1 00:00:02,279 --> 00:00:05,640 Speaker 1: Happy Saturday, everybody. This episode is coming out May night. 2 00:00:07,080 --> 00:00:11,280 Speaker 1: Abolitionist John Brown was born on this day, two twenty 3 00:00:11,400 --> 00:00:13,239 Speaker 1: years ago, so we thought it would be a good 4 00:00:13,240 --> 00:00:15,800 Speaker 1: time to re release our episode on his raid on 5 00:00:15,880 --> 00:00:19,800 Speaker 1: Harvard's Ferry. This episode originally came out on September twelve, 6 00:00:19,880 --> 00:00:26,119 Speaker 1: two thousand sixteen. Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, 7 00:00:26,360 --> 00:00:36,080 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. Hello, and welcome to 8 00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:39,440 Speaker 1: the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. 9 00:00:41,000 --> 00:00:44,240 Speaker 1: John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry has come up two 10 00:00:44,280 --> 00:00:47,280 Speaker 1: different times in recent episodes of our podcast. The first 11 00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:50,159 Speaker 1: time was in our two parter on Harriet Tubman, and 12 00:00:50,200 --> 00:00:52,760 Speaker 1: then it came up again in our episode on Mary 13 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:56,360 Speaker 1: Anne Shad Carrie. And then it came up two different 14 00:00:56,400 --> 00:01:00,320 Speaker 1: times on a completely different podcast which is politically retve 15 00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:04,240 Speaker 1: with w Comal Bell and Harri Kondabolo and on. As 16 00:01:04,240 --> 00:01:06,960 Speaker 1: I said, on two different episodes. Plus, we've had a 17 00:01:06,959 --> 00:01:10,280 Speaker 1: ton of listener request to talk about this one as well, 18 00:01:10,440 --> 00:01:13,280 Speaker 1: So it seems like it's time for the world to 19 00:01:13,319 --> 00:01:16,480 Speaker 1: have an episode on John Brown's raid at Harper's Ferry. 20 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:21,119 Speaker 1: There you go for background. John Brown was born in Torrington, Connecticut, 21 00:01:21,160 --> 00:01:25,760 Speaker 1: on May nine of eighteen hundred. His family restrict Calvinists, 22 00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:28,959 Speaker 1: and John's father, Owen, was a white abolitionist who believed 23 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:32,839 Speaker 1: fervently that holding people in bondage was a sin against God. 24 00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:37,240 Speaker 1: In eighteen o five, Owen moved the family to Hudson, Ohio, 25 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 1: where he became deeply involved in the town's efforts in 26 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:44,840 Speaker 1: the underground Railroad, including sheltering escaping slaves in the family's barn. 27 00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:48,320 Speaker 1: There are still a bunch of houses and Hudson that 28 00:01:48,320 --> 00:01:51,480 Speaker 1: are still existing that were tied to the underground railroad, 29 00:01:51,520 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: and when you read the descriptions of them, his name 30 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:57,640 Speaker 1: comes up over and over and over again. In eighteen 31 00:01:57,640 --> 00:02:01,400 Speaker 1: twenty one, John Brown married and the Lusk, with whom 32 00:02:01,440 --> 00:02:04,960 Speaker 1: he would have seven children, before both she and their 33 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,519 Speaker 1: seventh child died in eighteen thirty two. Then in eighteen 34 00:02:08,560 --> 00:02:11,880 Speaker 1: thirty three, Brown remarried Mary Day, who at that point 35 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:14,480 Speaker 1: was sixteen, and the two of them would have another 36 00:02:14,639 --> 00:02:18,560 Speaker 1: thirteen children. There are also several sources that say they 37 00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:22,920 Speaker 1: adopted a previously enslaved child and then raised that child 38 00:02:22,919 --> 00:02:27,000 Speaker 1: as their own as well. Brown approached parenthood in a 39 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:30,600 Speaker 1: way that was both strict and austere, including some corporal 40 00:02:30,600 --> 00:02:35,799 Speaker 1: punishment that could be described as cruel. In eighteen thirty seven, 41 00:02:35,919 --> 00:02:40,320 Speaker 1: at the memorial service for anti slavery newspaper publisher Elijah Lovejoy, 42 00:02:40,600 --> 00:02:44,000 Speaker 1: who had been murdered by a pro slavery mob, Brown 43 00:02:44,080 --> 00:02:48,200 Speaker 1: made a public vow. He stood before the congregation and said, quote, 44 00:02:48,280 --> 00:02:51,560 Speaker 1: here before God, in the presence of these witnesses, I 45 00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 1: consecrate my life to the destruction of slavery. This devotion 46 00:02:56,240 --> 00:03:00,160 Speaker 1: to ending slavery and his Calvinist upbringing would eventually combining 47 00:03:00,280 --> 00:03:03,959 Speaker 1: into a complete and utter certainty that he was predestined 48 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:08,400 Speaker 1: to bring about slavery's end. It was a while before 49 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:11,360 Speaker 1: he really put that belief into concrete action, though. He 50 00:03:11,440 --> 00:03:14,359 Speaker 1: and his family moved around a lot, and during his life, 51 00:03:14,360 --> 00:03:19,639 Speaker 1: Brown would live, among other places, in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Kansas, Massachusetts, 52 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:23,040 Speaker 1: and New York. He also moved from job to job, 53 00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:26,800 Speaker 1: doing everything from farming to land speculation to trading wool 54 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:30,360 Speaker 1: to try to earn his money, and for the most part, 55 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:34,280 Speaker 1: these efforts to make money were not particularly successful. In 56 00:03:34,280 --> 00:03:37,200 Speaker 1: in eighteen forty two, he even wound up in federal court. 