1 00:00:01,080 --> 00:00:04,360 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from house 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:12,799 Speaker 1: stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:12,880 --> 00:00:16,640 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry, I'm Tracy V. Wilson Fan. I'm willing 4 00:00:16,640 --> 00:00:19,000 Speaker 1: to bet Tracy that when you hear the term or robots, 5 00:00:20,360 --> 00:00:24,360 Speaker 1: you think of things like Honda's Asimo or the I 6 00:00:24,560 --> 00:00:27,440 Speaker 1: Robot roomba that might tutor around the house tidying up floors. 7 00:00:27,640 --> 00:00:33,360 Speaker 1: I think of the bad Robot TV placard, Yeah, from 8 00:00:33,440 --> 00:00:37,720 Speaker 1: J J. Abrams production company. Um, but they were actually 9 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:42,559 Speaker 1: way long before check playright. Carol Kapok coined the term 10 00:00:42,600 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: robot in his Are You Are, which did for Rassam's 11 00:00:46,200 --> 00:00:51,080 Speaker 1: Universal Robots. Uh, there were mechanized creations automata that we're 12 00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:55,120 Speaker 1: being created without electronics or computers, and many were, you know, 13 00:00:55,240 --> 00:00:58,440 Speaker 1: fairly simple, but they really paved the way for robots 14 00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:02,040 Speaker 1: of today. So if you do a search for first 15 00:01:02,120 --> 00:01:05,759 Speaker 1: robot or earliest robot online, you're probably going to find 16 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:10,440 Speaker 1: all kinds of different conflicting answers. Some of them are philosophical, 17 00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:14,800 Speaker 1: some of them are mythological, and some of them are religious. Uh. 18 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:18,959 Speaker 1: We know that clockwork devices go back many, many, many years, 19 00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:22,639 Speaker 1: but most historians on the subject are not really eager 20 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:27,000 Speaker 1: to pinpoint which exact one was first. Yeah, there's there 21 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:30,640 Speaker 1: are too many possible answers, because there are some mythological 22 00:01:30,640 --> 00:01:36,000 Speaker 1: ones that aren't necessarily supported with hard evidence. Those ones, 23 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:38,160 Speaker 1: they're a little bit tricky. Some people even refer to 24 00:01:38,240 --> 00:01:41,160 Speaker 1: like the biblical story of creation as kind of a 25 00:01:41,240 --> 00:01:47,920 Speaker 1: first um, almost robotics experiment sort of thing. Uh so there, 26 00:01:47,960 --> 00:01:49,760 Speaker 1: it's really hard. I mean, you get into a big 27 00:01:49,800 --> 00:01:51,840 Speaker 1: philosophical debate with people if you say this was the 28 00:01:51,840 --> 00:01:54,560 Speaker 1: first robot we know about for sure, because you're like, 29 00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:57,800 Speaker 1: there's some other options. Yeah, so you don't want to 30 00:01:57,800 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 1: do that. Some of them are so far back in 31 00:01:59,720 --> 00:02:04,800 Speaker 1: his that this substantiation for them is just not add clear, right, 32 00:02:05,600 --> 00:02:08,000 Speaker 1: And we're gonna look back at the early history of 33 00:02:08,040 --> 00:02:12,320 Speaker 1: mechanized beings and clockworks and steampowered mini marvels, So you're 34 00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:14,519 Speaker 1: not gonna hear us talk about the DARPA big dog 35 00:02:14,600 --> 00:02:18,040 Speaker 1: or the Mars curiosity rover. We're going incredibly old school 36 00:02:18,040 --> 00:02:21,120 Speaker 1: with this list, so nothing past the late seventeen hundreds, 37 00:02:21,160 --> 00:02:23,560 Speaker 1: and we have just selected five for the sake of 38 00:02:23,600 --> 00:02:26,120 Speaker 1: podcast length. But of course that means leaves out many 39 00:02:26,120 --> 00:02:29,240 Speaker 1: many others, because there really are many more examples of 40 00:02:29,280 --> 00:02:32,280 Speaker 1: this than I think many people realize. So think of 41 00:02:32,320 --> 00:02:35,320 Speaker 1: this as just a sampling of some of mankind's ventures 42 00:02:35,320 --> 00:02:39,680 Speaker 1: into automated beings. And really I'm telling a fib when 43 00:02:39,720 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: I say it's five, it's sort of five instances, but 44 00:02:42,080 --> 00:02:45,320 Speaker 1: some of them feature more than one. Yes, automota. So 45 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,400 Speaker 1: it's going to be fun. We're fudging our numbers, We're 46 00:02:48,400 --> 00:02:51,680 Speaker 1: doing it with a good heart. Yes uh. And we're 47 00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:57,639 Speaker 1: going to start with one that is not easily substantiated. 48 00:02:57,680 --> 00:03:00,560 Speaker 1: We're going off of one text, but it's important, and 49 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:03,919 Speaker 1: that's Yan Cheese Automated Man. So the first one is 50 00:03:03,919 --> 00:03:07,240 Speaker 1: in China. The reference to it can be found in 51 00:03:07,240 --> 00:03:10,800 Speaker 1: a third century b c E. Taoist text, and the 52 00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:13,480 Speaker 1: course of this text, a story is told of Kingmu 53 00:03:13,600 --> 00:03:17,880 Speaker 1: of Chow, who reigned from nine to b c. E. 54 00:03:18,960 --> 00:03:22,639 Speaker 1: In it, this so called artifice their presents an automated 55 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:25,720 Speaker 1: man to the king and his book Science and Civilization 56 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: in China, Volume two, writer Joseph Needham quotes a translated 57 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:33,400 Speaker 1: text about this autuma time, and in his quote he 58 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:36,880 Speaker 1: says the king stared at the figure in astonishment. It 59 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:40,080 Speaker 1: walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, 60 00:03:40,160 --> 00:03:42,280 Speaker 1: so that anyone would have taken it for a live 61 00:03:42,360 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 1: human being. The artificer touched its chin, and it began 62 00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:49,200 Speaker 1: singing perfectly in tune. He touched its hand, and it 63 00:03:49,240 --> 00:03:53,600 Speaker 1: began posturing, keeping