1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,040 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, the production 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:13,360 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hello, and welcome 3 00:00:13,360 --> 00:00:16,799 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. 4 00:00:17,120 --> 00:00:21,160 Speaker 1: It's part two of our year en Unearthed. This time 5 00:00:21,200 --> 00:00:23,000 Speaker 1: we have some of our long time listener favorites. I 6 00:00:23,040 --> 00:00:25,560 Speaker 1: mean we did last time too, but some particular favorites 7 00:00:25,680 --> 00:00:29,280 Speaker 1: this time, including the edibles and potables, some utsy stuff, 8 00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:32,200 Speaker 1: and the exclamations. We have some of the things too, 9 00:00:32,280 --> 00:00:34,879 Speaker 1: and we will kick it off with several different studies 10 00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:38,760 Speaker 1: that we're all looking at exactly what caused the Neanderthals 11 00:00:38,840 --> 00:00:42,959 Speaker 1: to die out. Humans and Neanderthals coexisted on the European 12 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:45,760 Speaker 1: continent for at least five thousand years before the human 13 00:00:45,800 --> 00:00:50,400 Speaker 1: population started to outstrip the Neanderthals, and after that, of course, 14 00:00:50,400 --> 00:00:54,280 Speaker 1: the Neanderthals eventually became extinct. Over the last few months, 15 00:00:54,320 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: we have heard about a few different papers trying to 16 00:00:57,240 --> 00:01:00,520 Speaker 1: get to the bottom of exactly what happened. So according 17 00:01:00,560 --> 00:01:03,920 Speaker 1: to researchers from Japan and Italy, it might be because 18 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:07,840 Speaker 1: humans figured out how to use projectile weapons, including spear 19 00:01:07,840 --> 00:01:11,320 Speaker 1: throwers and bows and arrows. They found evidence that humans 20 00:01:11,440 --> 00:01:14,240 Speaker 1: might have used these kinds of weapons between forty and 21 00:01:14,319 --> 00:01:17,520 Speaker 1: forty five thousand years ago, which is twenty thousand years 22 00:01:17,520 --> 00:01:21,040 Speaker 1: earlier than previously thought. So they thought that this could 23 00:01:21,080 --> 00:01:25,440 Speaker 1: have given humans an edge over Neanderthals, who hadn't developed 24 00:01:25,440 --> 00:01:28,840 Speaker 1: that same technology. However, we should note that in a 25 00:01:28,880 --> 00:01:31,640 Speaker 1: previous installment of On Earth, we talked about research that 26 00:01:31,800 --> 00:01:35,280 Speaker 1: suggested that Neanderthal hunting spears could have been used as 27 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:40,119 Speaker 1: throwing weapons. That particular study included replicas of three hundred 28 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:43,720 Speaker 1: thousand year old javelins, much older than the forty forty 29 00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:46,840 Speaker 1: five thousand years in this research. And then for a 30 00:01:46,920 --> 00:01:52,520 Speaker 1: completely different idea, maybe the cause was chronic ear infections. 31 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:55,520 Speaker 1: This hypothesis comes from a team of head and neck 32 00:01:55,600 --> 00:01:59,680 Speaker 1: anatomists who published a paper called Reconstructing the Neanderthal you 33 00:01:59,760 --> 00:02:05,600 Speaker 1: stayction Tube New Insights on Disease, susceptibility, fitness, cost and Extinction. 34 00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:08,800 Speaker 1: They published that in the Journal of the Anatomical Record. 35 00:02:09,240 --> 00:02:12,440 Speaker 1: In the words of Samuel Marquez, PhD. Quote it may 36 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:14,920 Speaker 1: sound far fetched, but when we for the first time 37 00:02:15,240 --> 00:02:19,400 Speaker 1: reconstructed the Eustachian tubes of Neanderthals, we discovered that they 38 00:02:19,440 --> 00:02:23,280 Speaker 1: are remarkably similar to those of human infants. Middle ear 39 00:02:23,320 --> 00:02:26,960 Speaker 1: infections are nearly ubiquitous among infants because the flat angle 40 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:29,680 Speaker 1: of an infant's eustation tubes is prone to retain the 41 00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:34,000 Speaker 1: tightest media. Bacteria that caused these infections the same flat 42 00:02:34,040 --> 00:02:38,040 Speaker 1: angle we found in the Andanderthals. So most human children 43 00:02:38,320 --> 00:02:41,720 Speaker 1: literally outgrow with these infections. As they get bigger, there 44 00:02:41,800 --> 00:02:44,840 Speaker 1: ustation tubes get longer and more sharply angled so that 45 00:02:44,880 --> 00:02:48,919 Speaker 1: their ears can drain better. But Neanderthal's eustation tubes remained 46 00:02:48,919 --> 00:02:52,280 Speaker 1: flat insu adulthood, making it more likely that they might 47 00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:56,360 Speaker 1: continue to have recurring or chronic infections, and apart from 48 00:02:56,400 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: the risk of death from a really acute infection, this 49 00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:02,640 Speaker 1: would have just life harder for Neanderthals, especially as they 50 00:03:02,639 --> 00:03:07,880 Speaker 1: were competing with humans for resources. Just it Gaze, You're 51 00:03:07,960 --> 00:03:10,360 Speaker 1: suddenly now as curious as Tracy was while she was 52 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:13,320 Speaker 1: doing this research. The US station tube is named after 53 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:18,000 Speaker 1: sixteenth century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustacy, and we're still not done 54 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:20,840 Speaker 1: with this whole Neanderthal question. According to a paper by 55 00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: scientists from Stanford which was published in the journal Nature Communications, 56 00:03:25,280 --> 00:03:29,680 Speaker 1: the cause might have been infectious diseases, not ear infections. 57 00:03:29,880 --> 00:03:34,120 Speaker 1: Using mathematical models, they concluded that humans and Neanderthals didn't 58 00:03:34,160 --> 00:03:37,440 Speaker 1: interact very much for the first centuries of their mutual 59 00:03:37,520 --> 00:03:42,640 Speaker 1: existence because they each carried and were resistant to different diseases. 60 00:03:42,680 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 1: So they suggested that each population was encircled by a 61 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:49,720 Speaker 1: quote invisible disease barrier. But at some point humans and 62 00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:53,320 Speaker 1: Neanderthals started interbreeding. We know that for sure, and the 63 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:55,960 Speaker 1: team behind this research suggests that the children of these 64 00:03:55,960 --> 00:03:59,160 Speaker 1: pairings may have had immunity to diseases from both groups, 65 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:03,320 Speaker 1: tipping precarious balance that had lasted up until then. So 66 00:04:03,400 --> 00:04:06,600 Speaker 1: that led them to the question, why then did humans 67 00:04:06,680 --> 00:04:09,920 Speaker 1: eventually get the upper hand rather than Neanderthals if their 68 00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:13,880 Speaker 1: offspring had immunity to both sets of diseases, And the 69 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:16,920 Speaker 1: answer might have been that there were more and deadlier 70 00:04:16,960 --> 00:04:20,719 Speaker 1: diseases in tropical areas where humans originated than there were 71 00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:23,599 Speaker 1: farther north