57 00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:39,840 Speaker 1: As he went through a bankruptcy partially brought on by 58 00:03:39,880 --> 00:03:43,240 Speaker 1: the Panic of eighteen thirty seven. But as has been 59 00:03:43,240 --> 00:03:46,040 Speaker 1: the case with some of our other podcast subjects, including 60 00:03:46,080 --> 00:03:49,320 Speaker 1: Bronson Alcott and Harriet Tubman, he didn't let a lack 61 00:03:49,360 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 1: of money stop him from trying to put what he 62 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:55,800 Speaker 1: did have towards causes that mattered to him. These efforts, 63 00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:59,680 Speaker 1: in many cases, were ambitious. For example, Brown wanted to 64 00:03:59,800 --> 00:04:03,240 Speaker 1: ex spanned the underground railroad into what he called the 65 00:04:03,280 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 1: Subterranean Passway, and this would be an enormous effort that 66 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:10,240 Speaker 1: would take advantage of the remote and difficult terrain of 67 00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:14,800 Speaker 1: the Appalachian Mountains to extend the underground railroads activities beyond 68 00:04:14,840 --> 00:04:18,599 Speaker 1: the border states and into the deep South. Under this plan, 69 00:04:19,040 --> 00:04:23,080 Speaker 1: a small group of operatives would raid plantations, liberate the 70 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:25,920 Speaker 1: people enslave there, and then guide them into the mountains 71 00:04:25,920 --> 00:04:29,120 Speaker 1: where they could be secreted north. He hoped to free 72 00:04:29,240 --> 00:04:32,400 Speaker 1: hundreds of thousands of slaves in this way, but the 73 00:04:32,440 --> 00:04:36,480 Speaker 1: Subterranean Passway wasn't just about freedom. As part of this plan, 74 00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:39,480 Speaker 1: some of these liberated people would become part of an 75 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:42,760 Speaker 1: armed fighting force of free black people who would forcibly 76 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:46,640 Speaker 1: end slavery in the South by raiding plantations and robbing 77 00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:51,400 Speaker 1: slave owners of their power and their workforce. Although a 78 00:04:51,480 --> 00:04:54,840 Speaker 1: lot of people remember the abolitionist movement in the United 79 00:04:54,880 --> 00:04:59,679 Speaker 1: States as being relatively non violent, Brown's focus on armed 80 00:04:59,720 --> 00:05:03,240 Speaker 1: resist stints was not unique. So running parallel to the 81 00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:06,360 Speaker 1: abolitionists who did things like right right essays and deliver 82 00:05:06,440 --> 00:05:10,400 Speaker 1: speeches and work for legal reforms and help enslave people 83 00:05:10,480 --> 00:05:14,680 Speaker 1: liberate themselves, there were also radical abolitionists who thought that 84 00:05:14,839 --> 00:05:17,920 Speaker 1: violence would be required to bring slavery to an end. 85 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:22,000 Speaker 1: For example, John Brown was one of the people who 86 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:25,080 Speaker 1: had helped fund David Walker's Appeal, which was published in 87 00:05:25,120 --> 00:05:29,200 Speaker 1: eighty nine. Walker was a free black man from the South, 88 00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:33,120 Speaker 1: and his work Appeal was a radical anti slavery document 89 00:05:33,400 --> 00:05:36,680 Speaker 1: that called for enslaved people to rise up against their owners. 90 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:39,680 Speaker 1: He wrote quote, they want us for their slaves and 91 00:05:39,720 --> 00:05:43,080 Speaker 1: think nothing of murdering us. Therefore, if there is an 92 00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:46,520 Speaker 1: attempt made by us, kill or be killed, and believe 93 00:05:46,600 --> 00:05:48,720 Speaker 1: this that it is no more harm for you to 94 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:51,160 Speaker 1: kill a man who is trying to kill you than 95 00:05:51,200 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: it is for you to take a drink of water 96 00:05:53,480 --> 00:05:57,919 Speaker 1: when thirsty. Brown was also connected to Henry Highland Garnett, 97 00:05:57,960 --> 00:06:00,840 Speaker 1: who had been enslaved from birth but for escaping with 98 00:06:00,920 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: his family at age nine. Garnett gave a speech at 99 00:06:04,120 --> 00:06:07,440 Speaker 1: the National Negro Convention in eighteen forty three that became 100 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:10,680 Speaker 1: known as the Call to Rebellion. In this speech, he 101 00:06:10,760 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: said quote, you cannot be more oppressed than you have been. 102 00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:18,960 Speaker 1: You cannot suffer greater cruelties than you have already. Rather 103 00:06:19,279 --> 00:06:24,000 Speaker 1: die freeman than live to be slaves. For Brown's part, 104 00:06:24,520 --> 00:06:26,920 Speaker 1: his belief that violence was required to bring an end 105 00:06:26,960 --> 00:06:31,680 Speaker 1: to slavery was tied directly to United States history. Rather 106 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:34,239 Speaker 1: than putting pressure on Southern states to put a rapid 107 00:06:34,360 --> 00:06:37,479 Speaker 1: end to slavery, the Northern states and the federal government 108 00:06:37,800 --> 00:06:41,400 Speaker 1: had a history of compromises and appeasing slave states in 109 00:06:41,400 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: the interest of keeping the South in the Union. One 110 00:06:44,520 --> 00:06:47,200 Speaker 1: of