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Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, everybody. This episode is coming out on June tenth,

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Speaker 1: which commemorates the end of slavery in the United States.

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Speaker 1: The date comes from June nineteenth, sixty five, which is

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Speaker 1: when General Gordon Granger read General Orders Number three in Galveston, Texas,

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Speaker 1: and that read quote, the people of Texas are informed that,

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Speaker 1: in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the

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Speaker 1: United States, all slaves are free. At this point, slavery

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Speaker 1: had actually been outlawed in Texas under the Emancipation Proclamation

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Speaker 1: for almost two and a half years. And we've chosen

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Speaker 1: today's Saturday Classic and next week's in honor of June teenth.

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Speaker 1: It is our two parter on Harriet Tubman, which originally

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Speaker 1: came out on June and fifteen, And we have chosen

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Speaker 1: this episode because Tubman is such an example of how

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Speaker 1: much of the work of ending slavery came from enslaved

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Speaker 1: people themselves, in this case, liberating her her self and

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Speaker 1: other people, and fighting for the end of slavery nationwide.

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Speaker 1: At the top of this episode, we mentioned the announcement

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Speaker 1: that Harriet Tubman would be on a redesigned twenty dollar bill,

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Speaker 1: and while that was announced in it has gone through

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Speaker 1: a hole back and forth since then. A final timeline

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Speaker 1: for that has not been determined. Welcome to Stuff you

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Speaker 1: missed in History Class, A production of I Heart Radio

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Speaker 1: Hello and welcomed the podcast. I'm Tracy Wilson. I'm Holly Frying. Holly.

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Speaker 1: Do you know who We've gotten a lot of requests

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Speaker 1: talk about lately. Yes, but I'll let you say it,

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Speaker 1: Harriet Submas. So many requests we had all I mean,

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Speaker 1: we've already been getting a lot. They started well before

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Speaker 1: the announcement that she is going to be on the

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Speaker 1: new US twenty dollar bill. We also had another big

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Speaker 1: spike after the Drunk History episode about her. If you

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Speaker 1: don't mind lots of bleep swear words, that is quite funny.

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Speaker 1: I watched it three or four times working on this episode.

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Speaker 1: Um So, most people are familiar with Harriet Tubman's involvement

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Speaker 1: in the Underground Railroad, but she also as people who

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Speaker 1: have watched that drug that Drunk History episode no, that

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Speaker 1: she was also a spy for the Union during the

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Speaker 1: Civil War, among many other things. At the same time. Uh,

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Speaker 1: maybe more than anyone else I can think of in

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Speaker 1: American history. She has this near mythical reputation that makes

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Speaker 1: her kind of a tricky person to talk about. Everybody

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Speaker 1: has some tidbits of information, and some of that is

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Speaker 1: curate and some of them is not. Yeah, there's a

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Speaker 1: lot about her life and about slavery in the underground

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Speaker 1: railroad in general that people know with no in serious

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Speaker 1: air quotes, but it is really like it's really taken

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Speaker 1: for granted. But a lot of it is on somewhere

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Speaker 1: on a spectrum between that can't be substantiated and that

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Speaker 1: definitely did not happen. And a lot of this is

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Speaker 1: because for a long time, children's books really dominated the

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Speaker 1: work written about Harriet Tubman. We've talked about that phenomenon before,

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Speaker 1: how a lot of important figures, especially in Black history,

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Speaker 1: are the subjects of children's books and not serious academic

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Speaker 1: scholarship as much, which is frustrating. Uh. Even the books

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Speaker 1: for adults for a long time could uncritically repeated details

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Speaker 1: from these nineteenth century accounts of her life that were

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Speaker 1: definitely embellished, and really serious scholarly examination to try to

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Speaker 1: get a more accurate picture of Harriet Tubman's life and

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Speaker 1: work has been a lot harder to come by, and

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Speaker 1: overall a lot more recent than the things that sort

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Speaker 1: of set the standards of how we think about Harriet Tubman. So,

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Speaker 1: because there's so much to talk about, and because so

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Speaker 1: much of it requires some level setting. To be honest,

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Speaker 1: we are going to talk about Harriet Tubman's life and

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Speaker 1: work in two parts, and today's podcast is about her