into Europe and Asia, so it was a 72 00:04:23,640 --> 00:04:27,280 Speaker 1: lot easier for humans to move north and survive than 73 00:04:27,320 --> 00:04:29,880 Speaker 1: it was for Neanderthals to try to move south into 74 00:04:29,960 --> 00:04:32,960 Speaker 1: tropical Africa. And in our last study that we're talking 75 00:04:32,960 --> 00:04:36,679 Speaker 1: about on this subject, Maybe it was inbreeding. A team 76 00:04:36,720 --> 00:04:40,920 Speaker 1: from Indovin University of Technology the Netherlands used mathematical modeling 77 00:04:40,960 --> 00:04:45,000 Speaker 1: to study the effects of inbreeding on Neanderthal populations. Their 78 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:48,360 Speaker 1: research suggests that inbreeding alone was not enough to explain 79 00:04:48,400 --> 00:04:51,919 Speaker 1: the extinction of the Neanderthals, but small populations of a 80 00:04:51,960 --> 00:04:56,400 Speaker 1: species are known to experience something called alley effects. Basically, 81 00:04:56,480 --> 00:04:59,640 Speaker 1: a very small population is just not as genetically fit 82 00:04:59,720 --> 00:05:03,400 Speaker 1: as a larger one, and in breeding and Alley effects 83 00:05:03,440 --> 00:05:07,000 Speaker 1: combined could have caused the Neanderthals to go extinct over 84 00:05:07,040 --> 00:05:10,680 Speaker 1: about a ten thousand year period. So the suggestion here 85 00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: is that the introduction of humans to an area might 86 00:05:13,520 --> 00:05:17,600 Speaker 1: have influenced the Neanderthal behavior just enough to encourage more 87 00:05:17,720 --> 00:05:21,080 Speaker 1: inbreeding in a population that was already pretty small. But 88 00:05:21,200 --> 00:05:23,240 Speaker 1: they didn't think it was enough to say that human 89 00:05:23,320 --> 00:05:28,080 Speaker 1: activity conclusively caused Neanderthal's extinction, and the words of the 90 00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: papers authors quote, did Neanderthals disappear because of us? No? 91 00:05:32,279 --> 00:05:35,880 Speaker 1: This study suggests the species demise might have been due 92 00:05:36,279 --> 00:05:40,120 Speaker 1: merely to a stroke of bad demographic luck. And now 93 00:05:40,120 --> 00:05:42,679 Speaker 1: we're moving on to one of my favorite subjects, clothing 94 00:05:42,680 --> 00:05:46,760 Speaker 1: and accessories. Excavations under tarbot Old Parish Church and the 95 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:51,039 Speaker 1: Scottish Highlands have unearthed a man's ankle boots, complete with buckles, 96 00:05:51,080 --> 00:05:53,560 Speaker 1: and the thick hose that he wore with them. The 97 00:05:53,640 --> 00:05:55,839 Speaker 1: find is about six hundred years old and, in the 98 00:05:55,839 --> 00:05:59,600 Speaker 1: words of Cecily Spall of field Work Archaeology Services quote 99 00:05:59,800 --> 00:06:02,680 Speaker 1: the man had been put in a coffin wearing these clothes, 100 00:06:02,720 --> 00:06:06,600 Speaker 1: but the coffin at some point collapsed and everything concertinaed. 101 00:06:07,440 --> 00:06:10,560 Speaker 1: I wanted to have this quote in there specifically because 102 00:06:10,600 --> 00:06:15,719 Speaker 1: the description of everything concertina delighted me. It's not a 103 00:06:15,760 --> 00:06:18,560 Speaker 1: description I think we use as often in the US. 104 00:06:18,640 --> 00:06:22,480 Speaker 1: So because this collapse sealed this clothing off from oxygen, 105 00:06:22,560 --> 00:06:25,400 Speaker 1: it's pretty well preserved, with visible wear and tear that 106 00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:27,840 Speaker 1: seems to have come from the garment's use and not 107 00:06:27,960 --> 00:06:30,520 Speaker 1: from the collapse of the coffin or the decomposition of 108 00:06:30,520 --> 00:06:34,039 Speaker 1: the material over time. You can even see some of 109 00:06:34,080 --> 00:06:37,599 Speaker 1: this person's leg hair caught in the hose. A metal 110 00:06:37,680 --> 00:06:42,280 Speaker 1: detectorist in Estonia unearthed a seventeen hundred year old sacrificial 111 00:06:42,320 --> 00:06:46,880 Speaker 1: site that included a gold bracelet, crossbow, brooches, belt plaques 112 00:06:46,920 --> 00:06:51,080 Speaker 1: and silver plates. The bracelet in particular is noteworthy. It 113 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:53,800 Speaker 1: might actually be a caller and it probably dates back 114 00:06:53,839 --> 00:06:57,279 Speaker 1: to the third century. An archaeological team came to the 115 00:06:57,279 --> 00:07:01,280 Speaker 1: site for further study of this discovery, with archaeologist Marika 116 00:07:01,360 --> 00:07:04,719 Speaker 1: Magid noting that gold is a rare find and sights 117 00:07:04,760 --> 00:07:07,799 Speaker 1: of this age in Estonia and a piece this large 118 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:12,240 Speaker 1: and heavy is particularly rare. Magic told a news broadcast quote, 119 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:15,160 Speaker 1: one can say that this is likely the most valuable 120 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:18,720 Speaker 1: single find in the material sense to be unearthed in Estonia. 121 00:07:19,440 --> 00:07:21,880 Speaker 1: Uh this find has been sent to a museum. A 122 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:25,440 Speaker 1: Dutch art detective has recovered a ring connected to Oscar 123 00:07:25,480 --> 00:07:29,040 Speaker 1: Wilde that was stolen during a burglary at Maudlin College 124 00:07:29,040 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: in two thousand two. The ring and two medals had 125 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:34,920 Speaker 1: been stolen in the same incident, and after the culprit, 126 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:37,880 Speaker 1: even Andrews, was caught, he said that he had sold 127 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:41,280 Speaker 1: the ring to a scrap dealer. So after this was found, 128 00:07:41,280 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: it was returned to the college, which home burser Mark 129 00:07:44,560 --> 00:07:47,280 Speaker 1: Blandford Baker said he had given up hope of ever 130 00:07:47,320 --> 00:07:50,560 Speaker 1: seeing again like once the culprit said that he had 131 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:52,800 Speaker 1: sold the stuff to a scrap dealer. People were like well, 132 00:07:52,920 --> 00:07:56,720 Speaker 1: that's definitely gone. This ring's history a bit of it. 133 00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:00,520 Speaker 1: In eighteen seventy six, Wild and his friend Reginald Harding 134 00:08:00,560 --> 00:08:03,520 Speaker 1: had given the ring to their friend William Ward. All 135 00:08:03,560 --> 00:08:05,760 Speaker 1: three of these men were friends while taking classes at 136 00:08:05,760 --> 00:08:08,200 Speaker 1: the college, and then the ring later became part of 137 00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:12,720 Speaker 1: the college's collection of Wild memorabilia. Archaeologists in China have 138 00:08:12,840 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: used enzyme linked immunosorb and assay to confirm the fibers 139 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: found in burial urns there are silk fabrics, making them 140 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,600 Speaker 1: the world's oldest known silk They date back to between 141 00:08:23,840 --> 00:08:26,560 Speaker 1: fifty three hundred and fifty five hundred years ago, and 142 00:08:26,600 --> 00:08:29,960 Speaker 1: they suggest that silk making and dying techniques were relatively 143 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:33,160 Speaker 1: refined by that point, meaning that people had first started 144 00:08:33,200 --> 00:08:37,280 Speaker 1: making silk well before that. Previously, the oldest known silk 145 00:08:37,320 --> 00:08:39,959 Speaker 1: fibers were from between forty two hundred and forty four 146 00:08:40,040 --> 00:08:42,680 Speaker 1: hundred years old. And to be clear, I put this 147 