1 00:00:01,120 --> 00:00:04,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,120 --> 00:00:14,000 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:17,200 Speaker 1: I am Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It 4 00:00:17,360 --> 00:00:20,920 Speaker 1: is time for part two of Unearthed and eighteen. And 5 00:00:21,079 --> 00:00:25,079 Speaker 1: this installment includes a lot of the favorites among our listeners. 6 00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:28,240 Speaker 1: We've got the shipwrecks and the edibles and potables, and 7 00:00:28,280 --> 00:00:32,360 Speaker 1: the exhumations and the repatriations, and every time I put 8 00:00:32,360 --> 00:00:34,760 Speaker 1: one of these together, I also wind up with this 9 00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:37,839 Speaker 1: collection of stuff that's not thematically related in any way, 10 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:40,800 Speaker 1: but it just seemed really cool. And I call that 11 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:45,080 Speaker 1: potpourri like the Jeopardy category, and that's where we're starting today. 12 00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:48,720 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in Peru have found a thirty eight hundred year 13 00:00:48,760 --> 00:00:52,720 Speaker 1: old wall with reliefs that depict four humans heads with 14 00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:56,480 Speaker 1: snakes slithering between them. In the middle between the snakes 15 00:00:56,480 --> 00:00:59,200 Speaker 1: heads and the humans heads is a face that looks 16 00:00:59,240 --> 00:01:02,160 Speaker 1: like neither, with wide eyes and a very wide mouth 17 00:01:02,280 --> 00:01:07,000 Speaker 1: and five fingerlike or perhaps tentacle like appendages underneath. And 18 00:01:07,040 --> 00:01:10,360 Speaker 1: they have speculated that this represents a seed putting down 19 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:13,520 Speaker 1: roots and that the snakes represent a water deity that 20 00:01:13,600 --> 00:01:17,959 Speaker 1: irrigates the crops after people plant the seeds. That's more 21 00:01:18,400 --> 00:01:22,360 Speaker 1: likely hypothesis than what some of the Internet speculates, which 22 00:01:22,400 --> 00:01:26,760 Speaker 1: is because it is obviously fulu. I mean, that's what 23 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:31,920 Speaker 1: I believe. But it's also just a really striking relief carving, 24 00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:34,200 Speaker 1: because like the four human faces are all in a row, 25 00:01:34,480 --> 00:01:37,039 Speaker 1: and then there are the sinuous snakes in between them, 26 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:39,199 Speaker 1: and this thing in between them that might be a seed. 27 00:01:39,800 --> 00:01:42,720 Speaker 1: This area was home to the Caral civilization, which is 28 00:01:42,760 --> 00:01:44,840 Speaker 1: also known as Norte Chico, and that's one of the 29 00:01:44,840 --> 00:01:48,280 Speaker 1: oldest known civilizations in the Americas. I think part of 30 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: why the association to Casulu is so strong is not 31 00:01:51,360 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 1: just the tentacle mention, but also the relief mention, which 32 00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:57,640 Speaker 1: comes up a lot in Lovecrafts writing he likes a 33 00:01:57,640 --> 00:01:59,960 Speaker 1: shop particulity in like at the Mountains of mannis at 34 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:03,240 Speaker 1: all descriptions of reliefs. So there's a subconscious tie in. 35 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:06,360 Speaker 1: I think that people aren't aren't necessarily aware that they're making. 36 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:11,280 Speaker 1: Archaeologists with the National Institute of Anthropology and History that's 37 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:14,880 Speaker 1: i n a H in Mexico have been excavating a 38 00:02:14,919 --> 00:02:18,560 Speaker 1: set of twenty six pits in Mexico City, They are 39 00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 1: about dred years old and are between one point two 40 00:02:21,919 --> 00:02:25,440 Speaker 1: and three point three meters below street level. Some of 41 00:02:25,480 --> 00:02:28,360 Speaker 1: these pits seem to have been used to bury human remains, 42 00:02:28,360 --> 00:02:31,640 Speaker 1: so they were effectively graves, but others were used for 43 00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:35,519 Speaker 1: storing things like grains and artifacts, and two of them 44 00:02:35,600 --> 00:02:38,000 Speaker 1: might have been used for tasks related to caring for 45 00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:41,400 Speaker 1: babies and young children. One example that was given in 46 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:44,040 Speaker 1: the write up of all of this was making steam 47 00:02:44,120 --> 00:02:48,959 Speaker 1: bats for newborn babies. One hypothesis is that this whole 48 00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:52,880 Speaker 1: area was used for activities related to pregnancy and child care. 49 00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:56,160 Speaker 1: Backing up this hypothesis is the presence of more than 50 00:02:56,200 --> 00:03:00,240 Speaker 1: one thirty figurines, a few of them representing babies, but 51 00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:03,680 Speaker 1: most of them depicting pregnancy. So it's possible that the 52 00:03:03,720 --> 00:03:06,440 Speaker 1: site was something along the lines of an ancient prenatal 53 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:10,800 Speaker 1: care center. I like that idea too, like the idea 54 00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:14,200 Speaker 1: that there was a place where all the pregnancies were happening. Really, 55 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:22,040 Speaker 1: it's where Casulu was making, no idea. Archaeologists in China 56 00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:26,000 Speaker 1: have found a miniature terra Cotta army. These are a 57 00:03:26,160 --> 00:03:29,120 Speaker 1: lot like the famous terra Cotta warriors, but on a 58 00:03:29,240 --> 00:03:33,359 Speaker 1: much smaller scale, so, for example, the infantry figurines are 59 00:03:33,400 --> 00:03:37,320 Speaker 1: about eleven inches or twenty eight centimeters tall. These were 60 00:03:37,360 --> 00:03:41,720 Speaker 1: probably created about years ago, roughly a hundred years after 61 00:03:41,880 --> 00:03:45,960 Speaker 1: the Terracotta Army, and they might have been created for 62 00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:50,840 Speaker 1: Emperor Wu's son Liu Hung. In eighteenth century, Mysore leader 63 00:03:50,920 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 1: Hyder Ali developed rockets for use in warfare. His son 64 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:58,720 Speaker 1: and successor, Tipu Sultan, improved on his father's design to 65 00:03:58,800 --> 00:04:01,360 Speaker 1: make a rocket that came to known as the Mysorean 66 00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:05,080 Speaker 1: Tipoo Sultan used these to fight the British East India 67 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:09,760 Speaker 1: Company successfully until he was killed in seventeen. This year, 68 00:04:09,840 --> 00:04:13,400 Speaker 1: excavators found what they believed to be Tippoo Sultan's rockets 69 00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:17,680 Speaker 1: dash in an abandoned well. The well smelled of gunpowder 70 00:04:17,760 --> 00:04:19,919 Speaker 1: and once they excavated it they found more than a 71 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:23,919 Speaker 1: thousand rockets. Uh. Now we are coming to the section 72 00:04:24,120 --> 00:04:27,960 Speaker 1: of things that are unearthed by amateurs, starting with a 73 00:04:28,080 --> 00:04:32,240 Speaker 1: dog named Monty, who dug up more than twenty Bronze 74 00:04:32,240 --> 00:04:35,039 Speaker 1: Age objects while on a walk in the Czech Republic 75 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:39,360 Speaker 1: in March. In September, archaeologists who had examined the objects 76 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:42,200 Speaker 1: announced that they were all more than three thousand years 77 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:46,839 Speaker 1: old and included two spear points, three axes, several bracelets, 78 00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:50,760 Speaker 1: and thirteen sickle shaped objects. The fact that there were 79 00:04:50,839 --> 00:04:53,960 Speaker 1: so many objects so close together suggested to the team 80 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:58,120 Speaker 1: that they were probably buried for ritual reasons. Archaeologists are 81 00:04:58,160 --> 00:05:02,120 Speaker 1: still examining the area where they were found. A mushroom 82 00:05:02,200 --> 00:05:06,120 Speaker 1: picker who wished to remain anonymous, found two bronze helmets 83 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:09,840 Speaker 1: and took them to the Eastern Slovakia Museum. It is 84 00:05:09,920 --> 00:05:12,920 Speaker 1: unclear where these helmets were initially made. They look more 85 00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:18,000 Speaker 1: like decorative headgear than actual armor. They were probably imported 86 00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:20,160 Speaker 1: to the side of the village where they were found 87 00:05:20,279 --> 00:05:24,080 Speaker 1: by this mushroom picker. A metal detector iss named Mike 88 00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:28,359 Speaker 1: Smith may have found Wales's oldest chariot burial. He found 89 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:30,640 Speaker 1: what he thought was a brooch, but after sending a 90 00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: picture to an expert, he learned that it was really 91 00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:36,920 