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Speaker 1: work liberating enslaved people, many of them her family members,

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Speaker 1: via the Underground Railroad, and then in our next episode

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Speaker 1: we will talk about her Civil War work and her

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Speaker 1: life as a spy and what came after that. Because

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Speaker 1: there are so many misperceptions about the Underground Railroad and

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Speaker 1: the institution of slavery in the United States, we're going

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Speaker 1: to get into some of that context before we talk

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Speaker 1: about the details of Harriet Tubban's life. The use of unpaid,

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Speaker 1: unfree labor began long before the United States became an

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Speaker 1: independent nation. It was a big part of the economy

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Speaker 1: and the labor force almost from the moment Europeans started

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Speaker 1: trying to establish permanent colonies in North America. And we

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Speaker 1: know enslavement existed in North America before European arrival, and

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Speaker 1: there's an increasing body of historical research on enslavement of

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Speaker 1: Native Americans by colonists as well, But all of that

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Speaker 1: is outside the scope of today's episode. Yeah, that is

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Speaker 1: one of the things people will right to try to

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Speaker 1: dispel talking about slavery, like slavery existed every way, are

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Speaker 1: not what we were talking about. So at first, this

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Speaker 1: system of unfree labor in the colonies was based on indenture. Basically,

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Speaker 1: people would pay their way from Europe to North America

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Speaker 1: through indentured servitude, which was essentially an agreement to work

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Speaker 1: without pay for a particular amount of time in exchange

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Speaker 1: for shelter and food and passage across the Atlantic Ocean.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes this was a choice people made. It was sometimes

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Speaker 1: under duress and sometimes not. It was people just wanted

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Speaker 1: to move and that was the only way they could

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Speaker 1: afford it, But other times it was a punishment that

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Speaker 1: they were sentenced to. Although the conditions indentured servants worked

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Speaker 1: under could be appalling, and there were definitely cases of

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Speaker 1: people dying before their indenture was over, this indenture had

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Speaker 1: some very specific differences when compared with chattel slavery. The

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Speaker 1: first and biggest was that there was an end date involved.

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Speaker 1: Indenture was not supposed to be a lifetime condition. Once

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Speaker 1: the indenture was over, that person was free to go

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Speaker 1: and was often granted some kind of compensation in the

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Speaker 1: form of supplies or land. Indentured servitude also wasn't hereditary

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Speaker 1: or tied to a person's race. As more colonists started

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Speaker 1: moving to North America, indentured servants included people from places

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Speaker 1: like England, Ireland, Scotland, Germany, and Africa. The first enslaved

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Speaker 1: Africans who arrived in North America landed in Virginia Colony

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Speaker 1: in sixteen nineteen, and the Dutch traded them to the

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Speaker 1: colonists as indentured servants. However, a number of social, economic,

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Speaker 1: and industrial factors led to the dominant system of unfree

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Speaker 1: labor in the colonies, gradually shifting from indentured servitude to

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Speaker 1: chattel slavery. These factors included uprisings and rebellions on the

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Speaker 1: part of indentured workers, the expense involved in contracting new

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Speaker 1: indentured servants as the old indenturs expired, and the ease

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Speaker 1: with which white indentured servants could blend in with the

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Speaker 1: rest of white society after escape from an indenture. There

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Speaker 1: were religious elements as well, In some cases, it was

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Speaker 1: socially acceptable to hold a non Protestant person in bondage,

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Speaker 1: but if that person converted, that was no longer the case.

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Speaker 1: Beginning in the mid sixteen hundreds, colonies started to pass

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Speaker 1: slave codes, which defined exactly what it meant to be

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Speaker 1: a slave. Many of these laws were written in terms

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Speaker 1: of race, so where whether they described slaves in general

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Speaker 1: or enslaved people of African descent specifically. These codes meant

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Speaker 1: that in a lot of places it became illegal for

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Speaker 1: an enslaved person to own property and weapons, to congregate,

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Speaker 1: to get married, to travel, and to learn to read

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Speaker 1: or write chattle. Slavery became codified as something that was lifelong,

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Speaker 1: It was hereditary based on whether a person's mother was enslaved,

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Speaker 1: and it was tied to African descent. When the Declaration

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Speaker 1: of Independence was issued in seventeen seventy six, slavery was

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Speaker 1: legal in all thirteen colonies. When the U s Constitution

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Speaker 1: was signed, it didn't include words slavery, but it did

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Speaker 1: include references to the Institution, including Article four, Section two,

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Speaker 1: Clause three, which specified that a person held in service

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Speaker 1: or labor in one state would not be discharged from

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Speaker 1: that service or labor if they escaped to another state.

