1 00:00:08,480 --> 00:00:10,520 Speaker 1: Hey, orry, did you figure out how to build a 2 00:00:10,560 --> 00:00:13,720 Speaker 1: wormhole yet? What you're expecting me to do it? I 3 00:00:13,800 --> 00:00:17,479 Speaker 1: was hoping you draw in your engineering background. Shouldn't it 4 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:20,120 Speaker 1: be physicists trying to figure this out? Now we've already 5 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:22,360 Speaker 1: done our part. What do you mean, Well, we proved 6 00:00:22,400 --> 00:00:26,040 Speaker 1: it's theoretically possible. Isn't that enough? That's all you have 7 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:29,360 Speaker 1: to do, prove that it's not theoretically prohibited. Yeah, you know, 8 00:00:29,440 --> 00:00:32,600 Speaker 1: the rest is just engineering, actually, like making it happen, 9 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:36,120 Speaker 1: just engineering. It seems like it's most of the work. 10 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:39,920 Speaker 1: To be honest, that's probably true. We should, you know, 11 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:43,000 Speaker 1: work on flying cars and feeding the world first. All right, 12 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:44,440 Speaker 1: well you know, just let me know when I could 13 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:47,239 Speaker 1: place an order from my wormhole. All right, you just 14 00:00:47,320 --> 00:00:49,400 Speaker 1: let me know when you've proven flying cart and feeding 15 00:00:49,400 --> 00:01:07,680 Speaker 1: the world aren't possible. It's a deal him or hand me. 16 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:10,760 Speaker 1: Cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. 17 00:01:10,800 --> 00:01:13,320 Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist and a professor of physics that 18 00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:16,399 Speaker 1: you see Irvine, and I'm a bunch of particles that 19 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:20,200 Speaker 1: likes to think about particles. You're just a bunch of particles. 20 00:01:20,360 --> 00:01:22,320 Speaker 1: Is that what you're saying that's all there is, man, 21 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: just soul particles to it's particles all the way down. 22 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:29,160 Speaker 1: If you ask me when you saying these particles like 23 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:31,680 Speaker 1: to study particles, Yeah, I'm a bunch of particles that 24 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:34,479 Speaker 1: likes to think about and talk about and study particles. Well, 25 00:01:34,800 --> 00:01:37,720 Speaker 1: it's gonna meta meta particles. It's particles really, all the 26 00:01:37,760 --> 00:01:41,280 Speaker 1: way down down to the philosophy of it. I'm particularly 27 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:44,399 Speaker 1: interested in particle philosophy. But welcome to our podcast Daniel 28 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:47,200 Speaker 1: and Jorge Explained the Universe, a production of I Heart Radio, 29 00:01:47,360 --> 00:01:50,560 Speaker 1: in which we take the entire universe and break it 30 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:54,000 Speaker 1: into its fundamental particles. We take a part all of 31 00:01:54,040 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: the big ideas of physics, the age of the universe, 32 00:01:57,040 --> 00:01:59,520 Speaker 1: the reason the universe exists, how it got to look 33 00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:01,800 Speaker 1: the way the it does today, what it's made out of, 34 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:04,320 Speaker 1: and we break all of these ideas down into tiny 35 00:02:04,480 --> 00:02:08,120 Speaker 1: little particles of understanding. We bounced them around, wrap them 36 00:02:08,200 --> 00:02:10,240 Speaker 1: up in some dad jokes, and send them along the 37 00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:13,080 Speaker 1: audio waves to you. That's right, because we are not 38 00:02:13,200 --> 00:02:16,600 Speaker 1: particular about the scale of the questions we have about 39 00:02:16,600 --> 00:02:18,919 Speaker 1: the universe. We wonder about the little, tiny things that 40 00:02:18,960 --> 00:02:20,840 Speaker 1: the universe is made out of and we also wonder 41 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:22,920 Speaker 1: about the entire universe. How do we get to the 42 00:02:22,919 --> 00:02:25,240 Speaker 1: far corners of this cosmos and what are we going 43 00:02:25,280 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 1: to find there. We've sort of woken up as an 44 00:02:27,320 --> 00:02:30,920 Speaker 1: intelligent species and discovered that we are in this one 45 00:02:31,040 --> 00:02:35,280 Speaker 1: tiny little corner of an incredibly vast universe, and we're 46 00:02:35,320 --> 00:02:38,240 Speaker 1: now learning the rules of how that universe works, how 47 00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:40,400 Speaker 1: it's put together, how you can move around it, how 48 00:02:40,440 --> 00:02:43,000 Speaker 1: you can't move around it, And of course we wonder 49 00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:46,120 Speaker 1: are their loopoles in those rules? Is it possible to 50 00:02:46,160 --> 00:02:49,639 Speaker 1: get from here to there without spending millions of years 51 00:02:49,720 --> 00:02:51,960 Speaker 1: on a slow rocket ship? Make it sounds like we're 52 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:54,600 Speaker 1: a little planet in a big universe. It sounds like 53 00:02:54,639 --> 00:02:56,520 Speaker 1: a premise for a movie or something, you know, the 54 00:02:56,560 --> 00:02:59,880 Speaker 1: little planet goes to the big city. It reminds me 55 00:02:59,880 --> 00:03:02,280 Speaker 1: of that great book we talked about once, Long Journey 56 00:03:02,280 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 1: to the Small Angry Planet. But we are a tiny, 57 00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:09,000 Speaker 1: little planet and it is an incredibly vast universe. And 58 00:03:09,040 --> 00:03:11,880 Speaker 1: some of the answers to the questions that we struggle with, 59 00:03:11,960 --> 00:03:14,200 Speaker 1: the ones that keep us up late at night. You know, 60 00:03:14,280 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: what's inside a black hole or what's at the center 61 00:03:16,760 --> 00:03:19,560 Speaker 1: of the galaxy? Or what's it the far reaches of 62 00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:22,520 Speaker 1: the universe? Or are there aliens? Some of these questions 63 00:03:22,520 --> 00:03:25,720 Speaker 1: could be rapidly answered if only we could get to 64 00:03:25,880 --> 00:03:29,280 Speaker 1: other parts of the universe to just look at the answers. Yeah, 65 00:03:29,320 --> 00:03:31,640 Speaker 1: because we can learn a lot just from here on Earth, 66 00:03:31,720 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 1: looking through our telescopes and our antennas, we can learn 67 00:03:34,320 --> 00:03:36,360 Speaker 1: a lot about the universe, but it's just not quite 68 00:03:36,400 --> 00:03:39,040 Speaker 1: the same as actually getting there or seeing it with 69 00:03:39,080 --> 00:03:41,560 Speaker 1: your own eyes, or being able to touch other planets 70 00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:45,240 Speaker 1: or shake the hands or tentacles or other aliens. Because 71 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:48,320 Speaker 1: if there are, for example, aliens on other planets, then 72 00:03:48,400 --> 00:03:51,960 Speaker 1: photons leaving those planets are hitting us here on Earth. 73 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:55,280 Speaker 1: It's possible that a photon that left some alien tentacle 74 00:03:55,440 --> 00:03:58,440 Speaker 1: flew through space and then landed on your eyeball. But 75 00:03:58,520 --> 00:04:01,080 Speaker 1: of course it's difficult to know that because it's mixed 76 00:04:01,080 --> 00:04:04,040 Speaker 1: in with so many other photons and it's basically impossible 77 00:04:04,080 --> 00:04:07,720 Speaker 1: to distinguish. So even with our most powerful telescopes, we 78 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:10,400 Speaker 1: can't see what's going on on the surfaces of other 79 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:12,520 Speaker 1: planets yet. So wouldn't it be great if instead we 80 00:04:12,560 --> 00:04:15,560 Speaker 1: could just pop on over. Yeah. Unfortunately, it is a 81 00:04:15,600 --> 00:04:19,200 Speaker 1: pretty big universe, and it takes a long long time 82 00:04:19,360 --> 00:04:22,279 Speaker 1: just to get to the nearest star. There are millions 83 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:24,920 Speaker 1: of light years to other galaxies, tens of light years 84 00:04:24,960 --> 00:04:27,280 Speaker 1: to other planets, and so even if we were able 85 00:04:27,320 --> 00:04:29,040 Speaker 1: to go at the speed of light, it would still 86 00:04:29,040 --> 00:04:31,080 Speaker 1: take a long time and a spaceship to get their 87 00:04:31,160 --> 00:04:34,800 Speaker 1: Amazon Prime has not yet conquered free same day delivery 88 00:04:34,839 --> 00:04:38,760 Speaker 1: to Andromeda. You need Amazon Prime Prime. You haven't unlocked 89 00:04:38,800 --> 00:04:41,040 Speaker 1: that in your account now. I haven't paid the ten 90 00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:46,720 Speaker 1: billion dollar annual fee yet to get intergalactic deliveries. It's coming, though, 91 00:04:46,880 --> 00:04:51,560 Speaker 1: only for billionaires, billionaire podcasters faster than light drones. But yeah, 92 00:04:51,560 --> 00:04:53,160 Speaker 1: it would be great if we could get to other 93 00:04:53,279 --> 00:04:56,120 Speaker 1: stars and other galaxies to explore the universe, to see 94 00:04:56,120 --> 00:04:58,120 Speaker 1: what's out there, to get a closer look at things 95 00:04:58,160 --> 00:05:01,000 Speaker 1: like black holes and other planets and trump stars. But 96 00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:03,160 Speaker 1: you know, space is what it is. You can't move 97 00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:05,400 Speaker 1: through it faster than the speed of light. And that's 98 00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:07,960 Speaker 1: a pretty hard and fast rule. We know that no 99 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:10,479 Speaker 1: matter who you are and how hard you push, how 100 00:05:10,520 --> 00:05:13,359 Speaker 1: big your rocket, you can't get going faster than the 101 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:15,360 Speaker 1: speed of light. It's sort of strange to think about, 102 00:05:15,400 --> 00:05:17,560 Speaker 1: because you can add energy to things like at the 103 00:05:17,640 --> 00:05:20,760 Speaker 1: Large Hadron Collider, we can pour more and more energy 104 00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:24,240 Speaker 1: into particles. There's no limit on how energetic a proton 105 00:05:24,360 --> 00:05:26,679 Speaker 1: can get in an accelerator. But even though they get 106 00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:29,880 Speaker 1: more energetic, they just don't get going faster. They very 107 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:32,280 Speaker 1: slowly approached the speed of light. So it's a hard 108 00:05:32,279 --> 00:05:34,280 Speaker 1: and a fast rule. And when the physics says just 109 00:05:34,440 --> 00:05:37,080 Speaker 1: cannot be broken. We've been looking all over the universe 110 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:41,400 Speaker 1: and nothing has ever broken that rule. But there are loopholes. 111 00:05:41,440 --> 00:05:45,360 Speaker 1: There might be other ways to accomplish those goals without 112 00:05:45,440 --> 00:05:48,320 Speaker 1: breaking that rule. Not a way to move faster than light, 113 00:05:48,440 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: but to avoid having to go through as much space 114 00:05:51,680 --> 00:05:54,799 Speaker 1: in order to get to your destination. That's right. Physicists 115 00:05:54,800 --> 00:05:56,839 Speaker 1: have read the fine print of the universe, and it 116 00:05:56,920 --> 00:05:59,800 Speaker 1: seems there's a you know, a loophole, something that you 117 00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:02,400 Speaker 1: can and used to warm your way to other parts 118 00:06:02,400 --> 00:06:05,800 Speaker 1: of the universe. Because when physicists and lawyers get together, 119 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:08,560 Speaker 1: oh boy, you never know what you're going to invent. 120 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: It's like matter and antimatter colliding. It's pure invention. Energy 121 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:17,880 Speaker 1: is what comes out. Pure energy, no ethics exactly. And 122 00:06:17,960 --> 00:06:20,799 Speaker 1: it turns out that the rules of space and time 123 00:06:20,960 --> 00:06:25,080 Speaker 1: do allow for some crazy possibilities. We know that space 124 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:28,080 Speaker 1: can do all sorts of things that our ancestors and 125 00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:32,320 Speaker 1: even genius physicists from the past never imagined. It can bend, 126 00:06:32,360 --> 00:06:34,320 Speaker 1: and it can twist, and it can be rearranged in 127 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:37,960 Speaker 1: all sorts of complicated ways. Yeah, and this special loophole 128 00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:41,320 Speaker 1: is called a wormhole, a special tunnel through space and 129 00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:43,720 Speaker 1: time that maybe we can use to get to other 130 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:47,200 Speaker 1: spaces or even other times. But the big question is 131 00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:49,920 Speaker 1: can we make one? Is it possible to make one? Yeah, 132 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:51,520 Speaker 1: it's easy. All you do is you call up your 133 00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:55,160 Speaker 1: favorite cartoonists slash engineer and say, where's my wormhole? I 134 00:06:55,240 --> 00:06:58,880 Speaker 1: thought you just have to call some worms. My wife 135 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:01,080 Speaker 1: is deep into the compost sting, so she's got a 136 00:07:01,080 --> 00:07:03,880 Speaker 1: big hole in our backyard filled with worms. So I 137 00:07:03,960 --> 00:07:07,080 Speaker 1: guess you could say she's already invented a wormhole. There 138 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:12,400 Speaker 1: you go. Now, we just need a cosmic compost bin. Well, 139 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:15,440 Speaker 1: our solar system is a cosmic compost because we are 140 00:07:15,560 --> 00:07:19,520 Speaker 1: the left over remnants of previous solar systems having been 141 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:23,760 Speaker 1: spewed out into the cosmos to fertilize new systems. I 142 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:26,280 Speaker 1: guess with the second lost thermodynamics. Everything is you know, 143 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:29,040 Speaker 1: increasing in enterprise. So technically the whole universe is like 144 00:07:29,080 --> 00:07:31,680 Speaker 1: a compost bin. There you go. The universe was so 145 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:34,160 Speaker 1: green and smelt so weird. Yeah, and so to the 146 00:07:34,240 --> 00:07:41,360 Speaker 1: on the podcast, we'll be tackling the question can we 147 00:07:41,440 --> 00:07:45,400 Speaker 1: build a wormhole? Interesting? I guess first of all, did 148 00:07:45,400 --> 00:07:47,200 Speaker 1: you build a wormhole? Or do you have to dig 149 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:51,280 Speaker 1: a wormhole in space? Let's figure out the verb first, 150 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:55,880 Speaker 1: then we'll deal with the other. Let's get the question right, like, 151 00:07:55,920 --> 00:07:59,520 Speaker 1: how do you build a whole? Maybe you spin a wormhole. 