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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff

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Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey you, welcome to Stuff to Blow

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Speaker 1: your Mind. My name is Robert Lamb. My name is

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Speaker 1: Julie Douglas. Julie, I want to pitch a movie idea

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Speaker 1: to you here. All right, this is a good summer movie.

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Speaker 1: Hold on, hold, I'm putting in my mouth. All right,

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Speaker 1: go ahead, all right, here's my elevator pitch. All right,

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Speaker 1: all right, that the kids love parasites, they love movies

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Speaker 1: about parasites. How about this, No one do a sequel.

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Speaker 1: We call it parasite to hyper parasite, and it's about

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Speaker 1: parasites that prey on parasites. M go on, kids, tell

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Speaker 1: me more about it. Well, it's actually real. It's not

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Speaker 1: just an item of science pic. It sounds like hyper

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Speaker 1: parasite does, sound like it would be the sequel to

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Speaker 1: a parasitic movie. But it comes down to an interesting

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Speaker 1: question parasites. All right, there's a simple view of looking

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Speaker 1: at the world of parasites. You have us, normal organisms,

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Speaker 1: and then you have the organisms that prey on us,

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Speaker 1: the criminal element in the world right there. Speak Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they're stuck in our blood. They're they're they're getting into

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Speaker 1: our cells. All these various heinous acts out there. Are

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Speaker 1: they getting away scott free or are the other parasites

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Speaker 1: that prey on them? And then and then how would

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Speaker 1: that work? Do those parasites have parasites as well, So

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Speaker 1: it's kind of like a parasite. This hyper parasite is

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Speaker 1: sort of like Dexter, the serial killer of serial killers,

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Speaker 1: though instead of killing to fulfill a need for I

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Speaker 1: guess sating the impulse to destroy and exacting a kind

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Speaker 1: of justice at the same time, these hyper parasites, I'm

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Speaker 1: gonna guess are doing this all for the energy force. Yes. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's it's easy to sort of to go to like

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Speaker 1: the Dexter example or like a roman Hood example or

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Speaker 1: Omar little example from the Wire where it's like, all right,

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Speaker 1: these are the thieves, but this guy's thieving from the thief. Uh,

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Speaker 1: these are the serial killers. This guy's killing the serial killers.

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Speaker 1: But but really, when you get get down to you

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Speaker 1: really look at the the economy aspect that we've talked

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Speaker 1: about this before, and cannibalism and animals where it all

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Speaker 1: comes down to the energy. All right, there's in nature

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Speaker 1: we have this this ecological pyramid at the bottom, the

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Speaker 1: very bottom level of the pyramid, you have vegetation that's growing,

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Speaker 1: depending largely upon solar energy. And then every level moving

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Speaker 1: up from that bottom level of the pyramid is some

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Speaker 1: sort of organism eating another. You eat, something's eating the grass,

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Speaker 1: something's eating that, and something else is eating Matt swooping

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Speaker 1: in until at the very top, enthroned on this mountain

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Speaker 1: of bone and flesh, you have the apex predators, who

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Speaker 1: are just fortunate enough to to be above all of that,

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Speaker 1: at least until they, you know, get old or break

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Speaker 1: a leg and topple down the pyramid to where a

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Speaker 1: scavenger can rip them apart. So, I mean, it really

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Speaker 1: comes down. All this comes under the fact that nature

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Speaker 1: is this this hellish world of competition, and it's all

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Speaker 1: about the economy of energy, the energy required to pass

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Speaker 1: on your genes, and anybody and everybody in this pyramid

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Speaker 1: will eat another, one will steal energy if they are

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Speaker 1: able to, if there is any opportunity, and that's just

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Speaker 1: the brutal truth of it. It's like a it's like

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Speaker 1: some sort of a crime movie where there's like a

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Speaker 1: gym or a you know, a suitcase full of gold

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Speaker 1: or something and every criminal in the picture is uh