Speaker 1: part of a horse harness. Eventually, authorities were convinced that 92 00:05:36,960 --> 00:05:39,039 Speaker 1: they should take a closer look, which led to a 93 00:05:39,040 --> 00:05:42,719 Speaker 1: preliminary excavation of the area. A more complete study of 94 00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:46,440 Speaker 1: that find is still to come. Speaking of metal detectorists, 95 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:49,880 Speaker 1: finds by amateur metal detectors come up pretty often on 96 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:53,840 Speaker 1: onearthed and overall, amateur detector ists have kind of a 97 00:05:53,839 --> 00:05:59,600 Speaker 1: complicated relationship with museums and archaeologists. Amateurs have definitely found 98 00:05:59,640 --> 00:06:03,120 Speaker 1: object x that otherwise would not have been found. Sometimes 99 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:06,760 Speaker 1: this has led scholars and curators and archaeologists to excavation 100 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:09,080 Speaker 1: sites that they would not have looked at otherwise, and 101 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:12,239 Speaker 1: it's been meaningful and significant. But at the same time 102 00:06:12,279 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 1: we have also talked about amateur detectorists damaging delicate historical 103 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:20,960 Speaker 1: sites or removing important fines without notifying authorities, things like that. 104 00:06:21,839 --> 00:06:25,599 Speaker 1: In Denmark, amateur metal detectorists are mostly known for their 105 00:06:25,640 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: positive contributions. They've been described as an international success story 106 00:06:30,760 --> 00:06:33,840 Speaker 1: and have meaningfully contributed to the nation's understanding of its 107 00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:37,320 Speaker 1: own history. To that end, this year, Denmark launched a 108 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:41,719 Speaker 1: tool called dime to help amateur metal detectorists register their 109 00:06:41,720 --> 00:06:45,040 Speaker 1: fines in the field. This has been a collaborative process 110 00:06:45,120 --> 00:06:48,279 Speaker 1: involving twenty seven museums, with the goal of making it 111 00:06:48,360 --> 00:06:52,120 Speaker 1: easier for amateurs in Denmark to continue that work. We 112 00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,240 Speaker 1: also have several things that have been unearthed by construction, 113 00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:59,800 Speaker 1: as happens frequently workers digging a trench for a new 114 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:02,560 Speaker 1: a rear center at a school in sugar Land, Texas 115 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:06,200 Speaker 1: found a mass burial site earlier this year. In June, 116 00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: the school got permission to excavate and exhume the bodies, 117 00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:11,760 Speaker 1: and the team has concluded that these burials at the 118 00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:15,360 Speaker 1: site took place between eighteen seventy and nineteen ten, and 119 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:18,240 Speaker 1: that they were probably part of the state's convict lease 120 00:07:18,400 --> 00:07:20,560 Speaker 1: system that followed the end of the Civil War and 121 00:07:20,560 --> 00:07:23,560 Speaker 1: the abolition of slavery. The team that's working on it 122 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:26,920 Speaker 1: has talked about how important this find is and illustrating 123 00:07:26,960 --> 00:07:30,480 Speaker 1: this transition from slave labor to prison labor after the 124 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:34,680 Speaker 1: thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. That amendment, as we've said 125 00:07:34,720 --> 00:07:37,840 Speaker 1: on the show, a lot before it, abolished slavery except 126 00:07:37,920 --> 00:07:40,840 Speaker 1: in cases of punishment for a crime. A team doing 127 00:07:40,920 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: preventative archaeological work in northern France unearthed a wheeled water 128 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:49,160 Speaker 1: mill dating back to the fourteenth century. We have written 129 00:07:49,200 --> 00:07:52,080 Speaker 1: records of the mill dating back to sixteen fourteen, so 130 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:54,760 Speaker 1: the mill itself is much older than the records that 131 00:07:54,800 --> 00:07:57,200 Speaker 1: we have of it. This mill seems to have been 132 00:07:57,280 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 1: used for a lot of different purposes over the centuries, 133 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:04,040 Speaker 1: It was originally constructed as a flour mill, but archaeologists 134 00:08:04,040 --> 00:08:07,480 Speaker 1: have found bolts there that were used for textile manufacturer. 135 00:08:07,880 --> 00:08:09,880 Speaker 1: In the eighteen thirties, the mill was being used to 136 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:13,239 Speaker 1: make noodles and other pasta, but by about forty years 137 00:08:13,320 --> 00:08:16,000 Speaker 1: later the area was being used as a farmstead rather 138 00:08:16,040 --> 00:08:19,120 Speaker 1: than as a mill. Cruise working on Line four of 139 00:08:19,200 --> 00:08:23,440 Speaker 1: Milan's Metro contacted archaeologists after hitting what appeared to be 140 00:08:23,520 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 1: a wall. They concluded that it was the outer enclosure 141 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:30,600 Speaker 1: of the mausoleum of Emperor Maximian. This is one where 142 00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:34,600 Speaker 1: I think the construction continued on after this discovery. But 143 00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:40,320 Speaker 1: when you look at um the plan of how big 144 00:08:40,400 --> 00:08:42,920 Speaker 1: this mausoleum was, it was huge, and so it was 145 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:46,280 Speaker 1: like the the metro line was sort of cutting through 146 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:51,600 Speaker 1: one edge of this much bigger potential find. Back in 147 00:08:51,840 --> 00:08:55,720 Speaker 1: twenties seventeen, a team in Cologne found the remains of 148 00:08:55,720 --> 00:08:58,040 Speaker 1: a building while excavating as a at a church, and 149 00:08:58,080 --> 00:09:00,199 Speaker 1: then this year they figured out what that building was. 150 00:09:00,760 --> 00:09:03,400 Speaker 1: It was a library which might have housed as many 151 00:09:03,440 --> 00:09:07,200 Speaker 1: as twenty thousand scrolls, built almost two thousand years ago. 152 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:10,040 Speaker 1: And because this particular library was in what was then 153 00:09:10,080 --> 00:09:13,320 Speaker 1: a public space. This was probably a public library, not 154 00:09:13,440 --> 00:09:17,360 Speaker 1: just somebody's giant, personal private collection. And now we come 155 00:09:17,400 --> 00:09:21,520 Speaker 1: to a series of stories where things were unearthed by climate. 156 00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:25,960 Speaker 1: UH drought in Ireland revealed the existence of a Neolithic 157 00:09:26,080 --> 00:09:29,720 Speaker 1: or early Bronze Age monument in a field. The dried 158 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:32,720 Speaker 1: out vegetation made the outline of the monument visible in 159 00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:36,160 Speaker 1: drone footage. The grass is actually greener in the area 160 00:09:36,240 --> 00:09:40,000 Speaker 1: over the monument. Steve Davis, an archaeologist at the University 161 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:44,280 Speaker 1: College Dublin, called the find internationally significant. I put that 162 00:09:44,360 --> 00:09:47,600 Speaker 1: on the list and then I found other similar finds 163 00:09:47,640 --> 00:09:52,080 Speaker 1: happening all over Britain and Ireland. Aerial footage has spotted 164 00:09:52,160 --> 00:09:55,719 Speaker 1: burial monuments and settlements and burial sites all visible as 165 00:09:55,800 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 1: green outlines and otherwise dry fields and Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cornwall, Yorkshire, Suffolk, 166 00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:06,840 Speaker 1: Devon and Somerset, probably others too. I was like, how 167 00:10:06,880 --> 00:10:12,280 Speaker 1: many counties are there and do all of them have one? 168 00:10:13,080 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 1: To continue my paranormal intrusions into this, I'm like all 169 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:22,160 Speaker 1: those crop circles from the drought in Europe has also 170 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:25,880 Speaker 1: revealed stones known as hunger stones in the Elbe River 171 00:10:26,040 --> 00:10:28,880 Speaker 1: in the Czech Republic. These are stones that people have 172 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: used to record low water levels in the river for 173 00:10:31,440 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 1: hundreds of years. The oldest one that was visible as 174 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:38,320 Speaker 1: of August dates back to nineteen sixteen and has an 175 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:42,559 Speaker 1: inscription in German that translates to when you see me weep. 176 00:10:43,240 --> 00:10:45,680 Speaker 1: The last time we heard about somebody pulling a sword 177 00:10:45,880 --> 00:10:48,600 Speaker 1: from a lake on unearthed, it was a prop sword. 