:44,160 Speaker 1: and India. The epidemic peaks in nineteen twenty and nineteen 65 00:04:44,200 --> 00:04:48,920 Speaker 1: twenty four and continued into the nineteen thirties. People who 66 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:54,360 Speaker 1: developed parkinston is um required long term care. Researchers attempted 67 00:04:54,400 --> 00:04:57,400 Speaker 1: to discover the cause of the disease and find a vaccine, 68 00:04:57,760 --> 00:05:01,440 Speaker 1: but no treatment or cure came of that word. When 69 00:05:01,440 --> 00:05:04,599 Speaker 1: the drug Levodopa began to be administered to patients with 70 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:08,400 Speaker 1: Parkinson's in the nineteen sixties, it was also given to 71 00:05:08,480 --> 00:05:14,640 Speaker 1: some patients with encephalitis lethargica, but treatment wasn't successful. In 72 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 1: the nineteen twenty seven publication Epidemic Encephalitis and Cephalomyelitis, L. 73 00:05:20,520 --> 00:05:25,440 Speaker 1: Mcraft said the following, it's dramatic advent on a war 74 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:29,160 Speaker 1: torn world. It's rapid diffusion to all continents and the 75 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:33,880 Speaker 1: islands of the seas. It's striking and characteristic pathological picture. 76 00:05:34,440 --> 00:05:37,599 Speaker 1: It's astonishing masquerade in the guise of a myriad of 77 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:41,760 Speaker 1: other diseases. It's remarkable shifts of group types and succeeding 78 00:05:41,839 --> 00:05:46,120 Speaker 1: years of its recurrence. And it's almost unfortellable course in 79 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 1: any individual case, has no parallel in the entire field 80 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:54,240 Speaker 1: of medicine. And it is doubtful if any plague has 81 00:05:54,240 --> 00:05:58,480 Speaker 1: ever been visited upon humanity that has claimed so many victims, 82 00:05:58,600 --> 00:06:02,159 Speaker 1: has so completely covered earth and left so many maimed 83 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:08,159 Speaker 1: and crippled rex in its wake. After nineteen forty, cases 84 00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:13,039 Speaker 1: of encephalitis lethargica were only sporadic during the epidemic, the 85 00:06:13,120 --> 00:06:16,200 Speaker 1: disease may have killed half a million people and affected 86 00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:18,799 Speaker 1: more than a million, though the true number of people 87 00:06:18,839 --> 00:06:24,760 Speaker 1: afflicted is unknown, and over diagnosis was likely. Today, exactly 88 00:06:24,800 --> 00:06:29,120 Speaker 1: what causes encephalitis lethargica and how it's spread is still 89 00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:33,239 Speaker 1: a mystery. It's likely not caused by the flu, which 90 00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:36,160 Speaker 1: many people have fought over the years, and it's been 91 00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:40,960 Speaker 1: linked to streptococcal infections. Though only symptoms of the disease 92 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:44,560 Speaker 1: can be treated with medicine, there has been some success 93 00:06:44,560 --> 00:06:50,120 Speaker 1: with steroids, anti parkinson drugs and electro convulsive therapy, but 94 00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: because scientists don't know what causes the disease, it's hard 95 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:57,120 Speaker 1: to say whether it will make a comeback or how 96 00:06:57,240 --> 00:07:02,200 Speaker 1: to prevent another epidemic. I'm Eve Stepcote and hopefully you 97 00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:05,479 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 98 00:07:06,839 --> 00:07:08,760 Speaker 1: If you'd like to learn more about the disease and 99 00:07:08,839 --> 00:07:11,600 Speaker 1: it's spread in the early nineteen hundreds, listen to the 100 00:07:11,640 --> 00:07:14,280 Speaker 1: episode of Stuff you missed in History class called and 101 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:20,080 Speaker 1: Stephalitis letharctica. Get more notes from history on Twitter Instagram 102 00:07:20,120 --> 00:07:25,840 Speaker 1: and Facebook at t D I h C Podcast. Thanks 103 00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:28,840 Speaker 1: again for listening, and I hope you come back tomorrow 104 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 1: for more delicious morsels of history. Greetings everyone, I'm Eves 105 00:07:39,160 --> 00:07:41,880 Speaker 1: and welcome to This Day in History Class, a podcast 106 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:55,520 Speaker 1: that never gets tired of history. The day was April seventeenth, 107 00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:59,960 Speaker 1: nineteen fifty one. The Peak District became the first national 108 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:04,360 Speaker 1: park in the UK. Before the nineteenth century, wild and 109 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:08,240 Speaker 1: remote areas in the UK countryside were viewed as untamed 110 00:08:08,240 --> 00:08:11,800 Speaker 1: and unsafe, but by the early nineteenth century people have 111 00:08:11,920 --> 00:08:16,720 Speaker 1: begun viewing these remote areas more favorably. English poets like 112 00:08:16,800 --> 00:08:21,640 Speaker 1: Samuel Taylor, Coleridge and William Wordsworth romanticized the countryside in 113 00:08:21,680 --> 00:08:26,160 Speaker 1: their work Yellowstone, the first national park in the United States, 114 00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:30,840 Speaker 1: was established in eighteen seventy two. Yellowstone is sometimes considered 115 00:08:30,840 --> 00:08:34,439 Speaker 1: the world's first national park, though this is disputed because 116 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:38,600 Speaker 1: there were nationally protected areas in some countries already. Regardless, 117 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,440 Speaker 1: more national parks began popping up around the world in 118 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: the late eighteen hundreds, such as the Royal National Park 119 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:49,120 Speaker 1: in Australia and Banff National Park in Canada. By the 120 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:52,200 Speaker 1: late nineteenth century, in the UK, people have begun fighting 121 00:08:52,200 --> 00:08:55,040 Speaker 1: for the right to roame. A lot of the land 122 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:58,040 Speaker 1: in the UK was privately owned, and over the years 123 00:08:58,080 --> 00:09:01,440 Speaker 1: people put forth more demands for access to restricted land. 124 00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:05,200 Speaker 1: The freedom to rome is a principle that states that 125 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:09,200 Speaker 1: people have the right to access land for recreation and exercise. 