WEBVTT - A Star is Born

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome to Stuff from the Science Lab from how stuff

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<v Speaker 1>works dot com. Wow, hey guys, and welcome to the podcast.

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<v Speaker 1>This is Alison I don't know, the science editor at

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<v Speaker 1>the how stuff works dot com, And this is Robert Lamb,

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<v Speaker 1>science writer at how stuff works dot com. Today we're

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<v Speaker 1>going to do the first podcast in a recurring series

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<v Speaker 1>that will look at how different celestial bodies get their start,

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<v Speaker 1>and we're gonna begin with stars. Yeah. Do you know

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<v Speaker 1>what a supergroup is, Alison? Tell me what a supergroup is, Robert,

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<v Speaker 1>But something like you two. No, no, no, okay, you

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<v Speaker 1>two is a group that you know, these guys came together,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, started small, and they became this, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>this awesome musical act. Right, Um, I don't know. I'm

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<v Speaker 1>talking about like established you know names, and they're they're

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<v Speaker 1>just pulled together by their own you know, awesomeness and

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<v Speaker 1>they form a supergroup. You know. It's kind of like

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<v Speaker 1>a like a voltron of music. Like a couple of

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<v Speaker 1>classic amples are like the Traveling Willbury's the eighties. This

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<v Speaker 1>is Bob Dylan, George Harris and Tom Petty, Jeff Lynn

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<v Speaker 1>of Electric Light Orchestra, Roy Orbison all come together and

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<v Speaker 1>really don't make anything memorable, but that they still they

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<v Speaker 1>come together in an awesome group, right the Highwaymen, that

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<v Speaker 1>was Wayalen Jennings, Johnny Cash, Chris Kristofferson, Willie Nelson. You know,

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<v Speaker 1>they come together just drawn together by and just become

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<v Speaker 1>something in theory awesome, you know, not like like Wu

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<v Speaker 1>Tang clan would not be an example because like those

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<v Speaker 1>guys all started off together as Wu Tang and then

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<v Speaker 1>they became awesome, and then you know, went off into

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<v Speaker 1>their own thing and then came back. But now these

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<v Speaker 1>are these are people are just drawn together and they

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<v Speaker 1>become a supergroup. So that's what I keep thinking of

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<v Speaker 1>when I was reading all about star formation and really

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<v Speaker 1>the formation of a lot of things in our in

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<v Speaker 1>our universe due to a process called accretion. Yeah, so

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<v Speaker 1>let's take it from the top, Shelley. In the process

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<v Speaker 1>of star birth. Yeah, like most things in our thirteen

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<v Speaker 1>points seventy five billion year old universe, stars begin as

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<v Speaker 1>just particles or began as particles just floating around in

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<v Speaker 1>these vast clouds of dust and gas um and these

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<v Speaker 1>clouds which we know as nebula. Uh, they don't do

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<v Speaker 1>a lot of anything for while they're cold, they're monotonous.

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<v Speaker 1>Nothing's happening, right, just little particles out there, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>like a little bitty you know, nobody's on the music scene,

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<v Speaker 1>just out there in space. Just play in the clubs

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<v Speaker 1>open for a big break. Yeah. Then what happens then?

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<v Speaker 1>Like some sleepy backwater town and a biker movie. I

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<v Speaker 1>think classic movie Wild One. That would be the film analogy.

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<v Speaker 1>And by the way, I don't think you've seen Wild One?

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<v Speaker 1>Have you film Star? No? No, I have not seen

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<v Speaker 1>seen that. Yeah, I do like ribbing that in because

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<v Speaker 1>you've seen pretty much every movie. What do you think

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<v Speaker 1>of that movie? And I have not seen any movies

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<v Speaker 1>including Wild One. Uh. But but the idea is pretty simple.

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<v Speaker 1>It's like sleepytown and the name comes the biker, right, everything,

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<v Speaker 1>everything gets all crazy when this newcomer speeds through. In

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<v Speaker 1>the case of a star, that disturbance might take the

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<v Speaker 1>farm of a streaking comment or the shockwave from a

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<v Speaker 1>distant superdova, rather than say Marlon Brando riding on a

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<v Speaker 1>Triumph Thunderbird and playing the leader of a motorcycle gang.

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<v Speaker 1>Have you seen it Triumph Thunderbird? We have a picture

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<v Speaker 1>of one on our side it's pretty it's pretty cool.