152 00:07:59,520 --> 00:08:03,360 Speaker 1: Maybe it's or like knitting or sewing. You know, it's 153 00:08:03,400 --> 00:08:07,880 Speaker 1: still I feel like the hole is an emptiness, right, 154 00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:10,120 Speaker 1: how do you build one? Or even a mid one? Yeah, 155 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:12,480 Speaker 1: put one together? Yeah. Well, you know, we make light 156 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:14,640 Speaker 1: of it, but it is a fascinating leap to say 157 00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:17,640 Speaker 1: something is allowed in the universe to figuring out how 158 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:20,680 Speaker 1: to actually make it happen. You know, you might, for example, 159 00:08:20,800 --> 00:08:24,120 Speaker 1: know that su flas can be made. Maybe you had 160 00:08:24,200 --> 00:08:26,120 Speaker 1: one at a restaurant. That doesn't mean you know how 161 00:08:26,120 --> 00:08:29,160 Speaker 1: to go home and actually make that soufle in your kitchen. 162 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:31,800 Speaker 1: Knowing it could exist in the universe and figuring out 163 00:08:31,960 --> 00:08:35,160 Speaker 1: how to make one happen from the current situation are 164 00:08:35,160 --> 00:08:38,760 Speaker 1: two very different things. Yep. So then we can put 165 00:08:38,800 --> 00:08:43,200 Speaker 1: this in the recipe book for the universe. Warmhole who flays? 166 00:08:44,720 --> 00:08:46,800 Speaker 1: Don't accidentally add too much chocolate and make it a 167 00:08:46,800 --> 00:08:50,880 Speaker 1: black hole, soufle, it's very dangerous. Or dark chocolate matter 168 00:08:52,679 --> 00:08:55,640 Speaker 1: dark chocolate matter? Wow? Is that a phrase anybody's ever 169 00:08:55,679 --> 00:08:58,520 Speaker 1: said before? Dark matter chocolate? I mean, technically you might 170 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:00,720 Speaker 1: be able to make dark matter chocolate. Wow. You know, 171 00:09:00,760 --> 00:09:02,720 Speaker 1: I wonder if there's a chocolate brand out there called 172 00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:06,400 Speaker 1: dark matter. You might need a whole different recipe book 173 00:09:06,400 --> 00:09:11,320 Speaker 1: for that. I'd like to toss that one in my mouth. Hole. Well, 174 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:14,160 Speaker 1: it is an interesting question because we know that wormholes 175 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:17,760 Speaker 1: are technically theoretically possible, and this has been worked out 176 00:09:17,800 --> 00:09:20,240 Speaker 1: in the math of the laws of physics. But the 177 00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 1: bigger question is how do you make one? And how 178 00:09:22,480 --> 00:09:24,520 Speaker 1: do you make one big enough for people to go 179 00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,400 Speaker 1: through it? Exactly. It's the next frontier in understanding wormholes, 180 00:09:28,440 --> 00:09:30,800 Speaker 1: and it's a crucial step in getting us to the 181 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:33,439 Speaker 1: place where we can step through a portal and walk 182 00:09:33,520 --> 00:09:36,040 Speaker 1: on an alien planet. So, as usual, we were wondering 183 00:09:36,040 --> 00:09:38,040 Speaker 1: how many people add there have thought about this question 184 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:41,840 Speaker 1: of how to build or dig or excavate a warmhole 185 00:09:41,880 --> 00:09:44,079 Speaker 1: out there in space, And so Daniel went out there 186 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:46,880 Speaker 1: into the internet to ask people could we actually make 187 00:09:47,160 --> 00:09:50,240 Speaker 1: a wormhole? So thank you to everybody who answered these 188 00:09:50,280 --> 00:09:53,880 Speaker 1: crazy questions without any chance to prepare. If you'd like 189 00:09:53,920 --> 00:09:56,600 Speaker 1: to participate for a future episode of the podcast, I 190 00:09:56,640 --> 00:09:59,080 Speaker 1: can't encourage you enough and we'd love to hear some 191 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,840 Speaker 1: new fresh boy is, so please write to us two 192 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Think about it 193 00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:07,320 Speaker 1: for a second. How would you make a wormhole? Here's 194 00:10:07,360 --> 00:10:10,240 Speaker 1: what people had to say. We can make a wormhole. 195 00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:14,960 Speaker 1: We can do anything if we started flying too. Honestly, 196 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:20,040 Speaker 1: I don't have anything else to add. I think this 197 00:10:20,160 --> 00:10:23,840 Speaker 1: is theoretically possible, and I give us a thousand years 198 00:10:23,880 --> 00:10:26,200 Speaker 1: until we achieve it. Sure, why not? If we can 199 00:10:26,280 --> 00:10:29,280 Speaker 1: understand it, we can conceive the technology to do it. 200 00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:31,520 Speaker 1: I doubt we have the technology right now, and I 201 00:10:31,520 --> 00:10:34,000 Speaker 1: don't even know what that technology would be, no idea 202 00:10:34,040 --> 00:10:37,000 Speaker 1: at all. Concentrate a bunch of matter into one place 203 00:10:37,080 --> 00:10:39,520 Speaker 1: and instead of becoming a black hole, it becomes a wormhole. 204 00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:42,439 Speaker 1: Maybe you spin a bunch of things in a spinnyway 205 00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:45,880 Speaker 1: to make a vortex that everybody gets sucked down and 206 00:10:46,040 --> 00:10:49,559 Speaker 1: through to another place. I would like to think we could, 207 00:10:49,800 --> 00:10:53,440 Speaker 1: and maybe not yet, but soon. And Daniel, I know 208 00:10:53,559 --> 00:10:56,160 Speaker 1: that you love Interstellar. I remember that you were talking 209 00:10:56,200 --> 00:10:59,280 Speaker 1: about it earlier one of the podcasts, and I could 210 00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:02,920 Speaker 1: imagine it's a thing like that, like bending space somewhere, 211 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:07,040 Speaker 1: maybe even in our own solar system. And we really 212 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:09,680 Speaker 1: don't know a lot about like Dark Meadow or what's 213 00:11:09,720 --> 00:11:13,920 Speaker 1: inside the black hole, or there's really still lots of 214 00:11:13,960 --> 00:11:17,559 Speaker 1: secrets around and in the universe, so I'm pretty sure 215 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:20,640 Speaker 1: that we can find some surprises there as well, and 216 00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:23,400 Speaker 1: maybe with that information we get closer and closer to 217 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:26,719 Speaker 1: actually be able to make a wormhole. I don't think 218 00:11:26,760 --> 00:11:29,920 Speaker 1: we have enough energy right now, but eventually we could. 219 00:11:30,679 --> 00:11:32,640 Speaker 1: I'm not even sure wormholes are real, nor we's ever 220 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:35,520 Speaker 1: observed one or measured one or study one. I know 221 00:11:35,559 --> 00:11:37,600 Speaker 1: they're a mathematical thing, but I'm not even sure that real. 222 00:11:37,679 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: But if they were real, there's no way we could 223 00:11:39,520 --> 00:11:41,640 Speaker 1: deal with those types of energies. Because what's the most 224 00:11:41,640 --> 00:11:44,040 Speaker 1: proful thing humans have ever made, The large hard drunk collider, 225 00:11:44,160 --> 00:11:46,600 Speaker 1: nuclear weapons. I mean, if you take all the hard 226 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:49,400 Speaker 1: drink collider, all the nuclear weapons ever exploded wherever there 227 00:11:49,400 --> 00:11:52,080 Speaker 1: ever are on Earth, there's energies don't compare anything to 228 00:11:52,080 --> 00:11:53,839 Speaker 1: the Sun. And when you're dealing with a wormhole, you're 229 00:11:53,840 --> 00:11:56,520 Speaker 1: dealing with black holes and and things that are a 230 00:11:56,520 --> 00:11:59,559 Speaker 1: thousands millions of times of more massive sun. So I 231 00:11:59,640 --> 00:12:02,560 Speaker 1: think it's impossible for humans to ever create or make 232 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:06,520 Speaker 1: or benifest or manage or anything with the worm hole. Stupid. 233 00:12:06,840 --> 00:12:11,600 Speaker 1: Theoretically it's possible, but we don't have the technology. So 234 00:12:12,080 --> 00:12:16,640 Speaker 1: my answer is yes, but not at the moment. All right, 235 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:19,520 Speaker 1: pretty good answers here. I feel like I'm not sure 236 00:12:19,559 --> 00:12:21,560 Speaker 1: they quite answered your question because I think you asked 237 00:12:21,559 --> 00:12:24,000 Speaker 1: the question, could we actually make a warm hole? But 238 00:12:24,240 --> 00:12:27,080 Speaker 1: and so people just said yes, why not sure, instead 239 00:12:27,080 --> 00:12:29,559 Speaker 1: of actually giving us ideas before how to make a 240 00:12:29,760 --> 00:12:31,960 Speaker 1: warm hoole. Oh. They didn't take it as a homework project, 241 00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:34,880 Speaker 1: like go and give me the recipe figured out right now, 242 00:12:34,920 --> 00:12:37,280 Speaker 1: I want the answer today. That's right. They read the 243 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:39,840 Speaker 1: fine print in the question, and the question only asked 244 00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:42,480 Speaker 1: could we make a wormhole? Which is a the other 245 00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:45,679 Speaker 1: or no answer? Well, but again, knowing that something can 246 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:48,880 Speaker 1: exist in the universe doesn't mean we know how to 247 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:51,720 Speaker 1: make it right. It's not always easy to assemble something 248 00:12:51,760 --> 00:12:55,400 Speaker 1: even if you know that it can exist right. Right, 249 00:12:55,559 --> 00:12:59,160 Speaker 1: So I guess, let's dig into this topic and no 250 00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:01,920 Speaker 1: pun intended, And so let's start with the basics. I 251 00:13:01,920 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 1: guess what is a wormhole exactly? And what do we 252 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:07,800 Speaker 1: know about it? So wormhole is a fascinating idea, and 253 00:13:07,880 --> 00:13:11,040 Speaker 1: it comes out of the basic realization from general relativity, 254 00:13:11,160 --> 00:13:14,800 Speaker 1: which tells us that space itself is not nothingness. It's 255 00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:18,800 Speaker 1: not like the background in which the universe actions happen, 256 00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:20,960 Speaker 1: which is sort of the way that Newton saw space. 257 00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:24,319 Speaker 1: He saw spaces like absolute and fundamental and sort of 258 00:13:24,360 --> 00:13:26,960 Speaker 1: like the stage of the universe on which things move 259 00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:29,280 Speaker 1: and shift. So he thought space and time where it's 260 00:13:29,280 --> 00:13:32,080 Speaker 1: just these sort of eternal basics to the universe. And 261 00:13:32,080 --> 00:13:34,240 Speaker 1: then Einstein showed is that that's not true at all, 262 00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:37,800 Speaker 1: that space and time are actually dynamic, that they change 263 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600 Speaker 1: in response to what's in them. So you put a 264 00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:43,800 Speaker 1: blob of mass in space, for example, a curve space, 265 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:47,319 Speaker 1: and then that curvature tells those masses how to move. 266 00:13:47,480 --> 00:13:50,360 Speaker 1: So it's not like space is the background. It's instead 267 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:53,880 Speaker 1: one of the players on the stage, and mass and 268 00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:57,720 Speaker 1: space interact with each other to create all the crazy dynamics, 269 00:13:57,720 --> 00:14:00,480 Speaker 1: the orbits, the black holes, everything that we see. And 270 00:14:00,559 --> 00:14:03,600 Speaker 1: Einstein gave us these equations to tell us what space 271 00:14:03,679 --> 00:14:07,520 Speaker 1: can do. As long as space follows those equations, everything 272 00:14:07,559 --> 00:14:10,840 Speaker 1: that the equations predicts should be possible to exist in 273 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:13,559 Speaker 1: the universe, and that includes really simple stuff like you 274 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:16,640 Speaker 1: have an empty universe, okay, so space is just totally flat, 275 00:14:16,679 --> 00:14:19,360 Speaker 1: there's nothing interesting there. Or you have a singularity, a 276 00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:22,720 Speaker 1: point of infinite density mass with zero volume, in which 277 00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:25,160 Speaker 1: case you get crazy things like an event horizon. And 278 00:14:25,280 --> 00:14:27,840 Speaker 1: so general relativity tells us that space can do all 279 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:31,560 Speaker 1: sorts of crazy things, and wormholes are just one of 280 00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:34,640 Speaker 1: those predictions. Yeah. People often make the analogy that we're 281 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 1: like fish swimming in water, and you know, we thought 282 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:40,160 Speaker 1: we were like swimming and emptiness, but actually we're swimming 283 00:14:40,160 --> 00:14:42,440 Speaker 1: in something, and that something can sort of like banned 284 00:14:42,520 --> 00:14:45,360 Speaker 1: and pushes and compressed and make swirls and everything. I 285 00:14:45,360 --> 00:14:48,320 Speaker 1: guess maybe a difficult thing to think about though, is 286 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:51,080 Speaker 1: like you can imagine space bending and distorting, but it's 287 00:14:51,160 --> 00:14:53,680 Speaker 1: it's kind of hard to imagine poking a hole in it, 288 00:14:53,760 --> 00:14:55,600 Speaker 1: Like it's hard to imagine poking a hole in water. 