these was the Fugitive Slave Act of eighteen fifty, 111 00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:51,120 Speaker 1: after which Brown helped found the League of Gileadites, which 112 00:06:51,160 --> 00:06:55,160 Speaker 1: was a radical organization dedicated to protecting escaped slaves from 113 00:06:55,160 --> 00:07:00,880 Speaker 1: slave catchers, again through violent means if necessary. Another act 114 00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:03,880 Speaker 1: that was meant to appease slave states led John Brown 115 00:07:03,960 --> 00:07:07,760 Speaker 1: to shift from violent rhetoric to actual violence, and this 116 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:09,880 Speaker 1: is where some of the things we're talking about are 117 00:07:09,880 --> 00:07:12,640 Speaker 1: going to get a little bit gruesome. So just so 118 00:07:12,720 --> 00:07:15,640 Speaker 1: you know, we will get into that after a brief 119 00:07:15,640 --> 00:07:30,120 Speaker 1: sponsor break. In eighteen fifty four, Congress passed the Kansas 120 00:07:30,240 --> 00:07:33,280 Speaker 1: Nebraska Act. So for a little bit of context, if 121 00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:37,320 Speaker 1: you don't remember, under the Missouri Compromise of eighteen twenty, 122 00:07:37,520 --> 00:07:41,080 Speaker 1: Congress had maintained a balance between slave states and free 123 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:44,080 Speaker 1: states by admitting Maine as a free state and Missouri 124 00:07:44,160 --> 00:07:46,560 Speaker 1: as a slave state, and then also by drawing a 125 00:07:46,600 --> 00:07:50,440 Speaker 1: line at parallel thirty six degrees thirty minutes north uh 126 00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:54,080 Speaker 1: and that was basically a border for slavery. Slavery would 127 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:57,119 Speaker 1: be outlawed when new states north of that line entered 128 00:07:57,120 --> 00:08:01,680 Speaker 1: the Union. However, the Kansas Nebraska Act up ended that 129 00:08:01,800 --> 00:08:06,040 Speaker 1: previous compromise, and it instead allowed new states to decide 130 00:08:06,040 --> 00:08:09,160 Speaker 1: whether to allow slavery when they joined the Union by 131 00:08:09,280 --> 00:08:14,040 Speaker 1: popular vote. Nebraska is north of Kansas, and most people 132 00:08:14,080 --> 00:08:17,240 Speaker 1: considered that territory pretty well decided on being a free 133 00:08:17,240 --> 00:08:20,880 Speaker 1: state when it entered the Union. Kansas, however, was not 134 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:24,200 Speaker 1: nearly so certain, and as a result, people both in 135 00:08:24,280 --> 00:08:27,960 Speaker 1: favor of and against slavery flooded to Kansas to try 136 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:31,440 Speaker 1: to sway the vote. One way or another. Kansas became 137 00:08:31,480 --> 00:08:34,680 Speaker 1: a literal battleground, and the result was a period of 138 00:08:34,800 --> 00:08:38,520 Speaker 1: violent conflict that came to be known as Bleeding Kansas. 139 00:08:39,880 --> 00:08:43,520 Speaker 1: John Brown was one of the people, specifically one of 140 00:08:43,559 --> 00:08:47,120 Speaker 1: the anti slavery people who went to Kansas to fight. 141 00:08:47,240 --> 00:08:50,240 Speaker 1: He actually followed in the wake of five of his 142 00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:53,280 Speaker 1: sons who had already moved there, and he arrived with 143 00:08:53,320 --> 00:08:56,680 Speaker 1: a wagon full of swords and rifles in eighteen fifty five. 144 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:00,120 Speaker 1: In December of that year, he led a fighting or 145 00:09:00,160 --> 00:09:02,640 Speaker 1: says he and his neighbors went to defend the town 146 00:09:02,679 --> 00:09:06,520 Speaker 1: of Lawrence, which was a an anti slavery town, from 147 00:09:06,559 --> 00:09:11,600 Speaker 1: a pro slavery invasion. The following May, Brown's father died, 148 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:15,439 Speaker 1: and at about the same time, abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner 149 00:09:15,840 --> 00:09:18,960 Speaker 1: had been caned on the Senate floor. There's an episode 150 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:23,240 Speaker 1: about that incident in the archives. Brown was simultaneously grief 151 00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:27,280 Speaker 1: stricken over his father and outraged over Charles Sumner, and 152 00:09:27,320 --> 00:09:30,480 Speaker 1: at about the same time pro slavery forces returned to 153 00:09:30,559 --> 00:09:33,640 Speaker 1: Lawrence and sacked it. And when he was urged to 154 00:09:33,679 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 1: act with caution and restraint, Brown said, quote caution, caution, Sir, 155 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:41,600 Speaker 1: I am eternally tired of hearing the word caution. It 156 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:46,600 Speaker 1: is nothing but the word of cowardice. On May eighteen 157 00:09:46,679 --> 00:09:49,960 Speaker 1: fifty six, Brown led a small party in dragging five 158 00:09:50,120 --> 00:09:53,320 Speaker 1: pro slavery men out of their cabins and hacking them 159 00:09:53,320 --> 00:09:56,960 Speaker 1: to death in retribution for the sacking of Lawrence. This 160 00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:00,679 Speaker 1: would come to be known as the Potawatamie Massacre. John 161 00:10:00,679 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: Brown's involvement in these murders had multiple consequences. Two of 162 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:08,440 Speaker 1: his sons, who had not participated but were distraught at 163 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:13,760 Speaker 1: what their father had done, had psychological breakdowns. Another son, Frederick, 164 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:17,560 Speaker 1: who had participated, was killed in the aftermath, and a 165 00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:20,280 Speaker 1: lot of the rest of the abolitionist