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<v Speaker 1>A thunderbird, you mean the classic like native American bird

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<v Speaker 1>that No, no, I mean like a cycle, like a

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<v Speaker 1>bike that all vehicles look the same to me. So

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<v Speaker 1>what happens next? Alright? So alright, so yeah, everything gets

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<v Speaker 1>stirred up by our you know, cosmic biker gang that

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<v Speaker 1>rolls through the town, through town. So all those particles

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<v Speaker 1>starts spinning around, right, and when you have all those

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<v Speaker 1>particles moving, suddenly you have collisions. Collisions occur. Now, this

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<v Speaker 1>is where creation begins because clumps. Yeah, you start getting

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<v Speaker 1>clumps and a clump of particles, just even a small

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<v Speaker 1>clump of particles um ends up having a gravitational pull

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<v Speaker 1>on other clumps. So they start, you know, clumping together

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<v Speaker 1>in fluence. And and this is actual the actual term.

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<v Speaker 1>Astrophysicists used the term clumps. So we're not it's highly scientistic.

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<v Speaker 1>We're not domine it on anymore than it I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>it's a clump. It's kind of like that game. I

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<v Speaker 1>have to mention this. Have you ever played Katamari Domacy? No, no, no,

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<v Speaker 1>what's up. It's a it's a video game that was

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<v Speaker 1>for PS two sixty. Number of these games all right,

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<v Speaker 1>So the idea is, you can't see me, but I'm

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<v Speaker 1>rolling my ass. That's a silly question to ask, but

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<v Speaker 1>it's a it's a Japanese video game and it it

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<v Speaker 1>involves the Prince of the Universe accidentally destroys the stars.

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<v Speaker 1>So he charges this young prince with creating new stars.

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<v Speaker 1>And you're the prince and you're very smallest, tiny little guy,

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<v Speaker 1>and you have this little ball and you roll it

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<v Speaker 1>around and as you roll it around, it starts other

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<v Speaker 1>objects starts sticking to it. And it starts off small,

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<v Speaker 1>so it's like paper clips stick to it, you know,

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<v Speaker 1>thumb tacks. And then the ball stars getting bigger and

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<v Speaker 1>it just rolls, you know, rolls up to your rolling

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<v Speaker 1>up say, mice, um erasers, m chairs, tables. Eventually you're

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<v Speaker 1>rolling up like whole houses. And if it gets big enough,

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<v Speaker 1>the King of the Universe is this big mustachio guy

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<v Speaker 1>with a fancy hat, takes it and turns it into

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<v Speaker 1>a star. And really that that's the process. It's one

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<v Speaker 1>of the silliest games I've ever played. And it's a blast.

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<v Speaker 1>But that's basically accretion, right, So it's more matter falls

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<v Speaker 1>into the clump. It's center is gonna grow denser, and

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<v Speaker 1>it's gonna and it's gonna grow hotter. Over the course

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<v Speaker 1>of a million years, the clump grows into a small

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<v Speaker 1>dense body and it's called a proto star. And this

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<v Speaker 1>protot star continues to draw and even more gas, and

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<v Speaker 1>it gets even hotter. Yeah, and eventually our protostar gets

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<v Speaker 1>hot enough. And we're talking seven million degrees kelvin um.

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<v Speaker 1>And remember that the sign signs use kelvin scale when

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<v Speaker 1>they're talking about very high temperatures, very low temperatures. Zero

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<v Speaker 1>kelvin is absolute zero. That you know, nothing can really

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<v Speaker 1>touch a theoretical temperature if you will, I will um.

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<v Speaker 1>So it gets hot enough, the hydrogen atoms. The hydrogen

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<v Speaker 1>atoms begin to fuse, producing helium in an outflow of energy.

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<v Speaker 1>All right, bang nuclear fusion. How he, the outward push

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<v Speaker 1>of its fusion energy is still weaker than the inward

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<v Speaker 1>pull of gravity. So you have this tug of war

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<v Speaker 1>going on with the opposing forces in the young star's life.

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<v Speaker 1>You made the point that it's kind of like a

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<v Speaker 1>struggling business that's still costs more to operate than it makes. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>it's still is still pulling in more than it can

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<v Speaker 1>push out, so it hasn't stabilized yet into a mature

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<v Speaker 1>adult star. But material continues to flow into the protostar,

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<v Speaker 1>providing increased mass and heat. And then, finally, after millions

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<v Speaker 1>of years, uh, some of these struggling stars reach the

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<v Speaker 1>tipping point. Sort of fireworks gone on. Yeah, if if enough,

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<v Speaker 1>if they reach enough mass, which is roughly point one

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<v Speaker 1>solar masses, And a reminder, one solar mass equals our sun.