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Speaker 1: is screwing over the next one to get it, until

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Speaker 1: there's just nobody actually has possession of the football anymore. Well,

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Speaker 1: it's interesting as humans. On top of that, the heap

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Speaker 1: of bones. You know, we tend to look at parasites

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Speaker 1: is this, you know, it's this thing that might be

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Speaker 1: invading me and causing disease. And I'm a host for this,

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Speaker 1: I'm at the top, I'm at the apex. How can

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Speaker 1: this be? And so when you hear about these hyper parasites,

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Speaker 1: is parasite on parasite action going on? You tend to

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Speaker 1: think of them, as you say, it's sort of like

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Speaker 1: these avengers. Yes, this robin hood bacteria is is on

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Speaker 1: my side. He's going after the thing that's after me.

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Speaker 1: So the enemy of my enemy is my friend, right right.

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Speaker 1: But in fact, these hyper parasites are just these sort

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Speaker 1: of brilliant criminal minds, because what the doing is they're

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Speaker 1: looking at, uh, these instances in nature in which other

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Speaker 1: parasites are really successful, and they're sort of riding on

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Speaker 1: the coattails of this. And as you say, they're going

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Speaker 1: for the big energy leap here. It doesn't happen anything

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Speaker 1: to do with avenging the host of that that the

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Speaker 1: parasite is taking advantage of. Yeah, I mean, it's an

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Speaker 1: old adage that for successful criminal their biggest enemy isn't

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Speaker 1: law enforcement but other criminals. You know, if you have

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Speaker 1: like an amazing grow house operation going, like somewhere in

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Speaker 1: Canada was reading les about, then you do. Uh, we're

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Speaker 1: reading articles about this a while back, and um, you know,

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Speaker 1: they get to the point where they don't have to

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Speaker 1: worry about about law enforcement. They've got that figured out.

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Speaker 1: But it's the it's the other criminals that are gonna

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Speaker 1: come and snatch your crops or or steal your money

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Speaker 1: or or something like that, and use your underground tunnels. Yes,

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Speaker 1: use your underground tunnels for whatever you use it for.

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Speaker 1: And if you're not smuggling through drugs and money, it's

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Speaker 1: just kind of it's annoying sometimes, That's all I'm saying. Uh, yeah, no,

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Speaker 1: I mean, I kid, but this is this parasite on

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Speaker 1: parasite examples that we see in nature. Fascinating stuff and

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Speaker 1: it's very chilling too at the same time. Can't help

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Speaker 1: but ant morphies it. Um, So we're gonna take a

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Speaker 1: look at a couple of examples here in nature. All right,

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Speaker 1: First up, we're gonna talk a little about wasps. Now,

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Speaker 1: we've talked about wasps a lot, especially parasitic wasps. I'm

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Speaker 1: always talking about them. I wrote an article about how

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Speaker 1: wasps work on How Stuff Work several years ago, and

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Speaker 1: and I can't stop thinking about them ever since. I

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Speaker 1: hate to kill them, even if they're even if they're

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Speaker 1: a nuisance in the house, do you really respect them?

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Speaker 1: I respect them. They're they're brutal, but they're they're they're

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Speaker 1: honest in their brutality. And you know, and they haven't

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Speaker 1: sold out like the honeybee and taken on this, uh,

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Speaker 1: this sigrarian lifestyle. They are still out there living a

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Speaker 1: life more or less. Yeah, but the honey bees all like, yeah,

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Speaker 1: everything would collapse without me. You guys are just being

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Speaker 1: jerks out there and showing off. Well, all right, well

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Speaker 1: that's an argument for another day. Yeah, Okay, let's not

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Speaker 1: reignite that. Let's not reignite that. Believe we have an

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Speaker 1: episode on that, So go back and study that if

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Speaker 1: you want more on that particular debate. But parasitic wasps, Uh,

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Speaker 1: basically we're talking about the ultimate deadbeat moms. In a sense.

