1 00:00:08,160 --> 00:00:10,520 Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel, what do you think is the most physics 2 00:00:10,640 --> 00:00:15,440 Speaker 1: inspired superhero in TV or movies or comics. Oh? I'm 3 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:17,640 Speaker 1: a big fan of Magneto, and not just because I 4 00:00:17,760 --> 00:00:21,520 Speaker 1: like Michael Fassbender, but because he can control magnets. Well, 5 00:00:21,760 --> 00:00:24,479 Speaker 1: does he technically control magnets or is he like a 6 00:00:25,239 --> 00:00:28,680 Speaker 1: like a magnet? He's got a magnetic personality. But the 7 00:00:28,720 --> 00:00:30,600 Speaker 1: thing I like about it is that he can't just 8 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:33,320 Speaker 1: like move metal around. They actually thought about the physics 9 00:00:33,320 --> 00:00:36,360 Speaker 1: of it. He has power over magnetic fields. But wait, 10 00:00:36,440 --> 00:00:39,720 Speaker 1: isn't he a villain? Doesn't that make physics the science 11 00:00:39,800 --> 00:00:42,400 Speaker 1: of bad guys? It just means, hey, you better give 12 00:00:42,400 --> 00:00:45,280 Speaker 1: physics some respect or watch out. Well, I would have 13 00:00:45,320 --> 00:00:48,920 Speaker 1: to say, Michael Fastbender is pretty attractive and magnetic, as 14 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:51,760 Speaker 1: is Ian McKellen. I'm surprised he didn't go to the 15 00:00:51,800 --> 00:00:55,200 Speaker 1: Ian McKellen version of Magneto. I'm surprised you didn't include 16 00:00:55,200 --> 00:01:00,640 Speaker 1: physicists on your list of attractive people. Well, I yes, yeah, 17 00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:05,240 Speaker 1: I guess magnet's repulse as well. So there's a yin 18 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:09,960 Speaker 1: and a yang to everything. But break it down for us, 19 00:01:09,959 --> 00:01:12,560 Speaker 1: what is the physics of Magneto? Yeah, that's basically it. 20 00:01:12,600 --> 00:01:15,240 Speaker 1: He can control magnetic fields, and that's why in the 21 00:01:15,280 --> 00:01:18,039 Speaker 1: movies you see him lifting anything with metal in it 22 00:01:18,080 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 1: he can control because of course magnetic fields can control 23 00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:25,000 Speaker 1: things that are conductors that can transmit electricity like metal. 24 00:01:25,200 --> 00:01:27,520 Speaker 1: So is that why you became a physicist to try 25 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:30,920 Speaker 1: to be a supervillain. Yeah, I wanted to super repel everybody. 26 00:01:31,760 --> 00:01:34,520 Speaker 1: Well it worked, no, because I think physics is kind 27 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:37,240 Speaker 1: of a superpower. I mean, it helps us understand the 28 00:01:37,319 --> 00:01:40,080 Speaker 1: universe and then bend it to our will in certain 29 00:01:40,080 --> 00:02:01,800 Speaker 1: maniacal cockle. Here, Hi am Morey. I'm a cartoonist and 30 00:02:01,880 --> 00:02:05,360 Speaker 1: the creator of PhD Comics. Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a 31 00:02:05,400 --> 00:02:08,600 Speaker 1: particle physicist and I'm not a superhero. And together with 32 00:02:08,720 --> 00:02:10,800 Speaker 1: the authors of the book, we have No Idea a 33 00:02:10,840 --> 00:02:15,120 Speaker 1: guide to the Unknown Universe, which inspired this podcast. That's right. 34 00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:17,680 Speaker 1: It's filled with all the questions about the universe that 35 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:20,320 Speaker 1: we don't know the answers to, and so we didn't 36 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:21,960 Speaker 1: put them in the book, but you can listen to 37 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:25,080 Speaker 1: them right now. Welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge 38 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:29,080 Speaker 1: Explain the Universe, a production of My Heart Radio. That's right, 39 00:02:29,320 --> 00:02:31,520 Speaker 1: our podcast and which we think about all the big 40 00:02:31,600 --> 00:02:34,200 Speaker 1: questions of the universe and tell you what science does 41 00:02:34,240 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: and does not know about them in a way that 42 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,040 Speaker 1: we hope educates you and makes you laugh. Yeah, all 43 00:02:39,040 --> 00:02:41,600 Speaker 1: the everyday physics in your life, and also all the 44 00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,720 Speaker 1: extreme things out there in the universe. That's right, the 45 00:02:44,760 --> 00:02:48,200 Speaker 1: attractive stuff and the repulsive stuff. And so today we 46 00:02:48,280 --> 00:02:53,240 Speaker 1: are continuing our series of podcasts about universal extremes or 47 00:02:53,480 --> 00:02:56,200 Speaker 1: the extremes of the universe. That's right. And these are 48 00:02:56,240 --> 00:02:58,880 Speaker 1: some of my favorite podcast because they really help us 49 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:02,840 Speaker 1: understand a context of the Earth and human life and 50 00:03:02,880 --> 00:03:06,120 Speaker 1: your experience, and how everything you thought was amazing on 51 00:03:06,160 --> 00:03:08,720 Speaker 1: Earth is actually kind of pathetic when you stack it 52 00:03:08,840 --> 00:03:11,400 Speaker 1: up against what's going on in the rest of the universe. Wait, 53 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:12,840 Speaker 1: are we going to do the same joke we always 54 00:03:12,880 --> 00:03:18,440 Speaker 1: do the extreme heavy metal riff. That's right, we are doing. 