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<v Speaker 1>You know, it's the closest star we have, so that's

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<v Speaker 1>our our measuring stick for everything else. Um, some point

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<v Speaker 1>one solar mass is obviously going to be smaller than that. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>reaches that point, it and it will collapse into the

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<v Speaker 1>protostar and it produces this thing called a bipolar flow,

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<v Speaker 1>and that just means two massive gas jets erupting from

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<v Speaker 1>opposite sides of the protostar and it just just blast

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<v Speaker 1>the remaining gas and dust clear away from the fiery

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<v Speaker 1>surface of the star and bang. Just like that, the

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<v Speaker 1>young star stabilizes and like a business, it finally becomes lucrative.

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<v Speaker 1>It reaches the point where its output exceeds its intake.

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<v Speaker 1>The Howard pressure from hydrogen fusion now counteracts gravity is

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<v Speaker 1>in a red pull. It's a main s you can

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<v Speaker 1>star and it will remain so until it burns through

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<v Speaker 1>all its fuel, which brings us to our next question. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>the lifespan of the stars. Got back to the business thing.

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<v Speaker 1>You know, some businesses are run very well um, and

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<v Speaker 1>some businesses, uh are run very poorly. UM. So it

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<v Speaker 1>it's similar with the stars. It depends on the mass

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<v Speaker 1>A star. The size of our Sun takes roughly fifty

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<v Speaker 1>million years to reach main sequence and maintains that level

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<v Speaker 1>for approximately ten billion years UM. Astronomers classify the Sun

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<v Speaker 1>is a G type main sequence star. The G indicates

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<v Speaker 1>the Sun's temperature and color. Right, Astronomers have to have

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<v Speaker 1>some way to classify all the stars in the sky,

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<v Speaker 1>so they invented Oh, be a fine girl, kiss me.

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<v Speaker 1>Have you heard this? This is cool. It's anemonic device,

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<v Speaker 1>and the first letter in each word of the pnemonic

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<v Speaker 1>device corresponds to one of the spectral classes. So for

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<v Speaker 1>the oh and O star is going to be the

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<v Speaker 1>hottest with temperatures between thirty thousand and sixty THO Kelevins

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<v Speaker 1>and an O star is blue. Yeah, that reminds me

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<v Speaker 1>the thing with the rainbows and the lebricn what's the

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<v Speaker 1>name of what's that lucky charms? No, no, no, he

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<v Speaker 1>talking about it's like like some words, some nonsense cool word.

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<v Speaker 1>It stands for all the different hues the Yeah, that's

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<v Speaker 1>nothing like that. I highly disagree. Um. So, after you

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<v Speaker 1>have your O star, then you have less odd B stars,

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<v Speaker 1>which have tempts between ten thousand and thirty thousand calevns,

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<v Speaker 1>and these are gonna be blue white. Then you have

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<v Speaker 1>your A stars. I won't tell you the temperatures here

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<v Speaker 1>because you're gonna forget him. This is a podcast. After all.

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<v Speaker 1>These A stars are why you have F stars. And

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<v Speaker 1>then you have GES stars. These are yellow like our sun.

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<v Speaker 1>And by the way, if you guys don't know it,

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<v Speaker 1>there is a podcast out on how the sun works

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<v Speaker 1>that Josh and checked it, so if you want a

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<v Speaker 1>little bit more background on the sun, that might be

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<v Speaker 1>a good one to listen to. After your stars, you

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<v Speaker 1>have K stars. These are gonna be yellow orange. And lastly,

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<v Speaker 1>all the way at the bottom of the list are

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<v Speaker 1>M stars, which are red and are less than thirty Kelvin's.

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<v Speaker 1>But you don't have to remember all that, Just remember, oh,

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<v Speaker 1>be a fine girl and kiss me. You can also

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<v Speaker 1>group stars depending on whether or not they have a

0:09:16.679 --> 0:09:19.600
<v Speaker 1>maine so a binary star, for example, or whether they

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<v Speaker 1>occur in clusters or otherwise, or maybe you're more interested

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<v Speaker 1>in measuring luminosity, radius, movement, mass or more. Uh. Now,

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<v Speaker 1>of course, the larger, brighter stars are going to burn

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<v Speaker 1>out faster. Um wolf rayet stars boast masses at least

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<v Speaker 1>twenty times that of our science. That's twenty solar masses

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<v Speaker 1>and burn four point five times. It's hot. Uh, they

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<v Speaker 1>go super supernova within a million years of reaching the

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<v Speaker 1>main sequence. It's more like Starlet, you know, rises up

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<v Speaker 1>fast on the Hollywood scene, makes a big splash and

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<v Speaker 1>band nobody's heard of him in five years exactly, flash

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<v Speaker 1>in the pan. That about wraps it up for starbirth.