178 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:52,120 Speaker 1: It was kind of silly but not historically significant. But 179 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:55,160 Speaker 1: this time it was an actual pre Viking Eero sword 180 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:57,720 Speaker 1: pulled from a lake in Sweden by eight year old 181 00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:01,720 Speaker 1: Saga van Check. The is from the fifth or sixth century, 182 00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:03,760 Speaker 1: and she found it while she was skipping stones in 183 00:11:03,800 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 1: the water. The reason she was able to see it 184 00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:08,760 Speaker 1: there was that the water level was very low because 185 00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:11,080 Speaker 1: of all the dryness. At first she thought it was 186 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:13,880 Speaker 1: just a stick. Low water levels also led to the 187 00:11:13,920 --> 00:11:17,439 Speaker 1: discovery of a stone covered in Pictish symbols in River 188 00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:21,520 Speaker 1: Dawn in Aberdeen, Scotland. Unlike the Hunger stones which are 189 00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:24,880 Speaker 1: left in the river, a team of archaeologists and academics 190 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: worked together to raise this one from the river. As 191 00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:31,240 Speaker 1: of August, they were working on where to permanently house it. 192 00:11:31,679 --> 00:11:34,000 Speaker 1: And not a related but slightly different note from these 193 00:11:34,040 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: fines that we have just talked about. There is a 194 00:11:35,840 --> 00:11:40,280 Speaker 1: large collection of human footprints in Tanzania that are vanishing 195 00:11:40,320 --> 00:11:44,160 Speaker 1: because of erosion. These footprints were made between five thousand 196 00:11:44,280 --> 00:11:47,400 Speaker 1: and nineteen thousand years ago, and they're located in a 197 00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:51,880 Speaker 1: mud flat that floods periodically and can also be very windy, 198 00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:55,040 Speaker 1: so it's really difficult to try to protect and conserve 199 00:11:55,520 --> 00:11:59,480 Speaker 1: the footprints. The prints themselves are extremely delicate, and then 200 00:11:59,480 --> 00:12:02,640 Speaker 1: there's a variety of natural factors that are contributing to 201 00:12:02,679 --> 00:12:06,280 Speaker 1: the erosion. Fortunately, there was a detailed three D scan 202 00:12:06,440 --> 00:12:08,640 Speaker 1: taken to the area when it was first described back 203 00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:12,480 Speaker 1: in so we do have documentation of the site if 204 00:12:12,520 --> 00:12:16,320 Speaker 1: preservation efforts fail. Uh, We're gonna have a little break 205 00:12:16,360 --> 00:12:18,959 Speaker 1: before we get to the possibly yummy depending on your 206 00:12:18,960 --> 00:12:22,600 Speaker 1: definition of that word. Section on edibles and potables. First, 207 00:12:22,640 --> 00:12:32,080 Speaker 1: we are going to have a little sponsor break. We 208 00:12:32,240 --> 00:12:35,520 Speaker 1: have so many edibles and potables to talk about that 209 00:12:35,559 --> 00:12:38,040 Speaker 1: they are going to be almost the entire middle of 210 00:12:38,080 --> 00:12:41,720 Speaker 1: this episode. First, a thirty six hundred year old tomb 211 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:45,720 Speaker 1: in Israel has revealed the oldest known use of vanilla 212 00:12:46,480 --> 00:12:50,160 Speaker 1: vanilla's first use is often more associated with Mexico, and 213 00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:53,640 Speaker 1: today the orchids that are used in commercial vanilla production 214 00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:57,160 Speaker 1: are descended from species that are mostly native to Mexico, 215 00:12:57,760 --> 00:13:01,480 Speaker 1: but the vanilla orchid genus exists all around the world, 216 00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:04,600 Speaker 1: and in this case, it's chemical analysis of jugs in 217 00:13:04,640 --> 00:13:08,760 Speaker 1: a tomb that found two of the major chemical components 218 00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:13,240 Speaker 1: in vanilla extract, including vanillan. Most likely that or kids 219 00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:16,640 Speaker 1: that were used to produce this vanilla grew in East 220 00:13:16,679 --> 00:13:20,560 Speaker 1: Africa or the Indian subcontinent or Indonesia, and then we're 221 00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:24,160 Speaker 1: brought to the Middle East via sea trade. This find 222 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:28,480 Speaker 1: predates the first known use of vanilla in Mexico by 223 00:13:28,520 --> 00:13:32,200 Speaker 1: more than two thousand years. That's a pretty delicious fine 224 00:13:32,360 --> 00:13:37,280 Speaker 1: that's not too too gruesome. Researchers in Ecuador announced that 225 00:13:37,360 --> 00:13:40,880 Speaker 1: they have unearthed the oldest proof of cocoa use. This 226 00:13:40,960 --> 00:13:44,000 Speaker 1: came from DNA analysis of the residues in fifties three 227 00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:48,160 Speaker 1: hundred year old pots. This discovery is fift hundred years 228 00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 1: before the domestication of coco in Central America. Researchers believe 229 00:13:52,960 --> 00:13:57,040 Speaker 1: they've also found the earliest known use of nutmeg as 230 00:13:57,040 --> 00:14:00,920 Speaker 1: a food ingredient. Archaeologists found the residue and pottery from 231 00:14:00,960 --> 00:14:04,520 Speaker 1: the Banda Islands in Polynesia. This was dated to thirty 232 00:14:04,559 --> 00:14:08,280 Speaker 1: five hundred years old, and that's about two thousand years 233 00:14:08,280 --> 00:14:12,320 Speaker 1: earlier than the previous oldest known use of nutmeg and food. 234 00:14:12,679 --> 00:14:14,840 Speaker 1: I feel like if we could get all these discoveries together, 235 00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:18,960 Speaker 1: we could make something yummy, be a delicious pie. I 236 00:14:19,040 --> 00:14:23,320 Speaker 1: was thinking about a cookie. The world's oldest known champagne 237 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:27,080 Speaker 1: was found in a shipwreck off of Finland in it 238 00:14:27,240 --> 00:14:31,120 Speaker 1: was purportedly still drinkable. This champagne dated back to roughly 239 00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:34,920 Speaker 1: eighteen thirty and Zukiko planned to auction it off, but 240 00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:38,760 Speaker 1: the champagne house wisely decided to have it analyzed first, 241 00:14:38,840 --> 00:14:41,040 Speaker 1: and after sending a few bottles away to do that, 242 00:14:41,480 --> 00:14:44,480 Speaker 1: they got the result that it was not in fact drinkable. 243 00:14:45,560 --> 00:14:48,080 Speaker 1: I like that. The fine was from the news this 244 00:14:48,160 --> 00:14:53,760 Speaker 1: year is please don't drink this too late. Yeah, we 245 00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:55,440 Speaker 1: thought it would be a good idea, but we have 246 00:14:55,520 --> 00:14:58,920 Speaker 1: determined it would not be a good idea. Researchers at 247 00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:02,600 Speaker 1: the University of York have concluded that the development of 248 00:15:02,760 --> 00:15:06,360 Speaker 1: ceramics may have been connected to an increase in fishing 249 00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:09,920 Speaker 1: and the need to store and process fish. In particular, 250 00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:14,240 Speaker 1: they looked at lipid residues from eight hundred pottery vessels, 251 00:15:14,240 --> 00:15:17,040 Speaker 1: most of them made in Japan, which is quote a 252 00:15:17,160 --> 00:15:20,320 Speaker 1: country recognized as being one of the earliest centers for 253 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:24,480 Speaker 1: ceramic innovation. The lipid residues in the vessels show that 254 00:15:24,520 --> 00:15:27,520 Speaker 1: the types of fish stored and processed in them changed 255 00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:31,080 Speaker 1: as fishing evolved, but even after shifts in the climate 256 00:15:31,120 --> 00:15:33,760 Speaker 1: of Japan led to an increase in hunting and gathering, 257 00:15:34,160 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: the pots continued to be used mostly for fish and 258 00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:41,640 Speaker 1: not for other types of food. Archaeologists in China decanted 259 00:15:41,760 --> 00:15:45,920 Speaker 1: some liquid from a Western Han dynasty tomb. I'm saying decanted. 260 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:48,520 Speaker 1: They really just poured it into a measuring glass as 261 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:51,200 Speaker 1: part of their analysis of it, and it seems like 262 00:15:51,240 --> 00:15:53,800 Speaker 1: they have found some two thousand year old wine, at 263 00:15:53,880 --> 00:15:57,160 Speaker 1: least based on what it smells like, but more research 264 00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:00,920 Speaker 1: is needed to figure out its exact composition. Totally drinkable 265 00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:04,880 Speaker 1: until a few years hrore now we go. No no 266 00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:09,480 Speaker 1: no no. Archaeological research in northern Jordan's suggests that people 267 00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:13,000 Speaker 1: were making bread thousands of years before they developed agriculture. 