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Speaker 4: Hey Daniel, when you were growing up, when did you

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Speaker 4: first realize that the rest of the world was not

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Speaker 4: like the neighborhood you lived in?

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Speaker 1: Well, I grew up in Los Alamos, where I was

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Speaker 1: surrounded by people with PhDs, and now I live on

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Speaker 1: campus at UC Irvine also surrounded by people with PhDs.

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Speaker 1: Are you saying that's not typical?

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Speaker 4: First of all, I feel a little sad for you. Second,

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Speaker 4: I think maybe you need to travel more.

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Speaker 1: Hey, I mean I have lots of friends who don't

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Speaker 1: have PhDs like me.

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Speaker 4: You mean you do know I have a PhD.

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Speaker 1: Right Ooh that's true. Actually, well, I'm sure one of

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Speaker 1: my friends out there doesn't have a PhD in something.

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Speaker 4: Probably sometimes you have to leave your comfort zone to

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Speaker 4: discover what the rest of the world or the universe is. Like,

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Speaker 4: Hi am Poorge. I'm a cartoonist and the creator of

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Speaker 4: PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist by day and

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Speaker 1: a podcaster by night.

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Speaker 4: It makes it sound like you're a superhero. Like you,

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Speaker 4: you put on a costume and you go and fight

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Speaker 4: crime and discover things.

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Speaker 1: Wait, which is the alter ego and which is a superhero?

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Speaker 5: Ago?

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Speaker 1: Are you saying particle physicists are superheroes or podcasters?

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Speaker 4: Well, since I'm not a physicist, I would say the

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Speaker 4: podcasters are the superheroes.

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Speaker 1: That's right. By day, a boring, run of the mill

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Speaker 1: particle physicist, like the kind you meet at your grocery

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Speaker 1: store every day.

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Speaker 4: No more like during the day. You're a physicist, scientist,

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Speaker 4: super villain. Oh during night, then you try to fix

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Speaker 4: fix it by being a podcaster.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And I take off my glasses to reveal

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Speaker 1: my secret podcast identity.

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Speaker 4: Do you shave your beard every night?

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Speaker 1: Never? That is the source of my knowledge and inspiration?

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Speaker 4: Is this source of your power? Is this source of

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Speaker 4: a professor male professor's powers?

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Speaker 1: That's right? I am the Samsun of physics. Before I

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Speaker 1: grew this beard, I never achieved anything in science.

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Speaker 4: Oh man, what if you get a go tee? Does

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Speaker 4: that cut your productivity? You can half?

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Speaker 1: It's non linear.

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Speaker 4: Well, welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe,

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Speaker 4: a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we tackle all things about the universe that

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Speaker 1: are mysterious, that are amazing, that are bonkers, from how

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Speaker 1: the universe was formed, to how big is it? To

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Speaker 1: how old the Earth is, to whether or not your

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Speaker 1: facial hair determines your evil or innocence.

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Speaker 4: Yep, or whether it being a podcaster makes you a

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Speaker 4: superhero or not.

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Speaker 1: I think we all know the answer to that one.

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Speaker 4: But basically we talk about all the things that are

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Speaker 4: interesting and different and fascinating about our universe right especially

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Speaker 4: the things around us.

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Speaker 1: And we try to focus on the things that science

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Speaker 1: is asking right now, the questions in the minds of scientists.

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Speaker 1: We try to take you to the cutting edge of

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Speaker 1: current science and then deobscurify it. We don't use complicated

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Speaker 1: words like deobscurify. We try to make things clear and

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Speaker 1: understand it.

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Speaker 4: You just contradicted yourself there, I feeling. We try to

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Speaker 4: explain things in the simplest way possible, but when we

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Speaker 4: explain it are explaining we use the most complicated words possible.

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Speaker 1: Hey, this is Daniel and Jorge explain the universe, not

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explain the explaining.

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Speaker 4: And then welcome through a new podcast. Daniel and Jorge

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Speaker 4: explain Daniel and Jorge explain the universe.

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Speaker 1: That's right, the spinoff podcast exactly. I'm looking forward to

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Speaker 1: that one.

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Speaker 4: A lot of TV shows now have it like an

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Speaker 4: after show.

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Speaker 1: So that's the better off Saul of podcasts.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, let's talk Daniel and Jorge podcast.

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Speaker 1: I need to have somebody else on it though, where

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Speaker 1: they can ridicule all of our jokes. Nah, let's pretend

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Speaker 1: to be some other person.

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Speaker 4: Oh, there you go.

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Speaker 1: I'll be David and you'll be Girmo.

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Speaker 4: David and Jose, David and Jose.

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Speaker 1: Ridicule, Daniel and Juage.

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Speaker 4: All right, well, you know we talk about all the

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Speaker 4: things scientists want to.

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Speaker 6: Know and.

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Speaker 4: How they look at the universe as well. Right, Like,

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Speaker 4: you know, one way to look at the universe is

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Speaker 4: to compare it to the things around us.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And something we're always trying to do in

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Speaker 1: science is understand our context. Is understand where we live,

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Speaker 1: because hey, this is our planet and our solar system.

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Speaker 1: We like to know is the rest of you of

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Speaker 1: the universe similar to what we're finding around us or

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Speaker 1: is it totally different?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, because we like the Earth presumably, and it's pretty comfortable.

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Speaker 1: And I'm pro Earth, your proth it's pretty I'm taking

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Speaker 1: a controversial opinion here.

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Speaker 4: At night, you're pro Earth. Probably during the day you're

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Speaker 4: anti Earth.

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Speaker 1: Well, it's not like particle physicists threatened to destroy the

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Speaker 1: universe at any moment, so.

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Speaker 4: On purpose, right, on purpose?

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Speaker 1: Hey, intentions matter. Okay, I'm sure.

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Speaker 4: They matter once we're all made out of a dissolved particles.

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Speaker 1: No, but we want to understand the world around us,

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Speaker 1: and we want to understand if there are other worlds

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Speaker 1: out there, and we'd also just like to know is

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Speaker 1: the thing that we've been studying for the entire history

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Speaker 1: of science. Is it normal? Is it typical? Or are

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Speaker 1: we studying something which turns out to be really unusual

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Speaker 1: and that we can't generalize from to get sort of

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Speaker 1: deeper truths about the nature of the universe.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, we like the Earth, we like our solar system,

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Speaker 4: but is the rest of the universe like us?

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Speaker 1: And we're in an amazing moment in human history when

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Speaker 1: we're for the first time really getting glimpses for what

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Speaker 1: the rest of the universe looked like. You know, for

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Speaker 1: thousands of years, all we could see were other stars.

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Speaker 1: We didn't even know if there were other planets out there.

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Speaker 1: And then fairly recently in human history, thousands of years

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Speaker 1: ago we discovered that there are other planets out there.

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Speaker 1: And now super recently, just like twenty years ago, we've

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Speaker 1: begun seeing planets around other stars. So we can now

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Speaker 1: ask and answer this question people have been wondering about

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Speaker 1: four thousands and thousands of years.

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Speaker 4: So today on the podcast, we'll be asking the question

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Speaker 4: is our solar system weird or typical?

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Speaker 1: And either way we love it. Right, it's our solar system.

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Speaker 1: Whatever label you put on it, we like it. But

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Speaker 1: we're still curious. Is it sort of the odd ball

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Speaker 1: solar system it's the only one we've been studying for

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Speaker 1: a long time, or is it pretty typical?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, this is a really cool question. And because you know,

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Speaker 4: I think we grew we grew up in this solar system, right,

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Speaker 4: and we don't have We have no idea whether it's

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Speaker 4: every other solar system looks like this one, or whether

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Speaker 4: we're like this really weird, odd special gem or disaster,

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Speaker 4: depending on how things work out of a solar system.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's all we could have studied for the

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Speaker 1: longest time because our telescopes couldn't see any further, so

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Speaker 1: we were limited to only looking at our cosmic neighborhood,

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Speaker 1: to studying our planet and the ones nearby, And so

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Speaker 1: of course we were curious what else was out there

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Speaker 1: in the rest of the universe. But imagine if you'd

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Speaker 1: only lived in your hometown your whole life, and you'd

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Speaker 1: never received any news in the outside world, and so

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Speaker 1: you didn't know that people ate differently in other countries,

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Speaker 1: and people went to the bathroom differently in other countries,

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Speaker 1: and dressed differently and spoke differently. You imagined that everything

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Speaker 1: else in the world was sort of like your hometown.