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<v Speaker 1>You know that sounds a lot like starburst if you

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<v Speaker 1>say it fast. By the way, did you know that

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<v Speaker 1>starboard we're first called opal fruits. Yeah, they're when they

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<v Speaker 1>were first invented in the UK nineteen but when they

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<v Speaker 1>came to the US, the Americans changed the name to

0:10:08.840 --> 0:10:10.880
<v Speaker 1>star wars. I had to wonder if this had something

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<v Speaker 1>to do with the space race. Maybe, so I searched

0:10:14.000 --> 0:10:16.080
<v Speaker 1>the Google and I could not find anything. I wonder

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<v Speaker 1>Opal where? How Opal fruits taste? I know I want

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<v Speaker 1>to have one. I don't know. I think you should

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<v Speaker 1>go downstairs after we finished recording and get some Star

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<v Speaker 1>Wars and give me one. Please. You know what I'm

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<v Speaker 1>excited about. What are you excited about, Robert Um. I'm

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<v Speaker 1>excited about our Twitter and our Facebook. Tweeting is pretty fun.

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<v Speaker 1>What's our handle? Our handle on Twitter is lab stuff. Yeah,

0:10:34.760 --> 0:10:39.520
<v Speaker 1>and you can become a fan of us on Facebook two. Yeah,

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<v Speaker 1>where we're just stuff in the science lab. You can

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<v Speaker 1>just searches. You don't even have to put you in

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<v Speaker 1>around the starch and just start showing up. Yeah. We

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<v Speaker 1>got a brand spanking news stuff from the Science Lab

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<v Speaker 1>page on Facebook. Yeah, and yeah we're gonna we're keeping

0:10:50.320 --> 0:10:52.920
<v Speaker 1>that updated with you know stuff, We've written stuff, we

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<v Speaker 1>are writing stuff. We're thinking about writing queries for people

0:10:57.080 --> 0:10:59.720
<v Speaker 1>with genetics expertise, all sorts of good stuff. And about

0:10:59.720 --> 0:11:02.800
<v Speaker 1>a spy iter that eats tonails. What was that? Yeah?

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<v Speaker 1>That was pretty crazy, spider. So I think that's about it.

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<v Speaker 1>You want to do some listener mail, Yeah, I've got

0:11:07.200 --> 0:11:13.320
<v Speaker 1>some pretty cool listenermail here. Well, recently we did that

0:11:13.360 --> 0:11:16.599
<v Speaker 1>whole podcast about venom and things we can do with

0:11:16.679 --> 0:11:21.160
<v Speaker 1>venom such as turn it into medicine or or drink

0:11:21.200 --> 0:11:23.959
<v Speaker 1>it or drink it. Yeah, so this one here comes

0:11:24.000 --> 0:11:29.400
<v Speaker 1>from Paul in London. He says, Hi, Allison and Robert,

0:11:29.600 --> 0:11:31.480
<v Speaker 1>my name is Paul, and I live in London, England.

0:11:32.000 --> 0:11:33.800
<v Speaker 1>I just can you go back to you with a

0:11:33.800 --> 0:11:35.760
<v Speaker 1>British accent feast? I don't know. Was that be tasteful?

0:11:36.040 --> 0:11:38.040
<v Speaker 1>Maybe not? Okay, forget that. I thought you do a

0:11:38.040 --> 0:11:41.160
<v Speaker 1>pretty good British accent too. Okay, but sorry, I don't

0:11:41.400 --> 0:11:44.040
<v Speaker 1>I can do it. Just understand that there's no um,

0:11:44.080 --> 0:11:45.680
<v Speaker 1>you know, I wish I had a British accent. So

0:11:45.720 --> 0:11:50.520
<v Speaker 1>it's it's really more sad than it is distasteful. Um.