community was actually 166 00:10:20,360 --> 00:10:24,680 Speaker 1: horrified by what he had done. But Brown was steadfast 167 00:10:24,920 --> 00:10:28,840 Speaker 1: in that action he had taken, and the murders were 168 00:10:28,920 --> 00:10:32,600 Speaker 1: a tipping point in Kansas as pro slavery forces sought 169 00:10:32,640 --> 00:10:36,679 Speaker 1: retribution in Federal troops went from community to community on 170 00:10:36,720 --> 00:10:40,600 Speaker 1: a relentless search for Brown and his party. Brown, on 171 00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 1: the other hand, evaded capture, which in his mind solidified 172 00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:47,320 Speaker 1: his idea that he could similarly evade capture in the 173 00:10:47,360 --> 00:10:51,960 Speaker 1: Appalachian Mountains as part of his subterranean passway strategy. He 174 00:10:52,200 --> 00:10:55,120 Speaker 1: just needed weapons and a few men, and he left 175 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:58,640 Speaker 1: Kansas to find them. In January of eighteen fifty eight, 176 00:10:59,400 --> 00:11:02,199 Speaker 1: he started meeting with some of the most prominent black 177 00:11:02,240 --> 00:11:07,479 Speaker 1: abolitionist leaders, including Frederick Douglas and Harriet's have Been. With Douglas, 178 00:11:07,520 --> 00:11:10,920 Speaker 1: he drafted a constitution for a provisional government of the 179 00:11:10,960 --> 00:11:14,280 Speaker 1: community of Liberated Slaves that he was hoping to build, 180 00:11:14,360 --> 00:11:17,440 Speaker 1: of which he hoped that Frederick Douglas would be president. 181 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:21,480 Speaker 1: He then went to Chatham, Ontario, which is home of 182 00:11:21,600 --> 00:11:23,680 Speaker 1: Mary Anne dad Carry, which is how that came up 183 00:11:23,720 --> 00:11:27,760 Speaker 1: previously to plan the raid that would launch this movement. 184 00:11:28,240 --> 00:11:32,359 Speaker 1: His target for the raid was Harper's Ferry, Virginia. Virginia 185 00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:34,960 Speaker 1: was a slave state and Harper's Ferry was in a 186 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:39,480 Speaker 1: strategic position where the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers meet. It 187 00:11:39,559 --> 00:11:42,200 Speaker 1: was also home to a federal arsenal that he planned 188 00:11:42,200 --> 00:11:44,920 Speaker 1: to use to arm his fighters, many of whom would 189 00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:47,959 Speaker 1: be liberated slaves, as well as an iron works, a 190 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:51,480 Speaker 1: munitions factory, and other industries that would be useful for 191 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:55,400 Speaker 1: a growing rebellion. The surrounding counties were home to about 192 00:11:55,440 --> 00:11:59,920 Speaker 1: eighteen thousand enslaved people, as well as sympathetic white residents 193 00:12:00,080 --> 00:12:03,640 Speaker 1: of the nearby Appalachian Mountains, all of whom he hoped 194 00:12:03,720 --> 00:12:07,000 Speaker 1: to bring into his cause. Yeah, a lot of the 195 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:09,600 Speaker 1: people he was supposed or that he was hoping to 196 00:12:09,679 --> 00:12:12,080 Speaker 1: draw from in terms of white support, were from what 197 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:16,520 Speaker 1: is now West Virginia, which was much more anti slavery 198 00:12:16,559 --> 00:12:19,920 Speaker 1: than the other rest of Virginia, and that is why 199 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:25,800 Speaker 1: West Virginia seceded from Virginia during all of this. Having 200 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:29,280 Speaker 1: planned this raid out while he was in Chatham, he 201 00:12:29,360 --> 00:12:33,599 Speaker 1: started connecting with other abolitionists in New York and Massachusetts 202 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:35,960 Speaker 1: to try to get the money to carry out this plan. 203 00:12:36,480 --> 00:12:39,559 Speaker 1: He ultimately got financial backing from a group of wealthy 204 00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:42,840 Speaker 1: abolitionists who came to be known as the Secret Six. 205 00:12:43,360 --> 00:12:47,559 Speaker 1: These were George L. Steam's, Garrett Smith, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, 206 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:53,680 Speaker 1: Theodore Parker, Franklin Sandborn, and Samuel Gridley. How but then 207 00:12:53,880 --> 00:12:58,000 Speaker 1: things got derailed. A little mercenary Hugh Forbes threatened to 208 00:12:58,120 --> 00:13:01,480 Speaker 1: expose the plan, which caused Brown to return to Kansas 209 00:13:01,520 --> 00:13:04,960 Speaker 1: to try to avoid suspicion. He stayed for six months 210 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:07,559 Speaker 1: and when he left, sort of as a proof of concept, 211 00:13:08,040 --> 00:13:11,680 Speaker 1: he liberated a Missouri slave named Jim Daniels and his family, 212 00:13:12,120 --> 00:13:15,440 Speaker 1: along with a handful of people enslaved on nearby plantations, 213 00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:18,360 Speaker 1: and he sheltered them in Kansas for a month before 214 00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:23,160 Speaker 1: a looting, capture and slave catchers to guide them to Canada. 215 00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:27,040 Speaker 1: With this success under his belt, Brown got back to 216 00:13:27,080 --> 00:13:30,920 Speaker 1: the task of raiding Harper's Ferry. He rented a house 217 00:13:30,920 --> 00:13:33,880 Speaker 1: across the border in Maryland as a base of operations. 