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Speaker 1: Then in to jump ahead just a little bit, Eli

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Speaker 1: Whitney invented the cotton gin. Cotton was already being grown

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Speaker 1: in the South, especially, and farming cotton was hugely labor intensive.

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Speaker 1: With the invention of the cotton gin, it was still

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Speaker 1: labor intensive, but it was a lot more lucrative because

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Speaker 1: the process of removing the seeds from the harvested cotton

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Speaker 1: became dramatically faster and easier. Consequence, consequently, the prevalence of

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Speaker 1: slavery in the American South increased immediately and dramatically in

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Speaker 1: response to how much easier it became to make a

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Speaker 1: lot of money growing cotton. At the same time, in

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Speaker 1: the North, slavery was on the wane, mostly because although

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Speaker 1: plenty of Northern people and businesses were profiting from slavery,

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Speaker 1: there wasn't a huge industry that was dependent on slave labor,

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Speaker 1: like cotton farming or large scale agriculture that was actually

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Speaker 1: being worked. There. Also present in the North was an

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Speaker 1: increasingly active movement for abolition, and while there were certainly

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Speaker 1: abolitionists in the South as well, the institution of slavery

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Speaker 1: was so entrenched in the South, that the movement was

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Speaker 1: all but invisible there. All of this history together means

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Speaker 1: that by the time Harriet Tubman was born a couple

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Speaker 1: of decades into the nineteenth century, many northern states had

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Speaker 1: either abolished slavery or had passed laws that were meant

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Speaker 1: to gradually in the practice within their own borders. The

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Speaker 1: idea that slavery should be abolished nationwide was at that

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Speaker 1: point still largely viewed as radical, even among people who

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Speaker 1: were advocating for its abolition. Within individual states and Southern states,

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Speaker 1: on the other hand, slavery was flourishing, and other industries

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Speaker 1: that were related to selling and managing and capturing escaped

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Speaker 1: slaves were thrown driving in the South as well. In

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Speaker 1: many border states, including Maryland, where Harriet Tubman was born

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Speaker 1: and grew up, slavery was still practiced, but often not

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Speaker 1: quite as entrenched, widespread, and regulated as it was farther south.

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Speaker 1: For the sake of comparison, in the middle of the

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Speaker 1: nineteenth century, enslaved people made up about percent of Maryland's population,

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Speaker 1: compared to fifty seven percent of South Carolina, of Mississippi,

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Speaker 1: forty percent of Louisiana, and forty four percent of Georgia. So,

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Speaker 1: in addition to having less of a distance to travel

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Speaker 1: to reach a free state, slaves escaping from border states

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Speaker 1: like Maryland were often traveling through territory that had fewer

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Speaker 1: resources devoted to maintaining and protecting the institution of slavery.

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Speaker 1: And this is where we get to the Underground Railroad,

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Speaker 1: which is a name that was applied to a loosely

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Speaker 1: collected network of people who were all working towards the

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Speaker 1: same end, which was to liberate slaves. The Underground Railroad

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Speaker 1: didn't have a formal organization or established leadership structure, and

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Speaker 1: it liberated people mainly from the border states, not from

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Speaker 1: the Deep South, as a lot of people may imagine.