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Speaker 1: That's where we are right now in science we're wondering

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Speaker 1: if those other solar systems are totally different or just

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Speaker 1: the same as ours.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, you're saying humanity sort of like those mirrorcats you've

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Speaker 4: seen documentaries. We were just finally sticking our head out

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Speaker 4: of the hole in the ground that we've been living

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Speaker 4: in and looking around this.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but we've been desperate to do it for a

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Speaker 1: long time, and we've only recently built a technology that's

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Speaker 1: let us see other solar systems and start to get

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Speaker 1: an answer to this question.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, because you know, I feel like most people just

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Speaker 4: assumed that the rest of the universe look like our

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Speaker 4: solar system and our planet, right, Like, if you look

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Speaker 4: at most science fiction TV shows and movies, you know,

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Speaker 4: everywhere they go, it sort of looks suspiciously like Earth.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And I think that's a failure of imagination, especially

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Speaker 1: on the part of science fiction. When you fly to

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Speaker 1: another planet and you know, hey, it has oxygen on

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Speaker 1: it and trees and hills and water that look just

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Speaker 1: like ours, and oh, people on it that look just

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Speaker 1: like ours, but their foreheads are slightly wrinkly. I think

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Speaker 1: that's a failure of imagination, but it's also sort of understandable,

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Speaker 1: because it's hard to imagine things totally different from anything

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Speaker 1: you've ever seen before. That's why good science fiction is rare.

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Speaker 4: Did you just insult all Star Trek and Star Wars.

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Speaker 1: That was supposed to be sort of like a subtweet?

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Speaker 1: Didn't mention it by name, but yeah, yeah.

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Speaker 4: And so the question is are those science fiction movies right?

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Speaker 4: Are Are there really other earths out there? Are other

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Speaker 4: solar systems like ours? Or are we unique in this universe?

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Speaker 4: And so, as usual, we were wondering how what people

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Speaker 4: thought about this question, whether people thought that we are unique,

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Speaker 4: or whether things are very different out there in the verse.

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Speaker 1: So I walked around campus and I asked random students

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Speaker 1: about other random solar systems. Think for a moment, do

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Speaker 1: you think other solar systems look like ours? Is our

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Speaker 1: solar system typical? Or is our solar system going to

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Speaker 1: turn out to be really weird? The galactic oddball.

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Speaker 4: Here's what people had to say.

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Speaker 1: From what I know, it's typical.

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Speaker 4: I mean depends what you say. Typical is considering there's

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Speaker 4: billions of stars, but it's not unusual.

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Speaker 3: No, I have no idea.

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Speaker 4: It's probably random. If there were gases on a planet

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Speaker 4: that were closer to the Sun or like star, maybe

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Speaker 4: they would like dissipate faster.

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Speaker 1: I think that it's random.

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Speaker 4: I think you say I do not know.

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Speaker 7: I think it's random, and I think it's going to

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Speaker 7: be different because our solar system it revolves around the Sun.

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Speaker 6: I think other systems are going to be different.

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Speaker 1: So what do you think of those answers?

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Speaker 4: Or pretty good? I thought. I felt like people had

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Speaker 4: a strong opinion about this topic. You know, everyone said

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Speaker 4: I think it's X. Nobody said I don't know, or

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Speaker 4: only a few people said I had no idea. But

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Speaker 4: a lot of people were like, I think I have

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Speaker 4: an opinion about this.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, given that nobody really knows the answer to this question,

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Speaker 1: I was a little surprised at the strength of people's opinions.

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Speaker 1: I mean, I often ask people questions and they go,

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Speaker 1: I have no idea quantum what. But this time people

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Speaker 1: had an opinion. And maybe that's just because people have

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Speaker 1: thought about this. They've wondered what other solar systems look like.

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Speaker 1: They've thought about traveling to the stars and walking on

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Speaker 1: those planets and wondered if they would be like ours.

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Speaker 4: I wonder if you would get different answers if you

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Speaker 4: caveat each time you ask these questions, if you caveat

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Speaker 4: them with Oh, and by the way, some of the

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Speaker 4: smartest people in the world don't know the answer to this.

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Speaker 1: That would be so much less fun.

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Speaker 4: Who would want to answer that? Nobody.

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Speaker 1: I love when people speculate. I love seeing them in

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Speaker 1: their minds sort of take this question on, sometimes for

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Speaker 1: the first time and formulate an answer. And my favorite

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Speaker 1: moments are when you can see somebody giving an answer

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Speaker 1: that sort of surprises themselves. They think about it, they

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Speaker 1: give an answer like, oh, I didn't realize I do

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Speaker 1: think that. That's fascinating.

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Speaker 4: It makes me wonder how much we actually think about

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Speaker 4: the things we say.

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Speaker 1: Sometimes I'm just listening to my own self talk and

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Speaker 1: I'm like, what did he just say?

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Speaker 4: So that's the question of the day. Is is our

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Speaker 4: solar system unique or is it pretty typical? And if

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Speaker 4: it's not typical, how different could it be out there?

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Speaker 1: And you should count yourself lucky to live in a

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Speaker 1: time when we will know the answer to this question.

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Speaker 1: Some of the greatest minds in history, Galileo Einstein, Newton,

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Speaker 1: even recent people like Richard Feynman, they looked up at

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Speaker 1: the stars and they wondered if other solar systems look

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Speaker 1: like ours. They all died not knowing the answer. All

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Speaker 1: you have to do is listen to this podcast.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, so you're welcome.

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Speaker 1: Are you taking credit for all the scientific discoveries? Thank you?

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Speaker 1: Or hey who personally built the Hubble space telescope with

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Speaker 1: his own hands?

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Speaker 4: I signed the back of it. I don't know if

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Speaker 4: anyone will ever.

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Speaker 1: You drew a doodle on it? Are you the official

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Speaker 1: cartoonist of the space telescope?

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Speaker 4: Technically you can prove that I didn't sign the back

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Speaker 4: of the Hubble telescope.

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Speaker 1: Oh I need another telescope trained on the space telescope

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Speaker 1: to see the back of it. I wonder if anybody

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Speaker 1: ever does that.

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Speaker 4: But yeah, so, yeah, it's an interesting question. I'm sure

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Speaker 4: a lot of people have asked before. So let's break

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Speaker 4: it down for people.

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Speaker 8: Daniel.

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Speaker 4: Let's talk about our solar system, and then let's talk

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Speaker 4: about what other solar system. Well, we know about other

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Speaker 4: solar systems out there.

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Speaker 1: Right, and our solar system is actually quite fascinating because

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Speaker 1: it has some sort of trends in it. And you

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Speaker 1: have to remember that all of our knowledge of solar

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Speaker 1: systems and how they're formed, all of our theories how

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Speaker 1: solar systems were built, have been developed over decades or

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Speaker 1: hundreds of years based on just this one example, our

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Speaker 1: solar system. So you know, we sort of tuned these

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Speaker 1: theories to describe what we've seen here, and now comes

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Speaker 1: the big test to see whether these theories going to

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Speaker 1: be applied and explained other solar.

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Speaker 4: Systems, right, because I think maybe people a lot of

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Speaker 4: people don't realize that we can't just up until very

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Speaker 4: very recently, and only just now barely, we haven't really

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Speaker 4: been able to like take a telescope pointed at another

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Speaker 4: star and see another solar system, right like it's up

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Speaker 4: until very very recently, it's been a complete mystery what

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Speaker 4: other solar systems look like.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, the first planet around another star was seen just

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Speaker 1: over twenty years ago, so it's a blip in human

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Speaker 1: history and even in scientific history. But even before we

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Speaker 1: talk about the other solar systems. Our Solar system is interesting,

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Speaker 1: like there are some weird trends in it. You know,

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Speaker 1: the first four planets in the Solar System are all

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Speaker 1: rocky planets. Planets basically come in two flavors, rocky or gassy.

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Speaker 1: That sounds like sounds like a bad ice cream shop.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, like like like what happens when I like those

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Speaker 4: internlar in person goes to an ice cream shop?

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Speaker 6: Yeah?

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Speaker 1: Well, the first four planets have surfaces on them, right,

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Speaker 1: You got Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These are basically

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Speaker 1: balls of rock and metal. And so we call those

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Speaker 1: rocky planets, and there's no gas planets in the inner

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Speaker 1: for Instead, you have the four rocky planets, then you

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Speaker 1: have the asteroid belt that we dug into in a

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Speaker 1: recent episode. And then after the asteroid belt, you got

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Speaker 1: the gas giants and the ice giants. You got Saturn,

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Speaker 1: You've got Jupiter, you got Urinus and Neptune, and those

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Speaker 1: are pretty different from the inner planets.

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Speaker 4: Is there a reason we don't have liquid planets or

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Speaker 4: like wet planets or like giant balls of a liquid

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Speaker 4: floating around.