218 00:13:33,920 --> 00:13:36,760 Speaker 1: He bought rifles and pikes and basically started outfitting the 219 00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:39,840 Speaker 1: slave army that he believed would come to join him 220 00:13:39,920 --> 00:13:41,960 Speaker 1: at Harper's Ferry as soon as they learned what he 221 00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:46,280 Speaker 1: was doing. He also enlisted Harriet's Taubman to travel through 222 00:13:46,320 --> 00:13:50,240 Speaker 1: the area's plantations and spread the word and enlist the 223 00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:53,680 Speaker 1: help of the enslaved people in the surrounding counties. The 224 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:57,559 Speaker 1: actual raid began on October sixteenth of eighteen fifty nine, 225 00:13:57,760 --> 00:13:59,839 Speaker 1: and Brown was fifty nine years old at the time. 226 00:14:00,559 --> 00:14:03,520 Speaker 1: His force was smaller than originally planned. It was twenty 227 00:14:03,520 --> 00:14:06,280 Speaker 1: two people total, three of them left behind at the 228 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:10,640 Speaker 1: rented house in Maryland to receive liberated slaves, so Brown 229 00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:14,080 Speaker 1: and nineteen men made their way into Harper's Ferry by night, 230 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:17,600 Speaker 1: cut the telegraph lines and took control of the railroad 231 00:14:17,640 --> 00:14:20,920 Speaker 1: station and the musket factory and rifle works, which were 232 00:14:20,960 --> 00:14:25,160 Speaker 1: essentially unguarded. Then they abducted some of the area's most 233 00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:27,880 Speaker 1: notorious slave owners, and they took them to the engine 234 00:14:27,920 --> 00:14:31,120 Speaker 1: house of the train station as hostages. There was only 235 00:14:31,160 --> 00:14:33,840 Speaker 1: one fatality in that original takeover, and that was a 236 00:14:33,840 --> 00:14:36,680 Speaker 1: free black porter who had been working at the train station. 237 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:42,560 Speaker 1: With the telegraph lines cut, the biggest source of news 238 00:14:42,640 --> 00:14:45,440 Speaker 1: out of Harper's Ferry overnight was a train that came 239 00:14:45,520 --> 00:14:48,360 Speaker 1: through at the station after Brown ticket over, which they 240 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:51,400 Speaker 1: actually allowed to pass, even though it meant risking that 241 00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:54,480 Speaker 1: the people aboard would take word to the authorities of 242 00:14:54,520 --> 00:14:58,240 Speaker 1: what was happening, which they did. Soon rumors started to 243 00:14:58,280 --> 00:15:01,520 Speaker 1: spread that John Brown had again Harper's Ferry, first with 244 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:03,800 Speaker 1: fifty people, and then with a hundred, and then with 245 00:15:03,880 --> 00:15:07,480 Speaker 1: two hundred, and by morning it was clear to people 246 00:15:07,520 --> 00:15:11,560 Speaker 1: living there that Brown had indeed taken over several strategic points, 247 00:15:11,880 --> 00:15:15,600 Speaker 1: and the town started to muster a resistance. At first, 248 00:15:15,640 --> 00:15:18,440 Speaker 1: this resistance was mostly in the form of militia and 249 00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:21,960 Speaker 1: local farmers and slave owners. But at the same time, 250 00:15:22,040 --> 00:15:25,560 Speaker 1: the vast wave of support Brown had expected just did 251 00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:29,480 Speaker 1: not materialize. There were several reasons for this. One was 252 00:15:29,520 --> 00:15:32,120 Speaker 1: that so much time had passed between the meeting in Chatham, 253 00:15:32,120 --> 00:15:35,120 Speaker 1: Ontario and the raid that a lot of the black 254 00:15:35,160 --> 00:15:38,720 Speaker 1: population that had been interested in helping had lost interest 255 00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:41,560 Speaker 1: or they had just lost touch with Brown and his allies. 256 00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:45,280 Speaker 1: Another was that Harriet Tubman couldn't be found when Brown 257 00:15:45,360 --> 00:15:48,480 Speaker 1: decided to go ahead with the raid. The historical record 258 00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:51,400 Speaker 1: is not entirely clear on why they couldn't locate her, 259 00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:54,360 Speaker 1: but she may have been ill. Yeah, she had already 260 00:15:54,360 --> 00:16:00,760 Speaker 1: done some preliminary searching slash work through the the plantations 261 00:16:00,760 --> 00:16:02,720 Speaker 1: of the area to spread the word of what was coming. 262 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:05,000 Speaker 1: But they had expected her to be on hand to 263 00:16:05,560 --> 00:16:08,560 Speaker 1: rally support further when the raid actually happened, and they 264 00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:12,960 Speaker 1: just couldn't find her. Even though there is evidence that 265 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:16,400 Speaker 1: a few enslaved people from nearby did join the raid, 266 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:19,640 Speaker 1: it was definitely not the ground swell of massive support 267 00:16:19,720 --> 00:16:22,960 Speaker 1: that Brown had been expecting. So soon he and his 268 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:26,600 Speaker 1: raiders were surrounded and pinned in at both the train 269 00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:30,359 Speaker 1: station and the musket Factory and rifle works. Two attempts 270 00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:32,960 Speaker 1: to send somebody to call for a ceasefire under a 271 00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:37,400 Speaker 1: white flag both failed. The second person sent was actually 272 00:16:37,480 --> 00:16:41,280 Speaker 1: Brown's son, Watson, who was shot and killed. Some of 273 00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:44,560 Speaker 1: Brown's men tried to flee their positions via the Shnandoah 274 00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:48,000 Speaker 1: and Potomac rivers, leading to their being shot, some of 275 00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:51,320 Speaker 1: them while still in the water. And meanwhile, Brown and 276 00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:53,440 Speaker 1: the men he was holed up within the engine house 277 00:16:53,480 --> 00:16:56,320 Speaker 1: of the train station drilled holes in the door that 278 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:59,640 Speaker 1: they could shoot through, hoping to hit their attackers, and 279 00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:03,160 Speaker 1: they were mostly unsuccessful, although one shot did hit Harper's 280 00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:08,679 Speaker 1: ferry Mayor Fontaine Beckham. With Beckham's death, any support that 281 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:13,879 Speaker 1: Brown's raid might have had among Harper's ferries residents just evaporated. 