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Speaker 1: And while our focus is really on Maryland today, a

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Speaker 1: lot of the Underground Railroad's work was really through territory

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Speaker 1: that was closer to the Mississippi River. It wasn't enough

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Speaker 1: for the Underground Railroad to guide people to a free state,

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Speaker 1: though in seventeen ninety three, Congress had passed a Fugitive

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Speaker 1: Slave Act, which was basically an enforcement clause for Article

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Speaker 1: for Section two of the Constitution, setting out how escaped

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Speaker 1: slaves could be captured and returned to the south. A second,

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Speaker 1: even stricter, fugitive slave law would be passed in eighteen fifty,

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Speaker 1: about thirty years after Harriet Tubman's birth. So we don't

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Speaker 1: know precisely when people started to use the term underground

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Speaker 1: railroad to describe existing efforts to liberate enslaved people from bondage,

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Speaker 1: but it was appearing and writing by the middle of

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Speaker 1: the nineteenth century. So we're going to talk about Harriet

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Speaker 1: Tubman's early life and how she became part of the

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Speaker 1: underground route after a brief break for a word from

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Speaker 1: a sponsor. So now we will get to Harriet Tubman's

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Speaker 1: life specifically, and unfortunately we don't have a lot of

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Speaker 1: detail about the earlier parts of it. While she was enslaved,

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Speaker 1: it was illegal for her to learn to read or write,

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Speaker 1: and if she did learn after she liberated herself, the

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Speaker 1: historical record doesn't reflect that. A lot of people think

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Speaker 1: she probably did not learn. Instead, she dictated her life

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Speaker 1: to people who were literate, and one of these people

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Speaker 1: was Sarah Hopkins Bradford, whose biographies of Tubman were definitely

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Speaker 1: filtered through her own lens and in some case. In

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Speaker 1: some cases we're specifically written for the purpose of helping

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Speaker 1: Tubman to raise money to support herself and other people,

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Speaker 1: so they were books written to sell. Also, Harriet Tubman

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Speaker 1: was herself an incredible storyteller who spun out compelling of

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Speaker 1: pockative and dramatic stories. So in many cases, once she

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Speaker 1: narrated her autobiography, she was telling stories that she had

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Speaker 1: told again and again for years. It's probable and really

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Speaker 1: even inevitable that these stories had been refined and embellished

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Speaker 1: along the way through her years of retellings. I mean,

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Speaker 1: if you tell the same joke at a party and

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Speaker 1: it's your go to if you tell it today, five

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Speaker 1: years from now, you're still telling it, You've probably changed

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Speaker 1: some things, and you probably don't remember. It's not necessarily

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Speaker 1: a conscious move right in your mind. That's how it happened.

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Speaker 1: Now we do know that she was born in Maryland, which,

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Speaker 1: as we said earlier, was at the time a slave state.

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Speaker 1: Her birth date is unknown, although it was probably within

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Speaker 1: a couple of years of eighteen twenty. Tubman's parents were

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Speaker 1: Harriet Green and Benjamin Ross, and Tubban's name at birth

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Speaker 1: seems to have been Arementa, and she was often called Minty.

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Speaker 1: She sticked the name Harriet later on in her life.

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Speaker 1: We don't know much about her relationship with her familyther

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Speaker 1: than that she did have several siblings and was charged

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Speaker 1: with caring for the ones who were younger than her

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Speaker 1: when she was still a child. We also know that

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Speaker 1: two older sisters were sold south. The family had some

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Speaker 1: religious instruction, probably Methodist, and religious observance was part of

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Speaker 1: their family and social life. Based on Harriett's later knowledge

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Speaker 1: of folk healing and herbal medicines, it's also likely that

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Speaker 1: they observed folk traditions passed down from her grandmother, who

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Speaker 1: was part of the Ashanti tribe. Tubman and many of

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Speaker 1: her family were owned by a man named Edward Broadest.

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Speaker 1: Tubben was often hired out, including a brief apprenticeship as

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Speaker 1: a weaver and work as a housemaider and nursemaid, but

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Speaker 1: a lot of her work involved manual labor, including working

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Speaker 1: with timber. While still in her adolescence, Tubman experienced a

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Speaker 1: head injury that led to her being disabled for the

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Speaker 1: rest of her life. An overseer or slave owner threw

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Speaker 1: a weight while trying to stop an escaping slave, and

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Speaker 1: it hit Tubman instead. The resulting injury led to what

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Speaker 1: seems to have been a form of narcolepsy or epilepsy,

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Speaker 1: which her biographers described as somnolence. She was basically prone

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Speaker 1: to periods of what sounds like seizures or unexpected periods

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Speaker 1: of sleep. There are also some people who theorized that

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Speaker 1: the reason she never learned to read was that this

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Speaker 1: head injury damaged the part of her brain that works

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Speaker 1: with literacy. So h totally unclear whether that was the

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Speaker 1: case or not, but that is a thing that people theorize.