289 00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:58,760 Speaker 1: It is hard to imagine poking a hole in water. 290 00:14:58,880 --> 00:15:01,320 Speaker 1: But that's because if or a fish, all you can 291 00:15:01,360 --> 00:15:04,200 Speaker 1: think about are the basic things that you've seen water do. 292 00:15:04,640 --> 00:15:07,240 Speaker 1: But if you are a sort of water scientist, you 293 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:11,400 Speaker 1: know that under different configurations, under different circumstances, water can 294 00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:14,640 Speaker 1: do other things. It can be crazy. You can form solids, right, 295 00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:16,880 Speaker 1: it can form drops and fall from the sky. You 296 00:15:16,880 --> 00:15:19,480 Speaker 1: can even form a gas and expand. And so we're 297 00:15:19,480 --> 00:15:21,760 Speaker 1: stretching the analogy a little bit, but the idea is 298 00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:25,720 Speaker 1: that under different circumstances, space can do other things. And 299 00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:28,360 Speaker 1: I think this is a real demonstration of the power 300 00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:31,640 Speaker 1: of theoretical physics, because this is a case where theoretical 301 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:34,320 Speaker 1: physics really is leading the charge. You know, we take 302 00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:38,680 Speaker 1: these like abstract principles, these mathematical equations that Einstein came 303 00:15:38,760 --> 00:15:41,280 Speaker 1: up with to describe the things we had already seen 304 00:15:41,320 --> 00:15:44,120 Speaker 1: in the universe, and then we explored the predictions of them. 305 00:15:44,120 --> 00:15:46,040 Speaker 1: We said, well, if these are true, if these really 306 00:15:46,040 --> 00:15:49,040 Speaker 1: are the rules of the universe, what else can they do? 307 00:15:49,400 --> 00:15:51,880 Speaker 1: And for example, we discovered black holes. In this way, 308 00:15:51,920 --> 00:15:55,440 Speaker 1: we discover them theoretically as like a consequence of these laws, 309 00:15:55,560 --> 00:15:57,360 Speaker 1: and then went out in the universe and found them 310 00:15:57,400 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: to be real. So it's a really powerful way to 311 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:02,080 Speaker 1: do science. One is go out in the universe and 312 00:16:02,080 --> 00:16:04,200 Speaker 1: find crazy stuff and try to explain it. The other 313 00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:06,840 Speaker 1: is look at the crazy consequences of the rules you 314 00:16:06,880 --> 00:16:09,800 Speaker 1: have already gathered from your experiments and see if you 315 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:13,600 Speaker 1: can predict interesting, fascinating things. So wormholes are that kind 316 00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:16,800 Speaker 1: of example where people have tried to find weird corners 317 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:20,400 Speaker 1: of Einstein's equations to tell us that it's possible, right right, 318 00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:22,760 Speaker 1: Although to be fair and not everything theorists come up 319 00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:25,760 Speaker 1: with turns out to be true almost nothing in fact 320 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:29,440 Speaker 1: that they think, Like, of all the theories out there 321 00:16:29,480 --> 00:16:31,920 Speaker 1: about what new particles might be, I bet none of 322 00:16:31,960 --> 00:16:34,080 Speaker 1: them are true. I don't think that the real theory 323 00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: of nature in particles is in any human mind right now. 324 00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:40,080 Speaker 1: But that doesn't stop them from being creative and coming 325 00:16:40,160 --> 00:16:43,280 Speaker 1: up with lots of ideas. But wormholes are fascinating because 326 00:16:43,280 --> 00:16:45,720 Speaker 1: it's not just like one idea, it's more like a 327 00:16:45,760 --> 00:16:49,400 Speaker 1: category of ideas. The basic concept of wormhole is say 328 00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:51,320 Speaker 1: you have a patch of space from one spot, you 329 00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:53,520 Speaker 1: have a patch of space in another spot. Is it 330 00:16:53,560 --> 00:16:56,120 Speaker 1: possible to connect them? Is it possible to make it 331 00:16:56,200 --> 00:16:58,640 Speaker 1: so that this one patch of space A is like 332 00:16:59,040 --> 00:17:02,560 Speaker 1: next two hatch of space B, even though they're otherwise separated, 333 00:17:02,640 --> 00:17:05,640 Speaker 1: maybe by light years of distance or even by time. 334 00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:08,120 Speaker 1: Is it possible to build a tunnel so that one 335 00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:10,959 Speaker 1: patch of flat space is now connected to another? And 336 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:13,720 Speaker 1: this is sort of like the overarching theme of a wormhole. 337 00:17:13,840 --> 00:17:16,240 Speaker 1: And people have explored this for decades now, and they've 338 00:17:16,280 --> 00:17:19,040 Speaker 1: come up with a few possible ways to connect patch 339 00:17:19,040 --> 00:17:21,080 Speaker 1: of space A and patch of space B. And there's 340 00:17:21,080 --> 00:17:23,520 Speaker 1: sort of very different ideas. You may have heard several 341 00:17:23,520 --> 00:17:26,320 Speaker 1: different ones which sound contradictory, And the reason is that 342 00:17:26,359 --> 00:17:29,080 Speaker 1: there are different ideas for what a wormhole might be. Like. 343 00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:33,359 Speaker 1: There are different flavors of this wormhole moves, you know, 344 00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:35,960 Speaker 1: this earthworms holes, and then this ring wormholes and all 345 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:39,000 Speaker 1: sorts of different kind of worms. Oh boy, this is 346 00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:42,920 Speaker 1: getting a little uncomfortable. Yeah, so there's different flavors of wormholes, 347 00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:45,040 Speaker 1: and but I guess you know, it's sort of strange, 348 00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:46,720 Speaker 1: how it Like, what is it about the theory that 349 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:49,879 Speaker 1: allows wormholes, like, you know, doesn't the theory sort of 350 00:17:49,880 --> 00:17:53,240 Speaker 1: treat spaces like the thing where other particles move around, 351 00:17:53,320 --> 00:17:55,919 Speaker 1: And how does it actually allow, you know, you to 352 00:17:56,200 --> 00:18:00,400 Speaker 1: make discontinuities in this space? Well, singularities are in aparently 353 00:18:00,680 --> 00:18:03,760 Speaker 1: like a discontinuity. There are a very weird point in 354 00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:06,240 Speaker 1: the theory. And so the very first idea for a 355 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:11,199 Speaker 1: wormhole was imagined two black holes which share a singularity, 356 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:13,639 Speaker 1: you know, which have the same singularity. So you have 357 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:18,400 Speaker 1: like a black hole with two exteriors and a common interior, 358 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:22,880 Speaker 1: like it just overlaps because I guess if you have space, 359 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:25,399 Speaker 1: you know, people usually imagine it as like a giant 360 00:18:25,520 --> 00:18:28,280 Speaker 1: rubber sheet, and you can have maybe a black hole, 361 00:18:28,359 --> 00:18:31,399 Speaker 1: something so heavy and intense that it kind of makes 362 00:18:31,440 --> 00:18:34,480 Speaker 1: this dip in the rubber sheet and it ends in 363 00:18:34,520 --> 00:18:37,080 Speaker 1: a singularity maybe. And so that's kind of where the 364 00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:39,520 Speaker 1: idea came from, Like what if this singularity down at 365 00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:42,119 Speaker 1: the bottom of the rubber sheet somehow connected to another 366 00:18:42,320 --> 00:18:45,720 Speaker 1: singularity from another black hole somewhere else in space and 367 00:18:45,760 --> 00:18:48,440 Speaker 1: the rubber sheet analogy is useful for getting you thinking 368 00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:51,320 Speaker 1: about how space bends, but it's a little bit misleading 369 00:18:51,359 --> 00:18:54,400 Speaker 1: sometimes because it suggests that space bends like into some 370 00:18:54,520 --> 00:18:57,479 Speaker 1: other direction, like in the rubber sheet analogy, the universe 371 00:18:57,600 --> 00:18:59,600 Speaker 1: is a two dimensional rubber sheet and it's bending in 372 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:03,040 Speaker 1: a third dimension. In our universe it is three dimensions 373 00:19:03,040 --> 00:19:05,600 Speaker 1: of space, but doesn't bend in some like other weird 374 00:19:05,680 --> 00:19:09,200 Speaker 1: fourth dimension. The bending is intrinsic, meaning it's all about 375 00:19:09,240 --> 00:19:12,640 Speaker 1: the changing of the relative distances of points in space. 376 00:19:12,840 --> 00:19:16,000 Speaker 1: And we don't know what it is that ties space together, 377 00:19:16,119 --> 00:19:18,280 Speaker 1: like why is this bit of space next to that 378 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:20,639 Speaker 1: bit of space next to that bit of space. And 379 00:19:20,640 --> 00:19:23,000 Speaker 1: so what we're doing when we're making wormholes is we're 380 00:19:23,040 --> 00:19:26,280 Speaker 1: just like fundamentally reorganizing the arrangement of space. We're saying, 381 00:19:26,400 --> 00:19:28,600 Speaker 1: this bit of space is now next to that bit 382 00:19:28,680 --> 00:19:31,520 Speaker 1: of space. It's like you're sowing the universe together. You know, 383 00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:33,320 Speaker 1: you're knitting, and you just sort of like make a 384 00:19:33,320 --> 00:19:35,320 Speaker 1: stitch from the frontier sweater to the back of your 385 00:19:35,320 --> 00:19:37,400 Speaker 1: sweater and you say, these two things are now next 386 00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:39,600 Speaker 1: to each other on my sweater. Right. It's like you're 387 00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:42,320 Speaker 1: taking this singularity from one black hole, and then you're 388 00:19:42,320 --> 00:19:44,800 Speaker 1: taking another singularity from another black hole, and then you're 389 00:19:44,920 --> 00:19:48,879 Speaker 1: joining them together. But doesn't that seem sort of implausible, Like, 390 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:51,359 Speaker 1: isn't the point of a singularity is that it's single, 391 00:19:53,119 --> 00:19:54,480 Speaker 1: you know what I mean, Like it's supposed to be 392 00:19:54,480 --> 00:19:58,040 Speaker 1: like unique and and and you know, a singular point, 393 00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:00,800 Speaker 1: Like how do you make two points? Need? Oh man, 394 00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:03,000 Speaker 1: I love that idea. You know, you're right, it's a 395 00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:06,399 Speaker 1: funny name because there's not just one singularity in the universe, right, 396 00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:08,720 Speaker 1: there's a singularity at the heart of every black hole, 397 00:20:08,840 --> 00:20:11,080 Speaker 1: and so we shouldn't be called them singularities. They should 398 00:20:11,080 --> 00:20:14,879 Speaker 1: be called like what multiple ularities or many ularities? Singularities 399 00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:19,560 Speaker 1: apparently is apparently they're not exclusive. But the idea of 400 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:24,040 Speaker 1: a singularity just implies that something is becoming infinite. In 401 00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:26,760 Speaker 1: that case, the idea is the density. The density is 402 00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:29,520 Speaker 1: becoming infinite, So it's a singularity in that sense, right, 403 00:20:29,560 --> 00:20:30,720 Speaker 1: That's what I mean. It's like, how do you take 404 00:20:30,760 --> 00:20:34,800 Speaker 1: an infinite dense point and connected to another infinite dense point, Like, 405 00:20:34,840 --> 00:20:37,040 Speaker 1: what are the chances they're going to meet up together? Yeah, 406 00:20:37,080 --> 00:20:39,080 Speaker 1: well we don't know, but it's possible. Like if you 407 00:20:39,119 --> 00:20:42,200 Speaker 1: plug that into Einstein's equation, that comes out with a 408 00:20:42,280 --> 00:20:45,359 Speaker 1: check mark. Like if you shape space in that way, 409 00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:49,240 Speaker 1: and you say, can space have this shape? Einstein's equation says, yes, 410 00:20:49,320 --> 00:20:52,919 Speaker 1: you absolutely can. It's like can you mold a block 411 00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:55,679 Speaker 1: of clay into a donut? The answer is yes, and 412 00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:59,920 Speaker 1: so therefore donuts are possible. Just because that configuration satisfies 413 00:21:00,040 --> 00:21:03,320 Speaker 1: Enstein's equations doesn't tell you how to actually make it real, 414 00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 1: because in order to make something, every step along the 415 00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:09,280 Speaker 1: way also have to satisfy the laws of physics. Right. 416 00:21:09,359 --> 00:21:11,000 Speaker 1: It's sort of like if you want to build an arch, 417 00:21:11,119 --> 00:21:13,119 Speaker 1: like a Roman arch, where you have those bricks that 418 00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:15,280 Speaker 1: suspend each other. Yeah, you know that works if you 419 00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:17,000 Speaker 1: can get it up there. But you can't just like 420 00:21:17,040 --> 00:21:19,080 Speaker 1: put one brick up there and have it levitate while 421 00:21:19,119 --> 00:21:21,520 Speaker 1: you assemble the other bricks below it. Every step in 422 00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:24,840 Speaker 1: between also has to satisfy the laws of physics. And 423 00:21:24,960 --> 00:21:27,480 Speaker 1: that's the tricky part finding a recipe to go from 424 00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:29,919 Speaker 1: you don't have a wormhole. Two, now you do have 425 00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:32,480 Speaker 1: a wormhole. Even if you know the last step is allowed, 426 00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:36,080 Speaker 1: every step in between also has to be allowed. Interesting. 