268 00:16:13,560 --> 00:16:16,840 Speaker 1: They found fourteen thousand, four hundred year old bits of 269 00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:21,320 Speaker 1: charred flatbread. The research suggests that people were making bread 270 00:16:21,400 --> 00:16:24,360 Speaker 1: using wild cereals, which may have inspired them to try 271 00:16:24,360 --> 00:16:28,200 Speaker 1: to cultivate cereals rather than first cultivating cereal and then 272 00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:31,600 Speaker 1: figuring out how to make bread. This is the earliest 273 00:16:31,640 --> 00:16:35,120 Speaker 1: known evidence of bread making, and the breads themselves resemble 274 00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:38,400 Speaker 1: flatbreads from later sites in Europe and Turkey, and the 275 00:16:38,400 --> 00:16:42,000 Speaker 1: words of Professor Dorian Fuller of the University College London 276 00:16:42,080 --> 00:16:46,760 Speaker 1: Institute of Archaeology, quote bread involves labor intensive processing which 277 00:16:46,760 --> 00:16:50,160 Speaker 1: includes the husking, grinding of cereals and needing and baking. 278 00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:53,480 Speaker 1: That it was produced before farming methods suggests that it 279 00:16:53,520 --> 00:16:56,400 Speaker 1: was seen as special and the desire to make more 280 00:16:56,520 --> 00:16:59,640 Speaker 1: of this special food probably contributed to the decision to 281 00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:03,440 Speaker 1: begin to cultivate cereals. All of this relies on new 282 00:17:03,520 --> 00:17:06,760 Speaker 1: methodological developments that allow us to identify the remains of 283 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:11,679 Speaker 1: bread from very small charred fragments using high magnification. I 284 00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:14,399 Speaker 1: love the idea that people had figured out how to 285 00:17:14,440 --> 00:17:16,679 Speaker 1: make some bread and they found it so delicious that 286 00:17:16,720 --> 00:17:18,280 Speaker 1: they were like, we've got to figure out how we 287 00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:22,280 Speaker 1: can make more of this magical substance, keep it coming. 288 00:17:22,320 --> 00:17:25,400 Speaker 1: What do we gotta do? Uh? You know what? Else 289 00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:30,879 Speaker 1: predated agriculture, beer, at least in the Eastern Mediterranean. Archaeologists 290 00:17:30,880 --> 00:17:33,800 Speaker 1: examined mortars from a cave in Israel that turned out 291 00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:36,360 Speaker 1: to have been used for brewing with wheat and barley 292 00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:40,320 Speaker 1: and for food storage. The site being studied was thirteen 293 00:17:40,359 --> 00:17:43,639 Speaker 1: thousand years old, so this predates the advent of brewing 294 00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:46,480 Speaker 1: in some other parts of the world and the development 295 00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:50,320 Speaker 1: of agriculture in the Eastern Mediterranean. I'm imagining the same 296 00:17:50,359 --> 00:17:53,480 Speaker 1: thought process of this beer is great, how can we 297 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:59,920 Speaker 1: make more? Uh? We need more ingredients. Researchers have solved 298 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:02,840 Speaker 1: a mystery about the diets of some of the ancient 299 00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:06,080 Speaker 1: pueblo in People's So from about four hundred b c 300 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:09,320 Speaker 1: E to about four hundred c E. The Pablo in 301 00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,480 Speaker 1: People's and what's now the Four Corners region of the 302 00:18:12,480 --> 00:18:16,560 Speaker 1: southwestern US had a very corn based diets, or technically 303 00:18:16,560 --> 00:18:20,000 Speaker 1: it was a maze based diet. As much as eighty 304 00:18:20,119 --> 00:18:24,200 Speaker 1: percent of their caloric intake was coming from corn, supplemented 305 00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:27,280 Speaker 1: with small amounts of other plants and very rarely some 306 00:18:27,359 --> 00:18:31,600 Speaker 1: wild rabbit. But corn isn't nutritionally complete enough to make 307 00:18:31,680 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: up that much of a person's diet. People whose diet 308 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:38,040 Speaker 1: is nearly all corn are prone to a range of conditions, 309 00:18:38,119 --> 00:18:41,919 Speaker 1: including pelagra, which can lead to things like diarrhea and dementia. 310 00:18:42,640 --> 00:18:46,120 Speaker 1: But researchers had plenty of evidence that the ancient Puebloans 311 00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:49,920 Speaker 1: were eating mostly corn, but nearly no evidence of pelagra 312 00:18:50,160 --> 00:18:53,000 Speaker 1: or other conditions in the remains of those same people. 313 00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:57,879 Speaker 1: The possible answer to this mystery is corn fungus, also 314 00:18:57,960 --> 00:19:01,760 Speaker 1: known as corn smut. In Mexico, corn fungus as a 315 00:19:01,880 --> 00:19:05,160 Speaker 1: delicacy known as sweetly coach, and it's consumed in other 316 00:19:05,200 --> 00:19:08,720 Speaker 1: parts of Central America as well, But until now, there 317 00:19:08,840 --> 00:19:11,119 Speaker 1: was not a lot of evidence suggesting that it was 318 00:19:11,160 --> 00:19:14,800 Speaker 1: being consumed by the pueblo in peoples of the American Southwest, 319 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:18,840 Speaker 1: and that changed with the analysis of some paleo feces 320 00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:22,240 Speaker 1: or poop Number one, there are a lot of corn 321 00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:26,359 Speaker 1: fungus spores in the paleopecs that they examined enough to 322 00:19:26,440 --> 00:19:30,840 Speaker 1: suggest that the ancient Puebloans were eating corn fungus intentionally, 323 00:19:31,359 --> 00:19:34,320 Speaker 1: and number two, there is also evidence that corn fungus 324 00:19:34,400 --> 00:19:38,840 Speaker 1: changes the nutritional makeup of corn increases protein levels and 325 00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:41,919 Speaker 1: the balance of amino acids, which would help prevent some 326 00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:45,480 Speaker 1: of these conditions that we have discussed. According to research 327 00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:48,320 Speaker 1: that was published in August, a lot of the fruits 328 00:19:48,359 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: and nuts that we consume today we're being cultivated along 329 00:19:51,880 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: the Silk Road. We normally talk about the Silk Road 330 00:19:55,440 --> 00:19:58,040 Speaker 1: in terms of the trade in textiles and spices and 331 00:19:58,040 --> 00:20:00,320 Speaker 1: the spread of disease, so I found it thing that 332 00:20:00,320 --> 00:20:04,600 Speaker 1: we're also talking about the cultivation of foods specifically. A 333 00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:09,040 Speaker 1: medieval agricultural site in the Pamir Mountains of Uzbekistan shows 334 00:20:09,080 --> 00:20:15,359 Speaker 1: evidence of cultivated apples, apricots, melons, grapes, almonds, and pistachios, 335 00:20:15,400 --> 00:20:19,560 Speaker 1: along with other food crops. M Archaeologists found a thirty 336 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:22,920 Speaker 1: two year old piece of cheese in a tomb in Egypt. 337 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:26,280 Speaker 1: It belonged to a high ranking official in the thirteenth 338 00:20:26,280 --> 00:20:28,840 Speaker 1: century b c. E. And this may be the oldest 339 00:20:28,880 --> 00:20:32,880 Speaker 1: solid cheese residue ever found, and it was probably also 340 00:20:33,040 --> 00:20:37,920 Speaker 1: contaminated with Brucella melitensis based on protein analysis, and if so, 341 00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:40,879 Speaker 1: not only is it the oldest solid cheese ever found, 342 00:20:40,880 --> 00:20:44,359 Speaker 1: it's the oldest evidence of that particular disease. Please do 343 00:20:44,440 --> 00:20:48,199 Speaker 1: not eat three thousand year old cheese. You have to 344 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:53,000 Speaker 1: combine it with the sarcophagus juice for the true um 345 00:20:53,280 --> 00:20:58,879 Speaker 1: uh effects to take Yes, and the undrinkable champagne and 346 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:02,040 Speaker 1: other cheese. New researchers have found what they believed to 347 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:05,680 Speaker 1: be the oldest examples of cheesemaking in the Mediterranean, thanks 348 00:21:05,720 --> 00:21:09,320 Speaker 1: to samples from seven thousand year old pottery. Those pots 349 00:21:09,359 --> 00:21:12,760 Speaker 1: were found on Croatia's Dalmatian coast. Before we get to 350 00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:14,440 Speaker 1: our next break, we're going to talk about a few 351 00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:18,199 Speaker 1: things from the world of arts and letters. Researchers at 352 00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:21,680 Speaker 1: the University of Exeter found a collection of poetry dating 353 00:21:21,720 --> 00:21:24,080 Speaker 1: back to the US Civil War, but not written in 354 00:21:24,119 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 1: the United States, written in Lancashire, England, which was stricken 355 00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:32,160 Speaker 1: by famine because of the war. Before the war, Lancashire 356 00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,040 Speaker 1: had been home to a thriving cotton industry, and it 357 00:21:35,080 --> 00:21:37,840 Speaker 1: was using cotton that was being grown in the United States. 