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Speaker 1: This disability, along the with the fact that a lot

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Speaker 1: of her work involved heavy manual labor, might be one

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Speaker 1: of the reasons that she didn't marry John Tubman until

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Speaker 1: she was about twenty four, which was relatively late for

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Speaker 1: an enslaved woman living at the time. The Tubmans had

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Speaker 1: no children, and their relationship was kind of unusual, not

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Speaker 1: necessarily unusual in Maryland, but unusual as in a general sense,

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Speaker 1: because John Tubman was free and Harriet Tubman, his wife,

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00:15:56,440 --> 00:16:01,280
Speaker 1: was actually another man's property. Harriet's efforts to free other

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Speaker 1: people started while she was still enslaved herself. In eighteen

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Speaker 1: forty five, about a year after her marriage, she paid

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Speaker 1: a lawyer five dollars to look into her suspicion that

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Speaker 1: her mother's enslavement was not legal, and it turned out

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Speaker 1: she was right. According to the will of her prior owner,

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Speaker 1: Tubman's mother should have been freed when she reached the

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Speaker 1: age of forty five. She had already been enslaved for

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Speaker 1: another eleven years when Tubman confirmed those suspicions. Nothing seems

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Speaker 1: to have come of this investigation, though, Tubman's father, who

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Speaker 1: had been freed in eighteen forty, legally purchased her mother

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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty five, a full decade after Tubman's investigation

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Speaker 1: revealed that she was in fact being enslaved illegally. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I went to a thing called History Camp that was

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Speaker 1: here in Boston a few weeks ago, and I watched

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Speaker 1: a several presentations that were about tracking down formally enslaved

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Speaker 1: people in New England and try trying to figure out

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Speaker 1: what their family histories where. And one of the rules, uh,

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Speaker 1: like it was sort of like the rules for doing

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Speaker 1: this kind of research. Chin it was dispelling misconceptions about

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Speaker 1: about enslavement, and one of them was people did not

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00:17:05,920 --> 00:17:09,840
Speaker 1: necessarily follow the law, like people can't be like, well,

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Speaker 1: it was illegal to do that to a slave, people

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00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:18,159
Speaker 1: didn't necessarily follow the law. Clearly, Subban's mother was supposed

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Speaker 1: to have been free way before her husband legally bought

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Speaker 1: her as a way to set her free anyway. Edward

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00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:29,960
Speaker 1: brought us died on March nine of eighteen forty nine,

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Speaker 1: and in his will he specified that his widow would

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Speaker 1: have quote use and hire of Tubman and any children

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Speaker 1: she had for the rest of her life, so that

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Speaker 1: Tubman could help raise his children. However, Tubman and the

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00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:45,159
Speaker 1: rest of her family were really worried that instead some

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Speaker 1: of them might be sold to pay off debts or

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Speaker 1: settle estate fees, which was a common occurrence when a

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Speaker 1: slave owner died, possibly because of the potential threat of

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Speaker 1: being sold south. It was not long after this that

301
00:17:57,680 --> 00:18:01,679
Speaker 1: Tubman escaped. Later that same year, she and two or

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00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:05,480
Speaker 1: three brothers left the plantation, although her brother soon turned

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Speaker 1: back and took her with them because they were afraid

304
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:10,840
Speaker 1: of the dangers they would face in escaping, So when

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00:18:10,880 --> 00:18:15,199
Speaker 1: Tubman struck out again, it was on her own. In

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Speaker 1: the earliest accounts of Tubman's escape, she had the help

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Speaker 1: of a sympathetic white woman. She's described in the earliest

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Speaker 1: biography of Tubman as quote a white lady who knew

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Speaker 1: her story and helped her on her way, and who

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00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:30,040
Speaker 1: Tubman repaid for these efforts with giving her a quilt. However,

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Speaker 1: later biographers added, in one of the first fantastic embellishments

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Speaker 1: that has become tied to sort of everyone's collective memory

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Speaker 1: of Harriet's Hubman, that she had a vision that she

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Speaker 1: needed to follow the North Star. That probably an embellishment.