427 00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:38,760 Speaker 1: All right, let's get into the different flavors of wormholes, 428 00:21:38,880 --> 00:21:41,600 Speaker 1: and it's getting through the problems of making one. But first, 429 00:21:41,680 --> 00:21:56,520 Speaker 1: let's take a quick break right, Daniel. We are worming 430 00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:59,280 Speaker 1: our way into the hearts and minds of audiences everywhere. 431 00:21:59,280 --> 00:22:02,000 Speaker 1: And we're talking about at wormholes maybe a possible way 432 00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:04,520 Speaker 1: for us to get to other galaxies or other parts 433 00:22:04,520 --> 00:22:08,120 Speaker 1: of the universe through a loophole in the spacetime fabric 434 00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:10,119 Speaker 1: of the universe. And so you mentioned there are different 435 00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:13,480 Speaker 1: flavors of wormholes, like you can order a vanilla wormhole 436 00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:16,439 Speaker 1: and a chocolate wormhole. I recommend mint chip. Really it's 437 00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:20,440 Speaker 1: the taste, not mint well exactly. And because people might 438 00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:22,040 Speaker 1: be wondering, hey, if I want to get from here 439 00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:23,879 Speaker 1: to Alpha Centauri, are you telling me I have to 440 00:22:23,960 --> 00:22:26,600 Speaker 1: use a wormhole which has two black holes on it, 441 00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:28,639 Speaker 1: Because if you fall into a black hole, you're not 442 00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:31,400 Speaker 1: coming out the other side, right, And so that's why 443 00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:34,240 Speaker 1: this wormhole is more like a category of ideas. And 444 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:37,280 Speaker 1: the kind we're looking for is a traversable wormhole, one 445 00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:39,399 Speaker 1: that you can go into and actually come out the 446 00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,760 Speaker 1: other side. Not every wormhole. You can imagine if physics 447 00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,480 Speaker 1: satisfies that requirement. For example, when we have two black 448 00:22:45,480 --> 00:22:48,119 Speaker 1: holes with a common singularity, definitely not a trip I 449 00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:51,600 Speaker 1: would recommend. But there are other flavors of wormholes, when 450 00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:53,800 Speaker 1: we've talked about in the podcast before, is a black 451 00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:56,680 Speaker 1: hole with a singularity, and on the other side, instead 452 00:22:56,680 --> 00:22:59,320 Speaker 1: of being another black hole, is now a white hole 453 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:02,120 Speaker 1: something which is like the inverse of a black hole. 454 00:23:02,240 --> 00:23:05,600 Speaker 1: Instead of something that's impossible to escape, it's something that's 455 00:23:05,600 --> 00:23:08,919 Speaker 1: impossible to fall into. So you fall into the black 456 00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:12,000 Speaker 1: hole side of it, passed through somehow, and then come 457 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:15,480 Speaker 1: out the white hole side some other place in the universe. 458 00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:18,639 Speaker 1: I see. So this is like the chocolate vanilla swirl 459 00:23:18,920 --> 00:23:21,760 Speaker 1: flavor worm hole. Yeah, but they don't swirl, right, there's 460 00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,399 Speaker 1: a singularity of the heart there that keeps them apart, 461 00:23:24,680 --> 00:23:26,879 Speaker 1: which is the best time because if you order chocolate 462 00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:29,440 Speaker 1: in vanilla swirl, you don't want them mixed together because 463 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:31,520 Speaker 1: then it's just like sort of you know, light chocolate. 464 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:34,040 Speaker 1: You want the contrast a right, maybe it's more like 465 00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:37,280 Speaker 1: cookies and cream. Then, well, so you're saying that another 466 00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:39,480 Speaker 1: type of worm hole is one that connects the black 467 00:23:39,480 --> 00:23:42,360 Speaker 1: hole to a white hole. Now, our white holes are 468 00:23:42,520 --> 00:23:44,600 Speaker 1: sort of like the inverse of a black hole, where 469 00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:47,440 Speaker 1: it doesn't suck things in, it actually spews things out. 470 00:23:47,920 --> 00:23:51,280 Speaker 1: And these are also theoretically possible, but unlike black holes. 471 00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:53,879 Speaker 1: We've never observed any white holes. Right. That's right, black 472 00:23:53,880 --> 00:23:57,639 Speaker 1: holes theoretically possible and observed. We're pretty sure they exist, 473 00:23:57,680 --> 00:23:59,960 Speaker 1: So check out some of our episodes about like quantity 474 00:24:00,119 --> 00:24:02,439 Speaker 1: stars and dark He knows about whether they actually are 475 00:24:02,520 --> 00:24:04,920 Speaker 1: out there in the universe. But wormholes and white holes 476 00:24:05,040 --> 00:24:08,760 Speaker 1: still purely theoretical. Nobody's ever seen one. We don't actually 477 00:24:08,840 --> 00:24:11,280 Speaker 1: know if they can exist in the universe, although the 478 00:24:11,359 --> 00:24:14,280 Speaker 1: math suggests that they are possible. I see, so you 479 00:24:14,280 --> 00:24:17,320 Speaker 1: could maybe take the singularity from a white hole and 480 00:24:17,359 --> 00:24:20,000 Speaker 1: connected to a singularity from a black hole. But wouldn't 481 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:22,360 Speaker 1: they be sort of different kinds of singularities or it's 482 00:24:22,359 --> 00:24:25,360 Speaker 1: still allowed by the theory. No, it's a single singularity. 483 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:28,159 Speaker 1: In fact, if you look at like the Penrose diagram 484 00:24:28,240 --> 00:24:30,600 Speaker 1: for a black hole, this is something that's pretty cool 485 00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:32,679 Speaker 1: that lets you think about the shape of space in 486 00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:34,800 Speaker 1: the vicinity of a black hole. This sort of a 487 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:37,199 Speaker 1: gap on the other side of the Penrose diagram. If 488 00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:39,560 Speaker 1: the black hole in our universe, which is centered around 489 00:24:39,600 --> 00:24:41,840 Speaker 1: the singularity and then the diagram has this gap, you 490 00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:43,879 Speaker 1: like what's on the other side, And that's sort of 491 00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:45,840 Speaker 1: the genesis of the idea of a white hole. It's 492 00:24:45,880 --> 00:24:48,080 Speaker 1: like the other side of the singularity. And so it 493 00:24:48,119 --> 00:24:49,960 Speaker 1: would be very natural for a black hole in a 494 00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:52,720 Speaker 1: white hole to be connected by a singularity. And again, 495 00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:56,239 Speaker 1: this wouldn't necessarily be a traversable wormhole, right because like 496 00:24:56,400 --> 00:24:58,840 Speaker 1: you've got to pass through a singularity. That sounds like 497 00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:01,919 Speaker 1: a pretty tight squeak. Yeah. Yeah, you'd have to really 498 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:05,879 Speaker 1: lose a lot of weight to be that single. And 499 00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,040 Speaker 1: so that's also not a traversible wormhole one that you'd 500 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,119 Speaker 1: like to pass through. But there are other kinds of 501 00:25:11,160 --> 00:25:14,119 Speaker 1: ideas about wormholes, and these are a little bit more exotic, 502 00:25:14,359 --> 00:25:17,440 Speaker 1: but they're also maybe more promising because it turns out 503 00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:20,480 Speaker 1: to have a connection between two points in space, you 504 00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:23,560 Speaker 1: don't necessarily even need any mass. You might not even 505 00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:26,119 Speaker 1: need a singularity at all. What do you mean, like, 506 00:25:26,160 --> 00:25:28,399 Speaker 1: how can you have a wormhole without a singularity or 507 00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:31,359 Speaker 1: without a hole. Well, it's just a question of having 508 00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:34,119 Speaker 1: space be curved in the right way that this patch 509 00:25:34,119 --> 00:25:36,520 Speaker 1: of space and that patch of space can connect to 510 00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:39,840 Speaker 1: each other. And so people talk about whether that's possible. Obviously, 511 00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:44,080 Speaker 1: singularities are incredibly dense sources of mass can curve space, 512 00:25:44,359 --> 00:25:46,840 Speaker 1: but that's not the only way to get space to 513 00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:50,280 Speaker 1: be curved. And it's possible to have curved space without 514 00:25:50,359 --> 00:25:53,680 Speaker 1: necessarily having any mass. So, for example, in the vicinity 515 00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:56,159 Speaker 1: of a black hole, where you don't actually have any mass, 516 00:25:56,440 --> 00:26:00,040 Speaker 1: space is still curved. Right, there's like complex interest in 517 00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:03,240 Speaker 1: geometry near a black hole, even though you're not actually 518 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:05,879 Speaker 1: in the massive part of it. And so it's a 519 00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:07,800 Speaker 1: bit of a stretch. But if you might be able 520 00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,560 Speaker 1: to come up with some solutions to the Einstein equations 521 00:26:10,560 --> 00:26:14,240 Speaker 1: that connect two portions of space without actually having any 522 00:26:14,520 --> 00:26:17,879 Speaker 1: huge amounts of mass, without any singularities at all, and 523 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:20,479 Speaker 1: so this is the kind of wormhole which might actually 524 00:26:20,480 --> 00:26:22,960 Speaker 1: be traversable. I see you're saying, like, we know that 525 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: space is kind of bendable and squishy, so why not, 526 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:29,080 Speaker 1: Like it's theoretically possible you could just squish it all 527 00:26:29,119 --> 00:26:32,000 Speaker 1: the way into a tunnel without needing a black hole. 528 00:26:32,320 --> 00:26:33,919 Speaker 1: But you have no idea how to do that. There, 529 00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:35,600 Speaker 1: I have no idea how to do that. I mean 530 00:26:35,680 --> 00:26:37,560 Speaker 1: I have some ideas how to do that, I have 531 00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,240 Speaker 1: no plausible ideas for how to do that. I don't 532 00:26:40,240 --> 00:26:42,520 Speaker 1: have a recipe that one can follow. And before you 533 00:26:42,560 --> 00:26:45,639 Speaker 1: even get there. There are theoretical problems with these kinds 534 00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:48,840 Speaker 1: of wormholes. One is that these kind of wormholes, when 535 00:26:48,880 --> 00:26:50,879 Speaker 1: people play with them in the equations, they tend to 536 00:26:50,920 --> 00:26:53,920 Speaker 1: try to like snap shut immediately. They're not stable. It's 537 00:26:53,920 --> 00:26:55,560 Speaker 1: not like a black hole which you can sit there 538 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:58,680 Speaker 1: forever essentially sucking stuff up. These kind of wormholes when 539 00:26:58,680 --> 00:27:01,280 Speaker 1: you set them up, they collapse that like pinch closed. 540 00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:03,320 Speaker 1: These tubes don't like to just sort of like hang 541 00:27:03,359 --> 00:27:07,080 Speaker 1: out connecting two parts of space. They pinch off almost immediately. 542 00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:09,000 Speaker 1: I mean, like if I just take space and I 543 00:27:09,080 --> 00:27:11,760 Speaker 1: dig a hole or connect to far away points together, 544 00:27:12,119 --> 00:27:14,720 Speaker 1: your equations actually tell you that it's not stable, Like 545 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:16,920 Speaker 1: why wouldn't it be stable and in space just sit 546 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,919 Speaker 1: there and stay bent. It's a great question. And just 547 00:27:19,960 --> 00:27:22,320 Speaker 1: to clarify, like we don't know how to dig this hole, 548 00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,200 Speaker 1: but say you started with universe where that whole existed, 549 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:27,600 Speaker 1: we don't know how to go from. There's no hole too, 550 00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:29,640 Speaker 1: there is a hole. But say you had the universe 551 00:27:29,720 --> 00:27:32,560 Speaker 1: with this one of these wormholes in space already came 552 00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:35,240 Speaker 1: built that way, then we can't play with it and 553 00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:38,040 Speaker 1: say what would happen in this scenario? Just like I 554 00:27:38,119 --> 00:27:40,280 Speaker 1: don't know how to make two black holes collide, but 555 00:27:40,320 --> 00:27:42,280 Speaker 1: you know, if it's already happening in the universe, our 556 00:27:42,320 --> 00:27:45,280 Speaker 1: calculations can tell you what to expect. I say, it's 557 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:46,960 Speaker 1: like you bought a house and you discovered has a 558 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,160 Speaker 1: secret tunnel in the middle of your house. Yes, yeah, 559 00:27:49,440 --> 00:27:51,119 Speaker 1: And then we can ask, well, what would happen, And 560 00:27:51,119 --> 00:27:54,800 Speaker 1: the calculations suggest that it would pinch closed immediately because 561 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:58,040 Speaker 1: like the pressure from the curving of space would immediately collapse. 