0:11:50.600 --> 0:11:52.560
<v Speaker 1>Hi Allison and Robert, my name is Paul. You know

0:11:52.559 --> 0:11:54.880
<v Speaker 1>I live in London, England. I've just listened to your

0:11:55.200 --> 0:11:57.640
<v Speaker 1>Virtues of Venom podcast and I thought I would email

0:11:57.679 --> 0:12:00.320
<v Speaker 1>you to let you know about my personal experiences with

0:12:00.360 --> 0:12:04.640
<v Speaker 1>snake wine. While traveling in Vietnam, I was convinced by

0:12:04.640 --> 0:12:08.040
<v Speaker 1>an older Vietnamese baki to consume a shot or three

0:12:08.360 --> 0:12:10.760
<v Speaker 1>of snake wine He said that it would make me

0:12:10.880 --> 0:12:14.200
<v Speaker 1>quote a strong man while he made a fish showing

0:12:14.240 --> 0:12:16.200
<v Speaker 1>how it would work as an half a daisy act.

0:12:16.720 --> 0:12:19.000
<v Speaker 1>I'll be honest, I'm not sure about the review you

0:12:19.080 --> 0:12:21.720
<v Speaker 1>read read out in the podcast. It didn't taste like

0:12:21.840 --> 0:12:26.000
<v Speaker 1>jin sing. I just remember it burning. I believe that

0:12:26.040 --> 0:12:29.040
<v Speaker 1>there's also snake blood and snake bile wine, but thankfully

0:12:29.040 --> 0:12:31.040
<v Speaker 1>I have not experienced either of these. Keep up the

0:12:31.080 --> 0:12:35.120
<v Speaker 1>great work, Paul. Yeah, so I'm I that wasn't It

0:12:35.200 --> 0:12:38.160
<v Speaker 1>was awesome to hear about even more snake than him

0:12:38.200 --> 0:12:42.440
<v Speaker 1>related beverages out there. And uh yeah, I mean and

0:12:42.440 --> 0:12:45.280
<v Speaker 1>and if anybody else, Yeah, send me more reviews because

0:12:45.320 --> 0:12:47.400
<v Speaker 1>I need to do a little research before actually order

0:12:47.400 --> 0:12:49.720
<v Speaker 1>a bottle. What else are you holding? Then you're in there?

0:12:50.679 --> 0:12:55.280
<v Speaker 1>Oh let's see, I've got one from Jeffrey and I

0:12:55.320 --> 0:12:57.520
<v Speaker 1>don't know where Jeffrey's froms like, just gonna use my

0:12:57.520 --> 0:13:00.320
<v Speaker 1>own accent. Hey, guys, just finished listen in to the

0:13:00.320 --> 0:13:02.959
<v Speaker 1>podcast on venom, and Robert mentioned the idea of venom

0:13:02.960 --> 0:13:05.640
<v Speaker 1>and energy drinks. I remember a couple of years ago

0:13:05.720 --> 0:13:09.920
<v Speaker 1>reading that reading this wasp in Korea whose venom is

0:13:10.000 --> 0:13:12.880
<v Speaker 1>used in energy drinks or at least a component of

0:13:12.880 --> 0:13:16.120
<v Speaker 1>the venom and it's raw state. The venom dissolves flesh,

0:13:16.240 --> 0:13:19.600
<v Speaker 1>and people that get swarmed who don't die are pretty

0:13:19.640 --> 0:13:22.880
<v Speaker 1>much disfigured for life. If I wasn't on my phone,

0:13:22.920 --> 0:13:25.280
<v Speaker 1>i'd send you a link, but I had to mention it.

0:13:25.400 --> 0:13:29.560
<v Speaker 1>Keep up a good work, Jeffrey sent from my iPhone. So, um, yeah,

0:13:29.600 --> 0:13:32.280
<v Speaker 1>that's that's awesome. I looked it up a little um

0:13:32.320 --> 0:13:35.719
<v Speaker 1>and um and yeah. Apparently apparently these energy drinks are

0:13:36.040 --> 0:13:39.000
<v Speaker 1>at least pretending to be made from some sort of

0:13:39.400 --> 0:13:44.040
<v Speaker 1>like crazy wasp juice, so it's pretty interesting. Cool. Well,

0:13:44.080 --> 0:13:46.000
<v Speaker 1>thanks for writing, as we always love hearing from you,

0:13:46.559 --> 0:13:48.520
<v Speaker 1>and as always, if you want to send us an

0:13:48.520 --> 0:13:51.120
<v Speaker 1>email about stars or anything else scientifics and it's an

0:13:51.120 --> 0:14:01.920
<v Speaker 1>email at science stuff at how strix dot com. For

0:14:02.040 --> 0:14:04.360
<v Speaker 1>more on this and thousands of other topics, is it

0:14:04.440 --> 0:14:07.800
<v Speaker 1>how stuff works dot com. Want more how stuff works,

0:14:08.080 --> 0:14:10.240
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0:14:10.280 --> 0:14:11.000
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