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Speaker 1: They don't want to raise that larva that raise that

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Speaker 1: egg as their own. So what do they do? They

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Speaker 1: plant inside another critter. It wakes up inside of its

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Speaker 1: food source, it's living food source. They suppress the host

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Speaker 1: immune system, they control its growth, it's metabolism, all for

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Speaker 1: their own benefit. Sometimes they even hijack the host organism,

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Speaker 1: such as the particular parasitic wass that we saw where

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Speaker 1: the larva takes over the ladybug. It makes it it's

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Speaker 1: zombie master while it grows into maturity. Um. But there's

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Speaker 1: even more to that. There are parasitic wasps that are

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Speaker 1: hyper parasitic. Yeah, and it all starts with g l vs.

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Speaker 1: We've talked about this before, which are green leaf volatiles.

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Speaker 1: That's the chemical produced by a leaf that is munched

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Speaker 1: on by a caterpillar. Right, releases a signal to predators. Uh,

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Speaker 1: and says, hey, you know there's there's a there's a

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Speaker 1: caterpillar on me and he's eating me lunch. Yeah, it

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Speaker 1: would be great if some some wasps were to come

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Speaker 1: by and plant some larva inside of this moocher y.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And so the caterpillar, you know, unbeknownst has

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Speaker 1: limited time here because pretty soon one of two different

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Speaker 1: types of wasps we're talking about the cotes at Rubicla

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Speaker 1: and the Cocheesia glomarata will heed that call from those

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Speaker 1: g l V chemicals and swoop down on the caterpillar.

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Speaker 1: Now that's where the stinging and the implanting comes into play.

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Speaker 1: The eggs are deposited using that ovipositor as a stinger,

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Speaker 1: which of course is an egg laying organ. All wasps

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Speaker 1: that are out there stinging those are female wasps. And

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Speaker 1: so what you have is you have a caterpillar which

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Speaker 1: is now reduced to the status of a wasp incubator.

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Speaker 1: Now that in itself is sort of Ninja level waspery. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: if that's worried, but I'm gonna go ahead use it.

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Speaker 1: But that's that's nothing compared to this hyper paris sidic

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Speaker 1: wasp that comes into play. Yes, this particular wasp was

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Speaker 1: studied by Eric Polman of Waganagan University in the Netherlands,

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Speaker 1: and that this particular hyper parasoid uh Lazibia Nana or

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Speaker 1: l Nana as we shall henceforth college, which I'm now

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Speaker 1: thinking about a Nana like nana wasp. Yeah, well, in

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Speaker 1: a sense, you know that the nana is bringing the larva.

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Speaker 1: So what l nana does is it sniffs out the

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Speaker 1: particular distress calls of the plant that is being chewed

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Speaker 1: on by larva that are hijacked by these particular These

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Speaker 1: are two particular wasps. That's right, because now that chemical

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Speaker 1: uh signal has been changed yet again because is different

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Speaker 1: in inside the caterpillar that has been hijacked. So the

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Speaker 1: signal that is going out from the plant is no

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Speaker 1: longer saying hell if I'm under attack from caterpillars, that's

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Speaker 1: saying help, I'm under attack from a caterpillar that has

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Speaker 1: also been hijacked by a wasp. Yeah, so al nana

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Speaker 1: comes along and says, well, don't mind if I do.

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Speaker 1: They're here. This daycare center has already been a stabbed

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Speaker 1: wished saves me the trouble. So what I'm gonna do

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Speaker 1: is in the lay one of these eggs in every

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Speaker 1: wasp grubber pupil I can find, and when they hatch,

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Speaker 1: they're not only going to eat the host caterpillar, They're

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Speaker 1: also gonna eat any other daycare attendees inside of that organism.