perfect time. As the performance was drawing 64 00:03:53,640 --> 00:03:55,720 Speaker 1: to an end, the robot winked its eye and made 65 00:03:55,720 --> 00:03:59,000 Speaker 1: advances to the ladies in attendance, whereupon the king became 66 00:03:59,040 --> 00:04:02,200 Speaker 1: incensed and would have had young she executed on the spot, 67 00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: had not the latter, in mortal fear, instantly taken the 68 00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: robot to pieces to let him see what it really was, 69 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:11,440 Speaker 1: and indeed, it turned out to be only a construction 70 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:15,920 Speaker 1: of leather, wood, glue, and lacquer, variously colored white, black, red, 71 00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:19,200 Speaker 1: and blue. Examining it closely, the king found all the 72 00:04:19,240 --> 00:04:25,200 Speaker 1: internal organs complete, liver, gall heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach 73 00:04:25,240 --> 00:04:29,559 Speaker 1: and intestines. And over these again muscles, bones and limbs 74 00:04:29,640 --> 00:04:33,560 Speaker 1: with their joints, skin, teeth, and hair, all of them artificial. 75 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:36,480 Speaker 1: The king tried the effect of taking away the heart, 76 00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:39,240 Speaker 1: and found that the mouth could no longer speak. He 77 00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:41,680 Speaker 1: took away the liver and the eyes could no longer see. 78 00:04:41,960 --> 00:04:44,039 Speaker 1: He took away the kidneys and the legs lost their 79 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:48,400 Speaker 1: power of locomotion. The king was delighted. So, and that's 80 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:51,039 Speaker 1: an often referred to text when people talk about the 81 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:55,239 Speaker 1: history of robots. And we don't have evident heart evidence 82 00:04:55,279 --> 00:04:58,039 Speaker 1: of this automaton, but it's significant that it would have 83 00:04:58,080 --> 00:05:00,960 Speaker 1: been mentioned in a historical Taoist text that refers back 84 00:05:01,279 --> 00:05:05,520 Speaker 1: seven hundred years. Uh. It evidences this fascination with mechanical 85 00:05:05,560 --> 00:05:10,040 Speaker 1: beings going way way way back into ancient history so early. Yeah, 86 00:05:10,080 --> 00:05:11,960 Speaker 1: I would be delighted too if I were the king, 87 00:05:12,800 --> 00:05:16,720 Speaker 1: who would not. Uh. So that's our first one, and 88 00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:19,760 Speaker 1: the second one is a little more recent than that. 89 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:25,880 Speaker 1: This one was a pigeon created by Archiitis of Tarentum 90 00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:30,039 Speaker 1: and Archaetis was born around BC in a Greek controlled 91 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:33,240 Speaker 1: territory that's now part of southern Italy. He was a 92 00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:37,480 Speaker 1: very accomplished man. He was a philosopher, a mathematician, an astronomer, 93 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:41,440 Speaker 1: a statesman, and a commander in chief. And sometimes he 94 00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:44,880 Speaker 1: gets called the father of mechanics. He said to be 95 00:05:44,960 --> 00:05:48,960 Speaker 1: the most advanced of the Pythagorean mathematicians, and he classified 96 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: mathematics into four divisions, geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music. He 97 00:05:53,880 --> 00:05:58,320 Speaker 1: was really influential in his time, and Archidis also influenced 98 00:05:58,320 --> 00:06:01,479 Speaker 1: the work of Plato and Toddle. In fact, he said 99 00:06:01,520 --> 00:06:05,520 Speaker 1: to have rescued Plato from Dionysius the Second. But historians 100 00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:07,839 Speaker 1: are generally pretty quick to point out that the relationship 101 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:11,120 Speaker 1: between Plato and Architis was a complex one. It was 102 00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:15,760 Speaker 1: pretty complicated. They had similar stances on many philosophical issues, 103 00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:19,720 Speaker 1: but they also had some pretty obvious disagreements. But for 104 00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:23,120 Speaker 1: today's interest, the accomplishment of Architis that's the most relevant 105 00:06:23,640 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: is a mechanical bird. This bird, which he called simply 106 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:30,039 Speaker 1: the pigeon, was suspended at the end of a pivoting bar. 107 00:06:30,800 --> 00:06:33,880 Speaker 1: It moved in revolutions around the bar, either using a 108 00:06:33,960 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: jet of steam or compressed air. And while the bird, 109 00:06:37,120 --> 00:06:39,760 Speaker 1: which was created somewhere between four hundred and three fifty 110 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:43,080 Speaker 1: b C. Is often listed as a footnote to Architis's 111 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:45,839 Speaker 1: body of work, it's really important to remember that he 112 00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:49,320 Speaker 1: built this mechanism more than two thousand years ago, So 113 00:06:49,360 --> 00:06:53,600 Speaker 1: it was this very simple little robotic pigeon. Yes, some 114 00:06:53,640 --> 00:06:55,880 Speaker 1: people point to it as the first robot and recorded 115 00:06:55,960 --> 00:06:59,159 Speaker 1: history but as we mentioned earlier, and it's a claim 116 00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:01,599 Speaker 1: that a lot of people are just not willing to 117 00:07:01,720 --> 00:07:06,240 Speaker 1: make for sure about any of these. And now there's 118 00:07:06,320 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: kind of a big jump to our next one, because 119 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:11,560 Speaker 1: we are getting to Da Vinci, who many people know 120 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:15,680 Speaker 1: was really interested in mechanics. Uh. And so Leonardo was 121 00:07:15,720 --> 00:07:18,400 Speaker 1: born in April of fourtift two. He's one of history's 122 00:07:18,440 --> 00:07:21,160 Speaker 1: most famous men. So we all know his famous paintings 123 00:07:21,200 --> 00:07:23,360 Speaker 1: like the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa, and his 124 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:25,560 Speaker 1: drawings of these Truvian man So he's not really a 125 00:07:25,600 --> 00:07:30,200 Speaker 1: mystery to anyone who has even a passing knowledge of history. 