562 00:27:58,119 --> 00:28:00,880 Speaker 1: This interesting mean that space doesn't like to be bent. 563 00:28:01,080 --> 00:28:02,639 Speaker 1: It's not stable, right, I mean, I don't want to 564 00:28:02,640 --> 00:28:04,480 Speaker 1: say what space likes. If it likes mint chip or 565 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:06,680 Speaker 1: if it likes vanilla, you know, but it doesn't stay 566 00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,720 Speaker 1: that way. It's not stable unless you add something to 567 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:14,080 Speaker 1: your wormhole. Like, it's not stable. Like the equations tell 568 00:28:14,119 --> 00:28:17,000 Speaker 1: you that in the next instant in time, curvature would 569 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,520 Speaker 1: snap back into flat space. Just like if you put 570 00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,160 Speaker 1: a particle near a black hole, that's not a stable configuration. 571 00:28:24,320 --> 00:28:27,080 Speaker 1: The particle will roll into the black hole eventually, right, 572 00:28:27,119 --> 00:28:30,000 Speaker 1: You can't just have it hanging out there. The dynamics 573 00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:33,040 Speaker 1: predict that things will change. You know. Some things are stable, 574 00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:35,280 Speaker 1: like a particle can be an orbit around a black hole. 575 00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:38,080 Speaker 1: That is a stable configuration. So there are some stable 576 00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:40,360 Speaker 1: solutions to the Eis equations, but there are also some 577 00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:42,600 Speaker 1: that are unstable. They won't just like hang out with 578 00:28:42,640 --> 00:28:45,720 Speaker 1: the same solution forever. But Kip Thorne and some friends 579 00:28:45,760 --> 00:28:47,960 Speaker 1: came up with the idea of how to keep that 580 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:52,680 Speaker 1: throat from collapsing. Interesting. Just get a bigger worm, they said, 581 00:28:52,680 --> 00:28:55,760 Speaker 1: actually get a negative worm. What they discovered is that 582 00:28:55,840 --> 00:28:58,600 Speaker 1: you need some sort of like repulsion. Right, gravity tends 583 00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:00,760 Speaker 1: to be attractive. I'm a try acted by the Earth, 584 00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:02,440 Speaker 1: and the Earth is attracted by the Sun, and the 585 00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:04,320 Speaker 1: Sun is attracted by the rest of the Milky Way. 586 00:29:04,440 --> 00:29:06,760 Speaker 1: We tend to see gravity as an attractive force in 587 00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,560 Speaker 1: the universe. Here, what we need is like repulsion. We 588 00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,440 Speaker 1: need something like pressing on the edges of the throat 589 00:29:12,520 --> 00:29:14,720 Speaker 1: of the wormhole to keep it open. And to do 590 00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:17,040 Speaker 1: that you need gravity to do the opposite of what 591 00:29:17,080 --> 00:29:19,840 Speaker 1: it usually does. And so they thought, well, perhaps if 592 00:29:19,840 --> 00:29:23,640 Speaker 1: you had like negative energy density, something with like negative 593 00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:27,120 Speaker 1: mass instead of positive mass, you would apply some sort 594 00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:29,440 Speaker 1: of like pressure on the edges of this wormhole and 595 00:29:29,440 --> 00:29:31,120 Speaker 1: it would keep it open. It would keep it from 596 00:29:31,160 --> 00:29:34,760 Speaker 1: collapsing gravitationally, wouldn't that be the same as sort of 597 00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:37,360 Speaker 1: like a white hole, right, like something that's the opposite 598 00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,360 Speaker 1: of super heavy. It's the opposite, but in another direction, right, 599 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 1: a white hole is the opposite of a black hole. 600 00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:44,920 Speaker 1: And then it's like the inverted shape of space time, 601 00:29:45,080 --> 00:29:47,800 Speaker 1: but here it's the opposite of mass. I think it's 602 00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:50,080 Speaker 1: pretty cool though. In particle physics, we have lots of 603 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:53,720 Speaker 1: like opposites. You have matter and antimatter, you have positive 604 00:29:53,760 --> 00:29:56,360 Speaker 1: mass and negative mass. You have you know, electrons and 605 00:29:56,400 --> 00:29:59,360 Speaker 1: different flavors of electrons, mus and towns. There's so many 606 00:29:59,360 --> 00:30:05,680 Speaker 1: different f actions physicists and engineers, engineers and mint chip engineers, 607 00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:09,560 Speaker 1: you know, that's right, and lawyers exactly. And so the 608 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,080 Speaker 1: idea is if you have some kind of matter with 609 00:30:12,360 --> 00:30:15,320 Speaker 1: negative energy density to it, you know, like a particle 610 00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:18,480 Speaker 1: with negative mass, which is something we've never seen, and 611 00:30:18,520 --> 00:30:21,880 Speaker 1: you threaded that through your wormhole, then that configuration is 612 00:30:22,080 --> 00:30:25,680 Speaker 1: actually stable. They will keep the wormholes open. Interesting, so 613 00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:27,840 Speaker 1: are we still talking about like a big tunnel in 614 00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:29,880 Speaker 1: space or are we talking about a wormhole that only 615 00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:32,160 Speaker 1: like a single particle can go through. That's the other 616 00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:35,280 Speaker 1: problem is that in their calculations. This is like particle 617 00:30:35,360 --> 00:30:39,360 Speaker 1: level wormholes. We're talking microscopic wormholes. And so you know, 618 00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:42,240 Speaker 1: if we're gonna send Jorge to Alpha Centauri, we would 619 00:30:42,240 --> 00:30:45,360 Speaker 1: have to combine this with some machine that like disintegrated 620 00:30:45,360 --> 00:30:47,920 Speaker 1: you into your particles or your information and then like 621 00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:51,600 Speaker 1: beamed photons through it and reassembled you. On the other end. 622 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:54,080 Speaker 1: This is not something you could like pass a living 623 00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:57,960 Speaker 1: object or a macroscopic object through. I see, well, I mean, 624 00:30:57,960 --> 00:31:00,239 Speaker 1: I guess paint paint a picture to me, Like, how 625 00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:01,840 Speaker 1: do we keep it open? Then do you You have 626 00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:05,640 Speaker 1: to keep feeding it this negative mass, this inverse negative 627 00:31:05,720 --> 00:31:07,720 Speaker 1: energy matter through it, Like there has to be a 628 00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:10,360 Speaker 1: stream of it or it's like it's like the scaffolding 629 00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:12,280 Speaker 1: that holds it open, and it's there and then we 630 00:31:12,320 --> 00:31:14,000 Speaker 1: passed kind of in the middle of it. Yeah, it's 631 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,040 Speaker 1: more like the scaffolding. As long as it hangs out 632 00:31:16,120 --> 00:31:19,000 Speaker 1: inside the wormhole, it should keep it open. But again, 633 00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:22,200 Speaker 1: we don't know that negative mass exists. So this was 634 00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:24,600 Speaker 1: sort of the forefront of current thinking until a few 635 00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:27,400 Speaker 1: years ago. People thought, well, wormholes, maybe they exist, but 636 00:31:27,480 --> 00:31:30,200 Speaker 1: they need us to use this kind of exotic matter, 637 00:31:30,320 --> 00:31:33,240 Speaker 1: which is theoretical which might not exist in the universe, 638 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:37,200 Speaker 1: but which is theoretically possible. It's theoretically possible. Yeah that 639 00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:39,160 Speaker 1: we've never seen it and it would be really weird. 640 00:31:39,160 --> 00:31:41,400 Speaker 1: And we actually have a whole podcast episode about exotic 641 00:31:41,440 --> 00:31:43,440 Speaker 1: matter and how strange it might be to check that 642 00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:45,440 Speaker 1: out if you like. But now people are thinking about 643 00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:48,840 Speaker 1: other ways to maybe keep wormholes open and maybe to 644 00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:51,880 Speaker 1: make them larger, to make the macroscopic so you can 645 00:31:51,880 --> 00:31:54,720 Speaker 1: put like real people and objects and you know, your 646 00:31:54,720 --> 00:31:58,000 Speaker 1: suitcase through it interesting. So we have some new ideas, 647 00:31:58,120 --> 00:32:00,600 Speaker 1: and so this is something physicist actually work on. Like 648 00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:03,120 Speaker 1: you know, it's not just science fiction authors and TV 649 00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:05,640 Speaker 1: writers that think about these things like a field. There 650 00:32:05,680 --> 00:32:07,720 Speaker 1: are warm, whole physicists. There are This is not like 651 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:09,720 Speaker 1: the lunatic fringe, like people at the very end of 652 00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:13,920 Speaker 1: their careers noodling around with crazy ideas they daren't mention otherwise. 653 00:32:14,080 --> 00:32:16,640 Speaker 1: These are prominent folks, you know. Kip Thorne is like 654 00:32:16,840 --> 00:32:19,760 Speaker 1: mainstream physicist you want a Nobel Prize. There's guys like 655 00:32:19,880 --> 00:32:22,280 Speaker 1: Juan Malda Senna, who was one of the smartest guys 656 00:32:22,280 --> 00:32:25,200 Speaker 1: in the universe at the Institute for Advanced science. Cunning 657 00:32:25,280 --> 00:32:27,600 Speaker 1: edge string theorist works on this kind of stuff. It's 658 00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:30,400 Speaker 1: a really interesting area because it's not just like, hey, 659 00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:32,520 Speaker 1: can we get to other places in the universe. It 660 00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:35,400 Speaker 1: touches really deep questions about the nature of space and 661 00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:38,320 Speaker 1: time itself and connects to questions in string theory and 662 00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:42,880 Speaker 1: quantum information and black hole information paradoxes, and so wormholes 663 00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:45,600 Speaker 1: have become like really core to a lot of these questions. 664 00:32:45,760 --> 00:32:48,520 Speaker 1: You remember that episode we had recently about the potential 665 00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:51,440 Speaker 1: solution to the black hole information paradox. One of those 666 00:32:51,480 --> 00:32:55,040 Speaker 1: solutions implies that there's like a wormhole that connects the 667 00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:58,320 Speaker 1: inside of the black hole to your simulation of a 668 00:32:58,360 --> 00:33:02,080 Speaker 1: black hole on your computer, like informational wormhole. And so 669 00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:04,960 Speaker 1: these wormholes are like popping up everywhere these days on 670 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:08,120 Speaker 1: the forefront of theoretical physics. Interesting, all right, So what 671 00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:10,480 Speaker 1: are some of these new ideas about wormholes. So one 672 00:33:10,480 --> 00:33:12,720 Speaker 1: of the new ideas about how to keep a wormhole 673 00:33:12,760 --> 00:33:15,680 Speaker 1: open says, well, let's not try to use something that 674 00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:19,080 Speaker 1: doesn't exist in the universe, like negative mass matter, because 675 00:33:19,120 --> 00:33:21,680 Speaker 1: maybe that doesn't exist and so it's not practical. Instead, 676 00:33:21,880 --> 00:33:24,240 Speaker 1: let's try to use some of the cool features of 677 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:28,440 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics to maybe keep this wormhole open. So quantum 678 00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:31,120 Speaker 1: mechanics has really fascinating properties, and one of the most 679 00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:35,560 Speaker 1: interesting is something called entanglement. When you connect two particles 680 00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:38,000 Speaker 1: which can be really far apart, but you have their 681 00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:41,920 Speaker 1: fates intertwined. So, for example, maybe you have a photon 682 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:45,240 Speaker 1: which decays to two electrons, and those two electrons have 683 00:33:45,360 --> 00:33:49,000 Speaker 1: to like satisfy one of the rules of the original photon. 