00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:45,440 Speaker 1: under clothing because it was the most related category, but 148 00:08:45,559 --> 00:08:48,160 Speaker 1: it wasn't actually clothing. The silk was part of the 149 00:08:48,200 --> 00:08:50,839 Speaker 1: material that had been used to wrap the dead, is 150 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:58,520 Speaker 1: sort of postmortem clothing. You could also not exactly clothing 151 00:08:58,640 --> 00:09:01,880 Speaker 1: or at least not always close thing. Researchers have studied 152 00:09:01,920 --> 00:09:05,440 Speaker 1: twelve hundred beads made from ostrich eggshell to try to 153 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:08,680 Speaker 1: spot patterns and how they might reflect social changes that 154 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:11,719 Speaker 1: took place on the African continent thousands of years ago. 155 00:09:12,559 --> 00:09:15,559 Speaker 1: These beads came from thirty different sites, and their styles 156 00:09:15,600 --> 00:09:18,320 Speaker 1: and shapes seemed to shift when a new influence comes 157 00:09:18,320 --> 00:09:22,319 Speaker 1: into an area. In the words of lead author Jennifer Miller, quote, 158 00:09:22,360 --> 00:09:25,239 Speaker 1: these beads are symbols that were made by hunter gatherers 159 00:09:25,280 --> 00:09:28,040 Speaker 1: from both regions for more than forty thousand years, So 160 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:31,800 Speaker 1: changes or lack thereof in these symbols tells us how 161 00:09:31,840 --> 00:09:36,720 Speaker 1: these communities responded to cultural contact and economic change. So 162 00:09:36,760 --> 00:09:39,800 Speaker 1: to expand on that, people in Africa started making these 163 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:43,160 Speaker 1: beads at least fifty thousand years ago, and according to 164 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: previous research, the beads tended to get bigger when hurting 165 00:09:47,200 --> 00:09:50,720 Speaker 1: people moved into a region that had been previously inhabited 166 00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:54,520 Speaker 1: just by foragers. This new research suggests that the pattern 167 00:09:54,679 --> 00:09:58,680 Speaker 1: isn't that straightforward. In southern Africa, new styles of beads 168 00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: followed evidence of the reduction of hurting, but previous bead 169 00:10:02,160 --> 00:10:05,800 Speaker 1: styles didn't go away, but in Eastern Africa, bead style 170 00:10:05,920 --> 00:10:09,280 Speaker 1: stayed the same even after hurting was introduced to an area. 171 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:12,800 Speaker 1: This was the first study of bead patterns specifically in 172 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:16,480 Speaker 1: Eastern Africa, and it's possible that the bead makers there 173 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:19,960 Speaker 1: just weren't influenced by the newcomers, or it's possible that 174 00:10:20,040 --> 00:10:23,160 Speaker 1: the hurting people who moved into that area already had 175 00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:26,400 Speaker 1: a similar bead making style, so changes weren't as a parent. 176 00:10:26,800 --> 00:10:30,120 Speaker 1: Archaeologists from the University of Copenhagen have published a paper 177 00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:34,560 Speaker 1: in the Journal of Archaeological Science Reports detailing three human 178 00:10:34,600 --> 00:10:37,320 Speaker 1: teeth that appear to have been used as jewelry, and 179 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 1: those teeth were found in Catali, which also came up 180 00:10:40,400 --> 00:10:43,440 Speaker 1: in our Autumn Unearthed. So the teeth are about eighty 181 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:46,160 Speaker 1: five hundred years old and they had been drilled with 182 00:10:46,200 --> 00:10:48,520 Speaker 1: the same sorts of micro drills that were used to 183 00:10:48,559 --> 00:10:51,800 Speaker 1: make beads out of stones or animal bones. They were 184 00:10:51,840 --> 00:10:54,040 Speaker 1: also worn in a way that suggests that they had 185 00:10:54,080 --> 00:10:57,240 Speaker 1: been used as jewelry or something similar for quite some time. 186 00:10:57,720 --> 00:11:01,000 Speaker 1: The teeths chewing surfaces suggests did that they had belonged 187 00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:04,040 Speaker 1: to a mature adult, and so The suggestion was that 188 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:07,760 Speaker 1: they were probably removed either after someone died or from 189 00:11:07,800 --> 00:11:10,320 Speaker 1: a skull of a person who had died quite some 190 00:11:10,360 --> 00:11:12,880 Speaker 1: time before that. After we take a quick sponsor break, 191 00:11:12,880 --> 00:11:15,200 Speaker 1: we're going to move on to another big favorite, edibles 192 00:11:15,200 --> 00:11:25,760 Speaker 1: and potables. Okay for our edibles and potables this time around. 193 00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: A team of scientists at the University of Bristol has 194 00:11:28,840 --> 00:11:32,959 Speaker 1: reported the earliest known evidence of baby feeding bottles, or 195 00:11:32,960 --> 00:11:36,559 Speaker 1: at least their basic equivalent. These are small clay vessels 196 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:40,120 Speaker 1: dating back to about five thousand BC. They're small enough 197 00:11:40,120 --> 00:11:42,160 Speaker 1: for a baby to hold, and they have this little 198 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:45,760 Speaker 1: spout at the bottom that a baby could suck milk from. 199 00:11:45,800 --> 00:11:48,880 Speaker 1: Some of these vessels are shaped like imaginary animals, which 200 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:51,440 Speaker 1: suggested to the team that they might be meant for children, 201 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,440 Speaker 1: but they also noted that they could have been used 202 00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:57,679 Speaker 1: to feed adults who were very ill or were otherwise 203 00:11:57,800 --> 00:12:00,600 Speaker 1: unable to eat solid food. The team looked at three 204 00:12:00,640 --> 00:12:03,120 Speaker 1: specific examples that have been found in the graves of 205 00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:06,320 Speaker 1: children and tested them, and they contained residues from the 206 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:09,840 Speaker 1: milk of domesticated room and animals like cows and the 207 00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:12,640 Speaker 1: words of Dr Julie Dunn from the University of Bristol, 208 00:12:12,720 --> 00:12:15,520 Speaker 1: who was the lead author of the paper published on 209 00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:18,040 Speaker 1: the spine that was published in the journal Nature, quote 210 00:12:18,360 --> 00:12:22,200 Speaker 1: similar vessels, although rare, do appear in other prehistoric cultures, 211 00:12:22,240 --> 00:12:25,520 Speaker 1: such as Rome and ancient Greece across the world. Ideally, 212 00:12:25,679 --> 00:12:28,200 Speaker 1: we'd like to carry out a larger geographic study and 213 00:12:28,240 --> 00:12:33,079 Speaker 1: investigate whether they served the same purpose. Researchers studying a 214 00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:36,400 Speaker 1: cave near Tel Aviv have found evidence that Paleolithic people 215 00:12:36,520 --> 00:12:39,640 Speaker 1: saved animal bones for up to nine weeks so that 216 00:12:39,679 --> 00:12:42,280 Speaker 1: they could have the marrow as a food source later on, 217 00:12:42,760 --> 00:12:45,319 Speaker 1: comparing it to being like opening up a can of soup. 218 00:12:45,559 --> 00:12:47,959 Speaker 1: They had already known that bone marrow was an important 219 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:51,200 Speaker 1: source of nutrition in Paleolithic diets, but they had thought 220 00:12:51,240 --> 00:12:53,480 Speaker 1: that food was scarce enough that people had to eat 221 00:12:53,520 --> 00:12:56,200 Speaker 1: whatever they had as soon as they had it. The 222 00:12:56,240 --> 00:12:59,679 Speaker 1: team concluded that these bones were preserved rather than immediately 223 00:12:59,720 --> 00:13:02,280 Speaker 1: bro can open for their marrow because of evidence of 224 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:05,480 Speaker 1: chopping marks that did not match up with butchering methods 225 00:13:05,480 --> 00:13:07,520 Speaker 1: that were known to be used with fresh meat. And 226 00:13:07,559 --> 00:13:10,480 Speaker 1: this is the earliest known evidence of people basically using 227 00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:14,680 Speaker 1: bones for food storage purposes rather than consuming what was inside. 