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Speaker 1: She did, however, talk later about feeling as though she

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Speaker 1: had been called by God to help people to freedom.

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Speaker 1: She made her way to Philadelphia, where she immediately began

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Speaker 1: working with the anti slavery community in the Underground Railroad.

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Speaker 1: And we were going to talk about all of that

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Speaker 1: after we paused another break from one of our fabulous sponsors.

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Speaker 1: So back to Harriet Tubman. When she escaped to Pennsylvania

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Speaker 1: in eighteen forty nine, she found work at a resort

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Speaker 1: to support herself, and she began making connections with the

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00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:26,520
Speaker 1: anti slavery movement in the area. Soon she was working

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Speaker 1: with the Underground Railroad. By the time Harriet Tubman became

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Speaker 1: involved in the Underground Railroad, the idea that the entire

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Speaker 1: nation should abolish slavery, which, as we mentioned at the

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Speaker 1: top of the show, had been considered radical just thirty

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Speaker 1: thirty years before, was starting to gain some traction. An

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Speaker 1: organized abolition movement had been growing in the North for

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Speaker 1: a couple of decades, and by the time Harriet Tubman

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Speaker 1: reached Philadelphia, there were multiple anti slavery societies, including women's

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Speaker 1: anti slavery societies, operating there. There were also anti slavery

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Speaker 1: newspapers like will you Lloyd Garrison's Liberator, which was established

335
00:20:02,359 --> 00:20:06,000
Speaker 1: in eighteen thirty one, and newspapers run by Frederick Douglas.

336
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Speaker 1: The movement for ambolition had largely originated with escaped slaves

337
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:13,760
Speaker 1: and free African Americans, and as it grew throughout the

338
00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:17,720
Speaker 1: early mid eighteen hundreds, it also attracted more white participants,

339
00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:23,399
Speaker 1: particularly Quakers, who objected to slavery on religious grounds. Most

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Speaker 1: Likely Harriet Tubman's introduction to the organized anti slavery movement

341
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Speaker 1: in general and the Underground Road in particular, came by

342
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Speaker 1: a William Still, who was a free black man who

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00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:35,800
Speaker 1: would later self publish a book on the Underground rail Road,

344
00:20:36,320 --> 00:20:38,960
Speaker 1: or it might have come from Lucretia or James Mott

345
00:20:40,040 --> 00:20:42,960
Speaker 1: Tubman started making trips back into Maryland to try to

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Speaker 1: free enslaved people, beginning in December of eighteen fifty when

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00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:48,919
Speaker 1: she went to Baltimore to bring back her niece and

348
00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:52,640
Speaker 1: two children. Her niece's husband, who was free, helped plan

349
00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:56,159
Speaker 1: this escape. Another trip to Baltimore may have followed, but

350
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Speaker 1: the historical record on that one is a little bit spottier.

351
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Speaker 1: In the fall of eighteen fifty one, Tubman went back

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Speaker 1: to Dorchester County, where she had grown up to try

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Speaker 1: to get her husband, who was free as we said before,

354
00:21:08,160 --> 00:21:12,720
Speaker 1: but he had stayed behind in Maryland when Tubman escaped. However,

355
00:21:12,920 --> 00:21:15,560
Speaker 1: when she got there, she learned that he had married

356
00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:20,480
Speaker 1: someone else after she left. Marriages involving enslaved people really

357
00:21:20,520 --> 00:21:23,960
Speaker 1: had no legal standing, so from a legal standpoint, his

358
00:21:24,119 --> 00:21:26,920
Speaker 1: marriage to Harriet was not really a barrier to him

359
00:21:26,960 --> 00:21:32,160
Speaker 1: marrying someone else. After she left, for about a decade,

360
00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,119
Speaker 1: Tubman continued to make trips into Maryland to help people

361
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Speaker 1: liberate themselves, many of the members of her family, because

362
00:21:38,720 --> 00:21:40,639
Speaker 1: it wasn't enough to make it to a free state.