684 00:33:49,360 --> 00:33:51,600 Speaker 1: You know, if the photon had no spin, for example, 685 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,520 Speaker 1: then the two electrons together have to have no spin 686 00:33:54,560 --> 00:33:56,720 Speaker 1: when you add them up, which means if one electron 687 00:33:56,720 --> 00:33:58,800 Speaker 1: to spin up, the other one has to be spinned down. 688 00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:00,920 Speaker 1: So you have these two elect stron's and maybe they're 689 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:03,280 Speaker 1: now like really far apart, they're a light year apart 690 00:34:03,320 --> 00:34:05,200 Speaker 1: in the universe. As soon as you know one of 691 00:34:05,240 --> 00:34:06,920 Speaker 1: them is spin up, the other one has to be 692 00:34:06,960 --> 00:34:09,719 Speaker 1: spin down. Quantum mechanics tells you that both of them 693 00:34:09,760 --> 00:34:12,960 Speaker 1: can be in either state, and until you measure electron A, 694 00:34:13,200 --> 00:34:15,480 Speaker 1: you don't actually know what's going on with electron B. 695 00:34:15,719 --> 00:34:18,400 Speaker 1: So these two particles are entangled. There's some like weird 696 00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:21,600 Speaker 1: spooky connection between them because as soon as you ask 697 00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:24,400 Speaker 1: about electron A and discover oh it's spin up or 698 00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:27,440 Speaker 1: oh it's spin down. Now you know something about electron B. 699 00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:30,160 Speaker 1: So this is like a way to connect two places 700 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:34,440 Speaker 1: in space somehow across vast distances, and this collapse, this 701 00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:37,840 Speaker 1: coordination of their results seems to be instantaneous. So this 702 00:34:37,920 --> 00:34:39,960 Speaker 1: is a starting place to think about, like how to 703 00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:43,400 Speaker 1: maybe make connections between two points in space using quantum 704 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:47,719 Speaker 1: mechanics rather than general relativity. I see, all right, So 705 00:34:47,760 --> 00:34:50,840 Speaker 1: these two electrons are tied together by some rule of 706 00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:53,080 Speaker 1: quantum mechanics, and now how to use them to keep 707 00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:55,880 Speaker 1: it a wormhole open? So this is gonna sound bonkers, right, 708 00:34:55,960 --> 00:34:57,799 Speaker 1: even on top of all the bonker stuff we've been 709 00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:00,920 Speaker 1: talking about today. The idea is if you can entangle 710 00:35:01,160 --> 00:35:04,800 Speaker 1: the two edges of the wormhole. So take your wormhole, 711 00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:09,200 Speaker 1: which otherwise would have collapsed, and somehow entangled the two boundaries, 712 00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:11,200 Speaker 1: Like you have a boundary of the wormhole in this 713 00:35:11,239 --> 00:35:13,160 Speaker 1: part of space and the edge of the wormhole in 714 00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:17,520 Speaker 1: the other part of space. Somehow quantum entangled those two boundaries. 715 00:35:17,520 --> 00:35:20,480 Speaker 1: So they're like linked by quantum mechanics, and there's going 716 00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:24,000 Speaker 1: to be a connection between them that entanglement between them 717 00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:28,160 Speaker 1: creates like a special field, which creates negative energy density 718 00:35:28,320 --> 00:35:32,200 Speaker 1: inside the wormhole, which is equivalent to having negative mass 719 00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:35,480 Speaker 1: in there. So it does the same job as negative 720 00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:39,200 Speaker 1: mass matter, but without actually having to have any negative mass. 721 00:35:39,600 --> 00:35:42,239 Speaker 1: Wait what all right, So you're saying that if I 722 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:46,240 Speaker 1: entangled two electrons, right like, I have two electrons entangle, 723 00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:48,279 Speaker 1: and I have one here and I have one there 724 00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:51,319 Speaker 1: where you are, you know, fifty miles away, you're saying, 725 00:35:51,320 --> 00:35:54,240 Speaker 1: there's some kind of like energy linked to them, some energy, 726 00:35:54,360 --> 00:35:57,000 Speaker 1: some negative energy linking them together, or there's some negative 727 00:35:57,080 --> 00:35:59,960 Speaker 1: energy in between us. Yeah, there's a negative energy fee 728 00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:03,879 Speaker 1: old in between these two objects, like a real tangible 729 00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:07,279 Speaker 1: field or like a theoretical field. It's like a theoretical field. 730 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:10,960 Speaker 1: I mean, nobody really understands quantum entanglement. Frankly, it's a mystery. 731 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,799 Speaker 1: It's not something that we really understand what's going on. 732 00:36:13,920 --> 00:36:16,400 Speaker 1: And in the various interpretations of quantum mechanics, there are 733 00:36:16,440 --> 00:36:19,360 Speaker 1: different explanations for it, and there are even viable theories 734 00:36:19,360 --> 00:36:22,240 Speaker 1: of quantum mechanics that suggest that entanglement can be explained 735 00:36:22,280 --> 00:36:25,160 Speaker 1: by like hidden variables, that there is no randomness anyway, 736 00:36:25,320 --> 00:36:27,640 Speaker 1: a lot of this is still theoretical, but it doesn't 737 00:36:27,719 --> 00:36:33,640 Speaker 1: involve invoking negative mass particles, just negative energy we don't 738 00:36:33,640 --> 00:36:36,480 Speaker 1: know exists, but which in these calculations does come out 739 00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:40,279 Speaker 1: of this special entanglement. If you entangle two sides of wormhole, 740 00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:42,600 Speaker 1: the idea is that now they are connected in this 741 00:36:42,760 --> 00:36:47,040 Speaker 1: special way and that keeps them from collapsing. Interesting, like 742 00:36:47,080 --> 00:36:50,799 Speaker 1: there's actual like energy between them that is somehow keeping 743 00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:53,120 Speaker 1: this warmhole open. Yeah, there's some way that these two 744 00:36:53,160 --> 00:36:55,839 Speaker 1: are connected now, right, Because if you have two electrons 745 00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:58,080 Speaker 1: that have their fates entangled, they are part of the 746 00:36:58,120 --> 00:37:00,360 Speaker 1: same wave function, and that wave function and is a 747 00:37:00,480 --> 00:37:03,160 Speaker 1: ripple in some quantum field, and so there's a field 748 00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,359 Speaker 1: that it now goes through the wormhole, connecting these two 749 00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,400 Speaker 1: electrons and basically keeps them from snapping shut. The way 750 00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:11,160 Speaker 1: I think about it in my mind is like you 751 00:37:11,200 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 1: have this wormhole which wants to close down, but there's 752 00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:16,040 Speaker 1: a thread that's through it, and that threat is the 753 00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,040 Speaker 1: entanglement of these two particles, and it keeps it from closing. 754 00:37:19,640 --> 00:37:23,080 Speaker 1: Why why wouldn't it just close, cut the court and 755 00:37:23,160 --> 00:37:26,640 Speaker 1: break the rules of quantum mechanics, sir? Why not? What 756 00:37:26,680 --> 00:37:29,480 Speaker 1: are you talking about that's crazy, very inventing things left 757 00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:32,000 Speaker 1: and right. Here, I'm gonna invent the quantum scissors that 758 00:37:32,080 --> 00:37:34,520 Speaker 1: the universe has to do what it wants. Well, nobody 759 00:37:34,600 --> 00:37:36,360 Speaker 1: knows that this is real. And you know, this is 760 00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:39,560 Speaker 1: a calculation in a paper by one Maldacena, again one 761 00:37:39,560 --> 00:37:41,960 Speaker 1: of the real smarty pants in the universe. And I 762 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:44,719 Speaker 1: took this paper to some theoretical physicists I know, and 763 00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:46,399 Speaker 1: frankly a lot of them said, you know, I don't 764 00:37:46,480 --> 00:37:49,399 Speaker 1: understand this paper. But one Mondasna is a really smart guy, 765 00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:51,759 Speaker 1: so I believe it's true. I see he's like, he's 766 00:37:51,800 --> 00:37:54,759 Speaker 1: like negative energy. He's gonna assume he exists in his right. 767 00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:57,759 Speaker 1: He's never made a mistake before, so people trust his calculations. 768 00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,080 Speaker 1: I didn't understand the details of the paper theoretical this 769 00:38:00,239 --> 00:38:02,680 Speaker 1: is I talked to also admitted not understanding how the 770 00:38:02,719 --> 00:38:06,719 Speaker 1: calculations work. But this is a prediction of those calculations. Okay, 771 00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:08,560 Speaker 1: So that's one way to keep a warm hole open, 772 00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:11,439 Speaker 1: and so there are other ways, including using dark matter. 773 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:13,960 Speaker 1: So let's get into those other ways to make warmholes. 774 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:28,319 Speaker 1: But for us, let's take another quick break. Al Right, 775 00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:31,680 Speaker 1: we are struggling to keep wormholes open because the universe 776 00:38:31,719 --> 00:38:34,359 Speaker 1: wants to shut them down. If there is a path 777 00:38:34,480 --> 00:38:37,160 Speaker 1: between two distant points in space, some kind of tunnel, 778 00:38:37,239 --> 00:38:39,880 Speaker 1: the universe actually wants to close them. It wants to 779 00:38:40,239 --> 00:38:42,759 Speaker 1: zip up that hole. And so the big problem with 780 00:38:42,840 --> 00:38:45,480 Speaker 1: making warmholes is how to keep them open. So we 781 00:38:45,560 --> 00:38:49,040 Speaker 1: talked about maybe using quantum entanglement, which is very theoretical, 782 00:38:49,120 --> 00:38:50,440 Speaker 1: but there might be a way to do it with 783 00:38:50,640 --> 00:38:52,960 Speaker 1: dark matter. Daniel, right, Well, we talked about how to 784 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:56,239 Speaker 1: maybe keep them open using quantum entanglement, which is super fun. 785 00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:58,200 Speaker 1: And before we move on to how to make them 786 00:38:58,280 --> 00:39:00,759 Speaker 1: large and macroscopic using ar matter, I just want to 787 00:39:00,760 --> 00:39:03,279 Speaker 1: talk about one more advantage of that solution, which is 788 00:39:03,280 --> 00:39:06,239 Speaker 1: that it might solve this time travel paradox we've talked 789 00:39:06,239 --> 00:39:08,800 Speaker 1: about sometimes how wormholes might be a way to travel 790 00:39:08,840 --> 00:39:11,360 Speaker 1: through time because one edge of the wormhole might be 791 00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:13,160 Speaker 1: in the present and the other edge might be in 792 00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,960 Speaker 1: the past. Somehow, if you like boost the edge of 793 00:39:15,960 --> 00:39:18,480 Speaker 1: the wormhole so it's going at relativistic speeds, you can 794 00:39:18,480 --> 00:39:21,040 Speaker 1: take advantage of special relativity and the two sides of 795 00:39:21,040 --> 00:39:23,520 Speaker 1: the wormhole could be at different times. The cool thing 796 00:39:23,520 --> 00:39:25,960 Speaker 1: about quantum entanglement as a way to keep the wormhole 797 00:39:25,960 --> 00:39:28,920 Speaker 1: open is that it prevents any of those paradoxes from happening, 798 00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:31,640 Speaker 1: because now you've made like a direct link, a connection 799 00:39:31,719 --> 00:39:34,720 Speaker 1: between the two boundaries of the wormhole and actually prevents 800 00:39:34,760 --> 00:39:37,640 Speaker 1: any time travel paradoxes from happening. So it's sort of 801 00:39:37,640 --> 00:39:39,799 Speaker 1: cool in that way, sort of neat when you see 802 00:39:39,840 --> 00:39:42,839 Speaker 1: a solution to a problem also prevent other problems from 803 00:39:42,840 --> 00:39:45,440 Speaker 1: cropping up. It's sometimes a hint that maybe you're going 804 00:39:45,520 --> 00:39:48,759 Speaker 1: in the right direction. M I didn't know that paradoxes 805 00:39:48,760 --> 00:39:50,880 Speaker 1: were possible with wormholes. I thought that, you know, they 806 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:53,719 Speaker 1: might connect spacetime, which means you can travel back in time, 807 00:39:53,760 --> 00:39:55,920 Speaker 1: but since you're all part of the same universe, you 808 00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:58,239 Speaker 1: can sort of change the past. Well, that's true in 809 00:39:58,400 --> 00:40:02,360 Speaker 1: some other configurations of general relativity, like closed timelike curves, 810 00:40:02,480 --> 00:40:04,520 Speaker 1: which put you in like a forever loop where you're 811 00:40:04,560 --> 00:40:08,680 Speaker 1: repeating yourself. Wormholes, however, do potentially open the door to paradoxes, 812 00:40:08,719 --> 00:40:10,440 Speaker 1: because if you can travel into the past and you're 813 00:40:10,480 --> 00:40:13,200 Speaker 1: not in that past limited to repeating what you did 814 00:40:13,320 --> 00:40:15,800 Speaker 1: last time. So it's not something people understand how to 815 00:40:15,880 --> 00:40:20,880 Speaker 1: reconcile wormholes with paradoxes and constality. But this solution to 816 00:40:21,120 --> 00:40:24,800 Speaker 1: keeping wormholes open does actually rectify that because by directly 817 00:40:24,840 --> 00:40:27,880 Speaker 1: connecting the two edges of the wormhole using quantum entanglement, 818 00:40:27,920 --> 00:40:31,160 Speaker 1: you prevent any of these paradoxes from happening. M that's 819 00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:34,280 Speaker 1: good news, I guess. We don't want to crash the universe. 820 00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:36,279 Speaker 1: It's good news for your grandfather because you can no 821 00:40:36,320 --> 00:40:40,160 Speaker 1: longer go back in time and kill him or your grandkids. 822 00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:42,759 Speaker 1: Exactly for you, because your grangkids might come back to 823 00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:45,160 Speaker 1: that's right, exactly. You ate all the mid chip, you 824 00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:48,400 Speaker 1: jerk to capital offense. The other problem we're trying to 825 00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:50,680 Speaker 1: solve with wormholes is not just to keep them open, 826 00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:53,480 Speaker 1: but to make them big enough for us to go inside. 827 00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:55,840 Speaker 1: We talked about how they are just like particle sized. 828 00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:57,759 Speaker 1: These kind of wormholes we're talking about are like big 829 00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,680 Speaker 1: enough just in one particle through. So other thing people 830 00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:02,120 Speaker 1: are working on is like, how do you make a 831 00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:05,360 Speaker 1: wormhole whose throat is macroscopic, is like you know, two 832 00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:08,400 Speaker 1: meters wide, so that like a person or a spaceship 833 00:41:08,480 --> 00:41:10,640 Speaker 1: or a rocket could go through them. And that's the 834 00:41:10,680 --> 00:41:13,600 Speaker 1: solution we tried to address by adding dark matter to 835 00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:16,719 Speaker 1: the equation, right, because all of the ones that we've 836 00:41:16,719 --> 00:41:19,120 Speaker 1: talked about before, you can only send like literally one 837 00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:21,640 Speaker 1: particle at a time. You can't send two particles next 838 00:41:21,680 --> 00:41:24,880 Speaker 1: to each other, only one behind the other. And so 839 00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:26,279 Speaker 1: how do you make one big enough to like fit 840 00:41:26,320 --> 00:41:29,000 Speaker 1: a spaceship through, Well, nobody knows. But in the same 841 00:41:29,080 --> 00:41:31,600 Speaker 1: paper one Mile de Center worked on this problem and 842 00:41:31,640 --> 00:41:33,840 Speaker 1: he thought, well, let's try to come up with a 843 00:41:33,880 --> 00:41:36,600 Speaker 1: way to make them larger. And let's again not use 844 00:41:36,640 --> 00:41:39,920 Speaker 1: like a crazy invented exotic matter that we don't know exists. 