358 00:21:38,320 --> 00:21:41,240 Speaker 1: This industry was of course, completely disrupted by the war 359 00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:43,639 Speaker 1: and the period there came to be known as the 360 00:21:43,680 --> 00:21:48,160 Speaker 1: Cotton Famine. Most of these are really heartbreaking poems about 361 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:51,160 Speaker 1: hunger and poverty, and the university has made a publicly 362 00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:53,960 Speaker 1: available database of them if you wish to peruse it 363 00:21:54,520 --> 00:21:58,880 Speaker 1: at Cotton Famine Poetry dot Exeter dot ac dot UK. 364 00:21:59,160 --> 00:22:01,240 Speaker 1: We will also have that link in the show notes. 365 00:22:01,680 --> 00:22:05,320 Speaker 1: Archaeologists may have unearthed the oldest known copy of Homer's 366 00:22:05,359 --> 00:22:09,440 Speaker 1: Odyssey and the ancient city of Olympia. It's definitely from 367 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:12,840 Speaker 1: the Odyssey, but it is not yet clear exactly how 368 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:15,119 Speaker 1: old it is, whether it is actually the oldest one 369 00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:18,320 Speaker 1: or not. A research team from the University of Basil 370 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:21,600 Speaker 1: has identified a papyrus whose contents have been a mystery 371 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:26,119 Speaker 1: since the sixteenth century. This papyrus has mirror writing on 372 00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:29,800 Speaker 1: both sides, and using ultra violet and infrared imagery, the 373 00:22:29,840 --> 00:22:33,000 Speaker 1: researchers found that it's not one papyrus. It is actually 374 00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:36,680 Speaker 1: several layers that have been glued together. So after very 375 00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:40,040 Speaker 1: very carefully separating these layers, they discovered that it's an 376 00:22:40,040 --> 00:22:44,600 Speaker 1: ancient medical text, probably by Galen or by somebody commenting 377 00:22:44,640 --> 00:22:47,879 Speaker 1: on Galen's work, and the condition that it describes is 378 00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:54,639 Speaker 1: hysterical apnea. So the sixteenth century mystery is in fact misogyny. 379 00:22:54,760 --> 00:23:00,480 Speaker 1: So that's annoying. A nine five letter from Suffrage Annie 380 00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,640 Speaker 1: Kenny to her sister was unearthed in a Canadian archive, 381 00:23:04,119 --> 00:23:06,480 Speaker 1: and it's being described as the oldest letter from a 382 00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:09,480 Speaker 1: woman involved in the movement for women's suffrage and the 383 00:23:09,520 --> 00:23:14,160 Speaker 1: oldest firsthand account of a woman's imprisonment for her voting advocacy. 384 00:23:14,320 --> 00:23:17,080 Speaker 1: That letter starts quote, you may be surprised when I 385 00:23:17,119 --> 00:23:20,080 Speaker 1: tell you I was released from strange ways yesterday morning. 386 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:23,920 Speaker 1: I love that very matter of fact, just by the way, 387 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:26,080 Speaker 1: I might surprise you to learn I was in prison. 388 00:23:26,520 --> 00:23:31,919 Speaker 1: Why I Kenny's sister Nell later emigrated to Canada, and 389 00:23:31,960 --> 00:23:34,240 Speaker 1: that's how the letter came to be in a Canadian 390 00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:39,000 Speaker 1: archive while it was about the movement in Britain. And 391 00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,600 Speaker 1: we are going to take another quick sponsor break before 392 00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:53,000 Speaker 1: we get on to some exhumations. So we're going to 393 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:56,679 Speaker 1: finish today's episode with several other listener favorites, starting with 394 00:23:56,720 --> 00:24:01,080 Speaker 1: the exhumations. Although some of these exhumations are quite tragic. 395 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:04,520 Speaker 1: The Bond Sea Corps Mother and Baby Home in tomb 396 00:24:04,560 --> 00:24:09,840 Speaker 1: Ireland has been in the news repeatedly since Catherine Corliss 397 00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:13,719 Speaker 1: has been researching the home, including obtaining death certificates for 398 00:24:13,760 --> 00:24:16,840 Speaker 1: as many as possible of the seven hundred nineties children 399 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:20,040 Speaker 1: who died there while the home was operating. A lot 400 00:24:20,080 --> 00:24:22,480 Speaker 1: of the reporting that has come out over the last 401 00:24:22,520 --> 00:24:26,400 Speaker 1: few years took a much more sensationalized turn than Corliss's 402 00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:29,560 Speaker 1: actual work. She had talked about the fact that there 403 00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:32,800 Speaker 1: were no burial records for these children and that part 404 00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:36,000 Speaker 1: of the burial site appeared to be a disused septic tank, 405 00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:39,679 Speaker 1: and then these two threads got kind of mixed together 406 00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:44,000 Speaker 1: into headlines along the lines of eight hundred children dumped 407 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:48,040 Speaker 1: in septic tank at Mother and Baby Home. So what 408 00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:51,440 Speaker 1: happened at the Mother and Baby Home was appalling. This 409 00:24:51,560 --> 00:24:54,240 Speaker 1: was a place where unmarried mothers and their children were sent, 410 00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:58,600 Speaker 1: usually against their will, because their pregnancies were so stigmatized. 411 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,280 Speaker 1: Children die they're at a rate of about one every 412 00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:06,439 Speaker 1: two weeks, often of malnutrition. But it was slightly different 413 00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:10,520 Speaker 1: from those headlines. So further study and further excavation have 414 00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:13,480 Speaker 1: gone on since it really started to make headlines, and 415 00:25:13,520 --> 00:25:16,159 Speaker 1: authorities have been trying to figure out exactly what to 416 00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:20,800 Speaker 1: do about these unmarked and unrecorded burials. This October, it 417 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:23,320 Speaker 1: was announced that plans are in the works to fully 418 00:25:23,440 --> 00:25:26,200 Speaker 1: excavate the site to try to exhume all the bodies, 419 00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:29,720 Speaker 1: to identify as many of them as possible, and if possible, 420 00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:33,320 Speaker 1: to return them to families. Archaeologists in West Flanders have 421 00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:36,679 Speaker 1: been excavating World War one's Hill eighty, which was a 422 00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:41,600 Speaker 1: German stronghold. This excavation effort was largely crowdfunded and used 423 00:25:41,680 --> 00:25:45,920 Speaker 1: largely volunteer labor, so those funds mostly paid for expenses. 424 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:49,439 Speaker 1: In December, when the team issued their final report of 425 00:25:49,480 --> 00:25:52,560 Speaker 1: the previous season's work, they said that they had uncovered 426 00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:56,840 Speaker 1: the remains of one ten people that included seventy Germans, 427 00:25:57,160 --> 00:26:01,440 Speaker 1: nine British, three French, one South African, and twenty seven 428 00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:04,399 Speaker 1: others who could not be identified. This team really wanted 429 00:26:04,440 --> 00:26:07,080 Speaker 1: to identify the remains and return them to their families 430 00:26:07,080 --> 00:26:11,080 Speaker 1: wherever possible. But while most of the Germans were identified 431 00:26:11,119 --> 00:26:13,959 Speaker 1: as being from the twenty first Reserve Regiment, as of 432 00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:18,119 Speaker 1: December eighteen, only one set of remains had been personally 433 00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:22,560 Speaker 1: and conclusively identified, not quite an exhumation or a repatriation, 434 00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:25,680 Speaker 1: which is what we're talking about next. But in seventeen 435 00:26:25,720 --> 00:26:28,480 Speaker 1: eighty three, a man named Charles Byrne died at the 436 00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:31,840 Speaker 1: age of twenty two. He was seven feet seven inches 437 00:26:31,920 --> 00:26:34,600 Speaker 1: tall that's two point three one meters and he was 438 00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:38,399 Speaker 1: nicknamed the Irish Giant. And when he died, he asked 439 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:41,359 Speaker 1: his friends to seal him in a lead coffin, weigh 440 00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:44,000 Speaker 1: it down and bury him at sea because based on 441 00:26:44,080 --> 00:26:47,480 Speaker 1: his life experience so far, he feared his body being 442 00:26:47,560 --> 00:26:50,720 Speaker 1: stolen and dissected. This was at a time when there 443 00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 1: was no honor in donating your body to science or medicine. 