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Speaker 1: Well, we can't have liquid planets in the far Solar System.

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Speaker 1: We have basically ice giants Urinus and Neptune. A huge

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Speaker 1: fraction of them is made of water, but it's frozen.

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Speaker 1: Of course, it's too cold out there. There is of

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Speaker 1: course water here on Earth. But could you have just

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Speaker 1: like an entire drop of water be a planet. That'd

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Speaker 1: be pretty amazing. I think the pressure from it would

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Speaker 1: probably crystallize the inside, so it basically become an ice

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Speaker 1: planet with a ocean around it.

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Speaker 4: Oh, kind of like a Europa or what's the wound that,

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Speaker 4: like a giant ocean.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Europa has a huge, actually thick crust of ice

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Speaker 1: on top and then a layer of water underneath, like

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Speaker 1: an ocean underneath, and then we don't know what's inside

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Speaker 1: of that. Yeah, so that's like an eminem sort of.

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Speaker 4: But as the reason we don't have liquid planets just

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Speaker 4: to depending on the elements that we have in our

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Speaker 4: solar system.

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Speaker 1: I don't think you could make a blob of liquid

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Speaker 1: water large enough stay liquid because the core of it

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Speaker 1: would just be too dense. It would form a solid.

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Speaker 4: By the time it got big enough to be called

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Speaker 4: the planet it would it would totally not be liquid.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, the gravitational pressure would make the inside of it

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Speaker 1: become a solid or something more dense, it wouldn't be

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Speaker 1: liquid anymore. Do you have this fantasy of swimming through

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Speaker 1: like a planet sized pool of water?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, the universe is biggest swimming pool. That would be

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Speaker 4: pretty cool.

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Speaker 1: Nothing but a huge drop of water the size of

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Speaker 1: the Earth and then a single diving board oings splash.

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Speaker 4: You're like, you think you have an infinity pool. I

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Speaker 4: have a planety universe infinity pool.

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Speaker 1: But no, we don't have any liquid planets in our

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Speaker 1: solar system. But hey, maybe you know, we'll find planets

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Speaker 1: in other solar systems that are liquids and they will

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Speaker 1: prove us wrong, and maybe liquid planets are possible, but

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Speaker 1: we don't happen to have any in our solar system. Instead,

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Speaker 1: we have four rocky planets, the asteroid belt, and then

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Speaker 1: the gas giants and the ice giants.

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Speaker 4: And you're saying, that's kind of funny in that it's

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Speaker 4: sort of like a pattern, Like it's four rocky asteroid

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Speaker 4: belt gas giants. It's not like rocky gas rocky gas

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Speaker 4: gas gas rocky.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it doesn't seem random. Here's a question from a listener, Camille,

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Speaker 1: who thought just the same thing.

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Speaker 8: Hello, Daniel, and on one of the recent episodes I

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Speaker 8: have listened to your show, which was all about the

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Speaker 8: asteroid Belt, you, Daniel mentioned that there must be a

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Speaker 8: reason why we have solid, rocky planets before the asteroid

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Speaker 8: belt and then only gas giants afterwards. But you never

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Speaker 8: got to answering this question, is there a reason that

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Speaker 8: we know?

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Speaker 6: Why?

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Speaker 1: Is it like this?

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Speaker 8: Did we see this kind of pattern around other sas

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Speaker 8: dying to know?

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Speaker 1: That's such a good point. Thank you Camille for sending

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Speaker 1: in that question. And every time you see a pattern,

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Speaker 1: you think maybe there's a reason and you want to

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Speaker 1: untangle that reason. Now, it's very dangerous when you're drawing

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Speaker 1: conclusions from one example. If you visit somebody's house and

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Speaker 1: they're like, oh, look their family is boy boy boy,

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Speaker 1: boy boy, girl, girl, girl, girl girl, you're going to

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Speaker 1: conclude there's a reason right that they all have younger

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Speaker 1: girls and older boys. But if you're only looking at

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Speaker 1: one house, you're going to be totally wrong.

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Speaker 4: That would be kind of impolite to ask Daniel. You're like,

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Speaker 4: did you guys tried? Are you doing something different?

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Speaker 6: You know?

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Speaker 1: When you you know you'd be desperate to know, though

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Speaker 1: you'd be super curious. And also there's lots of families

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Speaker 1: where it's like five boys and then a girl, and

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Speaker 1: you know that they were trying for a girl and

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Speaker 1: they finally got one and that's when they stopped having kids.

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Speaker 4: That's when they're like, we're closing shop. Yeah, so maybe

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Speaker 4: our solar system's close shop. After Neptune or Urinus.

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Speaker 1: We're done trying to make a liquid planet. It's not happening.

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Speaker 4: We're giving that's not happen. Sorry, we're trying to make

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Speaker 4: a giant swimming pool. But you know, it just hasn't happened.

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Speaker 1: That's right. The kids got to go swim somewhere else.

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Speaker 1: But so we do have some explanations we've cooked up,

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Speaker 1: but of course the proviso is, we don't know if

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Speaker 1: this works until we try to apply it to other

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Speaker 1: solar systems. And the basic idea is that you don't

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Speaker 1: get gas giants close into the Sun because the Sun

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Speaker 1: has all this radiation it's spewing out the solar wind,

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Speaker 1: and that basically blows out all the light elements, the hydrogen,

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Speaker 1: the helium, all this stuff you need to make a

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Speaker 1: gas giant. All the gas, it blows it away from

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Speaker 1: the Sun. So that's why you don't have gas giants

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Speaker 1: close up to the star.

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Speaker 4: It's kind of like a cloud if it gets too

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Speaker 4: close to the Sun, which is kind of ship upright.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and so that's sort of the explanation for why

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Speaker 1: you have rocky planets close in. And then in the

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Speaker 1: outer planets it's colder, and so instead of having liquid water,

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Speaker 1: you have ice, and then that ice helps the core

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Speaker 1: of the planet's form. You're like, you know, how does

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Speaker 1: the planet form? Anyway, you have the initial sort of

444
00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:02,080
Speaker 1: disk of stuff from that formed the whole Solar System,

445
00:21:02,280 --> 00:21:03,840
Speaker 1: and some of it is spinning and so it doesn't

446
00:21:03,880 --> 00:21:07,040
Speaker 1: fall into the star. And then the outer reaches, it's

447
00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:09,720
Speaker 1: cold enough that you have ice, and that helps accumulate

448
00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:13,240
Speaker 1: the gravity very slowly gather the stuff together. Because you

449
00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:15,440
Speaker 1: have ice out there, it can sort of add ice

450
00:21:15,520 --> 00:21:18,400
Speaker 1: to your basic planet core and they can get big

451
00:21:18,480 --> 00:21:22,000
Speaker 1: enough to suck up all the gas and the hydrogen

452
00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:24,640
Speaker 1: and the helium. Because remember hydrogen and helium is very light,

453
00:21:24,680 --> 00:21:26,600
Speaker 1: which means it's hard to hold on to. You need

454
00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:29,800
Speaker 1: a huge gravitational mass to attract that. So to make

455
00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:32,200
Speaker 1: a gas giant, you have to form a really big

456
00:21:32,280 --> 00:21:35,199
Speaker 1: core of some metals and some ice in order to

457
00:21:35,240 --> 00:21:37,080
Speaker 1: pull in the rest of the gas. And that can

458
00:21:37,160 --> 00:21:39,680
Speaker 1: only happen in the outer reaches of the solar system,

459
00:21:39,680 --> 00:21:42,080
Speaker 1: where you have ice. And so the reason you get

460
00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:45,000
Speaker 1: gas giants and the outer solar system is because that's

461
00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:47,520
Speaker 1: where the gas is and because that's where the ice

462
00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:50,919
Speaker 1: is to help pull those light gases together into a

463
00:21:50,920 --> 00:21:53,560
Speaker 1: gas giant. At least, that's our theory, and that's based

464
00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:55,520
Speaker 1: on just what we've observed.

465
00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:58,719
Speaker 4: All right, So that explains why our solar system looks

466
00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:01,280
Speaker 4: the way it does, why it's like rocky in the

467
00:22:01,280 --> 00:22:04,920
Speaker 4: middle and then gassy out there in the edges of it.

468
00:22:05,600 --> 00:22:07,920
Speaker 4: And so that's kind of the picture of our solar system.

469
00:22:07,960 --> 00:22:11,720
Speaker 4: We have a yellow sun, some rocky planets, some asteroids,

470
00:22:11,760 --> 00:22:16,400
Speaker 4: and then giant gas balls swirling around the edges of.

471
00:22:16,359 --> 00:22:19,440
Speaker 1: It, precisely. And remember, we've been aware of this for

472
00:22:19,480 --> 00:22:21,879
Speaker 1: decades and decades and decades, and so we had a

473
00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:24,600
Speaker 1: long time to cook up this model based on just

474
00:22:24,640 --> 00:22:28,480
Speaker 1: this one solar system. It's become very fine tuned and

475
00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:31,960
Speaker 1: very sort of baroque to explain exactly what we're seeing.

476
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:34,200
Speaker 1: And so now comes the test. Now we get to

477
00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:36,639
Speaker 1: apply it to other solar systems and see if it

478
00:22:36,680 --> 00:22:38,439
Speaker 1: also explains what we see out there.

479
00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:42,160
Speaker 4: Yeah, all right, so let's get into what other solar

480
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:45,399
Speaker 4: systems look like. But first let's take a quick break.

481
00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:52,879
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Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about how our solar system may

531
00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:34,440
Speaker 4: or may not be different than other solar systems out there,

532
00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:36,320
Speaker 4: and we know how we have a pretty good picture,

533
00:25:36,359 --> 00:25:39,040
Speaker 4: you're saying, of our solar system, and it's taken as

534
00:25:39,040 --> 00:25:40,520
Speaker 4: a well, but we kind of have a good idea

535
00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:43,800
Speaker 4: of how our solar system formed sort of and or

536
00:25:43,840 --> 00:25:46,960
Speaker 4: why it looks like rocky planets and then gas giants,

537
00:25:47,560 --> 00:25:50,560
Speaker 4: and so now the question is is this what other

538
00:25:50,600 --> 00:25:52,560
Speaker 4: solar systems look like like if I went to a

539
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:56,960
Speaker 4: nearby star, would i'd also see, you know, a similar sun,

540
00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:01,240
Speaker 4: similar rocky planets in the middle, and similar gas giants

541
00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:02,080
Speaker 4: on the edges.

542
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, so maybe we should start from the center, right

543
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:06,880
Speaker 1: from the star that is, of course, the easiest thing

544
00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:09,520
Speaker 1: to see. Our star is something we call a yellow dwarf.

545
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:11,879
Speaker 1: And it turns out that even our kind of star

546
00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:14,840
Speaker 1: is unusual. Only like ten percent of the stars in

547
00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:17,360
Speaker 1: our galaxy are yellow dwarfs. The rest are something else

548
00:26:17,359 --> 00:26:18,840
Speaker 1: we call a red dwarf.

549
00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:23,520
Speaker 4: And these names have to do with not just like

550
00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:25,639
Speaker 4: the size of the Sun, but also how old the

551
00:26:25,680 --> 00:26:26,600
Speaker 4: Sun is, right.

552
00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:29,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, they tell you something about where the Sun is

553
00:26:29,280 --> 00:26:31,560
Speaker 1: in its life cycle. And there's lots of different sort

554
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:34,679
Speaker 1: of paths that a sun can take depending on how

555
00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:37,240
Speaker 1: much mass it started with, And we had a whole

556
00:26:37,240 --> 00:26:40,600
Speaker 1: episode about stellar evolution, and based on the size that

557
00:26:40,640 --> 00:26:42,800
Speaker 1: the Sun started with, they will follow a certain path,

558
00:26:43,160 --> 00:26:45,400
Speaker 1: and so the name of the star tells you sort

559
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:47,480
Speaker 1: of which path it's on and sort of how far

560
00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:50,760
Speaker 1: along that path is. But most of the stars in

561
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,720
Speaker 1: our galaxy are red dwarfs, which mean that they're older

562
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:57,240
Speaker 1: than our sun and they're colder and they're smaller. So

563
00:26:57,240 --> 00:26:59,399
Speaker 1: if you want as much heat that we as we

564
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:01,439
Speaker 1: feel on Earth, you'd have to be closer to the

565
00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:03,240
Speaker 1: star than you would be to ours.

566
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:05,719
Speaker 4: So our sun is kind of as big for compared

567
00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:08,120
Speaker 4: to other stars in the universe. And it's also kind

568
00:27:08,160 --> 00:27:10,639
Speaker 4: of young, right, like I think we're sort of like

569
00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:12,200
Speaker 4: in the teenage years of our hunt.

570
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:14,920
Speaker 1: It's big compared to most of the stars in the galaxy.

571
00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:17,760
Speaker 1: Of course, there are other stars out there that totally dwarfit.

572
00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:21,520
Speaker 1: There are these huge giants out there that are fantastically

573
00:27:21,560 --> 00:27:24,520
Speaker 1: bigger than our star, but they're unusual. Most of the

574
00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:28,159
Speaker 1: stars in the galaxy are smaller and colder and older

575
00:27:28,160 --> 00:27:31,000
Speaker 1: than ours. And ours is also different in another really

576
00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:35,200
Speaker 1: fascinating way, in that it's by itself. Our star doesn't

577
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:38,199
Speaker 1: have a companion star. It's not like there's another star orbiting.

578
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:42,280
Speaker 1: It turns out most stars actually formed together to like

579
00:27:42,320 --> 00:27:43,240
Speaker 1: a pair of stars.

580
00:27:43,640 --> 00:27:47,920
Speaker 4: Right, So our son is all alone, or as Emma

581
00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:51,320
Speaker 4: Watson would sage, where our son is self partnered.

582
00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:55,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, our star is like the runaway teenage star. It's

583
00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:58,280
Speaker 1: all by itself in this lonely universe.

584
00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:01,880
Speaker 4: Of other stars in the universe are totally different than

585
00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:02,440
Speaker 4: our Sun.

586
00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:05,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, yeah, so right there. If you want to extrapolate

587
00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:07,840
Speaker 1: from our solar system to others, you have to be

588
00:28:07,880 --> 00:28:10,920
Speaker 1: careful because most solar systems have a very different kind

589
00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:12,840
Speaker 1: of star. And that doesn't mean it's going to be

590
00:28:12,880 --> 00:28:15,760
Speaker 1: a completely different solar system or that it's impossible to

591
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:17,640
Speaker 1: live there, but it means if you want the same

592
00:28:17,640 --> 00:28:20,040
Speaker 1: amount of heat, for example, you have to be closer up.

593
00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:23,680
Speaker 1: So the Goldilocks zone for these stars is smaller than

594
00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:24,520
Speaker 1: it is for our star.

595
00:28:25,080 --> 00:28:28,560
Speaker 4: The sun is colder, then you need to be closer

596
00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:31,520
Speaker 4: to it to be to have any life as we

597
00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:32,399
Speaker 4: know it here on Earth.

598
00:28:32,640 --> 00:28:35,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, to have liquid water on the surface, for example,

599
00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:38,240
Speaker 1: which is basically what you need to have life we

600
00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:41,840
Speaker 1: think life as we've defined it. Right, then you need

601
00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:44,040
Speaker 1: to be close enough to the star to get enough radiation,

602
00:28:44,320 --> 00:28:47,440
Speaker 1: and that would be closer to those smaller, colder stars

603
00:28:47,480 --> 00:28:48,120
Speaker 1: than to ours.

604
00:28:48,360 --> 00:28:50,680
Speaker 4: And so ninety percent of stars are different out there,

605
00:28:50,840 --> 00:28:52,800
Speaker 4: which means that if you are in another planet, in

606
00:28:52,840 --> 00:28:55,560
Speaker 4: another solar system, you know ninety percent of the time,

607
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:57,840
Speaker 4: it's not going to look like it looks like here.

608
00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:02,120
Speaker 4: It's not going to look like a bright yellow, you know.

609
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:06,040
Speaker 1: Sun, Yeah, and be a little redder and a little colder.

610
00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:08,640
Speaker 4: It sounds like maybe in a lot of or most

611
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:10,920
Speaker 4: solar systems out there, it would look like in Star

612
00:29:10,960 --> 00:29:12,960
Speaker 4: Wars where they see two sons in the horizon.

613
00:29:13,160 --> 00:29:16,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, most of them have companions, and those aren't necessarily

614
00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:19,280
Speaker 1: super close together. Sometimes the companions can be kind of

615
00:29:19,320 --> 00:29:23,080
Speaker 1: far apart. But yeah, most stars have another star pretty

616
00:29:23,080 --> 00:29:25,719
Speaker 1: close by and they're orbiting each other. But ours is

617
00:29:25,760 --> 00:29:30,160
Speaker 1: by itself, and that's more unusual than typical. So already

618
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:32,480
Speaker 1: our star is unusual in two ways, and that it's

619
00:29:32,520 --> 00:29:34,560
Speaker 1: by itself, and that it's a yellow dwarf.

620
00:29:34,800 --> 00:29:38,320
Speaker 4: So already our solar system is pretty odd compared to

621
00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:41,640
Speaker 4: the universe. Well, now let's talk about the Earth. Is

622
00:29:41,840 --> 00:29:44,920
Speaker 4: a planet like Planet Earth, the weird to have in

623
00:29:44,920 --> 00:29:47,120
Speaker 4: a solar system out there? Or is it pretty common?

624
00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:49,479
Speaker 1: It turns out that the most common planet to have

625
00:29:49,720 --> 00:29:51,920
Speaker 1: in one of these solar systems is not the Earth.

626
00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:56,120
Speaker 1: It's something called a super Earth. It's a rocky planet

627
00:29:56,120 --> 00:29:59,400
Speaker 1: that's like ten or fifteen times bigger than the Earth.

628
00:30:00,080 --> 00:30:03,440
Speaker 1: And they categorize these planets in other solar systems by

629
00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:06,560
Speaker 1: giving them names relative to our planets like define the

630
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:08,880
Speaker 1: various categories, So like you have an Earth planet or

631
00:30:08,880 --> 00:30:11,600
Speaker 1: a super Earth up till you know, ten or fifteen

632
00:30:11,640 --> 00:30:13,719
Speaker 1: times the Earth. Anything bigger than that, they call it

633
00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:17,320
Speaker 1: like a mini Neptune. So that's the names of these categories.

634
00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:20,960
Speaker 1: And most solar systems have a super Earth. It's the

635
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,960
Speaker 1: most common planet out there. Now, you'll notice we don't

636
00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:26,400
Speaker 1: have a super Earth. There's no planet in our solar

637
00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:29,200
Speaker 1: system that's a rocky planet that's like ten times the

638
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:29,920
Speaker 1: size of Earth.

639
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:33,280
Speaker 4: Is Earth the biggest rocky planet in our solar system?

640
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:35,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, the Earth and Venus. Venus is almost as big

641
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:38,760
Speaker 1: as the Earth. Mars and Mercury are much smaller, and

642
00:30:38,840 --> 00:30:41,040
Speaker 1: so the Earth is the biggest rocky planet in our

643
00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:43,720
Speaker 1: solar system. But most solar systems you would find one

644
00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:45,800
Speaker 1: that's like ten or fifteen times.

645
00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:48,040
Speaker 4: Bigger, bigger in terms of like the radius or like

646
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,000
Speaker 4: the you know, the weight of it.

647
00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:52,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, ten times the mass, which doesn't quite correspond to

648
00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:55,080
Speaker 1: ten times the radius because you know, there's some nonlinear

649
00:30:55,120 --> 00:30:57,760
Speaker 1: effects there, but it's a lot more stuff, right, So

650
00:30:58,560 --> 00:31:02,240
Speaker 1: ten times as many rocks came together to form a planet,

651
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:04,360
Speaker 1: and so we don't really know what that means. This

652
00:31:04,400 --> 00:31:06,680
Speaker 1: is something we've only recently figured out. We don't know

653
00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:09,160
Speaker 1: if that means that the distribution of rocks in our

654
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,040
Speaker 1: solar system was different when it formed, or maybe there

655
00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:13,920
Speaker 1: was a super big planet but it got broken up.

656
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:16,760
Speaker 1: We don't really know. Is this just random that we

657
00:31:16,840 --> 00:31:19,480
Speaker 1: got unlucky, or is there some important reason for why

658
00:31:19,480 --> 00:31:21,720
Speaker 1: our solar system looks different in this important way.

659
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:24,040
Speaker 4: We just don't know, So that if there are scientists

660
00:31:24,080 --> 00:31:26,280
Speaker 4: on those other earths, they would probably say that we

661
00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:27,320
Speaker 4: live in mini Earth.

662
00:31:29,440 --> 00:31:31,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, they would say, hey, look at this weird solar

663
00:31:31,240 --> 00:31:34,040
Speaker 1: system we found. It has only many rocky planets.

664
00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:37,920
Speaker 4: How cute. Look at those tiny little planets, Baby Earth's

665
00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:41,959
Speaker 4: look at those tiny little people with tiny heads. Not

666
00:31:42,040 --> 00:31:44,880
Speaker 4: only is our solar system weird in that our Sun

667
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,280
Speaker 4: is weird, but also our Earth is really weird. So

668
00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:51,120
Speaker 4: most earths out there are much much bigger.

669
00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:53,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, and some solar systems we found out there just

670
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:56,760
Speaker 1: have more planets sort of tucked in close to the Sun.

671
00:31:57,400 --> 00:31:59,720
Speaker 1: Like we found this one solar system it's called the

672
00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:04,920
Speaker 1: Trackapist System. It has seven planets within six million miles

673
00:32:04,960 --> 00:32:07,880
Speaker 1: of their Sun. I remember, the Earth is like ninety

674
00:32:07,960 --> 00:32:11,800
Speaker 1: million miles from our Sun. So they have seven planets

675
00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:14,320
Speaker 1: tucked in like around the distance that mercury is.

676
00:32:15,280 --> 00:32:18,040
Speaker 4: Wow, just spinning around like crazy.

677
00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:20,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, I'm just spinning around like crazy. So most of

678
00:32:20,640 --> 00:32:23,920
Speaker 1: the solar systems we've seen have more planets close to

679
00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:26,840
Speaker 1: the Sun than ours. Now, this is hard to know.

680
00:32:27,040 --> 00:32:29,680
Speaker 1: It might be that there's a bias here because it's

681
00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:32,000
Speaker 1: harder to see planets that are far from the Sun

682
00:32:32,720 --> 00:32:34,920
Speaker 1: because the way we observe them, remember, is we see

683
00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:37,520
Speaker 1: planets like passing in front of the Sun, and if

684
00:32:37,520 --> 00:32:39,920
Speaker 1: a planet is going around the Sun every one hundred years,

685
00:32:39,960 --> 00:32:42,200
Speaker 1: it just doesn't pass in front of the Sun is often.

686
00:32:42,440 --> 00:32:45,040
Speaker 1: So it's easier for us to see planets that are

687
00:32:45,080 --> 00:32:47,520
Speaker 1: close to their Sun. So it might be that there's

688
00:32:47,520 --> 00:32:50,040
Speaker 1: a bias there that we're finding the weird ones first.

689
00:32:50,520 --> 00:32:52,520
Speaker 1: But they don't think so. They think they've counted for

690
00:32:52,560 --> 00:32:54,560
Speaker 1: that effect and they think it's still real that the

691
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:57,040
Speaker 1: average solar system out there has more planets close to

692
00:32:57,080 --> 00:32:58,040
Speaker 1: the Sun than ours.

693
00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:03,280
Speaker 4: Interesting, so the average solar system out there is busier.

694
00:33:03,040 --> 00:33:04,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, especially close in.

695
00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:06,480
Speaker 4: Like more I guess more concentrated.

696
00:33:06,720 --> 00:33:09,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's like a traffic jam every day. All day.

697
00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:14,520
Speaker 4: For the for eternity literally.

698
00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:17,000
Speaker 1: Yeah. But on the other hand, it means it's not

699
00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:19,240
Speaker 1: as hard to get from planet to planet like your

700
00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:21,600
Speaker 1: neighboring planet is more like a neighbor, you know, you

701
00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:24,080
Speaker 1: could jump from planet to planet. It wouldn't take hundreds

702
00:33:24,120 --> 00:33:25,920
Speaker 1: of days like it would take for us to get

703
00:33:26,120 --> 00:33:27,880
Speaker 1: from Earth to Mars. You could get to the next

704
00:33:27,880 --> 00:33:29,720
Speaker 1: planet in you know, just a few days.

705
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:33,440
Speaker 4: Right, and maybe even more dangerous to write, because all

706
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:35,920
Speaker 4: those planets that close together, they some of them could

707
00:33:36,080 --> 00:33:37,760
Speaker 4: crash into each other, right.

708
00:33:37,840 --> 00:33:40,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, and they can also affect each other's orbits.

709
00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:40,360
Speaker 4: Right.

710
00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:43,520
Speaker 1: Planets are big, and remember these planets are not tiny things,

711
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:46,320
Speaker 1: and so they can tweak each other's orbits. There's lots

712
00:33:46,360 --> 00:33:50,480
Speaker 1: more weird gravitational interactions, and we've also seen that we've

713
00:33:50,480 --> 00:33:53,400
Speaker 1: seen that a lot of these solar systems have weird orbits.

714
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:56,400
Speaker 1: Like in our Solar system, things are very neatly laid out,

715
00:33:56,760 --> 00:33:59,760
Speaker 1: like the planets are sort of equally spaced, and everything

716
00:33:59,880 --> 00:34:03,000
Speaker 1: is separated, and everything is mostly flat in a single

717
00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:07,680
Speaker 1: plane and pretty circular, though not completely. But other solar systems,

718
00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:10,719
Speaker 1: the orbits we're seeing are really eccentric. They're much less

719
00:34:10,719 --> 00:34:13,440
Speaker 1: circular some of them. Like there's one, for example, I

720
00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:16,359
Speaker 1: looked up and it goes from being just a few

721
00:34:16,360 --> 00:34:18,960
Speaker 1: million miles of it's from its star on one side

722
00:34:19,080 --> 00:34:22,120
Speaker 1: to two hundred million miles on the other, so like

723
00:34:22,200 --> 00:34:25,160
Speaker 1: it's super close and then whizzes out really far away.

724
00:34:25,160 --> 00:34:29,000
Speaker 4: Right, Because orbits can be not just circular or oval shape,

725
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,719
Speaker 4: they can also be kind of off center from the Sun,

726
00:34:31,920 --> 00:34:34,719
Speaker 4: kind of like comets have these weird elliptical orbits that

727
00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:36,839
Speaker 4: are like go really far out and then come back

728
00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:37,920
Speaker 4: in really close.

729
00:34:37,960 --> 00:34:40,120
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, And comets don't have to be sort of

730
00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:42,520
Speaker 1: on the plane of the planets. And what we're seeing

731
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:44,839
Speaker 1: is that other solar systems don't always have the same

732
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:48,120
Speaker 1: orderly plane that the planets are all on different planes.

733
00:34:48,480 --> 00:34:49,920
Speaker 1: And we don't know what that means. We don't know,

734
00:34:50,040 --> 00:34:52,040
Speaker 1: like is that typical and our solar system is just

735
00:34:52,120 --> 00:34:56,080
Speaker 1: kind of weirdly randomly well ordered, or maybe something happened

736
00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:58,359
Speaker 1: in those solar systems there were some collisions because everything

737
00:34:58,440 --> 00:35:00,720
Speaker 1: was so crowded in, and they got ugged and thrown

738
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:02,640
Speaker 1: off into weird orbits. We just don't know.

739
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:05,719
Speaker 4: I feel like we're getting more and more into the

740
00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:09,560
Speaker 4: idea that maybe our Solar system is really weird. It's like,

741
00:35:09,600 --> 00:35:11,799
Speaker 4: we have a weird Sun and a weird Earth, and

742
00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:15,040
Speaker 4: a weird, weird arrangement of planets and a weird orbit.

743
00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:16,480
Speaker 4: It's like, it's just.

744
00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:19,000
Speaker 1: Right, yeah, and we're like that kid that went to

745
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,000
Speaker 1: school for the first time and discovered that his family

746
00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:23,880
Speaker 1: is really really weird. Nobody else eats peanut butter and

747
00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:27,040
Speaker 1: pickle sandwiches for lunch and dresses in that weird way

748
00:35:27,120 --> 00:35:29,600
Speaker 1: or whatever. And the other thing that I find really

749
00:35:29,640 --> 00:35:32,560
Speaker 1: fascinating is that, you know, in our Solar system we

750
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:34,719
Speaker 1: have all the gas giants on the outside. We thought

751
00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:37,080
Speaker 1: we had an explanation for that, that the gas was

752
00:35:37,120 --> 00:35:39,600
Speaker 1: blown out by the solar wind. But in other solar

753
00:35:39,640 --> 00:35:42,360
Speaker 1: systems we find in these planets we call hot jupiters,

754
00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:46,479
Speaker 1: big gas giants that are close to their stars, close

755
00:35:46,560 --> 00:35:47,320
Speaker 1: enough to be hot.

756
00:35:47,680 --> 00:35:48,960
Speaker 4: Right, they're trending.

757
00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:53,960
Speaker 1: Exactly, they're viral jupiters. No, But for example, there's a

758
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:56,880
Speaker 1: system I won't pronounce the name because it's just letters

759
00:35:56,880 --> 00:35:59,680
Speaker 1: and numbers, but there's a Jupiter sized planet that's so

760
00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:02,799
Speaker 1: close to its star it orbits every two days.

761
00:36:03,160 --> 00:36:06,360
Speaker 4: What it's whipping around the Sun every two days.

762
00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:09,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, but it's the size of Jupiter, And so people wonder, like,

763
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:12,840
Speaker 1: how did this planet form. There's not enough gas in

764
00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:15,400
Speaker 1: our understanding in the center of the Solar system to

765
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:19,040
Speaker 1: form a gas giant. The gas either fell into the

766
00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:21,960
Speaker 1: Sun to form the star or got blown out by

767
00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:24,200
Speaker 1: that star into the outer reaches of those solar systems.

768
00:36:24,239 --> 00:36:26,959
Speaker 1: So how do you make a hot Jupiter If.

769
00:36:26,880 --> 00:36:29,319
Speaker 4: It's just a cloud of gas. Wouldn't it just kind of,

770
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:31,920
Speaker 4: you know, whipping around that fast, wouldn't it just kind

771
00:36:31,920 --> 00:36:36,520
Speaker 4: of break apart or dissolve or smear? But no, it's

772
00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:38,080
Speaker 4: somehow spinning around every two days.

773
00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:40,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, and maybe it has a really strong magnetic field

774
00:36:40,400 --> 00:36:42,600
Speaker 1: which helps protect it from the solar radiation and the

775
00:36:42,640 --> 00:36:45,319
Speaker 1: solar wind from blowing it apart. We don't know. And

776
00:36:45,480 --> 00:36:47,680
Speaker 1: one idea is that maybe it did form on the

777
00:36:47,719 --> 00:36:50,080
Speaker 1: outer reaches of that solar system, but then sort of

778
00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:53,040
Speaker 1: moved up, like bumped the other planets out of the

779
00:36:53,040 --> 00:36:55,799
Speaker 1: way to get closer to the Sun. This could happen, right,

780
00:36:55,840 --> 00:36:57,400
Speaker 1: Planets can change orders.

781
00:36:57,760 --> 00:37:01,920
Speaker 4: Wow, So you're basically saying that, like our nice, orderly

782
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:04,960
Speaker 4: Solar system with the rocky planets first, and our gas

783
00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:08,759
Speaker 4: giants out there is maybe not even typical either, Like

784
00:37:08,840 --> 00:37:11,879
Speaker 4: that sort of arrangement. You can have gas giants close

785
00:37:11,920 --> 00:37:14,920
Speaker 4: to the Sun and you could probably have rocky planets

786
00:37:15,040 --> 00:37:15,479
Speaker 4: out there.

787
00:37:15,719 --> 00:37:18,640
Speaker 1: Yeah, we have seen hot Jupiters. We've seen solar systems

788
00:37:18,760 --> 00:37:21,040
Speaker 1: with gas giants close to the Sun, and in some

789
00:37:21,080 --> 00:37:24,040
Speaker 1: of these it does look like maybe they did migrate

790
00:37:24,120 --> 00:37:26,840
Speaker 1: in from the outside, because we don't see like a

791
00:37:26,880 --> 00:37:30,440
Speaker 1: lot of other inner planets nearby. What would happen if Jupiter,

792
00:37:30,520 --> 00:37:34,000
Speaker 1: for example, moved in and tried to take over Venus's orbit. Well,

793
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:36,960
Speaker 1: Earth and Mars and Venus and Mercury, we were probably

794
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:39,680
Speaker 1: a tossed out of the Solar system by Jupiter's gravity,

795
00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,920
Speaker 1: and that's what we see in these solar systems with

796
00:37:41,920 --> 00:37:43,640
Speaker 1: a hot Jupiter. We don't see a lot of other

797
00:37:43,719 --> 00:37:46,520
Speaker 1: inner planets, so we think maybe, you know, the big

798
00:37:46,560 --> 00:37:49,160
Speaker 1: gas giant bully came in and cleared out the playground,

799
00:37:49,560 --> 00:37:49,919
Speaker 1: all right.

800
00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:51,719
Speaker 4: So yeah, there's a lot of ways in which our

801
00:37:51,760 --> 00:37:54,480
Speaker 4: Solar system is weird, right in terms of the Sun,

802
00:37:54,600 --> 00:37:57,399
Speaker 4: the Earth, and the gas giants. And so now let's

803
00:37:57,480 --> 00:38:01,240
Speaker 4: talk about some of the ideas that scientists have about

804
00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:04,400
Speaker 4: whether solar systems all formed the same way, or whether

805
00:38:05,840 --> 00:38:09,279
Speaker 4: are somehow made it into this special configuration for a

806
00:38:09,280 --> 00:38:11,720
Speaker 4: special reason. First, let's take a quick break.

807
00:38:16,280 --> 00:38:18,080
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

808
00:38:18,200 --> 00:38:21,320
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

809
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:25,440
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

810
00:38:25,480 --> 00:38:28,080
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

811
00:38:28,120 --> 00:38:32,400
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

812
00:38:32,440 --> 00:38:35,040
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

813
00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:37,400
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

814
00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:41,680
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

815
00:38:41,719 --> 00:38:44,799
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

816
00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:48,319
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

817
00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:51,160
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

818
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:54,960
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

819
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:58,920
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820
00:38:58,920 --> 00:39:01,000
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

821
00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:03,040
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

822
00:39:03,120 --> 00:39:05,799
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

823
00:39:05,840 --> 00:39:09,359
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient dense

824
00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:12,160
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

825
00:39:12,280 --> 00:39:15,080
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

826
00:39:15,239 --> 00:39:18,880
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Speaker 4: Great, So, let's talk about what idea scientists have to

856
00:40:57,000 --> 00:41:00,879
Speaker 4: explain all these weird types of solar systems, Like why

857
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:04,319
Speaker 4: is ours different? How do other solar systems form? What's

858
00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:08,480
Speaker 4: the sort of prevailing theory about how solar systems are made?

859
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:11,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, So the theory we had for a long time

860
00:41:11,640 --> 00:41:13,759
Speaker 1: before we saw all these other solar systems, we call

861
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:17,120
Speaker 1: that the core accretion theory, and it basically says you

862
00:41:17,160 --> 00:41:19,680
Speaker 1: start from a big rotating blob of gas and dust

863
00:41:19,760 --> 00:41:22,799
Speaker 1: and some ice, and the star forms and the rest

864
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:25,720
Speaker 1: of it you get you accrete the cores of these planets.

865
00:41:25,719 --> 00:41:28,480
Speaker 1: That just means that like the biggest rock that happens

866
00:41:28,520 --> 00:41:31,000
Speaker 1: to be out there gathers up other rocks around it,

867
00:41:31,239 --> 00:41:33,520
Speaker 1: and they form and they gather more stuff until you

868
00:41:33,560 --> 00:41:36,399
Speaker 1: get stuff big enough stuff to make a planet. That's

869
00:41:36,440 --> 00:41:38,680
Speaker 1: how we explain how you get Jupiter. For example, You

870
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:41,000
Speaker 1: gathered together a bunch of rocks and ice, and that

871
00:41:41,080 --> 00:41:42,160
Speaker 1: sucks up all the gas.

872
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:44,960
Speaker 4: Also, stuff was just floating around and then they just

873
00:41:45,040 --> 00:41:49,480
Speaker 4: because of gravity, just formed into planets. Yeah, like condensation almost.

874
00:41:49,520 --> 00:41:51,920
Speaker 1: And one thing that people have always wondered about that

875
00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:54,000
Speaker 1: theory that they didn't really like is that it takes

876
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,200
Speaker 1: a long time. I mean, gravity is really weak, and

877
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,600
Speaker 1: we're talking about when you start, you're tugging on really

878
00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:02,480
Speaker 1: small bits, you know, bits of gas and bits of

879
00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:04,920
Speaker 1: dust and tiny little pebbles. So it's going to take

880
00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:08,160
Speaker 1: a long time to make Jupiter out of bits of sand, right,

881
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:11,120
Speaker 1: And they worry that it takes so long to form

882
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:13,720
Speaker 1: the core this you know, the dust and the ice

883
00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:16,200
Speaker 1: that by then all the gas will just have floated

884
00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:18,520
Speaker 1: away or been blown away by the solar wind. So

885
00:42:18,520 --> 00:42:21,080
Speaker 1: there's always been this bit of tension, like how do

886
00:42:21,120 --> 00:42:23,960
Speaker 1: you get these planets to form soon enough that they

887
00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:27,640
Speaker 1: can gather any of that less leftover gas. So that's

888
00:42:27,640 --> 00:42:29,640
Speaker 1: the old idea and the sort of the concerns people

889
00:42:29,680 --> 00:42:31,439
Speaker 1: have with it. And now that we've seen these other

890
00:42:31,480 --> 00:42:34,440
Speaker 1: solar systems, they're wondering, well, maybe we need new ideas.

891
00:42:34,440 --> 00:42:36,800
Speaker 1: And so there is a new idea on the block.

892
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:39,879
Speaker 4: Oh, I see, because this idea that solar systems kind

893
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:44,800
Speaker 4: of form slowly might explain may not even explain ours.

894
00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:47,800
Speaker 4: But looking at other solar systems, we're like, whoa, whoa, whoa.

895
00:42:47,840 --> 00:42:49,560
Speaker 4: We don't really have a good idea about how solar

896
00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:51,680
Speaker 4: systems form because whatever we come up with has to

897
00:42:51,719 --> 00:42:54,320
Speaker 4: work for all of these other solar systems.

898
00:42:54,680 --> 00:42:56,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, and you know you need inspiration in science. And

899
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:00,160
Speaker 1: so this old idea was inspired by this one example. Well,

900
00:43:00,160 --> 00:43:02,440
Speaker 1: now that we've seen these other examples, it sort of

901
00:43:02,480 --> 00:43:05,040
Speaker 1: stretches us in the right way to come up with

902
00:43:05,120 --> 00:43:07,480
Speaker 1: new ideas for how you could explain these examples. And

903
00:43:07,520 --> 00:43:09,799
Speaker 1: so one of these new ideas is called the disk

904
00:43:09,880 --> 00:43:13,440
Speaker 1: instability model. That idea is basically that when the Solar

905
00:43:13,440 --> 00:43:15,600
Speaker 1: System formed, you have this disc, but it wasn't like

906
00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:19,399
Speaker 1: a nice, calm, smooth disc that was slowly formed from

907
00:43:19,400 --> 00:43:21,480
Speaker 1: the rotating blob, but that there was still a lot

908
00:43:21,480 --> 00:43:23,239
Speaker 1: of sort of stuff going on. There's a lot of

909
00:43:23,360 --> 00:43:27,200
Speaker 1: action there, and that these instabilities, this action inside the

910
00:43:27,280 --> 00:43:29,640
Speaker 1: disc might be a way to get these planets to

911
00:43:29,680 --> 00:43:32,680
Speaker 1: form sooner and also for them to form closer to

912
00:43:32,719 --> 00:43:33,400
Speaker 1: their stars.

913
00:43:33,640 --> 00:43:36,120
Speaker 4: Way, what do you mean disk instability? Like there's something

914
00:43:36,880 --> 00:43:40,760
Speaker 4: extra special going on that makes Jupiters and weird planets

915
00:43:40,800 --> 00:43:41,000
Speaker 4: like that.

916
00:43:41,560 --> 00:43:41,759
Speaker 9: Yeah.

917
00:43:41,880 --> 00:43:43,279
Speaker 1: If the model you have in your head is sort

918
00:43:43,320 --> 00:43:46,719
Speaker 1: of like a giant, stately cloud which is slowly rotating

919
00:43:46,880 --> 00:43:50,399
Speaker 1: and then gradually gathering together into a flat disc, that's

920
00:43:50,440 --> 00:43:52,560
Speaker 1: the core accretion model. It assumes that everything is sort

921
00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:55,520
Speaker 1: of very smoothly flowing. But if instead it's a bit

922
00:43:55,520 --> 00:43:57,879
Speaker 1: more turbulent, if there's a little bit more chaos in there,

923
00:43:58,080 --> 00:44:00,560
Speaker 1: you know, it's more like a storm and it's being

924
00:44:00,640 --> 00:44:02,839
Speaker 1: squeezed by gravity a little bit, but there's still sort

925
00:44:02,880 --> 00:44:05,319
Speaker 1: of stuff going on inside of it. That stuff, that

926
00:44:05,520 --> 00:44:08,080
Speaker 1: energy can be used to sort of collide stuff together

927
00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:12,640
Speaker 1: and make and from those instabilities form gravitational cores that

928
00:44:12,719 --> 00:44:14,600
Speaker 1: can gather stuff more rapidly.

929
00:44:14,880 --> 00:44:18,959
Speaker 4: Oh, and that would explain our solar systems or sort

930
00:44:18,960 --> 00:44:20,360
Speaker 4: of all solar systems.

931
00:44:20,480 --> 00:44:22,759
Speaker 1: Well, it's not a very popular model yet and it's

932
00:44:22,840 --> 00:44:26,040
Speaker 1: very fresh, but it might explain how our solar system

933
00:44:26,120 --> 00:44:29,920
Speaker 1: got gas giants because it unless you form planets more rapidly.

934
00:44:30,040 --> 00:44:32,160
Speaker 1: And it also might explain how you were able to

935
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:35,239
Speaker 1: form gas giants close to the star, because you could

936
00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:37,920
Speaker 1: form them quickly enough that you could form them before

937
00:44:37,960 --> 00:44:40,719
Speaker 1: all the gas was blown away by the Sun. But

938
00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:43,480
Speaker 1: still it's a very fresh model and it hasn't gained

939
00:44:43,480 --> 00:44:44,799
Speaker 1: wide acceptance yet, so.

940
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:47,719
Speaker 4: It could be like, maybe it's just like the way

941
00:44:47,760 --> 00:44:50,680
Speaker 4: solar systems form is just this very chaotic process, and

942
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:53,920
Speaker 4: sometimes you get solar systems like ours, and sometimes you

943
00:44:53,960 --> 00:44:55,440
Speaker 4: get totally different solar systems.

944
00:44:55,680 --> 00:44:59,920
Speaker 1: Yeah, precisely. And the other idea is about planetary migration.

945
00:45:00,160 --> 00:45:03,319
Speaker 1: People think that maybe it's not unusual for planets to

946
00:45:03,360 --> 00:45:05,920
Speaker 1: sort of tug each other out of orbit and switch spots,

947
00:45:06,280 --> 00:45:09,439
Speaker 1: you know, to take each other's seats, And there's even

948
00:45:09,480 --> 00:45:12,080
Speaker 1: the idea that it could have happened in our solar system.

949
00:45:12,560 --> 00:45:15,400
Speaker 1: People think that maybe Yeah, people think that maybe Saturn

950
00:45:15,440 --> 00:45:19,080
Speaker 1: and Jupiter used to have an opposite order, and there

951
00:45:19,120 --> 00:45:22,200
Speaker 1: was another planet out there, a big ice giant, and

952
00:45:22,239 --> 00:45:24,360
Speaker 1: the three of them are sort of in this chaotic

953
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:27,320
Speaker 1: bumping of each other, and they switched Saturn in, Jupiter

954
00:45:27,400 --> 00:45:29,600
Speaker 1: switched and tossed the other planet sort of out to

955
00:45:29,640 --> 00:45:31,840
Speaker 1: the far reaches of the Solar System. And we just

956
00:45:31,880 --> 00:45:34,640
Speaker 1: did a whole episode about planet nine that could explain

957
00:45:34,680 --> 00:45:37,000
Speaker 1: like why planet nine is so far out there.

958
00:45:37,080 --> 00:45:40,560
Speaker 4: So, yeah, you're saying that even if you form a

959
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:44,480
Speaker 4: solar system, it can still change. You can still switch

960
00:45:44,520 --> 00:45:46,799
Speaker 4: it around and change the structure of it, even when

961
00:45:46,840 --> 00:45:49,080
Speaker 4: it's sort of stable and floating along.

962
00:45:49,440 --> 00:45:52,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that means something interesting for our Solar System.

963
00:45:52,440 --> 00:45:54,400
Speaker 1: It could be in the future if you went away

964
00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:57,040
Speaker 1: on a spaceship for a billion years and came back,

965
00:45:57,400 --> 00:45:59,240
Speaker 1: that you could come back and find the Solar System

966
00:45:59,239 --> 00:46:01,839
Speaker 1: looking quite different. Right right, Jupiter might have moved in

967
00:46:01,880 --> 00:46:04,839
Speaker 1: on Mercury's territory and become hot and tossed out all

968
00:46:04,840 --> 00:46:06,880
Speaker 1: the other planets. We just don't know. We don't know

969
00:46:06,880 --> 00:46:10,520
Speaker 1: if this configuration is stable on billions year time scales.

970
00:46:10,880 --> 00:46:12,560
Speaker 4: That would be pretty cool. If you left for a

971
00:46:12,640 --> 00:46:14,480
Speaker 4: few million years and then came back and you're like,

972
00:46:14,560 --> 00:46:16,680
Speaker 4: what happened to my house? Remodeled?

973
00:46:16,920 --> 00:46:18,919
Speaker 1: Just like everybody who goes away to college and comes

974
00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:21,600
Speaker 1: back up to Thanksgiving and like, hey, everything looks different.

975
00:46:22,560 --> 00:46:26,919
Speaker 4: You turned my plan into a workout room. All right, Well,

976
00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:31,960
Speaker 4: it sounds like our solar system is not It is weird,

977
00:46:32,200 --> 00:46:34,400
Speaker 4: that's the answer to today's question. It is kind of

978
00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:37,879
Speaker 4: weird in that, you know, our Sun is single and

979
00:46:38,080 --> 00:46:43,600
Speaker 4: hot and young, and we apparently live on a mini earth.

980
00:46:43,840 --> 00:46:44,879
Speaker 1: A not super earth.

981
00:46:45,320 --> 00:46:47,880
Speaker 4: And it's also weird that we have all of our

982
00:46:47,920 --> 00:46:51,359
Speaker 4: gas giants out there floating out there far away from

983
00:46:51,360 --> 00:46:53,719
Speaker 4: the Sun. And so it is just sounds like it

984
00:46:53,760 --> 00:46:55,920
Speaker 4: is sort of a special case our solar system, Like

985
00:46:55,920 --> 00:46:58,440
Speaker 4: if we go to other solar systems, we should be

986
00:46:58,480 --> 00:47:01,320
Speaker 4: prepared to see things that are very different.

987
00:47:01,719 --> 00:47:03,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and I'm so glad that that's the answer. It

988
00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:06,000
Speaker 1: would be so boring if we discovered every solar system

989
00:47:06,080 --> 00:47:08,360
Speaker 1: looked like ours, and that the idea we have for

990
00:47:08,440 --> 00:47:11,160
Speaker 1: how the solar system formed was pretty much bang on.

991
00:47:11,640 --> 00:47:13,600
Speaker 1: It's exactly what you hope for in science that once

992
00:47:13,640 --> 00:47:16,320
Speaker 1: you open up new eyeballs or build bigger eyeballs that

993
00:47:16,360 --> 00:47:18,640
Speaker 1: you see, surprises that you learn, things that things that

994
00:47:18,920 --> 00:47:21,640
Speaker 1: shake up your ideas for how our home and our

995
00:47:21,640 --> 00:47:24,359
Speaker 1: solar system have been made. And maybe it gives us

996
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:27,160
Speaker 1: a bit of a special appreciation for this particular little

997
00:47:27,360 --> 00:47:29,160
Speaker 1: cute mini earth we find ourselves on.

998
00:47:29,440 --> 00:47:31,960
Speaker 4: Yeah, maybe you'll go to another solar system and everybody

999
00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:33,279
Speaker 4: will have two PhDs.

1000
00:47:33,560 --> 00:47:38,440
Speaker 1: She'd be like, what the Bruce Banner solar system?

1001
00:47:38,520 --> 00:47:40,880
Speaker 4: All right, Well, we hope you the next time you

1002
00:47:40,880 --> 00:47:43,840
Speaker 4: think about your planet or the solar system we're in,

1003
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:46,319
Speaker 4: you sort of think about how special it is and

1004
00:47:46,360 --> 00:47:49,120
Speaker 4: how weird it is, and how unique it is out

1005
00:47:49,120 --> 00:47:50,200
Speaker 4: there in the universe.

1006
00:47:50,520 --> 00:47:52,799
Speaker 1: And in five years or twenty years or fifty years,

1007
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:56,080
Speaker 1: we could find even more weird, surprising solar systems out

1008
00:47:56,080 --> 00:47:58,600
Speaker 1: there that challenge our very concept of what.

1009
00:47:58,480 --> 00:48:01,600
Speaker 4: The universe looks like. Yeah, so stay tuned and keep

1010
00:48:01,640 --> 00:48:04,600
Speaker 4: funding science. Thanks for tuning in, See you next time.

1011
00:48:12,360 --> 00:48:14,680
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

1012
00:48:14,719 --> 00:48:17,960
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

1013
00:48:17,960 --> 00:48:20,440
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

1014
00:48:20,480 --> 00:48:24,160
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or

1015
00:48:24,280 --> 00:48:28,600
Speaker 1: email us at Feedback at Danielandhorge dot Com. Thanks for

1016
00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:31,560
Speaker 1: listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe

1017
00:48:31,640 --> 00:48:36,000
Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio,

1018
00:48:36,120 --> 00:48:40,320
Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen

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