845 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:42,480 Speaker 1: Let's think about the things that do exist in the universe. 846 00:41:42,640 --> 00:41:45,840 Speaker 1: So he explored what would happen if you use dark matter, 847 00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:49,279 Speaker 1: but again not just like normal, everyday dark matter. He 848 00:41:49,360 --> 00:41:52,719 Speaker 1: was considering dark matter in combination with another idea of 849 00:41:52,760 --> 00:41:56,319 Speaker 1: additional spatial dimensions. We've talked on this podcast about how 850 00:41:56,360 --> 00:41:59,279 Speaker 1: the universe seems to have three directions you can go 851 00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:02,200 Speaker 1: in space, but there's some parts of physics that suggests 852 00:42:02,280 --> 00:42:05,120 Speaker 1: there should be other directions you should move. In string theory, 853 00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:08,400 Speaker 1: for example, you know like eleven or twenty six dimensions, 854 00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:10,239 Speaker 1: which would mean that they're like you know, not just 855 00:42:10,520 --> 00:42:12,560 Speaker 1: up and down, left and right and forward and backwards, 856 00:42:12,600 --> 00:42:16,120 Speaker 1: but other weird little dimensions that some particles can move through. 857 00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:18,120 Speaker 1: We wouldn't be able to notice them or see them 858 00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:20,840 Speaker 1: or move in them, but there would be features of space. 859 00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:23,439 Speaker 1: So he explored the idea that if there are these 860 00:42:23,480 --> 00:42:25,960 Speaker 1: other features of space, it would change sort of how 861 00:42:26,040 --> 00:42:28,880 Speaker 1: particles move through that space, and it would change how 862 00:42:28,920 --> 00:42:32,440 Speaker 1: gravity works, which means it would change how spaces bent. 863 00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:36,480 Speaker 1: So if you combine dark matter with these weird extra dimensions, 864 00:42:36,719 --> 00:42:39,839 Speaker 1: then you can use them to build a wormhole which 865 00:42:39,920 --> 00:42:42,800 Speaker 1: is really really wide, big enough that you could actually 866 00:42:42,840 --> 00:42:45,839 Speaker 1: pass a person through. Well, how does it work? Well, 867 00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:48,239 Speaker 1: what's the theory prescribed? What are the instructions in this 868 00:42:48,280 --> 00:42:50,920 Speaker 1: paper to make it warmhole wide? So you need a 869 00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:53,759 Speaker 1: lot of dark matter, and they go through the calculation 870 00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:56,719 Speaker 1: in order to have a wormhole whose mouth is wide 871 00:42:56,840 --> 00:42:58,680 Speaker 1: enough for a human to fit, but not just that 872 00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:01,680 Speaker 1: for a human to pass through without being torn apart 873 00:43:01,840 --> 00:43:04,600 Speaker 1: by the tidal forces. You know, these incredible forces of 874 00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:07,080 Speaker 1: gravity that tug on you more strongly at your feet 875 00:43:07,080 --> 00:43:08,960 Speaker 1: than on your head, and would tear you apart if 876 00:43:08,960 --> 00:43:10,440 Speaker 1: you got close to a black hole. If you want 877 00:43:10,440 --> 00:43:12,520 Speaker 1: a wormhole that's big enough for a human to go 878 00:43:12,560 --> 00:43:15,600 Speaker 1: through and wouldn't tear you apart, then the mouth of 879 00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:19,600 Speaker 1: it needs to be three thousand light years wide, which 880 00:43:19,640 --> 00:43:23,440 Speaker 1: means constructing something out of dark matter. It's three thousand 881 00:43:23,560 --> 00:43:28,000 Speaker 1: light years in diameter. That's like much bigger than our galaxy, right, 882 00:43:28,280 --> 00:43:30,320 Speaker 1: you mean, like, you know, take up like a corner 883 00:43:30,360 --> 00:43:32,560 Speaker 1: of the known universe. Well, our galaxy is something like 884 00:43:32,640 --> 00:43:35,239 Speaker 1: a hundred thousand light years across, but it's definitely much 885 00:43:35,239 --> 00:43:37,319 Speaker 1: bigger than our solar system. So we're talking about a 886 00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:39,960 Speaker 1: massive engineering project, you know. But hey, this is like 887 00:43:40,040 --> 00:43:41,799 Speaker 1: the first paper on it. The next one it will 888 00:43:41,840 --> 00:43:44,080 Speaker 1: only be a thousand light years wide, and eventually somebody 889 00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:45,960 Speaker 1: figure out how to make it one light year wide, 890 00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:47,719 Speaker 1: and then you know, the engineers will take over and 891 00:43:47,719 --> 00:43:49,400 Speaker 1: they'll figure out how to actually build this thing. It 892 00:43:49,400 --> 00:43:52,080 Speaker 1: will be as wide as your phone. Well, but I 893 00:43:52,080 --> 00:43:54,120 Speaker 1: guess what's the actual recipe? Like you have to take 894 00:43:54,239 --> 00:43:57,000 Speaker 1: dark matter and shape it somehow, or just put it 895 00:43:57,040 --> 00:43:59,560 Speaker 1: on in one place, or be lucky that it's somehow 896 00:43:59,719 --> 00:44:02,239 Speaker 1: Just this with this wormhole with dark matter in it, Like, 897 00:44:02,280 --> 00:44:04,399 Speaker 1: what do you have to do to make this warmhole work. 898 00:44:04,520 --> 00:44:07,200 Speaker 1: So again, he doesn't sketch out a recipe for building 899 00:44:07,239 --> 00:44:10,879 Speaker 1: this thing, just that if you have a wormhole and 900 00:44:11,080 --> 00:44:14,320 Speaker 1: space has these extra dimensions, and you have dark matter 901 00:44:14,440 --> 00:44:17,520 Speaker 1: inside this wormhole, and you have the two edges of 902 00:44:17,560 --> 00:44:21,960 Speaker 1: the wormholes quantum mechanically entangled, then that solution is stable 903 00:44:22,120 --> 00:44:24,400 Speaker 1: and would allow for people to pass through it. So 904 00:44:24,440 --> 00:44:26,360 Speaker 1: there's no recipe for like, here's how you put this 905 00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:28,920 Speaker 1: thing together, or here's the configuration of dark matter you 906 00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:31,120 Speaker 1: need in order to make this happen. It's just like 907 00:44:31,239 --> 00:44:34,000 Speaker 1: this configuration would satisfy the equations and meet all of 908 00:44:34,040 --> 00:44:37,359 Speaker 1: these constraints of being large enough and being stable. I see, 909 00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:39,359 Speaker 1: But what's the dark matter doing? Like, is it just 910 00:44:39,400 --> 00:44:41,360 Speaker 1: sitting in the middle of it? Is it shaped like 911 00:44:41,400 --> 00:44:43,640 Speaker 1: a tube? Is it just hanging out at the ends 912 00:44:43,640 --> 00:44:46,040 Speaker 1: of it? Is there any sort of specifications about this 913 00:44:46,280 --> 00:44:48,640 Speaker 1: or it's just a very abstract idea. It's just sort 914 00:44:48,640 --> 00:44:51,319 Speaker 1: of an abstract idea. The dark matter is there in 915 00:44:51,440 --> 00:44:54,120 Speaker 1: order to explain why you have these extra dimensions of 916 00:44:54,160 --> 00:44:57,160 Speaker 1: space and time, and to reconcile all that together with 917 00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:00,239 Speaker 1: all the other astronomical observations we have about the nature 918 00:45:00,320 --> 00:45:02,160 Speaker 1: of the universe, and so the game I think Juan 919 00:45:02,239 --> 00:45:04,560 Speaker 1: Milison was playing was like, can I use things that 920 00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:07,680 Speaker 1: we already know exists in the universe and features of 921 00:45:07,719 --> 00:45:10,600 Speaker 1: those theories to try to construct a wormhole which works. 922 00:45:10,640 --> 00:45:13,080 Speaker 1: There's no description in this paper of like what shape 923 00:45:13,120 --> 00:45:14,759 Speaker 1: the dark Man has to be in, or where the 924 00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:17,399 Speaker 1: dark matter needs to go, or what this wormhole would 925 00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:19,640 Speaker 1: look like. I think. In fact, here's a quote from 926 00:45:19,640 --> 00:45:22,480 Speaker 1: the paper. He says, quote, another problem seems to be 927 00:45:22,520 --> 00:45:25,960 Speaker 1: producing the wormhole in the first place. This seems difficult. 928 00:45:26,719 --> 00:45:29,600 Speaker 1: When one of the smartest guys in the universe says 929 00:45:29,719 --> 00:45:32,200 Speaker 1: this seems difficult, you know, it's not an easy problem. 930 00:45:32,280 --> 00:45:34,440 Speaker 1: I see. I feel like he's giving us a recipe 931 00:45:34,480 --> 00:45:36,560 Speaker 1: for a suffle. But he's just saying, hey, maybe maybe 932 00:45:36,600 --> 00:45:39,239 Speaker 1: if he's throwing some flour, maybe in some cream and 933 00:45:39,360 --> 00:45:41,520 Speaker 1: maybe some you know, some sugar, maybe you can make 934 00:45:41,560 --> 00:45:43,600 Speaker 1: a sufle. But good luck with that. You know. The 935 00:45:43,640 --> 00:45:46,480 Speaker 1: cutting edge soufle a theorists, that's how they get started. 936 00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:48,320 Speaker 1: They're like, you know, what are the ingredients of a soufla? 937 00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:50,960 Speaker 1: We don't even know is it possible theoretically? And you know, 938 00:45:51,080 --> 00:45:53,360 Speaker 1: eventually a hundred years later, we have a recipe for 939 00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,080 Speaker 1: a su FLA interesting all right, So another way to 940 00:45:56,160 --> 00:45:58,279 Speaker 1: make a wormhole and maybe keep it open and make 941 00:45:58,320 --> 00:46:00,399 Speaker 1: it big enough for us to fit through. So where 942 00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:02,360 Speaker 1: are some of the problems with that? Well, one problem 943 00:46:02,400 --> 00:46:03,719 Speaker 1: is we don't know how to build that thing, right. 944 00:46:03,719 --> 00:46:06,680 Speaker 1: We're talking again about a solution that we know might 945 00:46:06,719 --> 00:46:08,560 Speaker 1: satisfy the equations, but we don't know how to go 946 00:46:08,640 --> 00:46:11,040 Speaker 1: from here to there. Another issue is if you have 947 00:46:11,120 --> 00:46:13,520 Speaker 1: these kind of entrances to the wormhole. We're talking about 948 00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:16,880 Speaker 1: space being really really curved, and when space is curved, 949 00:46:16,920 --> 00:46:19,440 Speaker 1: it doesn't just affect where you go, it also affects 950 00:46:19,440 --> 00:46:22,479 Speaker 1: how time passes. We talked on the podcast once about 951 00:46:22,520 --> 00:46:26,320 Speaker 1: gravitational time dilation. Anytime you're in a place where space 952 00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:30,080 Speaker 1: is curved, your clock moves more slowly, and so, for example, 953 00:46:30,160 --> 00:46:32,160 Speaker 1: if you go through this wormhole, it might be that 954 00:46:32,200 --> 00:46:34,919 Speaker 1: your clock slows down. And so even though you can 955 00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:37,520 Speaker 1: pass through the wormhole in what feels to you like 956 00:46:37,560 --> 00:46:40,520 Speaker 1: an instant, to someone on the outside, you would slow 957 00:46:40,560 --> 00:46:43,880 Speaker 1: down and almost freeze as you pass through the wormhole, 958 00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:45,719 Speaker 1: and then when you come at the other side, you'd 959 00:46:45,719 --> 00:46:49,880 Speaker 1: be moving super slow in time. Also, according to their calculations. 960 00:46:49,920 --> 00:46:53,000 Speaker 1: You can't actually get from one place to another faster 961 00:46:53,120 --> 00:46:56,120 Speaker 1: than light would have gone because of these time dilation 962 00:46:56,120 --> 00:46:58,800 Speaker 1: effects I see. So, like, if I have the opening 963 00:46:58,840 --> 00:47:00,440 Speaker 1: of a wormhole in front of me, and you go 964 00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:02,839 Speaker 1: through it, and I should have flashlight to the other end, 965 00:47:02,880 --> 00:47:05,360 Speaker 1: which is like maybe a couple of miles away, you're saying, 966 00:47:05,360 --> 00:47:08,520 Speaker 1: my light, my flashlight would actually get there, like I 967 00:47:08,560 --> 00:47:11,799 Speaker 1: could have gone there faster without going through the wormhole exactly. 968 00:47:12,280 --> 00:47:16,680 Speaker 1: So in that sense, they're theoretically awesome, but totally useless. 