282 00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:17,240 Speaker 1: A mob stormed the hotel where William Thompson, which was 283 00:17:17,280 --> 00:17:19,720 Speaker 1: the first man that had been sent out for a ceasefire, 284 00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:22,840 Speaker 1: was being held. They shot him in the head and 285 00:17:22,920 --> 00:17:28,280 Speaker 1: threw him into the Potomac. Eventually, President James Buchanan dispatched 286 00:17:28,320 --> 00:17:31,560 Speaker 1: marines under the command of Robert E. Lee to restore order. 287 00:17:32,320 --> 00:17:35,200 Speaker 1: At that point, Harper's ferry streets were mobbed with both 288 00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:38,720 Speaker 1: trained fighters and angry rabble trying to get it. Brown's 289 00:17:38,720 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 1: men in the engine house, all but four of whom 290 00:17:41,080 --> 00:17:46,200 Speaker 1: were by that point injured or dead. After arriving around midnight, 291 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:49,000 Speaker 1: Lee sent J. E. B. Stewart, who would go on 292 00:17:49,040 --> 00:17:52,320 Speaker 1: to become Lee's own cavalry commander on the Southern side 293 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:54,720 Speaker 1: in the Civil War, to the engine house under a 294 00:17:54,760 --> 00:17:59,159 Speaker 1: white flag to negotiate. Stewart promised Brown protection from the 295 00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:01,240 Speaker 1: mob and a fair trial if he would let the 296 00:18:01,280 --> 00:18:06,000 Speaker 1: hostages go. Brown refused. He wanted himself and his surviving 297 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,640 Speaker 1: men to be allowed to go back to Maryland with 298 00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: the hostages as basically as a strategic point, and then 299 00:18:13,280 --> 00:18:16,320 Speaker 1: they would free the hostages once they were safely back 300 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:21,360 Speaker 1: in Maryland. With negotiations at an impass, Lee sent men 301 00:18:21,400 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 1: to batter down the door. The morning of the eighteen, 302 00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:28,360 Speaker 1: Marines swarmed the engine house, killing some of Brown's few 303 00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:31,960 Speaker 1: remaining men and taking others prisoner. Brown was hit with 304 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:35,080 Speaker 1: a sword and only survived because the sword happened to 305 00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:38,200 Speaker 1: hit a buckle that he was wearing. In the end 306 00:18:38,440 --> 00:18:41,399 Speaker 1: of the original crew of nineteen men, ten had been 307 00:18:41,520 --> 00:18:45,120 Speaker 1: killed or mortally wounded, two of them being Brown's sons 308 00:18:45,160 --> 00:18:48,520 Speaker 1: and five had been taken prisoner. There were also six 309 00:18:48,560 --> 00:18:53,119 Speaker 1: civilian deaths, the mayor, to townspeople, to enslaved people that 310 00:18:53,280 --> 00:18:56,000 Speaker 1: belonged to the hostages, and the porter that had been 311 00:18:56,040 --> 00:18:59,960 Speaker 1: killed at the train station. Here's how the official reply 312 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:04,560 Speaker 1: weren't described. It quote, A fanatical man, stimulated to recklessness 313 00:19:04,560 --> 00:19:09,000 Speaker 1: and desperation by the constant teachings and intemperate appeals of 314 00:19:09,119 --> 00:19:14,440 Speaker 1: wild and treasonable enthusiasts, unrestrained by the Constitution and the 315 00:19:14,520 --> 00:19:17,440 Speaker 1: laws of the land, by the precepts of religion, by 316 00:19:17,480 --> 00:19:21,960 Speaker 1: appeals of humanity or of mercy, formed a conspiracy to 317 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:25,119 Speaker 1: make a sudden descent upon the people of Harper's Ferry, 318 00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:29,320 Speaker 1: to rob the arsenal, plunder public property, and stir up 319 00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:36,160 Speaker 1: servile insurrection. With that brief recap from the official report, 320 00:19:36,880 --> 00:19:39,120 Speaker 1: we will take a brief word from a sponsor before 321 00:19:39,119 --> 00:19:56,280 Speaker 1: we talk about the raids aftermath. After their capture, Brown 322 00:19:56,400 --> 00:19:59,560 Speaker 1: and his surviving men were put on trial. The charges 323 00:19:59,680 --> 00:20:04,360 Speaker 1: were murder, treason, and conspiring with negroes to produce insurrection. 