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Speaker 1: It's really brilliant right, because, as you say, the other

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Speaker 1: wasps have done the work. All they have to do

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Speaker 1: is swoop in deposit and it's a very successful way

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Speaker 1: of trying to get that food source easily. Of course,

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Speaker 1: they do have an enemy, these hyper parasites, these wasps,

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Speaker 1: and that would be another hyper parasitoid. Usually this is

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Speaker 1: other females of the same species. And sometimes a caterpillar

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Speaker 1: may host two, three, maybe even four tiers parasites within it.

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Speaker 1: It's tough. It's tough being a caterpillar. Uh And but

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Speaker 1: again this really drives home just what a violent battle

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Speaker 1: royal life on Earth really is. It's just any anybody

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Speaker 1: who can will try and get larva inside of that caterpillar.

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Speaker 1: It's kind of like with the whole the l like

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Speaker 1: spying thing that came out, you know recently, we're you know,

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Speaker 1: talking about the US eavesdropping on phone calls over the world,

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Speaker 1: and people are outraged by it. And you know, I'm

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Speaker 1: not saying that there's not a certain amount of acceptable outrage,

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Speaker 1: but I couldn't help to think, well, you know, this

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Speaker 1: is what countries do. Countries are kind of awful and spying. Everybody,

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Speaker 1: hasn't everyone been reading the same books and seeing the

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Speaker 1: same James Bond films that I have over the years,

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Speaker 1: they would know that. So it's kind of the same

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Speaker 1: thing in the animal world. Anybody that can and has

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Speaker 1: the ability to will get in there and steal some energy,

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Speaker 1: steal the opportunity and wasper grade at this. I mean,

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Speaker 1: there are other species of wasps that will also slip

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Speaker 1: their young into a into another wasp nest and let

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Speaker 1: it to grow to maturity there, and then the same thing.

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Speaker 1: It'll it'll jump, it'll leap frog over the other young

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Speaker 1: and then eat them and then emerge from the washing. There.

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Speaker 1: There's just wonderful evil creatures on nature. It's beautiful. It

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Speaker 1: is all right, let's take a quick break and when

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Speaker 1: we get back, we are going to talk about the

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Speaker 1: zombie And all right, we're back. Now you've heard us

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Speaker 1: talk about court a steps before. Um, these are the

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Speaker 1: fun guy that we discussed in our Zombie Outbreak episode.

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Speaker 1: This is one where we we pretended we put on

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Speaker 1: a little radio play here in which Atlanta was was

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Speaker 1: taken over by a zombie outbreak zombie apocalypse, and we

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Speaker 1: uh decided in this particular episode that we were gonna

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Speaker 1: pin the zombie hood on a court a step. This

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Speaker 1: is a fungus that takes over a creature uh, generally

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Speaker 1: an insect uh. And while I'm exclusively insects, and it

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Speaker 1: takes over their bodies, turns them essentially into a zombie

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Speaker 1: and and hijacks their responses and what makes them do

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Speaker 1: something like go to a particular area, climbed to the

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Speaker 1: top of a leaf, or or go into and form

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Speaker 1: a mass grave somewhere so that they can continue to grow. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and it also creates very clumsy movements by that insect.

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Speaker 1: Because again, what they're talking about here with the Cortceps

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Speaker 1: is this toxin which is taking over from the body

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Speaker 1: and creating this sort of strange machinations. Now, um, largely

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Speaker 1: this the zombie ant fungus is a story of Afio Cortceps,

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Speaker 1: this parasitic fungus, and the campo and a tiny carpenter

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Speaker 1: ants that infects. But of course there's another player in here,

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Speaker 1: and we'll talk about that in a moment. But what

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Speaker 1: we're talking about here is, you know, one day, nearing noon,

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Speaker 1: you have this carpenter ant, let's say, in the rainforest

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Speaker 1: in Brazil, veering off course, right, Um, it's leaving the

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Speaker 1: dry tree canopy and then it descends into the humid

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Speaker 1: force floor and it's staggering over debris and plants, and

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Speaker 1: David Hughes, he's an assistant professor of entomology and biology

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Speaker 1: at Penn State, describes it as a kind of drunkard swalk. Okay, again,

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Speaker 1: we're talking about this toxins taking over the brain here,

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Speaker 1: and even convulsion occurring. And then the ants, by the way,

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Speaker 1: who have been dissected at the stage of infection, reveal

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Speaker 1: heads already full of these fungal cells. Okay. Then the

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Speaker 1: ant clumsling makes its way to the main vein of

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Speaker 1: a leaf and it chops down, which is just weird.