126 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:13,439 Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty four, James Bryce, a member of Parliament, 127 00:09:13,840 --> 00:09:17,800 Speaker 1: introduced the first parliamentary bill for public access to the countryside. 128 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:21,240 Speaker 1: The bill failed, but it was reintroduced every year for 129 00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:25,760 Speaker 1: the next few decades, only to fail each time. Meanwhile, 130 00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:29,840 Speaker 1: public appreciation for natural areas and outdoor recreation was growing 131 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:35,079 Speaker 1: as industrialization spread across England and cities expanded, people began 132 00:09:35,200 --> 00:09:39,199 Speaker 1: walking around the countryside. At the end of the eighteen hundreds, 133 00:09:39,280 --> 00:09:42,920 Speaker 1: people began forming rambling clubs. In the nineteen o five, 134 00:09:43,160 --> 00:09:47,200 Speaker 1: the Federation of Rambling Clubs formed in London. As more 135 00:09:47,240 --> 00:09:50,800 Speaker 1: people began to seek access to private land, conflict between 136 00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:55,520 Speaker 1: landowners and public interest groups escalated. In nineteen thirty one, 137 00:09:55,880 --> 00:09:59,320 Speaker 1: a government inquiry recommended the creation of an authority to 138 00:09:59,440 --> 00:10:02,880 Speaker 1: choose area is for designation as national parks, but this 139 00:10:02,960 --> 00:10:06,760 Speaker 1: proposal went nowhere. The next year, in an event known 140 00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:10,840 Speaker 1: as the kinder Scout mass trespass. Hundreds of people gathered 141 00:10:10,880 --> 00:10:14,000 Speaker 1: to protest the fact that people were being denied access 142 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:18,040 Speaker 1: to areas of open country. In nineteen thirty six, a 143 00:10:18,160 --> 00:10:22,280 Speaker 1: voluntary Standing Committee on National Parks was formed to advocate 144 00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:25,560 Speaker 1: for national parks and lobby the government. The committee was 145 00:10:25,600 --> 00:10:30,880 Speaker 1: made up of leisure activity enthusiasts and nature conservationists. World 146 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:33,600 Speaker 1: War Two broke out in nineteen thirty nine, but the 147 00:10:33,679 --> 00:10:37,560 Speaker 1: campaign for the creation of national parks continued, and as 148 00:10:37,600 --> 00:10:40,960 Speaker 1: the war neared its end. In nineteen forty five, John Dower, 149 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:44,079 Speaker 1: who was Secretary of the Standing Committee on National Parks, 150 00:10:44,640 --> 00:10:47,760 Speaker 1: produced a white Paper on National Parks as part of 151 00:10:47,760 --> 00:10:52,160 Speaker 1: the Labor Party's planned post war reconstruction. This report led 152 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:55,560 Speaker 1: to Sir Arthur hop Houses Report in ninety seven, which 153 00:10:55,640 --> 00:10:59,120 Speaker 1: prepared legislation for the creation of national parks in the UK. 154 00:11:00,040 --> 00:11:03,320 Speaker 1: The report also proposed a list of twelve areas to 155 00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:07,679 Speaker 1: be designated as national parks. Two years later, the National 156 00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:11,480 Speaker 1: Parks and Access to the Countryside Act was passed. On 157 00:11:11,559 --> 00:11:15,559 Speaker 1: April seventeenth, nineteen on, the Peak District became the first 158 00:11:15,640 --> 00:11:18,240 Speaker 1: area to be designated a National Park in the UK. 159 00:11:19,880 --> 00:11:22,640 Speaker 1: The Peak District is an upland area in England at 160 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:25,719 Speaker 1: the southern end of the Pennines. Its highest point is 161 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:29,280 Speaker 1: the Moreland Plateau of kinder scout Land. Throughout the park 162 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:32,920 Speaker 1: is publicly and privately owned. By the end of the 163 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:38,280 Speaker 1: nineteen fifties, several more national parks were established. Unlike national 164 00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:41,200 Speaker 1: parks in other countries, the state does not own or 165 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,000 Speaker 1: control the land in UK national parks. The national parks 166 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:48,040 Speaker 1: continued to be part of conversations related to the freedom 167 00:11:48,080 --> 00:11:53,160 Speaker 1: to rome, conservation and development. The Peak District National Park 168 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:58,120 Speaker 1: has around thirteen million visitors every year. I'm Evesteffcote and 169 00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:01,400 Speaker 1: hopefully you know a little more about history today than 170 00:12:01,480 --> 00:12:04,440 Speaker 1: you did yesterday. If you'd like to send us a 171 00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:07,240 Speaker 1: note on social media, please feel free to do so 172 00:12:07,520 --> 00:12:11,160 Speaker 1: on Facebook, Twitter or Instagram. We're at t d I 173 00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:14,400 Speaker 1: h C Podcast. You can also send us a message 174 00:12:14,480 --> 00:12:18,880 Speaker 1: via email at this day at I heeart media dot com. 175 00:12:18,880 --> 00:12:20,920 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening to the show and we'll see 176 00:12:20,960 --> 00:12:28,520 Speaker 1: you tomorrow. For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit 177 00:12:28,520 --> 00:12:31,000 Speaker 1: the i Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 178 00:12:31,040 --> 00:12:32,200 Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows.