1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:02,840 Speaker 1: Hello everyone, it's Eaves checking in here to let you 2 00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:04,960 Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events 3 00:00:04,960 --> 00:00:07,400 Speaker 1: in history in this episode. They're both good, if I 4 00:00:07,440 --> 00:00:12,479 Speaker 1: do say so myself. On with the show. Greetings everyone, 5 00:00:13,200 --> 00:00:16,040 Speaker 1: welcome to this day in History class, where we bring 6 00:00:16,120 --> 00:00:26,439 Speaker 1: you a new tidbit from history every day. The day 7 00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:33,080 Speaker 1: was nineteen o two. Minister of Education Spitty down Sties 8 00:00:33,479 --> 00:00:36,519 Speaker 1: was looking through artifacts salvage from a shipwreck off the 9 00:00:36,560 --> 00:00:40,159 Speaker 1: coast of the Greek island Andy Kuithera when he found 10 00:00:40,159 --> 00:00:44,839 Speaker 1: the Oni Kithra mechanism. The mechanism, which is a two 11 00:00:44,880 --> 00:00:48,680 Speaker 1: thousand year old calculating machine, has been considered the world's 12 00:00:48,760 --> 00:00:53,720 Speaker 1: oldest known analog computer. The island of andy Kithera is 13 00:00:53,760 --> 00:00:56,920 Speaker 1: located in a g n C near the island of Crete. 14 00:00:57,520 --> 00:01:00,880 Speaker 1: In nineteen hundred, sponge divers in the area found the 15 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:03,800 Speaker 1: wreck of an ancient cargo vessel that sank around the 16 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:08,479 Speaker 1: first century BC. Over the next year, the divers dug 17 00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:13,039 Speaker 1: up statues, coins, jewelry, and other sunken treasures. They sent 18 00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: the artifacts to the National Museum of Archaeology and Athens 19 00:01:16,080 --> 00:01:19,280 Speaker 1: for cataloging and restoration, but some of the items were 20 00:01:19,360 --> 00:01:23,360 Speaker 1: largely ignored. The divers had found a bunch of decayed 21 00:01:23,400 --> 00:01:28,640 Speaker 1: bronze shards, which did not immediately capture the attention of archaeologists. 22 00:01:28,640 --> 00:01:32,400 Speaker 1: But on May eighteenth, nineteen o two, Stides realized that 23 00:01:32,480 --> 00:01:35,679 Speaker 1: many of the bronze pieces had interlocking gears that had 24 00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:40,080 Speaker 1: not been observed in artifacts from this era before. Those 25 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:43,280 Speaker 1: gears and dials made it seem like the fragments had 26 00:01:43,319 --> 00:01:46,720 Speaker 1: to have come from a device for navigation or a clock. 27 00:01:47,720 --> 00:01:50,600 Speaker 1: Archaeologists thought it might have been a kind of astralaide. 28 00:01:51,160 --> 00:01:53,840 Speaker 1: Others thought it might have been the sphere of Archimedes. 29 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:57,640 Speaker 1: Some of the archaeologists even thought the mechanism could not 30 00:01:57,760 --> 00:02:00,800 Speaker 1: have been from the first century BC because it appeared 31 00:02:00,880 --> 00:02:05,320 Speaker 1: so advanced. The mechanism is made of more than thirty 32 00:02:05,360 --> 00:02:09,600 Speaker 1: bronze gear, wheels, dials, and pointers, and it has inscriptions 33 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:14,000 Speaker 1: on it. After the mechanism was discovered, research into its 34 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:17,839 Speaker 1: origins and purpose was basically sidelined, but it was later 35 00:02:17,880 --> 00:02:21,080 Speaker 1: found that the device was really old, dated to somewhere 36 00:02:21,080 --> 00:02:24,840 Speaker 1: around eight b c E initially and later positive that 37 00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:29,280 Speaker 1: it could be decades older. In the nineteen fifties, science 38 00:02:29,360 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: historian Derek J. Dessola. Price suggested that the mechanism was 39 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:36,040 Speaker 1: used to predict the position of the planets and stars 40 00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:38,520 Speaker 1: based on the month. He said it was like a 41 00:02:38,600 --> 00:02:43,359 Speaker 1: modern and a lot computer. In nineteen seventy one, Price 42 00:02:43,480 --> 00:02:46,440 Speaker 1: and a Greek radiographer took the first X rays of 43 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:50,440 Speaker 1: the mechanism, and three years later Price published a monograph 44 00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:54,800 Speaker 1: based on his research titled Gears from the Greeks. Studies 45 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:57,480 Speaker 1: have also said the mechanism could determine the phases of 46 00:02:57,520 --> 