444 00:26:54,040 --> 00:26:56,480 Speaker 1: Uh there is more detail about that in our episode 445 00:26:56,480 --> 00:26:58,800 Speaker 1: on the Doctor's Riot of seventeen eighty eight, which is 446 00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:01,600 Speaker 1: in our archive. He had been really viewed as a 447 00:27:01,640 --> 00:27:05,320 Speaker 1: medical curiosity and he was he was very concerned that 448 00:27:05,520 --> 00:27:08,760 Speaker 1: something was going to happen to his body after his death. However, 449 00:27:09,359 --> 00:27:12,399 Speaker 1: while Burns friends made the arrangements for the burial that 450 00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:16,679 Speaker 1: he asked for, surgeon and anatomus John Hunter stole his body, 451 00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:20,520 Speaker 1: possibly switching it with another body, and then after removing 452 00:27:20,640 --> 00:27:23,440 Speaker 1: the flesh from the body, Hunter kept the skeleton in 453 00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:27,640 Speaker 1: his personal collection. The British government later purchased the collection 454 00:27:27,680 --> 00:27:30,080 Speaker 1: and gave it to the Company of Surgeons, which became 455 00:27:30,119 --> 00:27:34,080 Speaker 1: the Royal College of Surgeons, and that became part of 456 00:27:34,119 --> 00:27:38,520 Speaker 1: the Royal College of Surgeons Hunter Harryan Museum. Burns remains 457 00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:42,480 Speaker 1: made a meaningful contribution to medical science, including helping doctors 458 00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:46,480 Speaker 1: understand how pituitary tumors can lean to giants um and 459 00:27:46,520 --> 00:27:49,600 Speaker 1: the discovery of genetic links to giant is um. But 460 00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:53,159 Speaker 1: this was not what Burne wanted. Hunter's treatment of his 461 00:27:53,240 --> 00:27:56,200 Speaker 1: body was the exact opposite of what he had asked for, 462 00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:59,159 Speaker 1: and he definitely did not consent to being put on 463 00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:02,360 Speaker 1: display in a museum. So over the years the museum 464 00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:06,000 Speaker 1: has resisted calls to abide by burns wishes about the 465 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:10,040 Speaker 1: treatment of his body. Excited the medical importance of these remains, 466 00:28:10,560 --> 00:28:13,800 Speaker 1: but the museum closed for renovations this year. It's going 467 00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:17,439 Speaker 1: to remain closed for three years, and a spokesman issued 468 00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:20,200 Speaker 1: a statement that quote, the Hunterian Museum will be closed 469 00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:24,480 Speaker 1: until and Charles burns skeleton is not currently on display. 470 00:28:24,960 --> 00:28:27,760 Speaker 1: The board of Trustees of the Hunterian Collection will be 471 00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:31,880 Speaker 1: discussing the matter during the period of closure of the museum. 472 00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:35,400 Speaker 1: So that's not a definitive statement that they are going 473 00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:38,720 Speaker 1: to bury him as he requested. But there are people 474 00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,240 Speaker 1: who are like, now that you've said this publicly, it's 475 00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:45,160 Speaker 1: going to be real hard for you to walk it back. Uh. Yeah, Basically, 476 00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:48,080 Speaker 1: they've just committed to discussing it further outside of the 477 00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:53,520 Speaker 1: public eye. Right now, we're moving on to repatriations. In 478 00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:57,840 Speaker 1: Earnest in ninety six, a relief carving of an acimmened 479 00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:01,600 Speaker 1: soldier was stolen from Persepolis. It was later donated to 480 00:29:01,640 --> 00:29:03,760 Speaker 1: the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, and then it was 481 00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:07,920 Speaker 1: stolen from there in eleven. In September, it was returned 482 00:29:07,920 --> 00:29:10,840 Speaker 1: to Iran following an order from a New York Supreme 483 00:29:10,880 --> 00:29:14,200 Speaker 1: Court judge. This return happened after it was seized in 484 00:29:14,240 --> 00:29:17,560 Speaker 1: October of seventeen when somebody was trying to sell it 485 00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:21,240 Speaker 1: at an art fair. Its owners argued that they had 486 00:29:21,320 --> 00:29:24,480 Speaker 1: legally purchased it, but once investigators traced out the whole 487 00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:27,200 Speaker 1: history of this relief, including the fact that it was stolen, 488 00:29:27,360 --> 00:29:30,520 Speaker 1: they agreed to return it. A collection of antiquities was 489 00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:33,960 Speaker 1: returned to Iraq after British authorities were able to trace 490 00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:36,760 Speaker 1: where that they had come from. They had been looted 491 00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:39,720 Speaker 1: from Iraq following the fall of Saddam Hussein and brought 492 00:29:39,720 --> 00:29:42,560 Speaker 1: to London, where they were later seized from a dealer 493 00:29:43,120 --> 00:29:45,760 Speaker 1: Identifying where these pieces had come from was the work 494 00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:49,040 Speaker 1: of the British Museum. After examining all these pieces and 495 00:29:49,080 --> 00:29:52,120 Speaker 1: the inscriptions on them, they were able to pinpoint exactly 496 00:29:52,240 --> 00:29:54,960 Speaker 1: which temple they came out of. It was the any 497 00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:57,760 Speaker 1: New Temple at Tello, which is in southern Iraq today. 498 00:29:58,360 --> 00:30:03,000 Speaker 1: These pieces that were turned include pottery, a cuneiform covered cone, 499 00:30:03,120 --> 00:30:06,120 Speaker 1: and a little amulet that shaped like a bull. In 500 00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:10,800 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty one, fourteen statues were stolen from the Archaeological 501 00:30:10,880 --> 00:30:15,400 Speaker 1: Survey of India's Site museum. One turned up in London 502 00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:17,840 Speaker 1: this year and that was returned to India and this 503 00:30:17,880 --> 00:30:20,920 Speaker 1: one was a twelve century bronze statue of Buddha and 504 00:30:20,960 --> 00:30:23,720 Speaker 1: it was reported to authorities after being seen at a 505 00:30:23,760 --> 00:30:27,600 Speaker 1: trade fair. The Birmingham Museum of Art returned a four 506 00:30:27,680 --> 00:30:30,480 Speaker 1: foot statue of Shiva to India after it learned that 507 00:30:30,520 --> 00:30:34,680 Speaker 1: it had been stolen. This statue was one of many, 508 00:30:35,080 --> 00:30:39,160 Speaker 1: many many pieces that were illegally acquired and sold by 509 00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:43,120 Speaker 1: Sabash Kapoor, who was extradited to India in twenty eleven 510 00:30:43,200 --> 00:30:46,680 Speaker 1: to face charges that he illegally sold millions of dollars 511 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:50,240 Speaker 1: worth of artifacts to museums around the world. A lot 512 00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:53,240 Speaker 1: of the museum that he sold these stolen artifacts, too, 513 00:30:53,240 --> 00:30:56,960 Speaker 1: were very very well known that they included the met, 514 00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,240 Speaker 1: the Boston m f A, and the l A County 515 00:30:59,320 --> 00:31:02,120 Speaker 1: Museum of Art. A relief of a Menhotep, the first, 516 00:31:02,840 --> 00:31:05,600 Speaker 1: which was found in a London auction house, was returned 517 00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:08,160 Speaker 1: to Egypt after it was discovered that it had been 518 00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:13,080 Speaker 1: stolen from the Temple of karnak In. So we could 519 00:31:13,080 --> 00:31:15,360 Speaker 1: have included a whole lot more of these because there 520 00:31:15,360 --> 00:31:17,959 Speaker 1: were a lot of headlines like this this year. They 521 00:31:17,960 --> 00:31:22,480 Speaker 1: were mostly institutions in North America and Europe agreeing to 522 00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:26,040 Speaker 1: return artwork and artifacts that had been stolen at some 523 00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:29,280 Speaker 1: point in the last few decades. What we really did 524 00:31:29,320 --> 00:31:32,760 Speaker 1: not see as much of was institutions agreeing to return 525 00:31:32,920 --> 00:31:35,120 Speaker 1: artifacts that had been in their collections for a lot 526 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:38,240 Speaker 1: longer than that. And that doesn't mean that nothing like 527 00:31:38,360 --> 00:31:41,160 Speaker 1: that happened, but if it did, it just wasn't really 528 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:44,040 Speaker 1: reported in the sources that I was using to put 529 00:31:44,120 --> 00:31:46,960 Speaker 1: together this episode. It also doesn't mean that there were 530 00:31:46,960 --> 00:31:50,280 Speaker 1: no calls for institutions to return long standing parts of 531 00:31:50,320 --> 00:31:54,800 Speaker 1: their collections. For example, Italy Supreme Court ordered the Getty 532 00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:57,640 Speaker 1: Museum in Los Angeles to return a statue known as 533 00:31:57,680 --> 00:32:01,080 Speaker 1: the Losippo Statue or the Statue of the Victorious Youth. 