363
00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:44,160
Speaker 1: She also established a base of operations in British North America,

364
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Speaker 1: which is now Canada. She secured some land in St. Catharine's,

365
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Speaker 1: which was across a suspension bridge from Buffalo, New York,

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Speaker 1: near Niagara Falls, and to get there she had to

367
00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:57,439
Speaker 1: guide people from Maryland to Philadelphia and then into New

368
00:21:57,520 --> 00:22:02,159
Speaker 1: York through Albany, Syracuse, and Rochester before crossing the bridge.

369
00:22:03,080 --> 00:22:07,600
Speaker 1: Getting started in St. Catharine's wasn't easy. After having liberated themselves,

370
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Speaker 1: most of the people Tubmen guided there had virtually nothing

371
00:22:10,880 --> 00:22:12,679
Speaker 1: to live on or it used to make a living.

372
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Speaker 1: It's like a while before Tubman could establish a real

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Speaker 1: foothold there, and even after she did, money continued to

374
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Speaker 1: be a real problem. According to the letters of Thomas Garrett,

375
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Speaker 1: by eighteen fifty five, Harriet Tubman had successfully returned to

376
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Speaker 1: her old neighborhood four times and had liberated seventeen family

377
00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:33,240
Speaker 1: members and friends. By eighteen sixty that number had grown

378
00:22:33,320 --> 00:22:37,280
Speaker 1: to eight or nine forays into slave territory. The grand

379
00:22:37,280 --> 00:22:40,040
Speaker 1: total is probably somewhere in the vicinity of ten to

380
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Speaker 1: thirteen missions, leading seventy to eighty people to freedom herself

381
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Speaker 1: and instructing fifty or so others how to escape on

382
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Speaker 1: their own. One of these trips was to bring back

383
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,520
Speaker 1: her parents, who were elderly by that point, after her

384
00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:57,600
Speaker 1: father was caught sheltering escaping slaves. After she returned with

385
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Speaker 1: her parents, Tubmen resettled in all the New York that

386
00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:04,200
Speaker 1: maintained her ties to St. Catharine's because her parents just

387
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:08,639
Speaker 1: were not happy living in Canada. Harriet Tubman's last trip

388
00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:11,359
Speaker 1: into Maryland was an attempt to bring out a woman

389
00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:14,560
Speaker 1: described as a sister, who sadly died before the trip

390
00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:17,720
Speaker 1: could actually be made. The journey was documented in the

391
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:20,639
Speaker 1: letters of Martha Coffin right, and some elements of that

392
00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:23,800
Speaker 1: letter are now firmly rooted in what people quote no

393
00:23:24,440 --> 00:23:27,880
Speaker 1: again in in those air quotes about the underground Railroad.

394
00:23:28,280 --> 00:23:31,360
Speaker 1: For example, Tubman and the seven people she was guiding

395
00:23:31,480 --> 00:23:35,080
Speaker 1: used songs not to convey coded information, which has become

396
00:23:35,119 --> 00:23:38,160
Speaker 1: a popular part of underground Railroad war, but to help

397
00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:40,639
Speaker 1: Tubman find the rest of the group after she had

398
00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,119
Speaker 1: left them to forage for food, and for them to

399
00:23:43,119 --> 00:23:45,639
Speaker 1: signal back to her that it was safe to approach.

400
00:23:47,440 --> 00:23:51,720
Speaker 1: These missions that Harriet Tubman took between Maryland and Canada

401
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:56,680
Speaker 1: really illustrate how the underground Railroad really operated. A lot

402
00:23:56,680 --> 00:23:59,800
Speaker 1: of people envisioned the underground railroad as being a firmly

403
00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:04,000
Speaker 1: established network of mostly white conductors who were secreting enslaved

404
00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:07,120
Speaker 1: quote cargo from deep in the South through a series

405
00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:10,240
Speaker 1: of fixed hiding places and homes and barns and other

406
00:24:10,320 --> 00:24:13,240
Speaker 1: buildings known as stations. So you would go from one

407
00:24:13,280 --> 00:24:15,960
Speaker 1: station to the next one day at a time, and

408
00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,919
Speaker 1: our collective imaginations, every stop is planned in advance and

409
00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:23,240
Speaker 1: as part of a regularly used route from one place

410
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,879
Speaker 1: to another. And while there were white people involved in

411
00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:30,480
Speaker 1: the underground Railroad, particularly among Quakers, as we mentioned earlier,

412
00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:34,840
Speaker 1: and there were definitely people who repeatedly sheltered escaping slaves

413
00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:38,040
Speaker 1: in their homes or other buildings, in reality, the whole

414
00:24:38,040 --> 00:24:40,800
Speaker 1: thing worked a lot more like what Harriet Tubman was

415
00:24:40,880 --> 00:24:44,760
Speaker 1: doing here. They were planned, but they were also improvisational.