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Speaker 1: Ants don't normally do this, they don't chop onto leaves,

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Speaker 1: but unfortunately here it does this, and it's mandible walk

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Speaker 1: into place as the ant dies, because now what's also

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Speaker 1: happening is that it's beginning to atrophy, like smuscles are

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Speaker 1: beginning to atrophy within the ant, and so that means

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Speaker 1: that those mandibles are not going to pry themselves open

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Speaker 1: at all. It's locked into place, and the death grip

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Speaker 1: is there, and a couple of days later this ant

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Speaker 1: actually dies, and what happens The fungus sprouts out of

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Speaker 1: its head and deliver spores down onto the ground. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and it's a it's a real killer. You know, this

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Speaker 1: is the kind of thing that can wipe out an

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Speaker 1: ant colony. The ants, of course there have to have

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Speaker 1: evolved respond wants to this if they see signs that happening,

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Speaker 1: and they kind of a d rigorous grooming regime takes

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Speaker 1: place where they're just they're taking extra care of who's

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Speaker 1: who's acting a little funny, exact and weird get him

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Speaker 1: out of there. Yeah, I mean, it's it's a very

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Speaker 1: dramatic thing playing out here. If you if you look

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Speaker 1: at it like this, you know, I mean, if this

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Speaker 1: happened among our population, Um, can you imagine us trying

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Speaker 1: to actually take that person out of the group, or

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Speaker 1: the ways in which it would behave we'd say, why

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Speaker 1: why do you keep wandering into traffic? That's weird behavior, right. Yeah. So,

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Speaker 1: as it turns out, as Hughes in a two thousand

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Speaker 1: and twelve study highlighted, there is a high preparasite involved here.

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Speaker 1: There's not just a matter of this particular court to

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Speaker 1: set wiping out these different ant colonies looking at examples

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Speaker 1: of it, and found that some of these colonies actually

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Speaker 1: survived rather well. There were still a lot of dead bodies,

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Speaker 1: a lot of dead soldiers, a lot of carnage, but

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Speaker 1: they but in some cases they had a much better

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Speaker 1: uh survival rate. And the reason he discovered is a

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Speaker 1: hyper parasitic fungus that effectively castrates the courtist fungus. It

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Speaker 1: reduces the viability of its sport producing organs to six

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Speaker 1: point five. Yeah, this is amazing because you have this

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Speaker 1: other fungus that's basically taking notes and stalking the opio

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Speaker 1: court asps. And according to Katherine Harmon writing for Nature,

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Speaker 1: Sandra Anderson, a researcher at the University of Copenhagen, they

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Speaker 1: found a different breed of that fungi growing over the

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Speaker 1: ant corpse in the emerging fungus stock, and by covering

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Speaker 1: that fungus in the stock, it effectively sort of sterilized it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that basically, this hyper parasitic fungus comes in and says, hey,

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Speaker 1: what you got going there? It seems like a pretty

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Speaker 1: good operation. I just want enough to to wep my beak,

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Speaker 1: so let me let me take over this particular ant

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Speaker 1: this particular pile of ants, and oh, yeah, you're not

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Speaker 1: gonna be spreading your franchise anymore because this is my

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Speaker 1: business now. Is that kind of your good guys a

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Speaker 1: little bit fellas? Yeah, I like it. Yeah, it's good. Um. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So it is a good example of how the waste

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Speaker 1: management guys kind of come in and say, I like