228 00:13:14,720 --> 00:13:18,200 Speaker 1: Them immediately. A team in Puerto Rico has examined twenty 229 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:22,280 Speaker 1: of fossilized clam shells to try to determine how the 230 00:13:22,320 --> 00:13:25,920 Speaker 1: pre aarrowalk population of the island prepared them for eating. 231 00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:29,200 Speaker 1: Their analysis of these shells suggest that they were cooked 232 00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:31,640 Speaker 1: at more than one hundred degrees celsius, which is the 233 00:13:31,640 --> 00:13:34,840 Speaker 1: boiling point of water, but less than two hundred degrees, 234 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:38,080 Speaker 1: concluding that they were cooked over a flame rather than boiled. 235 00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:41,640 Speaker 1: The study said barbecued, but we know from our recent 236 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:44,480 Speaker 1: barbecue live show people have a lot of opinions on 237 00:13:44,520 --> 00:13:47,920 Speaker 1: whether that would be the correct word in this situation. Yeah. 238 00:13:47,920 --> 00:13:51,559 Speaker 1: This team also noted that this fine provides some circumstantial 239 00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:55,440 Speaker 1: evidence about whether pottery was widely used on the island, 240 00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,760 Speaker 1: because you would need some pottery vessels in order to 241 00:13:58,760 --> 00:14:01,960 Speaker 1: be able to boil claim. A newly published book has 242 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:06,200 Speaker 1: detailed the finding of an excavation at berry Fields in Buckinghamshire, England. 243 00:14:06,720 --> 00:14:09,880 Speaker 1: The excavation took place between two thousand seven and twenty six. 244 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:14,480 Speaker 1: One interesting find a bread basket along with the only 245 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:18,840 Speaker 1: intact chickens egg from Roman Britain. So this egg was 246 00:14:18,880 --> 00:14:21,600 Speaker 1: actually one of four that were found at the site, 247 00:14:21,880 --> 00:14:26,240 Speaker 1: but the other three broke, which was still a very 248 00:14:26,280 --> 00:14:30,520 Speaker 1: stinky experience. According to the archaeologists on the scene, It's 249 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:32,760 Speaker 1: possible that the bread basket and the bread that it 250 00:14:32,840 --> 00:14:36,000 Speaker 1: presumably contained, as well as the eggs, might have been 251 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:39,320 Speaker 1: thrown into this pit sometime after the late third century. 252 00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,520 Speaker 1: That was something that people did for good luck or 253 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:44,760 Speaker 1: as part of a religious ritual. All I can think 254 00:14:44,760 --> 00:14:48,480 Speaker 1: of is Templeton the rat now Um. The book is 255 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:52,120 Speaker 1: called berry Fields Iron Age Settlement and a Roman bridge 256 00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:57,160 Speaker 1: Field System and Settlement along Ackman Street near Fleet Marston, Buckinghamshire, 257 00:14:57,280 --> 00:15:00,240 Speaker 1: and it is published by Oxford Archaeology. So this last 258 00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:02,800 Speaker 1: one isn't exactly edible, but it was the best place 259 00:15:02,840 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: to put it. Researchers at the University of Copenagen have 260 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:09,760 Speaker 1: managed to sequence an entire ancient genome from a fifty 261 00:15:09,840 --> 00:15:12,680 Speaker 1: seven hundred year old piece of birch pitch that was 262 00:15:12,760 --> 00:15:16,520 Speaker 1: used as chewing gum. Basically we've talked about chewing gum 263 00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:19,680 Speaker 1: finds before. They described this as the first time that 264 00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:23,520 Speaker 1: an entire ancient genome has been extracted from something that 265 00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:26,760 Speaker 1: was not bone. This piece of pitch was found in 266 00:15:26,840 --> 00:15:29,880 Speaker 1: southern Denmark, and in addition to the human DNA that 267 00:15:29,920 --> 00:15:33,120 Speaker 1: it contained, it also had traces of plant and animal 268 00:15:33,240 --> 00:15:36,440 Speaker 1: DNA that were probably part of that person's diet, as 269 00:15:36,480 --> 00:15:40,000 Speaker 1: well as DNA from the microbes in their mouth. We 270 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:44,479 Speaker 1: have a few examples of items being returned or repatriated 271 00:15:44,520 --> 00:15:47,680 Speaker 1: to their place or culture of origin. Next, the United 272 00:15:47,720 --> 00:15:51,000 Speaker 1: States Department of Homeland Security returned the head of a 273 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:55,400 Speaker 1: marble statue to Libya in October. In the US and 274 00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:59,240 Speaker 1: Libya had signed an agreement that imposed restrictions on the 275 00:15:59,280 --> 00:16:02,000 Speaker 1: import of of being cultural property to the United States, 276 00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:04,000 Speaker 1: and then this head had been smuggled into the US 277 00:16:04,040 --> 00:16:06,600 Speaker 1: and violation of that agreement. This was a returned to 278 00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:09,960 Speaker 1: the Libyan embassy in Washington, d C. When living authorities 279 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:13,880 Speaker 1: said it would be returned to its historical location. Cambridge 280 00:16:13,960 --> 00:16:18,200 Speaker 1: University College is returning a statute that was looted from Nigeria. 281 00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:21,480 Speaker 1: The bronze statue of a Cockerell was removed from Nigeria, 282 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:24,320 Speaker 1: then the Kingdom of Benin in eighteen ninety seven, and 283 00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:27,080 Speaker 1: then it was given to the college by a student's father. 284 00:16:27,760 --> 00:16:29,960 Speaker 1: This is one of many bronzes that were taken from 285 00:16:29,960 --> 00:16:34,040 Speaker 1: Benin and are now in British museums and universities. There's 286 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:37,680 Speaker 1: a whole effort that I just saw an article about 287 00:16:38,280 --> 00:16:41,280 Speaker 1: after sending like this outline was done. It was done, 288 00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:45,800 Speaker 1: it was sent finished about a whole effort uh in 289 00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:49,720 Speaker 1: in Britain to try to track down other artifacts that 290 00:16:49,920 --> 00:16:53,840 Speaker 1: should be returned to Nigeria. And then, in similar news, 291 00:16:53,920 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: France has returned to nineteenth century saber to Senegal. The 292 00:16:57,280 --> 00:16:59,840 Speaker 1: French had seized this sword in eighteen ninety three and 293 00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:03,520 Speaker 1: then placed it in the collection of Paris's Army Museum. 