534 00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:04,680 Speaker 1: That statue is nearly twenty hundred years old, and it 535 00:32:04,720 --> 00:32:07,560 Speaker 1: was pulled out of the water by fishers in nineteen 536 00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,560 Speaker 1: sixty four. The Getty bought it from an art dealer 537 00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:14,080 Speaker 1: in nineteen seventy seven, and Italy started asking for its 538 00:32:14,080 --> 00:32:17,640 Speaker 1: return in nineteen eighty nine. In two thousand seven, an 539 00:32:17,680 --> 00:32:21,280 Speaker 1: Italian court cleared the Getty of wrongdoing, but also affirmed 540 00:32:21,560 --> 00:32:24,800 Speaker 1: that the statue was the property of Italy. The Getty 541 00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:27,800 Speaker 1: has refused to return the statue, though, and plans to 542 00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:31,560 Speaker 1: appeal this decision. News also broke in November that an 543 00:32:31,560 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: Egyptian museum had called for the British Museum to return 544 00:32:34,840 --> 00:32:37,880 Speaker 1: the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone was discovered by a 545 00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:42,240 Speaker 1: French soldier in seventeen ninety nine during Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. 546 00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:45,320 Speaker 1: The Rosetta Stone has been in the British Museum since 547 00:32:45,360 --> 00:32:48,520 Speaker 1: eighteen o two, although it was removed for security reasons 548 00:32:48,560 --> 00:32:52,160 Speaker 1: for part of World War One. The proposal from the 549 00:32:52,240 --> 00:32:55,880 Speaker 1: museum in Egypt is that basically the British Museum should 550 00:32:55,960 --> 00:32:59,360 Speaker 1: send back the original Rosetta stone and replace it in 551 00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:02,560 Speaker 1: the Air Museum with like a c G I rendering 552 00:33:02,640 --> 00:33:06,960 Speaker 1: of it rather than the actual stone itself. Now shipwrecks, 553 00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,880 Speaker 1: uh uh. Tracy thinks we said this already in a 554 00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:14,840 Speaker 1: listener mail segment, but in case people missed it, that 555 00:33:14,920 --> 00:33:17,160 Speaker 1: bone that was found near the widow that were we 556 00:33:17,240 --> 00:33:21,560 Speaker 1: talked about in July was not black Sam Bellamy, Nope, 557 00:33:22,320 --> 00:33:26,040 Speaker 1: I was. I was skeptical about that when we talked 558 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:30,600 Speaker 1: about it. Then that skepticism was warranted. In twenties sixteen 559 00:33:30,720 --> 00:33:33,520 Speaker 1: we talked about the discovery of forty shipwrecks and the 560 00:33:33,560 --> 00:33:36,440 Speaker 1: Black Sea. Then that fine came from the Black Sea 561 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:40,560 Speaker 1: Maritime Archaeology Project, which has continued to survey the shipwrecks 562 00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,960 Speaker 1: of the Black Sea in the years since then. This October, 563 00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:46,800 Speaker 1: the team announced that they had mapped sixty Black Sea 564 00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:49,360 Speaker 1: shipwrecks over the course of this project, and one of 565 00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:52,960 Speaker 1: them is being described as the world's oldest intact shipwreck. 566 00:33:53,360 --> 00:33:56,160 Speaker 1: It is a Greek trading vessel that's about twenty four 567 00:33:56,240 --> 00:34:00,480 Speaker 1: hundred years old. A joint US Australian Expedy s has 568 00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:02,880 Speaker 1: surveyed the wreck of the h M A S A 569 00:34:03,120 --> 00:34:07,280 Speaker 1: E one. This was Australia's first submarine and it disappeared 570 00:34:07,280 --> 00:34:11,359 Speaker 1: while on patrol in September of nineteen fourteen. This made 571 00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,359 Speaker 1: it the first Allied submarine lost in World War One, 572 00:34:14,719 --> 00:34:17,640 Speaker 1: and its wreckage was discovered at the end of seventeen. 573 00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:20,919 Speaker 1: The survey conducted this year was done aboard the late 574 00:34:20,960 --> 00:34:24,320 Speaker 1: Paul Allen's RV Petrol which we used a remote operated 575 00:34:24,400 --> 00:34:27,640 Speaker 1: vehicle to get a lot of high definition images and 576 00:34:27,800 --> 00:34:30,560 Speaker 1: video of the wreck. The team is hoping to use 577 00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:33,760 Speaker 1: this footage to try to reconstruct what happened to the submarine, 578 00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:37,200 Speaker 1: which has been a mystery since the vessels lost. They 579 00:34:37,239 --> 00:34:40,000 Speaker 1: also left the flags of Australia, New Zealand and the 580 00:34:40,080 --> 00:34:42,600 Speaker 1: United Kingdom at the site on the ocean floor to 581 00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:45,160 Speaker 1: honor the dead who are still there in the submarine. 582 00:34:45,640 --> 00:34:48,680 Speaker 1: A team from the scripts Institution of Oceanography at the 583 00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:52,840 Speaker 1: University of California, San Diego and the University of Delaware 584 00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,360 Speaker 1: located the stern of the U S. S. Abner read 585 00:34:57,040 --> 00:34:59,760 Speaker 1: the Abner Reid struck a Japanese mine off the coast 586 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:02,920 Speaker 1: of a Alaska after the Battle of at two. Although 587 00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:06,120 Speaker 1: men aboard the ship were able to pull survivors out 588 00:35:06,120 --> 00:35:08,880 Speaker 1: of the water and return to port, they were only 589 00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:11,840 Speaker 1: able to recover the body of one of the seventy 590 00:35:11,840 --> 00:35:15,120 Speaker 1: one men killed. There aren't currently plans to try to 591 00:35:15,239 --> 00:35:17,680 Speaker 1: raise the stern of this ship from the seafloor, and 592 00:35:17,719 --> 00:35:20,160 Speaker 1: the research team lowered a wreath into the water to 593 00:35:20,719 --> 00:35:23,200 Speaker 1: honor the dead. Similarly to the fine that we just 594 00:35:23,239 --> 00:35:26,919 Speaker 1: talked about, archaeologists in Poland have started an eight year 595 00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:31,040 Speaker 1: conservation project on a massive barge that is being unearthed 596 00:35:31,080 --> 00:35:34,400 Speaker 1: from an apple orchard. The barge was actually found thirty 597 00:35:34,480 --> 00:35:37,520 Speaker 1: years ago during an attempt to deepen a pond adjacent 598 00:35:37,560 --> 00:35:40,399 Speaker 1: to the orchard, and most likely the pond had been 599 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:43,200 Speaker 1: part of the Vistula River, which has since changed course, 600 00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:45,520 Speaker 1: and that is how that barge came to be in 601 00:35:45,560 --> 00:35:50,040 Speaker 1: an apple orchard. Fortunately, the owner of the orchard contacted 602 00:35:50,080 --> 00:35:53,319 Speaker 1: authorities and it was quickly determined that not only did 603 00:35:53,320 --> 00:35:56,399 Speaker 1: the barge date all the way back to four eight one, 604 00:35:56,560 --> 00:35:59,000 Speaker 1: but it was also one of the largest vessels of 605 00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:02,960 Speaker 1: its type ever discovered. A more thorough study was conducted 606 00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:06,360 Speaker 1: in two thousand nine, and while archaeologists wanted to remove 607 00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:09,320 Speaker 1: and conserve the barge they had nowhere to put it. 608 00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:13,400 Speaker 1: It's huge. It's one long, seven ms wide and about 609 00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:16,320 Speaker 1: one point five meters deep, with room for a crew 610 00:36:16,360 --> 00:36:20,440 Speaker 1: of about twenty. However, a special basin has been constructed 611 00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:23,640 Speaker 1: at the State Archaeology Museum, which is why the excavation 612 00:36:23,680 --> 00:36:27,399 Speaker 1: got started. Just this year, a four hundred year old 613 00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:30,480 Speaker 1: shipwreck was found off the coast of Portugal and described 614 00:36:30,520 --> 00:36:32,920 Speaker 1: as the find of a decade. The identity of the 615 00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:35,880 Speaker 1: ship isn't yet clear, but it was probably used in 616 00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:39,080 Speaker 1: the spice trade with India between fifteen seventy five and 617 00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:42,440 Speaker 1: sixteen twenty five. A shipwreck off the coast of Newport, 618 00:36:42,560 --> 00:36:47,279 Speaker 1: Rhode Island, maybe Captain James Cook's HMS Endeavor, which had 619 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:51,439 Speaker 1: been sold and renamed the Lord Sandwich. Cook sailed around 620 00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:53,759 Speaker 1: the world aboard the Endeavor and then it was scuttled 621 00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,960 Speaker 1: by the British Navy during the Revolutionary War. The anniversary 622 00:36:58,040 --> 00:37:01,080 Speaker 1: of Cook's voyage is in so the team is hoping 623 00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:04,200 Speaker 1: to confirm and excavate it. By then. A lot of 624 00:37:04,280 --> 00:37:07,520 Speaker 1: the coverage that went around after this fine described the 625 00:37:07,560 --> 00:37:12,479 Speaker 1: ship as conclusively definitely found, except in National Geographic which 626 00:37:12,520 --> 00:37:16,080 Speaker 1: appended this to an article it had previously published in 627 00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:20,359 Speaker 1: twenties six quote. Once again, despite recent news claims that 628 00:37:20,440 --> 00:37:24,920 Speaker 1: Captain Cook's HMB Endeavor has been found, it still actually 629 00:37:24,960 --> 00:37:28,200 Speaker 1: remains undiscovered. According to a press release from the Rhode 630 00:37:28,239 --> 00:37:31,520 Speaker 1: Island Marine Archaeology Project, they have narrowed the search for 631 00:37:31,680 --> 00:37:35,120 Speaker 1: the ship to possibly one or two archaeological sites that 632 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:38,799 Speaker 1: will be excavated in twenty nineteen. Previous claims that the 633 00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:41,440 Speaker 1: HMB Endeavor may have been found were made in nine 634 00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:45,920 Speaker 1: thousand to two thousand six, two thousand twelve, and twenties sixteen. 