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Speaker 1: what you're doing here. Yeah, all right, we're going to

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Speaker 1: look at a five tier example of hyper parasites in

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Speaker 1: action from Vanderbilt microbiologists Seth borden Stein, who may sound

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Speaker 1: familiar because we just did an episode on the Hall

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Speaker 1: of Genome and borden Stein was very much involved in

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Speaker 1: one of the studies there. Yeah, because he was looking

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Speaker 1: at the sony a wasp, which were featured here as well,

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Speaker 1: and he was looking more at their microbiota, their gut

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Speaker 1: microbes and how they made it. But here he's looking

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Speaker 1: really at what I think of as the tree Ducan

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Speaker 1: of the hiper parasite world. Because, as you said, this

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Speaker 1: is a five tier operation going on. Yeah, and it's

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Speaker 1: and it's again it's very much in a sort of

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Speaker 1: a like a like a no Country for Old Man

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Speaker 1: kind of scenario where one guy's got some money. Somebody

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Speaker 1: else comes and kills them all and takes the money,

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Speaker 1: and then somebody else is trying to kill him, and

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Speaker 1: everybody's trying to get that get that commodity, get that energy,

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Speaker 1: get that money, and the case. This is how it goes. First,

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Speaker 1: blowflies infest a bird's underside with blood sucking larva. Next

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Speaker 1: larva drop off, they fall to prey to parasitic wasps.

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Speaker 1: Then these wasps carry a parasitic bacterium called Wabaccia, which

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Speaker 1: has evolved to modify its host reproductive system. And then

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Speaker 1: the bacteria in turn are subject to their own invasion

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Speaker 1: from a tiny virus is known as bacteria phages, which

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Speaker 1: hijack Walbackia is cellular machinery to expand their own population. Okay, bird, blowfly, wasp, Wolbachia,

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Speaker 1: and then the bacterio fage. Just you can see how

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Speaker 1: it gets smaller, is it as it goes down? Right? Yeah?

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Speaker 1: As we go down that list. Yeah, And Wolbachia is

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Speaker 1: really interesting on its own, right because it hijacks the

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Speaker 1: wasp immune system and it's still being studied. But that

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Speaker 1: it all breaks down along these lines, all right. It

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Speaker 1: kills infected males. It feminizes infected males as they develop

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Speaker 1: as females or infertile pseudo females, and induces partheo genesis

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Speaker 1: the reproduction of infected females without males, and it makes

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Speaker 1: the sperm of uninfected males incompatible with the eggs of

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Speaker 1: uninfected females or females infected with a different Wolbachia strain. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: Wolbachia is serious stuff. We talked about it and river

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Speaker 1: Blindness our episode on that and and humans. I thought

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Speaker 1: this was fascinating nematodes that that when humans contract these nematodes.

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Speaker 1: The nemotodes actually contain the Wolbachia bacteria and they have

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Speaker 1: something called neutrophills, and these are specialized white blood cells

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Speaker 1: that are unable to attach to the worm itself, but

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Speaker 1: it forms a ring around the bacteria and it tacks it.

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Speaker 1: So then you have something called eosinophils, which is basically

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Speaker 1: like a cleanup crew that would come in. You know,

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Speaker 1: if you have this this nematode and it can't get

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Speaker 1: to the worm because these neutrophiles are essentially cloaking it.

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Speaker 1: I mean it has I think that's a fascinating sort

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Speaker 1: of power that this has, this wolbachia, because then it's

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Speaker 1: modulating the host immune system response. It's just sitting there

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Speaker 1: in the body, undetected at least in humans. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: borden Stein is really interested in wall back here because

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Speaker 1: he believes that one day we might be able to

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Speaker 1: add some genes to the wall back here and use

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Speaker 1: it to control insects the vector human disease diseases like

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Speaker 1: malaria and den gay fever. Yeah, and this is really

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Speaker 1: important because it really is one of the most successful

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Speaker 1: parasites in the animal kingdom um in It evolved one

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Speaker 1: million years ago, so this is a pretty significant presence.