416
00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:48,800
Speaker 1: These trips were, you know, mainly into border states, frequently

417
00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:52,679
Speaker 1: carried out by free or escaped African Americans, traveling by

418
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:55,720
Speaker 1: night and hiding by day, who made use of connections

419
00:24:55,760 --> 00:24:57,919
Speaker 1: they had and roots that they knew to do it.

420
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:03,040
Speaker 1: Contrary to popular mythology, Harriet Tubman did not invent the

421
00:25:03,119 --> 00:25:05,719
Speaker 1: underground Railroad, and the number of people that she guided

422
00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:08,240
Speaker 1: to freedom before the Civil war was much lower than

423
00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:12,440
Speaker 1: the three hundred that is often cited. However, none of

424
00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:16,440
Speaker 1: this should take away from what she was doing. Harriet

425
00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:20,200
Speaker 1: Tubman's liberty and even her life were at enormous risk

426
00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:24,120
Speaker 1: every time she returned to to slave territory, and when

427
00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:26,840
Speaker 1: she was in free States in the company of escaping

428
00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:30,760
Speaker 1: slaves who were also putting themselves at enormous risk by

429
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,480
Speaker 1: trying to escape. Really, she was jeopardizing her own life

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00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:37,520
Speaker 1: and safety any time she was in the United States

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00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:41,119
Speaker 1: at all, because she had escaped rather than being legally freed.

432
00:25:41,640 --> 00:25:44,280
Speaker 1: There was also at times of bounty for her capture.

433
00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:48,919
Speaker 1: Although the number forty dollars that's routinely specified is inflated,

434
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:53,360
Speaker 1: it was probably either twelve hundred or twelve thousand dollars.

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00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:57,320
Speaker 1: There's some debate about the existence of that last zero.

436
00:25:57,960 --> 00:26:00,760
Speaker 1: By the late eighteen fifties and into the eighteen sixties,

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00:26:00,920 --> 00:26:04,000
Speaker 1: Harriet Tubman had become well known and well respected in

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00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:08,320
Speaker 1: New England's anti slavery circles. Her work guiding escaped slaves

439
00:26:08,480 --> 00:26:11,360
Speaker 1: was at first a secret, but became more widely known

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00:26:11,359 --> 00:26:14,280
Speaker 1: in the years just before the Civil War. She earned

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00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:18,440
Speaker 1: the nickname Moses, and at anti slavery meetings. People spoke

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00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:21,080
Speaker 1: often of the escaped slave who had returned to slave

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00:26:21,160 --> 00:26:25,680
Speaker 1: territory again and again to liberate others. The Civil War

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00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:28,679
Speaker 1: began in eighteen sixty one, which really changed the nature

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00:26:28,680 --> 00:26:30,840
Speaker 1: of Harriet's work. So that is where we are going

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00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:39,240
Speaker 1: to pause to pick up the next time. Pay so

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00:26:39,359 --> 00:26:42,400
Speaker 1: much for joining us on this Saturday, since this episode

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00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:44,240
Speaker 1: is out of the archive. If you heard an email

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Speaker 1: address or a Facebook U r L or something similar

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Speaker 1: over the course of the show, that could be obsolete now.

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Speaker 1: Our current email address is History Podcast at i heart

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00:26:54,359 --> 00:26:57,960
Speaker 1: radio dot com. Our old house stuff works email address

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00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:00,560
Speaker 1: no longer works, and you can find us all over

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00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:04,280
Speaker 1: social media at missed in History and you can subscribe

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Speaker 1: heart Radio app, and wherever else you listen to podcasts.

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00:27:14,119 --> 00:27:16,280
Speaker 1: Stuff you Missed in History Class is a production of

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00:27:19,720 --> 00:27:22,879
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Speaker 1: listen to your favorite shows. H