126 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: Late in his life, in fifteen fifteen, he created this 127 00:07:33,440 --> 00:07:38,040 Speaker 1: automatal lion, allegedly to present to King France. At first, 128 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:41,200 Speaker 1: the faux feline was said to have walked forward toward 129 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:44,320 Speaker 1: the king, opened up its chest and revealed a cluster 130 00:07:44,480 --> 00:07:48,320 Speaker 1: of lilies. And while there's some lack of specificity about 131 00:07:48,440 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: the original lion uh and Leonardo did not leave any 132 00:07:51,720 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: sketches of it, he did make detailed sketches of the 133 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:57,720 Speaker 1: mechanisms that he likely used in its construction, and he 134 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: left some notes as well. And in two thousand nine, 135 00:08:01,040 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: Renato Boretto, a master builder of automata, use those sketches 136 00:08:05,800 --> 00:08:08,480 Speaker 1: and da Vinci's notes and he actually recreated the lion. 137 00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:13,840 Speaker 1: It's really really interesting to watch. You can find video 138 00:08:13,960 --> 00:08:15,840 Speaker 1: of it online and will link to some of it. 139 00:08:16,800 --> 00:08:19,320 Speaker 1: You know, it's kind of sobering to watch this sample 140 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:23,720 Speaker 1: of robotics that's based on early fifteen hundreds ingenuity, because 141 00:08:23,800 --> 00:08:26,360 Speaker 1: it's still a pretty impressive piece today. To see this, 142 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:29,560 Speaker 1: it almost looks like a giant toy. It's life size, 143 00:08:30,120 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: but it's you know, carved, so it doesn't look like 144 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:35,840 Speaker 1: a real lion, but it just it moves along and 145 00:08:35,880 --> 00:08:38,040 Speaker 1: it kind of has wheels and its feet and it 146 00:08:38,160 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: rolls as its legs move along the floor, and it 147 00:08:40,880 --> 00:08:43,880 Speaker 1: tilts its head side to side, and it's kind of 148 00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:46,440 Speaker 1: mind blowing to me to think that that was designed 149 00:08:47,360 --> 00:08:52,199 Speaker 1: hundreds of years ago. Leonardo also designed a fully automated 150 00:08:52,280 --> 00:08:54,840 Speaker 1: man that was styled to look like an armored knight, 151 00:08:54,920 --> 00:08:57,400 Speaker 1: with a rope and gear mechanism to raise and move 152 00:08:57,440 --> 00:09:01,280 Speaker 1: the limbs, but there's no record of this actually being built. 153 00:09:01,880 --> 00:09:05,080 Speaker 1: Italian robotics historians have also constructed a machine based on 154 00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:08,440 Speaker 1: these designs. Yeah, it's um it can't do quite the 155 00:09:08,480 --> 00:09:11,199 Speaker 1: amount of moving on its own that the lion can, 156 00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:13,199 Speaker 1: which is why we focused on the lion for this one. 157 00:09:13,200 --> 00:09:15,800 Speaker 1: But I thought that the the armored man she cold 158 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:19,600 Speaker 1: at least to mention. And then we get to a 159 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:23,600 Speaker 1: couple of entries that are really really mind blowing. The 160 00:09:23,640 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: first is Kanson's flute player, and like I said, this 161 00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:29,120 Speaker 1: one is U kind of a two for it's not 162 00:09:29,160 --> 00:09:31,440 Speaker 1: really just the one. We're going to talk about his 163 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:35,800 Speaker 1: famous duck automaton as well, which when I have mentioned 164 00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:37,680 Speaker 1: to our colleagues that we were working on this podcast, 165 00:09:37,720 --> 00:09:40,760 Speaker 1: everyone asked about the duck and I just kind of shrug. 166 00:09:40,840 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 1: We'll get there. So Jacques de Vokinson was born in 167 00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 1: Grenoble on February seventeen o nine, and he was the 168 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:54,520 Speaker 1: youngest child of ten born to a glovemaker and a 169 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:57,520 Speaker 1: devout Catholic wife. And the story goes that Jacques was 170 00:09:57,559 --> 00:10:00,520 Speaker 1: obsessed with mechanical things at a very young age. Uh 171 00:10:00,520 --> 00:10:03,120 Speaker 1: he studied with the Jesuits as a youngster. He even 172 00:10:03,240 --> 00:10:06,240 Speaker 1: entered a monastery but the age of sixteen as a 173 00:10:06,320 --> 00:10:08,760 Speaker 1: means of supporting his scientific studies because at that point 174 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:11,560 Speaker 1: his father was gone and his mother couldn't really just 175 00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:15,560 Speaker 1: pay for him to play in his mechanized world. And 176 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:18,600 Speaker 1: then later in sight, he left the monastery to study 177 00:10:18,640 --> 00:10:22,480 Speaker 1: medicine and anatomy in Paris, and throughout his life of 178 00:10:22,480 --> 00:10:26,199 Speaker 1: Wilkinson was inspired by medical science, and his passion for 179 00:10:26,280 --> 00:10:29,680 Speaker 1: an insight into the workings of anatomy garnered him several 180 00:10:29,720 --> 00:10:33,040 Speaker 1: patrons that supported his work through the years. His most 181 00:10:33,160 --> 00:10:37,160 Speaker 1: famous automaton was a gold plated copper duck. And what 182 00:10:37,360 --> 00:10:40,080 Speaker 1: a duck it was. It could do many of the 183 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:42,880 Speaker 1: things real ducks could do. It could it could quack 184 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,440 Speaker 1: and drink water, and flap its wings and mimic the 185 00:10:46,559 --> 00:10:51,400 Speaker 1: digestive process, reminding me of many novelty items owned by 186 00:10:51,400 --> 00:10:54,600 Speaker 1: my grandfather. So yes, it's the famous pooping robot duck. 187 00:10:56,120 --> 00:10:59,800 Speaker 1: If everybody knows about uh, you know, it's one of 188 00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,200 Speaker 1: the like when you go, oh, ancient robots like pooping 189 00:11:02,280 --> 00:11:08,200 Speaker 1: robot duck. Right. Yes. In a letter written to the 190 00:11:08,240 --> 00:11:12,920 Speaker 1: Abbe de Fontaine, he wrote, my second machine or automaton 191 00:11:13,160 --> 00:11:16,000 Speaker 1: is a duck in which I represent the mechanism of 192 00:11:16,040 --> 00:11:19,560 Speaker 1: the intestines which are employed in the operations of eating, drinking, 193 00:11:19,600 --> 00:11:22,520 Speaker 1: and digestion, where in the working of all the parts 194 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:26,680 Speaker 1: necessary for these actions is exactly imitated. The duck stretches 195 00:11:26,720 --> 00:11:28,440 Speaker 1: out its neck to take corn out of your hand, 196 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:32,880 Speaker 1: It swallows it, digested and discharges it digested by the 197 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:36,400 Speaker 1: usual passage. And I feel compelled to know it didn't 198 00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:39,720 Speaker 1: actually digested it. There was no chemical breakdown of whatever 199 00:11:39,880 --> 00:11:42,000 Speaker 1: you handed it. You could hand it buttons and it 200 00:11:42,040 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: would those would pass through its automated little system. And 201 00:11:45,679 --> 00:11:47,960 Speaker 1: I think when modern ears here they think of it 202 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:50,640 Speaker 1: as this cookie novelty thing. But really he was trying 203 00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:56,880 Speaker 1: to represent a full um anatomical being. Like to him, 204 00:11:56,880 --> 00:12:00,280 Speaker 1: it was more about the science of and study of, 205 00:12:00,679 --> 00:12:03,959 Speaker 1: you know, biology than it was like, look, my duck poops. 206 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:06,480 Speaker 1: Not so much to be something you would buy in 207 00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:09,080 Speaker 1: the back of a spencer gift, but that duck was 208 00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:12,160 Speaker 1: actually created to boost attendance at an exhibit of another 209 00:12:12,320 --> 00:12:16,520 Speaker 1: of Vokinson's works, which was his Automatic Flute Player. The 210 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:19,960 Speaker 1: flute player was allegedly conceived in a fevered state while 211 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:23,960 Speaker 1: he was ill. A famous marble statue by sculptor Antoine 212 00:12:24,040 --> 00:12:27,319 Speaker 1: Koiservo was the inspiration for the shape of the figure, 213 00:12:27,960 --> 00:12:30,959 Speaker 1: although Wolkenson's version was made of wood and then painted 214 00:12:30,960 --> 00:12:34,280 Speaker 1: to look like marble. And this figure was five point 215 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: five feet tall, which is about one point seven meters. Uh. 216 00:12:38,840 --> 00:12:41,480 Speaker 1: And in the modern book Living Dolls the Magical History 217 00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:44,760 Speaker 1: of the Question Mechanical Life Gabby Wood rights of the 218 00:12:44,760 --> 00:12:48,880 Speaker 1: Mechanical Flute Player, nine bellows were attached to three separate 219 00:12:48,920 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 1: pipes that led into the chest of the figure. Each 220 00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:53,880 Speaker 1: set of three bellows was attached to a different weight 221 00:12:53,920 --> 00:12:56,520 Speaker 1: to give out varying degrees of air, and then all 222 00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:59,920 Speaker 1: pipes joined into a single one equivalent to a trachea, 223 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:02,520 Speaker 1: continuing up through the throat and widening to form the 224 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:05,640 Speaker 1: cavity of the mouth. The lips, which bore upon the 225 00:13:05,679 --> 00:13:08,120 Speaker 1: whole of the flute, could open and close and move 226 00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:11,880 Speaker 1: backwards or forwards. Inside the mouth was a movable metal 227 00:13:11,960 --> 00:13:16,679 Speaker 1: tongue which governed the airflow and created pauses. This automaton breathed, 228 00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:22,880 Speaker 1: which is cool. It's really cool. Um. It's an incredibly 229 00:13:23,440 --> 00:13:28,360 Speaker 1: complex design. And of course, uh, you know, the flute 230 00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:30,960 Speaker 1: is a hard instrument to play when you're an actual human. 231 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:35,560 Speaker 1: So he had to do something tricky. Yes, So, borrowing 232 00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,319 Speaker 1: from his family's roots, he gave the flute player's hands 233 00:13:38,320 --> 00:13:40,959 Speaker 1: a skin covering to mimic the soft touch that you 234 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:44,480 Speaker 1: need to play a flute. That's a tricky instrumental master 235 00:13:44,679 --> 00:13:48,960 Speaker 1: even for people, and his macanoid minstrel could play twelve 236 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:52,920 Speaker 1: different tunes. And this flute player went on display on 237 00:13:52,960 --> 00:13:56,360 Speaker 1: February eleventh of set eight, and the cost of entry 238 00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,199 Speaker 1: to see this marvel was roughly equivalent to a week's 239 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:03,040 Speaker 1: worth of wages for the average manual laborer. So this 240 00:14:03,080 --> 00:14:05,440 Speaker 1: was a serious money maker because people were paying that 241 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:08,560 Speaker 1: to go see it. I mean it was too fantastical 242 00:14:08,679 --> 00:14:12,679 Speaker 1: to skip, uh, which is why when the attendants fell off, 243 00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:15,360 Speaker 1: Vokinson added the duck to the exhibit, as well as 244 00:14:15,760 --> 00:14:18,680 Speaker 1: another piece called the Tambourine Player. In an effort to 245 00:14:18,679 --> 00:14:22,000 Speaker 1: bring audiences back and keep the money flowing. He sold 246 00:14:22,040 --> 00:14:26,000 Speaker 1: off his mechanical creations in one and at that point 247 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:30,120 Speaker 1: became Francis Inspector of silk manufacturer. His adventures in that 248 00:14:30,240 --> 00:14:32,880 Speaker 1: job could really be their own podcasts, they really could. 249 00:14:32,960 --> 00:14:36,680 Speaker 1: He really sort of revolutionized looms um. But the flute 250 00:14:36,680 --> 00:14:40,160 Speaker 1: player in the other automeda changed hands several times, and 251 00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:42,280 Speaker 1: the flute player was last seen in the possession of 252 00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:46,240 Speaker 1: Gottfried Christoph Barres, doctor to the Duke of Brunswick, and 253 00:14:46,280 --> 00:14:49,680 Speaker 1: then he disappeared from history. After the doctor's death, the 254 00:14:49,760 --> 00:14:53,440 Speaker 1: duck turned up a couple more times, and uh, there 255 00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:56,360 Speaker 1: are allegedly there are pictures of it or something that's 256 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 1: very much like it that you can find online. But 257 00:14:59,080 --> 00:15:01,320 Speaker 1: the flute player, we don't. We don't know where it landed, 258 00:15:01,640 --> 00:15:03,240 Speaker 1: which is a pity because I would really love to 259 00:15:03,240 --> 00:15:07,320 Speaker 1: see how that works. And then for our final entry 260 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:09,760 Speaker 1: in our list of five instances, there are actually three 261 00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:14,920 Speaker 1: pieces in this but uh, they're quite marvelous. Yes, they're 262 00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:18,040 Speaker 1: the work of Pierre Jacquedras, who was born on July 263 00:15:18,720 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 1: seventeen twenty one in Switzerland. His family was primarily involved 264 00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:27,640 Speaker 1: in two modes of employment, farming and watchmaking, and in 265 00:15:27,760 --> 00:15:31,800 Speaker 1: seventeen thirty eight Jacquedras opened up his own watch shop 266 00:15:31,880 --> 00:15:35,600 Speaker 1: in Le chad Defont, and initially he specialized in pendulum clocks, 267 00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:39,200 Speaker 1: but eventually he turned his attention to automated mechanisms and 268 00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:43,240 Speaker 1: eventually began to sell small automeda to a special clients. 269 00:15:43,960 --> 00:15:46,480 Speaker 1: I also feel like we should mentioned that he is 270 00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:48,920 Speaker 1: It's kind of a side note, but he's often credited 271 00:15:48,920 --> 00:15:51,200 Speaker 1: with creating a wristwatch. So he was very much into 272 00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:55,320 Speaker 1: shrinking mechanisms down, which plays into his work in Automeda. 273 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:59,160 Speaker 1: In seventeen seventy four, he and his son Henri Louis, 274 00:15:59,360 --> 00:16:02,440 Speaker 1: and a clock maker, Jean Frederick less Show presented their 275 00:16:02,480 --> 00:16:05,680 Speaker 1: three creations, which are still considered to be marvels of 276 00:16:05,720 --> 00:16:09,320 Speaker 1: mechanical engineering. The Musician is the first one, and it's 277 00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:12,320 Speaker 1: a female and um she plays an organ, and it's 278 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:14,840 Speaker 1: not an actual organ, it's a custom instrument that looks 279 00:16:14,840 --> 00:16:16,960 Speaker 1: like an organ, and she will bow at the end 280 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:20,920 Speaker 1: of her performances, and she plays five different tunes, and 281 00:16:20,960 --> 00:16:23,960 Speaker 1: the mechanical works are actually all concealed beneath her gown, 282 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:27,520 Speaker 1: but her fingers move super briskly and they tap along 283 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:31,200 Speaker 1: at the instrument's keys, and it's really quite something to watch. 284 00:16:32,120 --> 00:16:35,200 Speaker 1: The draftsman can draw floor pictures, and he'll also blow 285 00:16:35,280 --> 00:16:38,400 Speaker 1: dust and graphite off of this page. And the draftsman 286 00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:40,560 Speaker 1: looks more like a little boy, and he looks almost 287 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:43,800 Speaker 1: identical to the third one, which is an automaton that 288 00:16:43,880 --> 00:16:49,680 Speaker 1: people sort of hold in this extremely high regard because 289 00:16:49,680 --> 00:16:53,240 Speaker 1: it's really quite a marvel. It's called the Writer, and 290 00:16:53,320 --> 00:16:55,960 Speaker 1: it's um to my mind, and I think the mind 291 00:16:56,000 --> 00:16:59,800 Speaker 1: of many other others that study this subject. It's the 292 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:03,000 Speaker 1: most impressive of the three because he can write as 293 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:06,760 Speaker 1: many as forty letters in sequence, and because he has 294 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:09,240 Speaker 1: built with a series of coded gears in his back 295 00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:12,480 Speaker 1: that can be moved, he can actually be programmed to 296 00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:16,639 Speaker 1: write new sequences. His messages aren't static, uh, and he'll 297 00:17:16,840 --> 00:17:18,600 Speaker 1: dip his pen in an ink well so that it 298 00:17:18,800 --> 00:17:21,640 Speaker 1: needs to be refreshed whenever he writes, and he carefully 299 00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:24,320 Speaker 1: scrawls out the program message onto paper, and his eyes 300 00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:27,760 Speaker 1: actually follow his pen as he's working, which is sort 301 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:30,640 Speaker 1: of amazing and wonderful. The fact that this one can 302 00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:33,720 Speaker 1: be programmed to do different things would probably put him 303 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:39,119 Speaker 1: higher on the list in like the Nitpickers list of robots, 304 00:17:39,280 --> 00:17:43,560 Speaker 1: because one of in terms of today's terminology, one of 305 00:17:43,600 --> 00:17:46,800 Speaker 1: the hallmarks of robotics is that these are programmable things, 306 00:17:47,119 --> 00:17:49,640 Speaker 1: not just things that work on like a remote control 307 00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,640 Speaker 1: or some kind of teather Yeah. Uh. And Jacque Drows 308 00:17:52,640 --> 00:17:55,760 Speaker 1: would take these automota around with him on tour while 309 00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:58,479 Speaker 1: he was visiting wealthy families, and he would, you know, 310 00:17:58,560 --> 00:18:02,000 Speaker 1: have them do their little activities and show off and 311 00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,760 Speaker 1: then he would use those charms to sell his high 312 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:09,159 Speaker 1: end watches and smaller automoda to his elite clientele, and 313 00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:11,280 Speaker 1: he would also book them into hotel rooms and then 314 00:18:11,359 --> 00:18:13,640 Speaker 1: charge admission for people to just come and see them. 315 00:18:14,200 --> 00:18:18,920 Speaker 1: And the Jaque Drew's name is still famous for its watches. Um. 316 00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:21,720 Speaker 1: Just as Paul Pare, who we discussed in a previous podcast, 317 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:25,360 Speaker 1: brought branding into fashion houses, Jacquie Drews did a similar thing, 318 00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:27,760 Speaker 1: and he understood the idea of building a brand in 319 00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:32,880 Speaker 1: his industry, and his touring automoda were part of that brand. Today, 320 00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:35,760 Speaker 1: this trio lives in the Museum of Art and History 321 00:18:35,840 --> 00:18:38,480 Speaker 1: in Switzerland and they all still work, which is a 322 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:41,720 Speaker 1: testament to the extraordinary engineering and skill that went into 323 00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:44,080 Speaker 1: their creation. Yeah, those are other ones that you can 324 00:18:44,119 --> 00:18:47,680 Speaker 1: see lots of video footage of online. Uh, you know, 325 00:18:47,920 --> 00:18:51,760 Speaker 1: people carefully programming them. And I've noticed in some of 326 00:18:51,800 --> 00:18:56,760 Speaker 1: them the writer he's a little um squeaky. At some 327 00:18:56,840 --> 00:18:59,560 Speaker 1: point they have to scoot the paper along form a 328 00:18:59,600 --> 00:19:02,280 Speaker 1: little bit because the paper actually gets kind of moved 329 00:19:02,280 --> 00:19:05,440 Speaker 1: on this little um carrier that goes back and forth 330 00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:08,960 Speaker 1: underneath his hands. But generally he's still I mean they're 331 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,639 Speaker 1: all still in great working order and pretty amazing, and 332 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:14,520 Speaker 1: I feel like, um, we should mention as we wrap up, 333 00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:17,120 Speaker 1: we're not going to talk about this one, but uh, 334 00:19:17,320 --> 00:19:19,399 Speaker 1: I know people will ask why we didn't include it, 335 00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:24,919 Speaker 1: which is the katakuti ningio, which are Japanese automata uh 336 00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:29,679 Speaker 1: that are generally referenced from like sixteenth through early nineteenth century, 337 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:32,119 Speaker 1: And I really think they deserve their own podcasts, so 338 00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:34,720 Speaker 1: stay tuned. It would be weird to talk about robots 339 00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:36,320 Speaker 1: and not mentioned Japan at all, so I wanted to 340 00:19:36,320 --> 00:19:38,600 Speaker 1: make sure we at least pointed those out. Uh. They 341 00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:41,680 Speaker 1: also kind of go past the point in history where 342 00:19:41,720 --> 00:19:43,600 Speaker 1: we wanted to do the cut off, not so much 343 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:46,720 Speaker 1: the early. It's a little later than early. Some of 344 00:19:46,760 --> 00:19:49,280 Speaker 1: it's in this realm that I was talking about, but 345 00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:51,360 Speaker 1: it goes on a little bit further and there are 346 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,520 Speaker 1: many different types, and I feel like they just they 347 00:19:53,560 --> 00:19:56,840 Speaker 1: deserve their own whole little discussion because they're really quite amazing. 348 00:19:57,240 --> 00:19:59,880 Speaker 1: But uh, those are, like I said, a little sampling 349 00:20:00,040 --> 00:20:05,000 Speaker 1: of historical robotics and automata that I just I think 350 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:08,639 Speaker 1: it's sort of beautiful and wonderful that's going back these 351 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:12,560 Speaker 1: thousands of years. We've always been obsessed with creating sort 352 00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 1: of mechanized versions of ourselves and other natural elements of 353 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:18,280 Speaker 1: the world. And a lot of these remind me of 354 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:21,240 Speaker 1: stuff that happened much later, or things that that later 355 00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:24,560 Speaker 1: would not have been quite so impressive, like the Um 356 00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:27,399 Speaker 1: you look at the movie Hugo and the book that 357 00:20:27,440 --> 00:20:30,480 Speaker 1: it was based off of, like that was a much 358 00:20:30,520 --> 00:20:35,240 Speaker 1: more recent era of of clockworks and steam based things 359 00:20:35,359 --> 00:20:40,760 Speaker 1: and automata that could write things. Um, and this predates 360 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,440 Speaker 1: those sort of things by some hundreds of years. Yeah, 361 00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:49,600 Speaker 1: it's very very cool. So that's historical. Robots will hopefully 362 00:20:49,640 --> 00:20:51,639 Speaker 1: do more perhaps in the future, in addition of the 363 00:20:51,720 --> 00:20:55,240 Speaker 1: Japanese ones, because robots are awesome. They're really cool. I also, 364 00:20:55,320 --> 00:20:59,119 Speaker 1: as as we're reading this, I just like every description 365 00:20:59,480 --> 00:21:01,560 Speaker 1: sort of have ended with the sentence and then they 366 00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:03,399 Speaker 1: all came to life and the doctor had to come 367 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:08,119 Speaker 1: and save us, because that, along with the intriguing idea 368 00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:12,119 Speaker 1: of making mechanical life, is the idea of that going 369 00:21:12,240 --> 00:21:16,480 Speaker 1: horribly wrong in the human consciousness that they seem to Nope, 370 00:21:16,520 --> 00:21:19,199 Speaker 1: they all none of them came to like running, They 371 00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:22,119 Speaker 1: didn't take over the world. So let's take a moment 372 00:21:22,359 --> 00:21:27,199 Speaker 1: to have a word from our sponsor. You also have 373 00:21:27,280 --> 00:21:30,000 Speaker 1: some listener mail, do you. Indeed? This mail is from 374 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:34,040 Speaker 1: Elizabeth and it is yet another email about our podcast 375 00:21:34,040 --> 00:21:36,719 Speaker 1: on the domestication of cats. She's gotten a bunch of 376 00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:39,400 Speaker 1: and also lots of people sending cat pictures. Keep them 377 00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:41,760 Speaker 1: coming because I love that the cat pictures are really 378 00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,199 Speaker 1: brightening our listener in bar. They're so fun. Uh. And 379 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:48,040 Speaker 1: Elizabeth says, I really enjoyed your recent podcast about the 380 00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:51,520 Speaker 1: domestication of cats. I'm an evolutionary biologist, so I'm always 381 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:53,760 Speaker 1: super excited when you guys makes a little science in 382 00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:56,840 Speaker 1: with your history. The straight up history podcasts are awesome 383 00:21:56,840 --> 00:22:00,280 Speaker 1: as well as someone who works who were ras a 384 00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:02,840 Speaker 1: lot about wildlife conservation, though there was one point I 385 00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: wished you'd emphasized more. Cats may be fascinating animals and 386 00:22:06,640 --> 00:22:09,560 Speaker 1: wonderful pets, but the fact that humans have introduced these 387 00:22:09,560 --> 00:22:11,879 Speaker 1: deadly little predators all over the world has had a 388 00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:15,960 Speaker 1: devastating impact on wildlife. Domestic cats are implicated in the 389 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:18,720 Speaker 1: extinction of several bird species and are also a huge 390 00:22:18,720 --> 00:22:22,240 Speaker 1: threat to reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals. As much as 391 00:22:22,280 --> 00:22:24,560 Speaker 1: I empathize with cat owners desire to let their pets 392 00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: room outside. Even well fed domestic cats kill quite a 393 00:22:27,760 --> 00:22:30,640 Speaker 1: few wild animals. There's actually a project at the University 394 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:33,160 Speaker 1: of Georgia right in your backyard that seeks to quantify 395 00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:36,720 Speaker 1: this by attaching cameras to outdoor cats callers. Here's a 396 00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:38,920 Speaker 1: link to web comic about the project and what about 397 00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:41,480 Speaker 1: the project page itself, which we can also share with 398 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:44,280 Speaker 1: our listeners. If you guys ever touch on this or 399 00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:46,080 Speaker 1: a similar topic again, it would be great if you 400 00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:49,280 Speaker 1: could encourage fellow cat lovers to minimize their pets impact 401 00:22:49,359 --> 00:22:52,280 Speaker 1: on local wildlife by following some of the recommendations from 402 00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:55,760 Speaker 1: the Kittie Caams project. Thanks for letting me bother you 403 00:22:55,760 --> 00:22:58,760 Speaker 1: about this, and thanks for all the amazing podcasts. IU. 404 00:22:58,920 --> 00:23:00,800 Speaker 1: This is one of those things that I'm actually surprised 405 00:23:00,800 --> 00:23:02,760 Speaker 1: I didn't mention it either. Well, and I think the 406 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:06,760 Speaker 1: reason that I didn't mention it is that I sort 407 00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:09,080 Speaker 1: of take for granted that that people know should they 408 00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:11,439 Speaker 1: should keep their pets indoors, which I don't know why 409 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:13,200 Speaker 1: I would take that for granted, because I see cats 410 00:23:13,280 --> 00:23:17,080 Speaker 1: running around outside all the time. Yeah, not everybody feels 411 00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:19,320 Speaker 1: that way, and it can be a very divisive subject 412 00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:23,200 Speaker 1: if you bring it up among people that have cats. Yeah, 413 00:23:23,280 --> 00:23:26,200 Speaker 1: I mean I'm definitely like an indoor only cat owner, 414 00:23:26,359 --> 00:23:28,439 Speaker 1: me too, But I know lots of people feel like 415 00:23:28,480 --> 00:23:30,600 Speaker 1: it's not fair to the cats, and there there's a 416 00:23:30,720 --> 00:23:33,840 Speaker 1: debate to be had about it, um, but it really 417 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:39,120 Speaker 1: they really do have quite an impact on the natural 418 00:23:39,160 --> 00:23:42,000 Speaker 1: world outside when they go out, because they are predators, 419 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:44,920 Speaker 1: and even if, as Elizabeth mentions, even if they're well fed, 420 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:47,760 Speaker 1: that doesn't necessarily cut their prey drive down right. And 421 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,840 Speaker 1: my keeping my cats indoors is really motivated by my 422 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,880 Speaker 1: desire for their own safety. Yeah, more so than not 423 00:23:55,119 --> 00:23:57,920 Speaker 1: killing the birds and the reptiles and all those things. Yeah, 424 