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Speaker 1: So you're probably thinking, that's it, right, It can't get

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Speaker 1: any nuttier than this. Yeah, we surely we've reached the

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Speaker 1: tiniest Russian doll and this uh, this parasitic relationship, Oh no,

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Speaker 1: because there's one single parasitic gene that exists out there.

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Speaker 1: We're talking about transposon, yes, transposable elements TE or retro transposons.

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Speaker 1: It's a DNA sequence that can change its position within

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Speaker 1: the genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations in altering the

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Speaker 1: cell's genome size, Yeah, they have been. These transposones have

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Speaker 1: been and discovered inside viruses that infect other viruses, which

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Speaker 1: in turn affect ambas that in fact human beings and

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Speaker 1: borde Stein says, I think it's difficult to see where

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Speaker 1: one organism begins and another one ends. We are only

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Speaker 1: beginning to appreciate how intertwine these layers of organisms are

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Speaker 1: in large flora and fauna, which again we come back

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Speaker 1: to that whole holo genome sort of question, like where

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Speaker 1: what is what is the barrier between one organism and

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Speaker 1: then in the next to what extent are all organisms?

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Speaker 1: As we think that all individuals really just a ship

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Speaker 1: with a crew, right, Yeah, you've got your mitochondrial DNA,

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Speaker 1: you've got genes, you've got bacteria, you've got have a

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Speaker 1: genetics going on, Just conglomerates of organisms just walking about

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Speaker 1: and going about their business and then trying to consume

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Speaker 1: other organisms in the process. It makes me feel like

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Speaker 1: I'm dripping like some sort of genetic material off of me,

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Speaker 1: or actually I am sumping little microbes off myself right now. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I mean, really, this whole episode should dry of home

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Speaker 1: the fact that we're all kind of gross. We're called

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Speaker 1: these big piles of bacteria, and then the whole world

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Speaker 1: is just this nasty battle royal of parasites engaging with

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Speaker 1: each other, parasites and predators. And then pray actually makes

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Speaker 1: you feel a little bit good about the human species sometimes,

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Speaker 1: I mean just a little right, Yeah, too cous to

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Speaker 1: a certain extent, we kind of rise above that, or

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Speaker 1: at least tell ourselves that we've risen above it. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: all right, why don't you take us on out, Robert Lamb,

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Speaker 1: I think you got something for us. Yeah. This is

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Speaker 1: just a little bit from Victorian mathematician August de Morgan

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Speaker 1: which ties in nicely with today's topic. He said, great

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Speaker 1: fleas have little fleas upon their backs to bitem, and

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Speaker 1: little fleas have lesser fleas, and so ad infinitem. And

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Speaker 1: the great fleas themselves, in turn have greater fleas to

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Speaker 1: go on, while these again have greater still and greater

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Speaker 1: still to go on. Here you go, so that you

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Speaker 1: have it. Parasites, hyper parasites, hot parasite on parasite action

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Speaker 1: as promised, have something you'd like to throw in on

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Speaker 1: this another example of hyper parasites in action are just

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Speaker 1: your general response to this. This view of the world

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Speaker 1: as this violent battle royal of criminal elements. Let us

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Speaker 1: know we'd love to hear from you. You You can find

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Speaker 1: us in all the usual places, the mother Ship and

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Speaker 1: stuff to Bow you mind dot com. We're also on Tumbler, Facebook, Twitter,

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Speaker 1: Google Plus, we're mind Stuff Show on YouTube and Julie.

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Speaker 1: If they want to send us an old fashioned email,

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Speaker 1: how might they go about it? Oh? Well, it's really

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Speaker 1: quite easy, Robert. All you have to do is send

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Speaker 1: an email to you blow the mind at discoveries dot

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Speaker 1: com for more on this and thousands of other topics.

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Speaker 1: Does it How stuff works dot com