324 00:20:05,119 --> 00:20:08,760 Speaker 1: That trial began on October, just ten days after the raid. 325 00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:11,880 Speaker 1: All of the men were found guilty and the penalty 326 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,080 Speaker 1: for all of the charges was death. John Brown was 327 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:18,800 Speaker 1: hanged on December two of eighteen fifty nine, and before 328 00:20:18,840 --> 00:20:21,640 Speaker 1: his hanging he handed a guard a note that read, quote, 329 00:20:21,760 --> 00:20:25,159 Speaker 1: I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes 330 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:28,840 Speaker 1: of this guilty land will never be purged away, but 331 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:33,800 Speaker 1: with blood. Among those present were Roberty Lee Stonewall Jackson, 332 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:38,600 Speaker 1: and John Wilkes Booth measured by whether it launched an 333 00:20:38,760 --> 00:20:42,359 Speaker 1: armed slave resistance that freed thousands of slaves and forcibly 334 00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:45,199 Speaker 1: rested control of the South from slave owners, as had 335 00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:48,560 Speaker 1: been the original plan. John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferria 336 00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:51,880 Speaker 1: was a complete failure. Measured by whether it launched an 337 00:20:51,960 --> 00:20:55,639 Speaker 1: armed slave resistance that freed thousands of slaves and forcibly 338 00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:58,320 Speaker 1: rested control of the South from slave owners, as had 339 00:20:58,359 --> 00:21:01,840 Speaker 1: been the original plan. John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry 340 00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:05,440 Speaker 1: was a complete failure, but measured by its ultimate effect 341 00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:08,120 Speaker 1: on the progression of slavery in the United States, it's 342 00:21:08,119 --> 00:21:12,280 Speaker 1: a completely different story. The same way that those murders 343 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 1: of five pro slavery settlers in Kansas that we talked 344 00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:19,600 Speaker 1: about earlier had sparked a tide of violence there. The 345 00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:24,439 Speaker 1: raid at Harper's Ferry inflamed passions, tensions, and violence around 346 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:28,560 Speaker 1: slavery and the relationships between slave and free states in 347 00:21:28,680 --> 00:21:32,320 Speaker 1: many circles. In the North, John Brown became a martyr, 348 00:21:32,680 --> 00:21:36,440 Speaker 1: especially as he was eloquent and steadfast in his denunciations 349 00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:39,800 Speaker 1: of slavery while on trial, and people doubled down on 350 00:21:39,840 --> 00:21:43,320 Speaker 1: their efforts to abolish the institution. But in the South, 351 00:21:43,440 --> 00:21:47,399 Speaker 1: people were terrified. The idea of a slave insurrection was 352 00:21:47,480 --> 00:21:49,879 Speaker 1: already a source of fear in a lot of the South, 353 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:53,000 Speaker 1: and in some places, white slave owners and the rest 354 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:56,639 Speaker 1: of the white population were vastly outnumbered by enslaved people, 355 00:21:57,359 --> 00:22:00,520 Speaker 1: so the idea that these people might unite and violently 356 00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:05,240 Speaker 1: overthrow their owners was petrifying. The South tried to downplay 357 00:22:05,280 --> 00:22:08,359 Speaker 1: Brown's raid as unimportant in an effort to dismiss it, 358 00:22:08,640 --> 00:22:12,399 Speaker 1: while simultaneously being completely horrified at what it could spell 359 00:22:12,480 --> 00:22:16,879 Speaker 1: for the future. On a more practical level, many parts 360 00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:20,199 Speaker 1: of the South renewed their call from militia membership and 361 00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:23,200 Speaker 1: military drills of those militia, so that when the Civil 362 00:22:23,280 --> 00:22:27,000 Speaker 1: War did begin, those militias that had been created under 363 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,760 Speaker 1: the idea of fighting up potential John Brown inspired rebellion 364 00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:33,760 Speaker 1: if it was necessary, were already there and trained and 365 00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:36,760 Speaker 1: ready to go to war. It was also one of 366 00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:39,439 Speaker 1: many events that happened in the late eighteen fifties that 367 00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:44,040 Speaker 1: stoked political passions over the issue of slavery. The Democrats 368 00:22:44,080 --> 00:22:47,160 Speaker 1: split over the issue of slavery in the eighteen sixty election, 369 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:51,320 Speaker 1: with pro and anti slavery factions each putting forth candidates 370 00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:55,480 Speaker 1: for presidency and neither securing a necessary two thirds majority 371 00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:58,960 Speaker 1: at the party convention. After a series of efforts to 372 00:22:59,080 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: unite the party, the Democratic Party nominated Senator Stephen A. Douglas, 373 00:23:03,480 --> 00:23:07,240 Speaker 1: while the Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge, and both 374 00:23:07,280 --> 00:23:13,440 Speaker 1: Douglas and Breckinridge presented themselves as the official party candidates. Meanwhile, 375 00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:17,919 Speaker 1: an entire other party, the Constitutional Union Party, nominated former 376 00:23:17,960 --> 00:23:21,280 Speaker 1: Senator John Bell of Tennessee, to be their candidate for president, 377 00:23:21,320 --> 00:23:25,359 Speaker 1: and in the end it was Abraham Lincoln, the Republican nominee, 378 00:23:25,359 --> 00:23:28,200 Speaker 1: who won this four way election with only a hundred 379 00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:32,520 Speaker 1: and eighty electoral votes and just shy of the popular vote. 380 00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:37,560 