294 00:17:03,560 --> 00:17:07,359 Speaker 1: The saber initially belonged to Omar said Utal and was 295 00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:10,560 Speaker 1: confiscated from his son. This was part of an effort 296 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:13,560 Speaker 1: announced last year in which France would return items of 297 00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:18,160 Speaker 1: African cultural heritage within five years, with French President Emmanuel 298 00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:21,520 Speaker 1: Macron saying quote, I cannot accept that a large part 299 00:17:21,560 --> 00:17:25,320 Speaker 1: of cultural heritage from several African countries is in France. 300 00:17:25,840 --> 00:17:28,560 Speaker 1: There are historical explanations for that, but there are no 301 00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:33,720 Speaker 1: valid justifications that are durable and unconditional. African heritage can't 302 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:38,160 Speaker 1: just be in European private collections and museums. But progress 303 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,240 Speaker 1: on actually fulfilling this whole plan has actually been slow 304 00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,200 Speaker 1: as French lawmakers have tried to hash out the legal 305 00:17:44,240 --> 00:17:48,760 Speaker 1: and logistical details. What's next bit isn't exactly a repatriation, 306 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:51,639 Speaker 1: but it has some of the same themes. We have 307 00:17:51,720 --> 00:17:54,960 Speaker 1: talked a lot in our Unearthed episodes and other times 308 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:59,440 Speaker 1: about discoveries that have come from DNA analysis on ancient 309 00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:03,560 Speaker 1: human remains, and the rise of these kinds of studies 310 00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:06,919 Speaker 1: has brought up some ethical questions. Research that involves the 311 00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:10,400 Speaker 1: DNA of living people is supposed to be conducted following 312 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:13,640 Speaker 1: ethical rules and guidelines based on the idea that people 313 00:18:13,640 --> 00:18:15,879 Speaker 1: should have a right to privacy when it comes to 314 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:19,680 Speaker 1: their own health information and their own DNA, but ancient 315 00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:22,919 Speaker 1: DNA can be in kind of a gray area. And 316 00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:25,760 Speaker 1: to be clear, this is not just a theoretical question 317 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,960 Speaker 1: of what rights long dead ancient people should have over 318 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:32,320 Speaker 1: their own DNA. These results of these studies can have 319 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:36,760 Speaker 1: huge cultural and political implications for people living today, especially 320 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:41,159 Speaker 1: indigenous people and other ethnic minorities. So the National Science 321 00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:45,280 Speaker 1: Foundation has awarded a three hundred fifty thousand, eight hundred 322 00:18:45,359 --> 00:18:49,520 Speaker 1: eighty two dollar collaborative grant to the University of Connecticut, 323 00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:52,560 Speaker 1: the Denver Museum of Nature, and science and partners across 324 00:18:52,560 --> 00:18:55,800 Speaker 1: the United States, Canada, and Europe to study this question. 325 00:18:56,440 --> 00:19:00,000 Speaker 1: This team that's being assembled plans to involve in digital 326 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:03,280 Speaker 1: this leaders, in these conversations, and to try to establish 327 00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:07,800 Speaker 1: standards for this research that are respectful of indigenous communities 328 00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:11,440 Speaker 1: and that encourage collaboration among the researchers doing the work 329 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:15,000 Speaker 1: with the people who that work might affect. In July, 330 00:19:15,280 --> 00:19:18,280 Speaker 1: we talked about Greece's demand for the Parthenon marbles to 331 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:21,119 Speaker 1: be returned from the British Museum, and there has been 332 00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:23,360 Speaker 1: a lot more back and forth about that since then, 333 00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:26,400 Speaker 1: so stay tuned for a future episode of the podcast 334 00:19:26,480 --> 00:19:29,439 Speaker 1: on that one. We hope it's in the works. I 335 00:19:29,480 --> 00:19:31,840 Speaker 1: think at this point it's it's it's moved from we 336 00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:35,560 Speaker 1: hope to pretty likely. Over just the last twenty four hours, 337 00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:41,320 Speaker 1: we have some musy news. As almost always, various researchers 338 00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:45,359 Speaker 1: have been studying the human intestinal microbiome and how that 339 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:49,120 Speaker 1: microbiome might be connected to various diseases and conditions. So 340 00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:53,640 Speaker 1: several studies have connected things like processed foods at an 341 00:19:53,680 --> 00:19:58,840 Speaker 1: increased use of antibiotics, various hygiene practices, and other behaviors 342 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:02,760 Speaker 1: all grouped under the da of a Western lifestyle. So 343 00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:07,080 Speaker 1: studies have connected that Western lifestyle to changes in the microbiome, 344 00:20:07,480 --> 00:20:10,439 Speaker 1: and these changes in the microbiome have been correlated with 345 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:15,080 Speaker 1: a rise in things like autoimmune disorders, allergies, and gastro 346 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:19,320 Speaker 1: intestinal diseases. A paper published in the journal Cell, Host 347 00:20:19,359 --> 00:20:24,879 Speaker 1: and Microbe examined the gut microbes of people across multiple continents. 348 00:20:25,359 --> 00:20:29,240 Speaker 1: They specifically looked at the provatelecopri complex, which includes four 349 00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:32,919 Speaker 1: different clades and is associated with a number of health concerns. 350 00:20:33,520 --> 00:20:36,119 Speaker 1: The team found that this bacteria was present in about 351 00:20:36,160 --> 00:20:39,880 Speaker 1: thirty of people with more Western lifestyles and about nine 352 00:20:40,320 --> 00:20:44,400 Speaker 1: percent of people described as having non Western lifestyles. Yeah, 353 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:46,479 Speaker 1: the incredibly basic idea is that in a lot of 354 00:20:46,520 --> 00:20:50,720 Speaker 1: cases there seems to be a correlation, not necessarily causation, 355 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:55,159 Speaker 1: between a lack of these bacteria and various health conditions. 