00:03:02,000 Speaker 1: the moon, adjust the calendar, predict solar and lunar eclipses, 47 00:03:02,120 --> 00:03:06,200 Speaker 1: and determine the dates of the ancient Olympic Games. Some 48 00:03:06,280 --> 00:03:09,480 Speaker 1: researchers say that the mechanism was used to teach astronomy 49 00:03:09,560 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 1: to people who did not know much about it. But 50 00:03:12,280 --> 00:03:15,240 Speaker 1: research into what the Andi Kithura mechanism did and how 51 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:19,600 Speaker 1: it operated is ongoing. Questions that remain are who used it, 52 00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:23,200 Speaker 1: how exactly it was used, who built it, and whether 53 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:27,120 Speaker 1: there are other mechanisms out there like it today. The 54 00:03:27,160 --> 00:03:31,160 Speaker 1: Andi Kitha mechanism is housed at the National Archaeological Museum 55 00:03:31,160 --> 00:03:36,040 Speaker 1: and Athens, where displays detail the mechanisms proposed appearance and function. 56 00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:39,720 Speaker 1: I'm eave Jeff Coote and hopefully you know a little 57 00:03:39,760 --> 00:03:43,800 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. If you'd 58 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:46,600 Speaker 1: like to learn more about the Andi Keithera mechanism, you 59 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:48,720 Speaker 1: can listen to the Stuff you Missed in History Class 60 00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:53,400 Speaker 1: episode about it, titled the Andi Keithera Mechanism. An additional 61 00:03:53,480 --> 00:03:57,600 Speaker 1: note on the dating in this episode, May eight teens 62 00:03:57,880 --> 00:04:00,680 Speaker 1: is the day that this happened on the Willian calendar, 63 00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:03,360 Speaker 1: and it's also been said that the actual day of 64 00:04:03,360 --> 00:04:06,520 Speaker 1: the discovery could have been made twentie on the Julian calendar, 65 00:04:07,120 --> 00:04:09,520 Speaker 1: which Greece was still using at the time, and that 66 00:04:09,560 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: would have been June second on the Gregorian calendar. There 67 00:04:13,120 --> 00:04:17,560 Speaker 1: has also been confusion over who actually discovered the mechanism. 68 00:04:17,560 --> 00:04:20,479 Speaker 1: Based on contemporary sources, it seems like Spya did was 69 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:23,800 Speaker 1: the first to notice the mechanisms fragments, though he could 70 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: have collaborated with Valarios, who was an archaeologist on the discovery. 71 00:04:28,839 --> 00:04:33,040 Speaker 1: You can learn more about history by following us on Twitter, Facebook, 72 00:04:33,200 --> 00:04:39,080 Speaker 1: and Instagram at t d i h C Podcast. Thanks 73 00:04:39,120 --> 00:04:56,719 Speaker 1: for showing up. We'll meet here again tomorrow. Hello everyone, 74 00:04:56,960 --> 00:04:59,480 Speaker 1: I'm Eves and welcome to the Stay in History class 75 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:06,760 Speaker 1: of podcast for people who can never know enough about history. 76 00:05:09,520 --> 00:05:13,920 Speaker 1: The day was May eighth, nineteen fifty three, aviator Jackie 77 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:16,800 Speaker 1: Cochrane became the first woman to break the sound barrier. 78 00:05:18,240 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 1: Cochrane learned to fly in the early nineteen thirties, taking 79 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:24,279 Speaker 1: flying lessons at the Roosevelt Flying School on Long Island. 80 00:05:24,720 --> 00:05:27,279 Speaker 1: It only took her three weeks to get her pilot's license. 81 00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:30,360 Speaker 1: She then trained and built up flight hours at the 82 00:05:30,440 --> 00:05:34,320 Speaker 1: Ryan School of Aeronautics in San Diego, California. Cochrane got 83 00:05:34,320 --> 00:05:38,080 Speaker 1: her commercial pilot's license in nineteen thirty three. The next year, 84 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:41,359 Speaker 1: she entered the Mcrobertson Air Race from London to Melbourne. 85 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:46,480 Speaker 1: Cochrane had been interested in cosmetics even before she began flying. 86 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:49,360 Speaker 1: In in nineteen thirty five, she combined her passions for 87 00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:53,119 Speaker 1: the two fields by establishing a cosmetics company, for which 88 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:56,720 Speaker 1: she flew around the country delivering products and getting new distributors. 