969 00:47:16,719 --> 00:47:19,719 Speaker 1: The time dilation effect, which is really a pretty big deal. 970 00:47:19,760 --> 00:47:22,880 Speaker 1: You know, that's like a very important piece of fine print. Right, Like, 971 00:47:22,960 --> 00:47:24,840 Speaker 1: so I would I would flash my flashlight and I 972 00:47:24,840 --> 00:47:26,359 Speaker 1: would see you go in, but then I would see 973 00:47:26,360 --> 00:47:29,200 Speaker 1: you sort of freeze at the mouth of it, kind 974 00:47:29,239 --> 00:47:30,839 Speaker 1: of right, sort of like you freeze when you fall 975 00:47:30,880 --> 00:47:33,160 Speaker 1: into a black hole. At least to the people outside 976 00:47:33,160 --> 00:47:35,239 Speaker 1: of the black hole, I would see you just get 977 00:47:35,280 --> 00:47:38,200 Speaker 1: stuck in the hole. Yeah. Wow, that is the least 978 00:47:38,320 --> 00:47:43,200 Speaker 1: useful wormhole ever. Yeah, exactly. It's like a Star Trek teleporter, 979 00:47:43,360 --> 00:47:45,439 Speaker 1: but they just freeze you into a block of ice 980 00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:47,399 Speaker 1: and then put you on a carrier ship. And like 981 00:47:47,480 --> 00:47:49,799 Speaker 1: you know, ship you over there and thaw you out. 982 00:47:49,840 --> 00:47:51,840 Speaker 1: So it's not very useful at all. No, No, I 983 00:47:51,840 --> 00:47:53,680 Speaker 1: mean I would never see you go through, right, is 984 00:47:53,680 --> 00:47:55,840 Speaker 1: that what you're saying that? Or would just be super slow, 985 00:47:55,880 --> 00:47:58,120 Speaker 1: but time we actually freeze, it would just be super slow. 986 00:47:58,280 --> 00:48:01,319 Speaker 1: The time doesn't actually freeze actually stop, but it would 987 00:48:01,360 --> 00:48:03,759 Speaker 1: take you longer to go through the wormhole than if 988 00:48:03,760 --> 00:48:06,400 Speaker 1: you went around the wormhole. What if I just make 989 00:48:06,440 --> 00:48:10,759 Speaker 1: it bigger. Well, the time dialation effect gets stronger as 990 00:48:10,800 --> 00:48:15,120 Speaker 1: the wormhole gets more powerful because the curvature increases. I see, 991 00:48:15,120 --> 00:48:17,400 Speaker 1: all right, So that's another problem, is that it's not 992 00:48:17,560 --> 00:48:20,680 Speaker 1: useful at all. But I guess the point is that, 993 00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:22,919 Speaker 1: you know, time doesn't slow down for the person going 994 00:48:22,920 --> 00:48:25,400 Speaker 1: through the tunnel, So like the person going through the 995 00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:28,120 Speaker 1: tunnel to another galaxy, it would just be like a breeze, 996 00:48:28,520 --> 00:48:31,560 Speaker 1: except you wouldn't have to be asleep or cryogenic sleep 997 00:48:31,600 --> 00:48:34,640 Speaker 1: for like thousands or millions of years. Yeah. Just like 998 00:48:34,680 --> 00:48:36,839 Speaker 1: if you somehow got up to the speed of light 999 00:48:36,960 --> 00:48:39,279 Speaker 1: traveling across the galaxy would seem to you like it 1000 00:48:39,280 --> 00:48:42,000 Speaker 1: didn't take very much time because for you the galaxy 1001 00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:44,440 Speaker 1: would be low Renz contracted it would be like shortened, 1002 00:48:44,480 --> 00:48:46,560 Speaker 1: so it doesn't seem like you're going as far. So 1003 00:48:46,719 --> 00:48:49,880 Speaker 1: for you you could survive travel to really really distant 1004 00:48:49,920 --> 00:48:51,759 Speaker 1: parts of the galaxy. It's just that if you walk 1005 00:48:51,800 --> 00:48:53,680 Speaker 1: through the wormhole and then you came back, you know, 1006 00:48:53,880 --> 00:48:56,560 Speaker 1: millions of years might have passed. So you know, say 1007 00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:59,120 Speaker 1: goodbye to your family before you step in. Yeah, or 1008 00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:01,200 Speaker 1: say hello to your great great great great great great 1009 00:49:01,239 --> 00:49:03,800 Speaker 1: great great grandchildren when you come out the other end. Yeah, 1010 00:49:03,880 --> 00:49:06,160 Speaker 1: if you're so lucky. So what are some of the 1011 00:49:06,160 --> 00:49:08,920 Speaker 1: other problems. Well, another problem is the temperature. You know, 1012 00:49:09,040 --> 00:49:12,319 Speaker 1: as you fall into this wormhole, you're accelerated by the 1013 00:49:12,320 --> 00:49:15,720 Speaker 1: curvature of space. So they did this calculation in this paper, 1014 00:49:15,880 --> 00:49:18,080 Speaker 1: and you get like an energy boost of a factor 1015 00:49:18,120 --> 00:49:21,880 Speaker 1: of two trillion, So a particle gets like really sped 1016 00:49:21,960 --> 00:49:24,560 Speaker 1: up as it enters. So one has this other quote newspaper, 1017 00:49:24,680 --> 00:49:26,960 Speaker 1: which I found hilarious. He says, so one would have 1018 00:49:27,000 --> 00:49:30,000 Speaker 1: to put the huge black hole inside a refrigerator in 1019 00:49:30,080 --> 00:49:33,000 Speaker 1: order to prevent this. So not only is he speculating 1020 00:49:33,000 --> 00:49:36,040 Speaker 1: about a three thousand light year wide wormhole, but a 1021 00:49:36,080 --> 00:49:40,360 Speaker 1: refrigerator that you could put that entire wormhole into. I 1022 00:49:40,360 --> 00:49:42,719 Speaker 1: feel like, my freezer is a black hole in my 1023 00:49:42,840 --> 00:49:44,960 Speaker 1: kitchen right now. But you're saying like that it does 1024 00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:46,920 Speaker 1: sort of act like a black hole, and that like 1025 00:49:46,960 --> 00:49:49,200 Speaker 1: if you're near the mouth of the wormhole, it would 1026 00:49:49,200 --> 00:49:50,719 Speaker 1: suck you in kind of that's what you're saying, and 1027 00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:54,120 Speaker 1: accelerate you to fast speeds, and you'll be fast in 1028 00:49:54,320 --> 00:49:56,680 Speaker 1: your frame of reference. Right from the outside, you would 1029 00:49:56,719 --> 00:49:59,239 Speaker 1: still be time slowed down, so you wouldn't be moving 1030 00:49:59,239 --> 00:50:01,160 Speaker 1: that fast from some but else's point of view, But 1031 00:50:01,280 --> 00:50:03,240 Speaker 1: from your point of view, you would be moving quickly 1032 00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:06,240 Speaker 1: towards the mouth of the wormhole, which would be very exciting. 1033 00:50:06,400 --> 00:50:08,480 Speaker 1: Like that would make it fun, right, you'd be like, wow, 1034 00:50:10,120 --> 00:50:12,120 Speaker 1: makes for a better ride. But you're saying the problem 1035 00:50:12,160 --> 00:50:14,160 Speaker 1: is that that danger is somehow to be moving that 1036 00:50:14,200 --> 00:50:16,360 Speaker 1: fast or are you saying like we would heat up somehow. 1037 00:50:16,440 --> 00:50:19,719 Speaker 1: You're basically giving a high temperature to these objects, and 1038 00:50:19,760 --> 00:50:21,560 Speaker 1: you might not worry about that because you know, like 1039 00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:25,320 Speaker 1: energy is frame dependent. I'm not moving at any speed 1040 00:50:25,360 --> 00:50:28,239 Speaker 1: in my reference frame. Somebody flying by me near the 1041 00:50:28,239 --> 00:50:30,600 Speaker 1: speed of light sees me moving at almost a speed 1042 00:50:30,640 --> 00:50:32,000 Speaker 1: of light, So you could argue that I have like 1043 00:50:32,040 --> 00:50:35,080 Speaker 1: a very high temperature in that frame of reference. Doesn't 1044 00:50:35,080 --> 00:50:37,319 Speaker 1: bother me at all in my frame because I see 1045 00:50:37,360 --> 00:50:41,080 Speaker 1: myself as moving at zero velocity, So temperature and energy 1046 00:50:41,080 --> 00:50:43,799 Speaker 1: are sort of frame dependent and so not necessarily something 1047 00:50:43,840 --> 00:50:46,040 Speaker 1: I think you should worry about. I just enjoy thinking 1048 00:50:46,080 --> 00:50:50,239 Speaker 1: about a three thousand light year wide refrigerator. He's not 1049 00:50:50,440 --> 00:50:52,560 Speaker 1: just the smartest man on Earth. He's also pretty funny, 1050 00:50:52,719 --> 00:50:55,040 Speaker 1: I guess. But wouldn't you slow down when you come 1051 00:50:55,040 --> 00:50:57,239 Speaker 1: out the other end, like as you come out with 1052 00:50:57,320 --> 00:50:59,440 Speaker 1: this blinding speed, would in the other mouth of the 1053 00:50:59,480 --> 00:51:02,200 Speaker 1: wormhole slow you down, like try to suck you back in. Yeah, 1054 00:51:02,280 --> 00:51:04,320 Speaker 1: sort of like rolling down a hill on a roller coaster, 1055 00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:06,520 Speaker 1: and then you roll up the other side, so you 1056 00:51:06,680 --> 00:51:08,960 Speaker 1: gain speed as you fall in, and then you lose 1057 00:51:09,040 --> 00:51:10,920 Speaker 1: the speed as you come out. And so in theory, 1058 00:51:11,080 --> 00:51:12,759 Speaker 1: you know, sort of like jumping through a hole in 1059 00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:14,560 Speaker 1: the earth, you should come out the other side with 1060 00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:17,080 Speaker 1: no velocity, right right, And so then they would have 1061 00:51:17,120 --> 00:51:19,080 Speaker 1: to make the black hole big enough not just to 1062 00:51:19,280 --> 00:51:21,360 Speaker 1: fit you, but also for you to raise your hands 1063 00:51:21,440 --> 00:51:24,480 Speaker 1: right like in a roller coaster for the thrill exactly, 1064 00:51:24,480 --> 00:51:26,560 Speaker 1: And they have to put a camera somewhere to capture 1065 00:51:27,200 --> 00:51:29,719 Speaker 1: and as you go in and then sell it to 1066 00:51:29,760 --> 00:51:32,239 Speaker 1: you for fifty dollars on the other side. All right, well, 1067 00:51:32,280 --> 00:51:34,799 Speaker 1: so warmos are possible, and it might be possible to 1068 00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:36,879 Speaker 1: make one and keep one open and make one big 1069 00:51:36,960 --> 00:51:39,080 Speaker 1: enough for us to fit in, but it requires some 1070 00:51:39,120 --> 00:51:41,359 Speaker 1: of these sort of extreme theories and some of these 1071 00:51:41,360 --> 00:51:44,160 Speaker 1: sort of extreme theoretical concepts to be true. So, Daniel, 1072 00:51:44,160 --> 00:51:45,680 Speaker 1: what does it all mean? What does it mean about 1073 00:51:45,719 --> 00:51:48,480 Speaker 1: our understanding about how space works? It's a really exciting 1074 00:51:48,520 --> 00:51:50,640 Speaker 1: feel to try to keep up with because people are 1075 00:51:50,680 --> 00:51:53,880 Speaker 1: really like playing with what space can do, and every 1076 00:51:53,920 --> 00:51:55,880 Speaker 1: time they develop one of these theories, they get like 1077 00:51:55,960 --> 00:51:59,160 Speaker 1: more insight into like what space is and how it works, 1078 00:51:59,160 --> 00:52:01,520 Speaker 1: and sort of sort of like space engineering, you know, 1079 00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:04,239 Speaker 1: or spacetime engineering. I think it's pretty fun stuff. And 1080 00:52:04,280 --> 00:52:06,879 Speaker 1: there's an idea like around the edges of this which 1081 00:52:06,880 --> 00:52:09,879 Speaker 1: has been bubbling around in theoretical physics for a long time, 1082 00:52:09,960 --> 00:52:12,000 Speaker 1: which I think is really deep and it's connected to this, 1083 00:52:12,120 --> 00:52:15,680 Speaker 1: and that's the idea that space itself might be built 1084 00:52:15,960 --> 00:52:19,120 Speaker 1: using wormholes, like we talked earlier about how space is 1085 00:52:19,160 --> 00:52:21,440 Speaker 1: connected and this piece is connected to that piece, and 1086 00:52:21,480 --> 00:52:23,120 Speaker 1: you know you are in a part of space you 1087 00:52:23,160 --> 00:52:25,000 Speaker 1: can go to the part of space that's next to you. 1088 00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:27,799 Speaker 1: You can't just jump from here to Alpha Centauri. There's 1089 00:52:27,800 --> 00:52:31,080 Speaker 1: this connectedness in space. People don't really understand what that 1090 00:52:31,239 --> 00:52:33,880 Speaker 1: is or how it works. One idea of what space 1091 00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:36,640 Speaker 1: is is that maybe it's these like little space pixels 1092 00:52:36,640 --> 00:52:40,080 Speaker 1: that are somehow woven together to make this fabric of space. 1093 00:52:40,239 --> 00:52:44,759 Speaker 1: And the thing that does that weaving, perhaps is quantum entanglement. 1094 00:52:44,920 --> 00:52:47,360 Speaker 1: Like maybe this bit of space is entangled with that 1095 00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:49,319 Speaker 1: bit of space, And it might just be that at 1096 00:52:49,360 --> 00:52:53,400 Speaker 1: the fundamental level that entanglement is accomplished by wormholes. Like 1097 00:52:53,520 --> 00:52:57,080 Speaker 1: maybe the idea is keep a wormhole open by quantum 1098 00:52:57,239 --> 00:53:00,720 Speaker 1: entangling its edges. Maybe that's the way wormholes are. Maybe 1099 00:53:00,800 --> 00:53:03,400 Speaker 1: all of the universe, every bit of space, is just 1100 00:53:03,480 --> 00:53:07,239 Speaker 1: like a bunch of wormholes connected together. Every pixel wormhold 1101 00:53:07,360 --> 00:53:10,320 Speaker 1: together with all of its neighboring pixels. Well, it's crazy 1102 00:53:10,440 --> 00:53:12,800 Speaker 1: you're saying, Like, instead of space being this giant blob 1103 00:53:12,920 --> 00:53:15,320 Speaker 1: or something, maybe it's just a whole bunch of little 1104 00:53:15,320 --> 00:53:18,640 Speaker 1: blobs that are pixel size, which is the smallest unit 1105 00:53:18,640 --> 00:53:20,600 Speaker 1: of space, and they're all sort of a threat together 1106 00:53:20,760 --> 00:53:24,400 Speaker 1: by wormholes. Yeah, otherwise they would all just be disconnected, 1107 00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:26,960 Speaker 1: and maybe the whole idea of space as this like 1108 00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:30,120 Speaker 1: a thing you can move through, comes out of weaving 1109 00:53:30,200 --> 00:53:32,920 Speaker 1: space together into this fabric. And it might be the 1110 00:53:32,960 --> 00:53:35,760 Speaker 1: wormholes are the things that weave it together, that connect 1111 00:53:35,840 --> 00:53:37,919 Speaker 1: various pieces of space, and so that if we try 1112 00:53:37,960 --> 00:53:40,560 Speaker 1: to build a wormhole between like our space and some 1113 00:53:40,640 --> 00:53:42,960 Speaker 1: space somewhere in Alpha Centauri, it could be a very 1114 00:53:43,040 --> 00:53:45,400 Speaker 1: natural thing to do, because what we're doing is like 1115 00:53:45,560 --> 00:53:48,360 Speaker 1: just sort of like engineering the fundamental structure of space 1116 00:53:48,440 --> 00:53:51,400 Speaker 1: time itself interesting. You just need like a special quantum 1117 00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:56,400 Speaker 1: needle exactly, and and entangled threats exactly, weaving singularities so 1118 00:53:56,480 --> 00:53:58,839 Speaker 1: it space might be all wormholes basically, right like when 1119 00:53:58,880 --> 00:54:01,160 Speaker 1: I move from here to my house or here to 1120 00:54:01,160 --> 00:54:04,000 Speaker 1: the bathroom, actually sort of like weaving through tiny little 1121 00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:06,640 Speaker 1: wormholes all the time. It certainly could be all right. Well, 1122 00:54:06,680 --> 00:54:08,960 Speaker 1: I guess these are all pretty exciting ideas and and 1123 00:54:09,200 --> 00:54:11,799 Speaker 1: makes me think that maybe it is possible to get 1124 00:54:11,840 --> 00:54:14,400 Speaker 1: to other parts of the universe using wormholes. It sounds 1125 00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:17,200 Speaker 1: like it's theoretically possible, and there are some pretty smart 1126 00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:19,239 Speaker 1: people thinking about how to make one and keep one 1127 00:54:19,280 --> 00:54:21,880 Speaker 1: open exactly. It's a really fun area and I'm pretty 1128 00:54:21,880 --> 00:54:23,920 Speaker 1: sure that in a hundred years people look back at 1129 00:54:23,960 --> 00:54:27,400 Speaker 1: these ideas and think, oh, those were foolish, naive ideas. 1130 00:54:27,440 --> 00:54:30,360 Speaker 1: But these are the ideas along the path to figuring 1131 00:54:30,440 --> 00:54:32,400 Speaker 1: it out. You can't just go from here to a 1132 00:54:32,440 --> 00:54:35,440 Speaker 1: deep understanding of the universe. You've got to somehow assemble 1133 00:54:35,520 --> 00:54:38,000 Speaker 1: that understanding. You gotta go step by step. And so 1134 00:54:38,080 --> 00:54:41,640 Speaker 1: we're on step one of an unknown number of steps. Yeah, 1135 00:54:41,719 --> 00:54:44,240 Speaker 1: and all we need is three thousand light year y 1136 00:54:44,440 --> 00:54:48,080 Speaker 1: hole using dark matter, which we we don't understand yet. 1137 00:54:48,680 --> 00:54:53,560 Speaker 1: Inside refrigerator. All right, Well, thanks for joining us. We 1138 00:54:53,600 --> 00:55:03,560 Speaker 1: hope you enjoyed that. See you next time. Yeah, thanks 1139 00:55:03,560 --> 00:55:06,160 Speaker 1: for listening, and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain the 1140 00:55:06,280 --> 00:55:09,359 Speaker 1: Universe is a production of I Heart Radio. For more 1141 00:55:09,480 --> 00:55:12,799 Speaker 1: podcast for my Heart Radio, visit the I heart Radio app, 1142 00:55:13,080 --> 00:55:16,560 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.