356 00:20:55,200 --> 00:21:00,000 Speaker 1: So then these results were compared to ancient microbiomes include 357 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:05,879 Speaker 1: both fossilized human poop and Lutsie's microbiome. Leutsy, of course, 358 00:21:05,960 --> 00:21:08,840 Speaker 1: did not have a Western lifestyle at all, and his 359 00:21:08,960 --> 00:21:13,240 Speaker 1: microbiome showed evidence of three of the four clades of 360 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:17,600 Speaker 1: this bacterium. In other Utsy News, researchers at the University 361 00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:20,639 Speaker 1: of Glasgow and the University of Innsbruck have been trying 362 00:21:20,680 --> 00:21:23,600 Speaker 1: to identify all the mosses and live rewards that were 363 00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:28,400 Speaker 1: found around Utsie's remains. These plants are classified as briaphites, 364 00:21:28,520 --> 00:21:31,439 Speaker 1: and there are thousands of fragments of briaphite in the 365 00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:35,400 Speaker 1: ice that was around Dutsie's body. Although only twenty three 366 00:21:35,480 --> 00:21:38,400 Speaker 1: species of bria Phites live in the area today, there 367 00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:42,040 Speaker 1: are at least seventy five species from immediately around Utsie's 368 00:21:42,080 --> 00:21:46,480 Speaker 1: remains and from his clothing gear and his gut. And 369 00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:48,960 Speaker 1: we are going to take one more quick sponsor break 370 00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:58,680 Speaker 1: before we get to the rest of our unearthed. Okay, 371 00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:03,240 Speaker 1: we've already talked in these two episodes about various findings 372 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:06,240 Speaker 1: that came from burial sites or the grave goods in 373 00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:09,320 Speaker 1: them in some way. For our next few finds, the 374 00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:13,320 Speaker 1: connection to burials is the thing that they have in common. First, 375 00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:16,280 Speaker 1: a team studying a four thousand year old burial site 376 00:22:16,320 --> 00:22:18,680 Speaker 1: off the coast of the U s State of Georgia 377 00:22:18,800 --> 00:22:21,840 Speaker 1: have said that it shows evidence of really long ranging 378 00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:27,080 Speaker 1: relationships among hunter gatherer people's during North America's Woodland period. 379 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:29,439 Speaker 1: What they found at the ancient shell pit was a 380 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:32,320 Speaker 1: burial site that had a lot in common with funerary 381 00:22:32,359 --> 00:22:35,439 Speaker 1: practices of people living in the Great Lakes area at 382 00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:38,160 Speaker 1: about the same time. In the words of Matthew Sanger, 383 00:22:38,240 --> 00:22:42,120 Speaker 1: who led the research team, quote, our excavations revealed remarkable 384 00:22:42,119 --> 00:22:45,320 Speaker 1: parallels between the shell Ring in the coastal Southeast and 385 00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:49,199 Speaker 1: in broadly contemporaneous sites in the Great Lakes, including the 386 00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: use of cremation to handle the dead, cremating the dead 387 00:22:52,800 --> 00:22:55,800 Speaker 1: in an area separate from where the bones were eventually buried, 388 00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:59,240 Speaker 1: the use of copper as a burial item, the burial 389 00:22:59,280 --> 00:23:01,960 Speaker 1: of multiple people at the same time, and the use 390 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:05,320 Speaker 1: of ochre in the burial. Not only are these practices 391 00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:08,960 Speaker 1: very similar, our analyzes clearly showed that the copper found 392 00:23:08,960 --> 00:23:11,800 Speaker 1: at the shell Ring originated in the Great Lakes and 393 00:23:11,880 --> 00:23:15,720 Speaker 1: was therefore traded between the two regions. Notably, all of 394 00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:19,520 Speaker 1: these practices are rare or entirely absent from the regions 395 00:23:19,560 --> 00:23:22,720 Speaker 1: between the Great Lakes and the Southeast, which suggests that 396 00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:26,000 Speaker 1: there was not some sort of general diffusion of traditions, 397 00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:29,760 Speaker 1: but rather a direct transplant. Basically, the suggests that the 398 00:23:29,840 --> 00:23:32,880 Speaker 1: people living in eastern North America four thousand years ago 399 00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:37,479 Speaker 1: weren't necessarily sticking to relatively isolated pockets of territory. They 400 00:23:37,520 --> 00:23:40,720 Speaker 1: may have traveled very long distances and had interactions that 401 00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:43,320 Speaker 1: stretched across much of the eastern half of the continent. 402 00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:46,160 Speaker 1: The paper that they published on this was called Great 403 00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:49,760 Speaker 1: Lakes Copper and Shared Mortuary Practices on the Atlantic Coast 404 00:23:50,119 --> 00:23:53,960 Speaker 1: Implications for long distance exchange during the Late Archaic, and 405 00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,520 Speaker 1: it was published in the journal American Antiquity. In other news, 406 00:23:57,600 --> 00:24:00,720 Speaker 1: A Roman Catholic church and settle Check rep Public is 407 00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:04,680 Speaker 1: nicknamed the Bone Church because it houses the bones of 408 00:24:04,760 --> 00:24:08,640 Speaker 1: somewhere between forty thousand and seventy thousand people in an ossuary. 409 00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:11,680 Speaker 1: Some of these bones are stacked and others are arranged 410 00:24:11,720 --> 00:24:14,880 Speaker 1: into formations, and these are the remains of people who 411 00:24:14,920 --> 00:24:17,800 Speaker 1: died of plague in the mid fourteenth century, as well 412 00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:21,600 Speaker 1: as in the Hussite Wars that followed. An ongoing restoration 413 00:24:21,640 --> 00:24:25,000 Speaker 1: project at the church has also involved excavation in the area, 414 00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:28,680 Speaker 1: and during that time researchers have found two mass graves, 415 00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:32,520 Speaker 1: one from a thirteen eighteen famine and one from atty 416 00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:38,000 Speaker 1: eight plague. Together, this represents another twelve hundred skeletons moving on. 417 00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:41,479 Speaker 1: The Aquita Museum in Bordeaux, France, is on the site 418 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:45,000 Speaker 1: of what was once a convent, and in November they 419 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:48,320 Speaker 1: announced that a tomb in the museum's basement might contain 420 00:24:48,400 --> 00:24:53,480 Speaker 1: the remains of sixteenth century Renaissance philosopher Michel de Montaigne, 421 00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:57,480 Speaker 1: who died in fifteen ninety two and whose body's location 422 00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:00,800 Speaker 1: hasn't been totally clear because it was moved several times 423 00:25:00,840 --> 00:25:03,800 Speaker 1: after his death, Although there is still work to be done, 424 00:25:03,920 --> 00:25:07,240 Speaker 1: the wooden coffin in the tomb does have Montagna written 425 00:25:07,280 --> 00:25:10,119 Speaker 1: on it in large brown letters. It does seem like 426 00:25:10,160 --> 00:25:14,639 Speaker 1: a clue maybe, I mean, it could be some other Montagna, 427 00:25:15,040 --> 00:25:18,520 Speaker 1: or somebody who loved Montagna, or someone who wanted to 428 00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:25,520 Speaker 1: confuse us all in the future. In October, a team 429 00:25:25,600 --> 00:25:30,119 Speaker 1: in Norway found an unusual boat burial. Now, boat burials 430 00:25:30,119 --> 00:25:33,000 Speaker 1: on their own are not unheard of. There have been 431 00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:36,520 Speaker 1: several of them found over the last couple of years 432 00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:39,760 Speaker 1: that I've heard about. But in this case, the same 433 00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:43,320 Speaker 1: grave site contains the remains of two people who died 434 00:25:43,359 --> 00:25:46,200 Speaker 1: and were buried about a hundred years apart. The grave 435 00:25:46,320 --> 00:25:49,639 Speaker 1: site is at a Viking age farm. The older burial 436 00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:52,080 Speaker 1: is described as a man buried with weapons in a 437 00:25:52,080 --> 00:25:55,639 Speaker 1: boat between nine and ten ms long in the eighth century. 438 00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:58,399 Speaker 1: Then in the ninth century, a woman was buried in 439 00:25:58,480 --> 00:26:02,359 Speaker 1: address fashioned with shell shaped brooches, along with a crucifix 440 00:26:02,359 --> 00:26:06,520 Speaker 1: shaped brooch, a pearl necklace, scissors, a spindle whirl and 441 00:26:06,560 --> 00:26:09,440 Speaker 1: a cow's head. She was also placed in a boat, 442 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:12,640 Speaker 1: this one seven or eight meters long. For her burial, 443 00:26:12,720 --> 00:26:15,639 Speaker 1: the older grave was excavated and she and her boat 444 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:18,360 Speaker 1: were placed into the boat that was already there, along 445 00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:20,960 Speaker 1: with the body that was already in it. So this 446 00:26:21,040 --> 00:26:24,480 Speaker 1: is not the only double boat burial that was ever found, 447 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:28,119 Speaker 1: but it's a rare enough occurrence that archaeologist Raymond Savage, 448 00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:30,760 Speaker 1: who was the project manager for this excavation, said that 449 00:26:30,760 --> 00:26:33,360 Speaker 1: he had never heard of the practice before. He did 450 00:26:33,480 --> 00:26:35,879 Speaker 1: later learn of other examples that had been found in 451 00:26:35,880 --> 00:26:38,600 Speaker 1: another part of Norway. Though, although the team says it's 452 00:26:38,640 --> 00:26:41,399 Speaker 1: unlikely that the two people were related somehow, there is 453 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:44,520 Speaker 1: still a lot to learn from this fine Now we 454 00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:48,720 Speaker 1: will move on to the exhumations. After a lengthy series 455 00:26:48,720 --> 00:26:51,600 Speaker 1: of proposals and challenges that we have been talking about 456 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:56,639 Speaker 1: on the show since December. Francisco Franco's remains were exhumed 457 00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:59,960 Speaker 1: and moved on October. They were moved to a cemetery 458 00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:03,359 Speaker 1: near Madrid by helicopter and then re entered next to 459 00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,600 Speaker 1: his late wife in Unearthed. In October, we talked about 460 00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:09,600 Speaker 1: plans to exhume the remains of John Dillinger and have 461 00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:12,800 Speaker 1: them tested to confirm whether maybe the FBI and actually 462 00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:15,760 Speaker 1: killed someone else in ninety four and then buried that 463 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:19,080 Speaker 1: person in Dillinger's place. The whole thing was meant to 464 00:27:19,119 --> 00:27:22,520 Speaker 1: be covered on a TV documentary, but instead everyone wound 465 00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:25,959 Speaker 1: up in court after Crown Hill Cemetery objected to this 466 00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:29,359 Speaker 1: whole plan. History Channel then announced it would not do 467 00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:33,880 Speaker 1: the documentary after all. One of Dillinger's descendants, Michael Thompson, 468 00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:36,760 Speaker 1: wanted to go ahead with this exclamation though, saying he 469 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:40,600 Speaker 1: wanted some clarity about his ancestors death, But in December, 470 00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:44,479 Speaker 1: a judge in Indiana found in the cemetery's favor, ruling 471 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:48,040 Speaker 1: that the exhimation could not go ahead without the cemetery's consent. 472 00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:51,480 Speaker 1: This still is not necessarily over though the law gives 473 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:54,840 Speaker 1: Thompson's attorney ten days to file an amended complaint, in 474 00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:57,520 Speaker 1: thirty days to appeal to a higher court. So that 475 00:27:57,560 --> 00:28:00,240 Speaker 1: could still be ongoing as we are recording this, or 476 00:28:00,240 --> 00:28:02,720 Speaker 1: in that window between when we record it and when 477 00:28:02,760 --> 00:28:06,600 Speaker 1: this episode comes out. It's entirely possible that in ten minutes, 478 00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:08,800 Speaker 1: when we were done this episode, there will be a 479 00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:11,360 Speaker 1: headline with a new update about that. I would even 480 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:13,760 Speaker 1: say probable. It's this is the law of averages for 481 00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:18,080 Speaker 1: us and other news to Dublin counselors have proposed that 482 00:28:18,119 --> 00:28:21,800 Speaker 1: the remains of James Joyce be exhumed from Zurich and 483 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:26,960 Speaker 1: reinterred in Dublin sometime before the anniversary of the publication 484 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:31,680 Speaker 1: of his work. Ulysses that anniversary is happening in twenty two. 485 00:28:32,280 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: This has led to debate about what Joyce and his 486 00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:38,160 Speaker 1: wife Noura Barnicle wanted for their remains after their deaths, 487 00:28:38,520 --> 00:28:41,240 Speaker 1: as well as to some resistance to that whole idea 488 00:28:41,320 --> 00:28:44,720 Speaker 1: from the James Joyce Foundation in Switzerland. At this point, 489 00:28:44,840 --> 00:28:47,600 Speaker 1: this is a motion filed by two city councilors, and 490 00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:50,440 Speaker 1: it's not a concrete plan for an exhimation to take place, 491 00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:52,600 Speaker 1: So we might very well be coming back to this 492 00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:55,920 Speaker 1: one at some point in the future, also sparking intense 493 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,360 Speaker 1: debate this fall at about the same time it was 494 00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,760 Speaker 1: a plan to turn joyce former home in Dublin