89 00:05:57,240 --> 00:05:59,560 Speaker 1: She was aware of how her flying career in cosmetics 90 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:02,400 Speaker 1: business infected at each other, and she often paused to 91 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:06,560 Speaker 1: apply lipstick while in the cockpit. All the while, Cochrane 92 00:06:06,640 --> 00:06:10,039 Speaker 1: was earning first setting records and starting new initiatives in flight. 93 00:06:10,640 --> 00:06:13,400 Speaker 1: In ninety seven, she became the first woman to make 94 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:17,479 Speaker 1: an instrument landing. In ninety eight, she won the Bendix 95 00:06:17,560 --> 00:06:21,719 Speaker 1: Transcontinental Air Race. During World War Two, she also organized 96 00:06:21,760 --> 00:06:25,200 Speaker 1: the Women's Flying Training Detachment to train civilian women pilots. 97 00:06:25,800 --> 00:06:29,400 Speaker 1: These women would ferry aircraft in personnel toe targets and 98 00:06:29,520 --> 00:06:34,920 Speaker 1: fly in other non combat capacities. After the war, Cochrane 99 00:06:34,920 --> 00:06:38,800 Speaker 1: set multiple speed records in her Lucky Low Star. One 100 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:41,919 Speaker 1: of the achievements she's best remembered for is becoming the 101 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:45,840 Speaker 1: first woman to reach supersonic flight. Chuck Yeager was the 102 00:06:45,880 --> 00:06:48,640 Speaker 1: first person ever to break the sound barrier when he 103 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 1: flew faster than the speed of sound in the Bill 104 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,800 Speaker 1: X one in ninety seven. Jaeger was a lifelong friend 105 00:06:54,839 --> 00:06:59,680 Speaker 1: of Cochran's. On nineteen fifty three, with the guidance of Yeager, 106 00:07:00,080 --> 00:07:02,560 Speaker 1: Cochrane became the first woman to fly faster than the 107 00:07:02,600 --> 00:07:06,040 Speaker 1: speed of sound and the Canadian built F eight six Saber. 108 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:09,880 Speaker 1: She had borrowed the jet since military aircraft weren't available 109 00:07:09,920 --> 00:07:14,920 Speaker 1: to civilian pilots. Cochrane went on to set other supersonic records, 110 00:07:15,320 --> 00:07:18,600 Speaker 1: and the realm of supersonic flight continued to develop. She 111 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:21,360 Speaker 1: was the first woman to exceed MAK two, where MAK 112 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:24,520 Speaker 1: two is twice the speed of sound. Though she was 113 00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:27,160 Speaker 1: involved in a program that tested the ability of women 114 00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:30,559 Speaker 1: to be astronauts in the nineteen sixties, she did argue 115 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: against the feasibility of including women in a space program 116 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:37,600 Speaker 1: that was already established. Cochrane was also the first woman 117 00:07:37,640 --> 00:07:40,280 Speaker 1: to pilot a jet across the Atlantic, and she was 118 00:07:40,320 --> 00:07:42,960 Speaker 1: the first woman to land a jet on an aircraft carrier. 119 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:47,440 Speaker 1: Outside of her flying career, Cochrane was involved in politics 120 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:52,040 Speaker 1: with the Republican Party and supported Dwight Eisenhower's presidential candidacy 121 00:07:52,520 --> 00:07:55,400 Speaker 1: in addition to running for Congress in nineteen fifty six. 122 00:07:56,640 --> 00:08:00,600 Speaker 1: When she died in nineteen eighty, Cochrane held more speed, distance, 123 00:08:00,800 --> 00:08:04,920 Speaker 1: or altitude records than any other pilot. I'm Eve Jeff 124 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:07,560 Speaker 1: Coote and hopefully you know a little more about history 125 00:08:07,600 --> 00:08:10,720 Speaker 1: today than you did yesterday. And if you have any 126 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:14,120 Speaker 1: comments are suggestions for future episodes, you can send them 127 00:08:14,120 --> 00:08:17,280 Speaker 1: to us at this Day at I heart media dot com. 128 00:08:17,320 --> 00:08:19,720 Speaker 1: You can also hit us up on social media. We're 129 00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:23,680 Speaker 1: at t D I h C Podcast. Thanks so much 130 00:08:23,720 --> 00:08:25,640 Speaker 1: for listening to the show and we'll see you tomorrow. 131 00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:49,440 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from my Heart Radio, visit the I 132 00:08:49,480 --> 00:08:52,160 Speaker 1: heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 133 00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:52,960 Speaker 1: your favorite shows.