635 00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:50,000 Speaker 1: Divers have found the Danish warship Prince Friedrich, which sank 636 00:37:50,040 --> 00:37:53,880 Speaker 1: in seventeen eighty in the Kodagut straight between Denmark and Sweden. 637 00:37:54,480 --> 00:37:57,399 Speaker 1: There were six hundred sixty seven sailors aboard, but only 638 00:37:57,480 --> 00:37:59,719 Speaker 1: eight were killed when the ship went down, thanks to 639 00:37:59,719 --> 00:38:03,760 Speaker 1: people from a nearby island mounting a rescue effort. Finding 640 00:38:03,760 --> 00:38:06,360 Speaker 1: this ship required more than two hundred dives and a 641 00:38:06,520 --> 00:38:08,960 Speaker 1: ten year search. Yeah, they had been looking for that 642 00:38:08,960 --> 00:38:11,719 Speaker 1: ship for a long time and as kind of a 643 00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:16,120 Speaker 1: shipwreck side note, The mal Fisher Marine Museum in Key West, 644 00:38:16,160 --> 00:38:20,680 Speaker 1: Florida used to have a seventeenth century gold bar on display. 645 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,880 Speaker 1: Fisher himself had recovered the bar from a shipwreck in 646 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,279 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty, and the bar had been housed in a 647 00:38:26,320 --> 00:38:28,560 Speaker 1: case that let visitors reach in and touch it and 648 00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:30,919 Speaker 1: lift it up to see how heavy it was, which 649 00:38:30,920 --> 00:38:35,080 Speaker 1: was about four and a half pounds. On August, two 650 00:38:35,120 --> 00:38:37,560 Speaker 1: thieves stole the bar from the museum, and they were 651 00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:41,160 Speaker 1: caught on camera, but it wasn't until law enforcement received 652 00:38:41,200 --> 00:38:44,319 Speaker 1: an anonymous tip in the fall of seventeen that they 653 00:38:44,320 --> 00:38:48,920 Speaker 1: were identified. Richard Stephen Johnson and Jared Goldman were charged 654 00:38:48,960 --> 00:38:52,600 Speaker 1: with the crime in January and sentenced in July. The 655 00:38:52,640 --> 00:38:55,560 Speaker 1: bar was not recovered, though the two men had chopped 656 00:38:55,600 --> 00:38:58,200 Speaker 1: it up and sold off the pieces in Las Vegas. 657 00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:01,200 Speaker 1: And we will end this years Unearthed with a little 658 00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:04,200 Speaker 1: bit of utsy news, because there's always some utsy news. 659 00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:09,200 Speaker 1: Researchers had previously concluded that Utsi's sixty one tattoos might 660 00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:11,680 Speaker 1: have some kind of a medical purpose, basically that they 661 00:39:11,680 --> 00:39:15,200 Speaker 1: were the result of a form of acupuncture. This year, 662 00:39:15,320 --> 00:39:18,840 Speaker 1: research looked at all of these tattoos, plus the herbs 663 00:39:18,920 --> 00:39:22,120 Speaker 1: and fungi that were present in and near his body, 664 00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:25,319 Speaker 1: and compared that to all the various ailments that are 665 00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:28,520 Speaker 1: evident in Utsie's remains, and what they concluded is that 666 00:39:28,560 --> 00:39:32,200 Speaker 1: the society that Utsy was living in had an established 667 00:39:32,239 --> 00:39:36,080 Speaker 1: idea of medical care and disease treatment. It wasn't just 668 00:39:36,120 --> 00:39:40,840 Speaker 1: a random, haphazard situation. It was an organized system of 669 00:39:40,880 --> 00:39:44,520 Speaker 1: medical care. Oh, thank you for all that unearthed research. 670 00:39:45,080 --> 00:39:48,960 Speaker 1: You're very welcome. Do you also have listener mail? I 671 00:39:49,120 --> 00:39:52,439 Speaker 1: sure do, and this is from Margie and it goes 672 00:39:52,560 --> 00:39:55,120 Speaker 1: back to our Crystal Knocked episode. I know that is 673 00:39:55,160 --> 00:39:57,080 Speaker 1: a while ago at this point, but we keep getting 674 00:39:57,120 --> 00:40:02,719 Speaker 1: these very lovely photos and remembrances from people. And Margie says, 675 00:40:02,760 --> 00:40:04,600 Speaker 1: first of all, let me say just how much I 676 00:40:04,640 --> 00:40:07,239 Speaker 1: adore your podcast. Your thorough and thoughtful and take on 677 00:40:07,280 --> 00:40:10,920 Speaker 1: global historical events makes my inquisitive and curious heart happy. 678 00:40:11,160 --> 00:40:13,640 Speaker 1: I moved to Hamburg, Germany, from the American South to 679 00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:17,080 Speaker 1: be with my German partner about two years ago. Side note, 680 00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:19,200 Speaker 1: I never knew how much I didn't know about German 681 00:40:19,239 --> 00:40:22,160 Speaker 1: and European history until I moved here. Your backlog has 682 00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:25,440 Speaker 1: been super helpful in trying to catch up. I listened 683 00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:27,560 Speaker 1: to your episode on Crystal Knocked with my boyfriend and 684 00:40:27,560 --> 00:40:30,000 Speaker 1: I thought you might be interested in our experience. We 685 00:40:30,040 --> 00:40:32,680 Speaker 1: live in a Jewish neighborhood in Hamburg. Every year, on 686 00:40:32,760 --> 00:40:35,560 Speaker 1: November night, they hold a remembrance of Crystal Knock. I've 687 00:40:35,560 --> 00:40:38,720 Speaker 1: included some photos, but essentially the event consists of placing 688 00:40:38,840 --> 00:40:42,240 Speaker 1: candles around the buildings rans act or destroyed during Krystal 689 00:40:42,280 --> 00:40:46,200 Speaker 1: Knocked and every stumbling stone there's the stones outside a 690 00:40:46,280 --> 00:40:48,960 Speaker 1: building denoting a person who lived or worked there and 691 00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:51,800 Speaker 1: who was deported or murdered during the Holocaust in the area. 692 00:40:52,280 --> 00:40:54,960 Speaker 1: I do hope you enjoy this little glimpse into German remembrance. 693 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:56,640 Speaker 1: Thank you so much for all that you do. All 694 00:40:56,680 --> 00:41:00,960 Speaker 1: the best, Margie. And then Margie sent these very lovely 695 00:41:01,239 --> 00:41:05,840 Speaker 1: and moving pictures of all of these candlelit areas where 696 00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:08,799 Speaker 1: the remembrance was going on um and one of the 697 00:41:08,840 --> 00:41:12,280 Speaker 1: things that she noted is that one of the places 698 00:41:12,520 --> 00:41:15,520 Speaker 1: is a Jewish school that actually survived. Crystal Nocton is 699 00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:19,359 Speaker 1: still open today, but there are armed guards twenty four 700 00:41:19,360 --> 00:41:22,560 Speaker 1: hours a day, which is now required for synagogues and 701 00:41:22,640 --> 00:41:26,480 Speaker 1: Jewish schools in Germany because anti Semitism has continued to 702 00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:29,360 Speaker 1: rise in recent years. So thank you so much. Margie 703 00:41:29,360 --> 00:41:33,719 Speaker 1: for those photos and for that information. UM, happy belated 704 00:41:33,840 --> 00:41:36,760 Speaker 1: New Year to everyone. I think these are actually coming 705 00:41:36,760 --> 00:41:40,319 Speaker 1: out right at the turn of the new year, so 706 00:41:40,960 --> 00:41:44,759 Speaker 1: we will look forward to some new topics in and 707 00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:46,719 Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us about this 708 00:41:47,160 --> 00:41:50,000 Speaker 1: or any other podcast or history podcast at how stuff 709 00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:52,520 Speaker 1: works dot com. And then we are all over social 710 00:41:52,520 --> 00:41:55,880 Speaker 1: media at missed in History. That's our Facebook, Pinterest, Instagram, 711 00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:59,279 Speaker 1: and Twitter. You can come to our website, which is 712 00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:02,040 Speaker 1: Missed in History dot com and find the incredibly long 713 00:42:02,120 --> 00:42:04,400 Speaker 1: list of sources for this episode. If you want to 714 00:42:04,440 --> 00:42:07,600 Speaker 1: look further into any of these stories, and there is 715 00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:10,200 Speaker 1: a searchable archive of every episode we have ever done, 716 00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:14,120 Speaker 1: you can find and subscribe to our podcast on Apple podcast, 717 00:42:14,239 --> 00:42:17,440 Speaker 1: the I Heart Radio app, and wherever else you get podcasts. 718 00:42:22,480 --> 00:42:25,000 Speaker 1: For more on this and thousands of other topics, visit 719 00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:32,120 Speaker 1: how staff works dot com.