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:00,600 Speaker 1: I'm definitely a nervous nellie when it comes to that. 425 00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,280 Speaker 1: I don't know how people can let their cats just 426 00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:05,320 Speaker 1: go outside, because it's the very thought of it strikes 427 00:24:05,359 --> 00:24:07,520 Speaker 1: fear in my heart. Well, the cat that I grew 428 00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:10,639 Speaker 1: up with lived outdoors almost exclusively. She would come inside 429 00:24:10,640 --> 00:24:13,199 Speaker 1: and it was really cold some of those two. This 430 00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:19,399 Speaker 1: was also in you know, in a world. Yeah. Yeah, 431 00:24:19,760 --> 00:24:21,760 Speaker 1: she was terrified of the road. So that was the 432 00:24:21,840 --> 00:24:23,440 Speaker 1: thing that we didn't really have to worry. We didn't 433 00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:24,920 Speaker 1: have to worry about her being hit by a car 434 00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:27,800 Speaker 1: because she was absolutely terrified not go near it. No, 435 00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:31,200 Speaker 1: she would not. H Yeah, I mean, I know people 436 00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:33,800 Speaker 1: do worry that their cats won't get enough stimulation and play. 437 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,520 Speaker 1: And as she mentioned, there are some great resources that 438 00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:39,680 Speaker 1: are linked on the Kitty Camps website and those are 439 00:24:39,680 --> 00:24:42,720 Speaker 1: just fascinating pictures. I actually know a friend of a 440 00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:45,120 Speaker 1: friend was one of the people whose cats was used 441 00:24:45,160 --> 00:24:47,000 Speaker 1: in that study, and I think she was pretty shocked 442 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:51,000 Speaker 1: when she saw some of the images that told the 443 00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:53,120 Speaker 1: story of where her cat would go during the day. 444 00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:55,640 Speaker 1: Uh and you know, many people found out that their 445 00:24:55,640 --> 00:24:59,480 Speaker 1: cats actually had franchised other families and we're double lives 446 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,800 Speaker 1: and uh so it's kind of interesting from that point 447 00:25:02,840 --> 00:25:06,280 Speaker 1: of view. But uh yeah, safety and not killing all 448 00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:09,720 Speaker 1: the all the lizards and and mice and other things. Yeah, 449 00:25:09,760 --> 00:25:12,359 Speaker 1: they've definitely been case studies of I knew there's one 450 00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:14,680 Speaker 1: story of like the light keep the lighthouse keeper who 451 00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:16,879 Speaker 1: brought his cat to his post at the lighthouse and 452 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:20,199 Speaker 1: the cats single handedly exterminated all of the birds on 453 00:25:20,240 --> 00:25:23,960 Speaker 1: the island where the lighthouse at Lighthouse was. Yeah, they're 454 00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:29,760 Speaker 1: they're very efficient little predators. They really are even Uh. 455 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,600 Speaker 1: I mean, I've known this is just experiential evidence, but 456 00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:34,400 Speaker 1: I've known even people who are like, well, my cats 457 00:25:34,440 --> 00:25:36,960 Speaker 1: de cloud. I've seen d cloud cats take down birds 458 00:25:36,960 --> 00:25:40,160 Speaker 1: no problems. So uh, you just gotta keep them stimulated 459 00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:42,920 Speaker 1: inside and make sure they're getting that prey drive met 460 00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:46,359 Speaker 1: by indoor activities and clawing has its own That's a 461 00:25:46,359 --> 00:25:51,119 Speaker 1: whole other controversial party train. Uh. But yeah, so be 462 00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:53,920 Speaker 1: kind of the environment and be mindful of what your 463 00:25:54,240 --> 00:25:57,400 Speaker 1: your bets might do to it. Is so thank you, Elizabeth, 464 00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:59,200 Speaker 1: because it took me a while to get to that mail, 465 00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:01,840 Speaker 1: not because I didn't love it, but just because other 466 00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:04,280 Speaker 1: mail jumped up in the wing. Uh. If you would 467 00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:06,679 Speaker 1: like to write to us, you may do so at 468 00:26:06,720 --> 00:26:09,359 Speaker 1: History Podcast at discovery dot com. You can also touch 469 00:26:09,359 --> 00:26:12,200 Speaker 1: based with us on Twitter at missed Industry. You can 470 00:26:12,240 --> 00:26:15,040 Speaker 1: also go to Facebook dot com, slash history class Stuff, 471 00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:18,520 Speaker 1: or visit us at mist in history dot tumbler dot com. 472 00:26:18,680 --> 00:26:21,040 Speaker 1: You can also find us on Pinterests. If you want 473 00:26:21,040 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: to learn a little bit more about robots, you can 474 00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:25,320 Speaker 1: go to our website. Type in the word robots in 475 00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:28,440 Speaker 1: the search bar, and you'll get an article called how 476 00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:31,000 Speaker 1: Robots Work, which is more about modern robots, still very 477 00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:34,960 Speaker 1: fascinating and clearly the result of activities like we're going 478 00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:37,200 Speaker 1: on with these early automeda If you want to learn 479 00:26:37,240 --> 00:26:40,119 Speaker 1: about almost anything else you could possibly think of, you 480 00:26:40,160 --> 00:26:42,119 Speaker 1: can go to our website to do that, and that 481 00:26:42,240 --> 00:26:49,359 Speaker 1: is how Stuff Work dot com for more on this 482 00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:52,040 Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics. Does It Has to Works 483 00:26:52,080 --> 00:27:04,679 Speaker 1: dot com. 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