into 495 00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:05,320 Speaker 1: a hostel. That debate seems to still be ongoing as 496 00:29:05,360 --> 00:29:08,520 Speaker 1: of when we're recording this. For our last item, South 497 00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:12,480 Speaker 1: Australian Attorney General Vicky Chapman granted a conditional approval to 498 00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:15,760 Speaker 1: exhume the unidentified remains of the person known as the 499 00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:20,360 Speaker 1: Somberton Man, something she reportedly started considering last year. This 500 00:29:20,440 --> 00:29:24,680 Speaker 1: is probably Australia's most famous and enduring unsolved mystery. The 501 00:29:24,720 --> 00:29:26,520 Speaker 1: body was found on a beach in the summer of 502 00:29:26,600 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: nicely dressed, with an unsmoked cigarette on his chest, and 503 00:29:31,080 --> 00:29:33,400 Speaker 1: with a piece of paper reading Tom and should in 504 00:29:33,440 --> 00:29:35,960 Speaker 1: a hidden pocket. I think that Josh and Chuck did 505 00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,440 Speaker 1: an episode on it. Oh yeah, did they. I think 506 00:29:39,480 --> 00:29:41,680 Speaker 1: this is a topic that people have asked us to cover. 507 00:29:42,280 --> 00:29:44,280 Speaker 1: I can't remember if either of us have ever kind 508 00:29:44,280 --> 00:29:47,200 Speaker 1: of circled it at some point and then moved away 509 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:52,400 Speaker 1: from it. I have many times, So maybe that can 510 00:29:52,440 --> 00:29:54,760 Speaker 1: be a whole other thing from this unearth that you 511 00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:57,120 Speaker 1: may hear an episode about later, like, there are two 512 00:29:57,160 --> 00:29:59,880 Speaker 1: things we have mentioned that are actively in the works 513 00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:02,800 Speaker 1: for future episodes. Maybe that will be a third one. 514 00:30:03,080 --> 00:30:07,560 Speaker 1: Uh and stuff you should know did cover it in September. Okay, 515 00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:10,640 Speaker 1: it's not that long. So yeah, that's our that's our 516 00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:12,840 Speaker 1: unearthed for the year end of twenty nineteen, which I 517 00:30:12,840 --> 00:30:14,600 Speaker 1: think is actually coming out at the very start of 518 00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:18,800 Speaker 1: So happy New year, everyone, and I do have a 519 00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:21,960 Speaker 1: little bit of listener mail. It takes out fabulous. This 520 00:30:22,040 --> 00:30:26,040 Speaker 1: is from Katie. Katie writes about our Alfred Wegner episode 521 00:30:26,480 --> 00:30:30,480 Speaker 1: and says, firstly, thank you so much for your wonderful show. 522 00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:32,840 Speaker 1: It makes my time spent washing dishes and folding lottery 523 00:30:32,920 --> 00:30:35,840 Speaker 1: so much more enjoyable. I was tickled by the description 524 00:30:35,880 --> 00:30:39,040 Speaker 1: of Alfred Wegener's experiments on the formation of moon craters 525 00:30:39,040 --> 00:30:43,320 Speaker 1: because I essentially recreated them with fourth graders several years ago. 526 00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,320 Speaker 1: The experiment was part of a lunar science unit of 527 00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:49,040 Speaker 1: study created by one of the major hands on science 528 00:30:49,040 --> 00:30:51,800 Speaker 1: curriculum companies, so I assume one of their talented educators 529 00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:55,160 Speaker 1: must have known about Beginner's methods. Instead of cement powder, 530 00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:58,120 Speaker 1: we used flower with a light dusting of cocoa powder 531 00:30:58,160 --> 00:31:00,880 Speaker 1: on top, and then we dropped mar bowls and small 532 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,840 Speaker 1: rocks into the flower and measured and observed the resulting creators. 533 00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:06,840 Speaker 1: I'm sure my students would have been thrilled to know 534 00:31:06,920 --> 00:31:10,640 Speaker 1: they were replicating an experiment done by a real scientist. 535 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,080 Speaker 1: And I hope you are thrilled to know that Vegner's 536 00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:17,760 Speaker 1: crafty legacy lives on in elementary classrooms across America. Sincerely, Katie, 537 00:31:17,840 --> 00:31:21,920 Speaker 1: I am actually delighted to know. Yeah, my nieces are 538 00:31:22,240 --> 00:31:27,200 Speaker 1: definitely old enough to be dropping marbles into uh flower 539 00:31:27,480 --> 00:31:30,640 Speaker 1: or cocoa powder or whatever. Um. They are maybe not 540 00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:33,480 Speaker 1: quite old enough to make the connection between that and 541 00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:36,680 Speaker 1: the moon, but I might just save this for some 542 00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:41,880 Speaker 1: kind of future visit with nieces later on. UM. I 543 00:31:42,040 --> 00:31:44,920 Speaker 1: also will mention h a shout out to our listener Cathy, 544 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,240 Speaker 1: who um I ran into while I was in Disney 545 00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:50,520 Speaker 1: World recently, and she introduced me to her grandson who 546 00:31:50,600 --> 00:31:54,000 Speaker 1: specifically loved the Alfred Vegner episode UH, and it came 547 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:58,440 Speaker 1: up it coincided with the tectonics the and they're shifting 548 00:31:58,480 --> 00:32:01,000 Speaker 1: and all of that information being in produced in his 549 00:32:01,040 --> 00:32:02,920 Speaker 1: course swork at school, so it was kind of perfect 550 00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:04,640 Speaker 1: timing and he had a much broader sense of the 551 00:32:04,680 --> 00:32:08,920 Speaker 1: whole subject um. So that was really really lovely. Yeah, 552 00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:12,160 Speaker 1: well again, Happy New Year everyone. I think this is 553 00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:14,160 Speaker 1: our first episode of the New Year, and I hope 554 00:32:14,240 --> 00:32:18,240 Speaker 1: everybody who celebrates holidays and late December early January has 555 00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:20,600 Speaker 1: had great ones. If you would like to write to 556 00:32:20,640 --> 00:32:23,360 Speaker 1: us about this or any other podcasts were history podcast 557 00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:25,160 Speaker 1: at I heart radio dot com and then we're all 558 00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:28,080 Speaker 1: over social media at missed in History. That is where 559 00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:31,600 Speaker 1: you will find our Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, and Instagram. And 560 00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:34,880 Speaker 1: you can also subscribe to our show on Apple, podcast, 561 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,480 Speaker 1: the I heart radio app, and anywhere else you get 562 00:32:37,480 --> 00:32:44,560 Speaker 1: your podcast. Stuff You Missed in History Class is a 563 00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:47,520 Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio's How Stuff Works. For more 564 00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:50,440 Speaker 1: podcasts for my heart Radio, visit the I heart radio app, 565 00:32:50,560 --> 00:32:53,640 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.