Speaker 1: As a consequence of Lincoln's election, eleven Southern states seceded 381 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:40,080 Speaker 1: from the Union, which directly led to the Civil War. 382 00:23:41,240 --> 00:23:44,439 Speaker 1: Fifty years after the raid, Frederick Douglas would say that 383 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:48,280 Speaker 1: John Brown quote began the war that ended American slavery 384 00:23:48,320 --> 00:23:50,959 Speaker 1: and made this a free republic. There are a lot 385 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,480 Speaker 1: of historians who basically think without this lightning point of 386 00:23:54,560 --> 00:23:57,880 Speaker 1: Harper's ferry, there would not have been that four way 387 00:23:58,160 --> 00:24:02,639 Speaker 1: uh split in the election that ultimately led Lincoln to 388 00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:05,720 Speaker 1: be elected, not with a whole majority of the popular vote. 389 00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:10,600 Speaker 1: And for decades, even a century after the raid, historical 390 00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:15,080 Speaker 1: accounts painted Brown as mentally unstable, with descriptions being full 391 00:24:15,119 --> 00:24:19,639 Speaker 1: of words like delusional and madman. But really Brown was 392 00:24:19,720 --> 00:24:23,680 Speaker 1: methodical and well researched in this whole idea. He had 393 00:24:23,680 --> 00:24:28,159 Speaker 1: studied other uprisings, including net Turner's rebellion in the Haitian Revolution, 394 00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:32,040 Speaker 1: and he had also studied guerilla resistance to military forces 395 00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:34,840 Speaker 1: in both Europe and the United States, including in the 396 00:24:34,880 --> 00:24:39,880 Speaker 1: colonial era. Today, some historical depictions of him have shifted 397 00:24:39,880 --> 00:24:44,560 Speaker 1: a little bit to be uh more, including of language 398 00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:50,680 Speaker 1: like fiercely devoted rather than unhinged and insane, even when 399 00:24:50,720 --> 00:24:54,880 Speaker 1: he was alive at first, as news of the raid 400 00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:58,159 Speaker 1: was spreading, even in the North where it's sort of 401 00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:04,199 Speaker 1: reinvigorated abolition as a cause. Um. At first, there were 402 00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:07,639 Speaker 1: people who were like that Ban is not in his 403 00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:13,119 Speaker 1: right mind. Mind and sentiment shifted about him as he 404 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:18,199 Speaker 1: continually made these like steadfast and very eloquent denunciations of 405 00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 1: slavery during his trial. UM. So the idea that everybody 406 00:25:23,119 --> 00:25:28,320 Speaker 1: thought that he was like mentally unwell even at the time, 407 00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:34,520 Speaker 1: was not totally accurate. Um. Harriet Tubman in particular described 408 00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:37,640 Speaker 1: him as being the only white person that she ever 409 00:25:37,720 --> 00:25:40,600 Speaker 1: met who actually thought that slavery was a life or 410 00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:43,919 Speaker 1: death issue that really needed to be treated that way. 411 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 1: Um And even like even in the more recent past, 412 00:25:49,800 --> 00:25:53,320 Speaker 1: you see divisions and how people talk about John Brown 413 00:25:53,520 --> 00:25:56,320 Speaker 1: and like whether his ideas were good and whether he 414 00:25:57,119 --> 00:26:01,119 Speaker 1: uh was was making sense and a methoughtical way, or 415 00:26:01,119 --> 00:26:06,280 Speaker 1: whether he was sort of flying off in this delusional fervor. UM. 416 00:26:06,680 --> 00:26:10,080 Speaker 1: Like the Malcolm X talked about if you if you 417 00:26:10,080 --> 00:26:13,080 Speaker 1: meet a white person who says that they are in 418 00:26:13,160 --> 00:26:15,400 Speaker 1: favor of black power, find out what they think about 419 00:26:15,480 --> 00:26:18,280 Speaker 1: John Brown. And I think that's one of the things 420 00:26:18,280 --> 00:26:20,760 Speaker 1: that sort of led to the in the Politically Reactive 421 00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:23,399 Speaker 1: podcast that we talked about early earlier in the top 422 00:26:23,440 --> 00:26:25,840 Speaker 1: of the show, um was that they were talking about 423 00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:28,840 Speaker 1: John Brown, white people and this idea of people who 424 00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:31,800 Speaker 1: are that fervently devoted and that ready to put their 425 00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,960 Speaker 1: own lives on the line no matter what to end slavery. 426 00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:39,119 Speaker 1: So he's a complicated person. Yeah, I feel like we 427 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:41,119 Speaker 1: I feel like we barely scratched the surface of his 428 00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:44,880 Speaker 1: complicated nous. Uh and what people thought about him then 429 00:26:44,880 --> 00:26:52,680 Speaker 1: and now. Thank you so much for joining us today 430 00:26:52,680 --> 00:26:55,600 Speaker 1: for this Saturday classic. If you have heard any kind 431 00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 1: of email address or maybe a Facebook you are l 432 00:26:57,920 --> 00:27:00,160 Speaker 1: during the course of the episode, that might be obsolete. 433 00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:02,679 Speaker 1: It might be doubly obsolete because we have changed our 434 00:27:02,720 --> 00:27:06,199 Speaker 1: email address again. 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