55 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:22,320 Speaker 1: We're drinking mountain dew and talking about the universe extreme universe, 56 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:27,640 Speaker 1: listening to Metallica in the background. That's right. This is 57 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:30,320 Speaker 1: just us pandering to be um the official podcast of 58 00:03:30,360 --> 00:03:34,480 Speaker 1: the Next Bill and Ted excellent Adventure movie. I wish 59 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:38,000 Speaker 1: it should have right, we should have them on. Yeah, 60 00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:40,440 Speaker 1: don't you know, Kanu I I know someone who knows 61 00:03:40,520 --> 00:03:47,040 Speaker 1: Kanu more importantly, the the other guy. Um goes the 62 00:03:47,080 --> 00:03:49,760 Speaker 1: other guy. It's Kanu and the other guy. Is that 63 00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:51,560 Speaker 1: how you're going to get him to show up? Hey, 64 00:03:51,680 --> 00:03:53,760 Speaker 1: other guy, would you like to be on our podcast? 65 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:56,440 Speaker 1: It's all about extreme universe? Well we should talk about 66 00:03:56,480 --> 00:03:59,920 Speaker 1: this offline, but he does live in South past at 67 00:04:00,200 --> 00:04:02,320 Speaker 1: and I've seen him around. All right, Well, Bill and 68 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:05,520 Speaker 1: or Ted and or the other guy. And if you 69 00:04:05,520 --> 00:04:07,440 Speaker 1: want to appear on our podcast and talk about the 70 00:04:07,480 --> 00:04:10,440 Speaker 1: extreme universe for your awesome new movie, you are welcome 71 00:04:10,520 --> 00:04:13,120 Speaker 1: to sign up. And so today we'll be covering another 72 00:04:13,280 --> 00:04:17,719 Speaker 1: universal extreme and one that is very It's a topic 73 00:04:17,800 --> 00:04:23,560 Speaker 1: that's very attractive, right and magnetic and simultaneously repulsive. But 74 00:04:23,600 --> 00:04:26,360 Speaker 1: it really, it really does capture something awesome about physics 75 00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:29,520 Speaker 1: because this particular element of physics is something that really 76 00:04:29,560 --> 00:04:31,400 Speaker 1: pulled me in as a kid. I mean, I remember 77 00:04:31,480 --> 00:04:33,920 Speaker 1: playing with magnets as a kid and feeling like they 78 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:36,880 Speaker 1: were kind of a superpower, getting them to push against 79 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: each other and one float above the other. It feels 80 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:42,800 Speaker 1: kind of like magic. Yeah, it is pretty magical. So 81 00:04:42,839 --> 00:04:50,480 Speaker 1: today on the podcast, we'll be talking about what is 82 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:56,120 Speaker 1: the strongest magnet in the universe, in the entire universe, exactly, 83 00:04:56,240 --> 00:05:01,320 Speaker 1: the strongest, most magnetic, most crazy magnet there that physics 84 00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:04,159 Speaker 1: can come up with. That's right, And spoiler alert, the 85 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:09,640 Speaker 1: strongest magnet in the universe is not your brain. You 86 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:11,680 Speaker 1: mean my brain or our listeners brains. I mean the 87 00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:14,560 Speaker 1: average brain. But you might be surprised to learn that 88 00:05:14,600 --> 00:05:18,400 Speaker 1: your brain actually is a magnet. Really interesting. Yeah, well, 89 00:05:18,440 --> 00:05:20,280 Speaker 1: you know, one of the things about physics that we've 90 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:22,960 Speaker 1: learned the last hundred years is this deep connection between 91 00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:26,920 Speaker 1: electricity and magnetism. They're basically the same thing. And so 92 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:30,320 Speaker 1: anytime you have electrical currents, you're going to get magnetic fields. 93 00:05:30,360 --> 00:05:32,840 Speaker 1: And what's going on in your brain? How do nerves work? 94 00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:35,280 Speaker 1: How does this whole model of the crazy universe that 95 00:05:35,320 --> 00:05:38,640 Speaker 1: you understand and you're the way you appreciate jokes and humor, 96 00:05:38,680 --> 00:05:42,640 Speaker 1: how does that all work? It's electrical firings in your brain. Interesting, 97 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:45,240 Speaker 1: you're saying, because we have currents in our brain, therefore 98 00:05:45,320 --> 00:05:48,919 Speaker 1: we do sort of generate magnetic fields. That's right, not 99 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:51,480 Speaker 1: sort of. If you think hard enough, you can wipe 100 00:05:51,520 --> 00:05:55,279 Speaker 1: the credit cards out of your wallet. Well, I don't 101 00:05:55,279 --> 00:05:59,640 Speaker 1: need my brain to my credit. But um, but even so, 102 00:05:59,800 --> 00:06:02,880 Speaker 1: but brains work with like ion channels, right and not 103 00:06:02,920 --> 00:06:06,280 Speaker 1: necessarily electrons. That also creates magnetic field. That's right. Every 104 00:06:06,360 --> 00:06:10,400 Speaker 1: charged particle, any current, any moving charged particle will create 105 00:06:10,440 --> 00:06:13,320 Speaker 1: a magnetic field. And so these magnetic fields we're talking about, 106 00:06:13,320 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 1: they're not very impressive. They can't actually erase credit cards 107 00:06:16,920 --> 00:06:18,880 Speaker 1: if you think about them correctly. But there is a 108 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:21,520 Speaker 1: magnetic field in your brain. And the unit we use 109 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:24,800 Speaker 1: for magnetic field is pretty cool. It's the Tesla Like 110 00:06:24,839 --> 00:06:29,640 Speaker 1: how many cars it can move? No, you know, Tesla? 111 00:06:29,920 --> 00:06:34,640 Speaker 1: How many can you can you get? The girl mustache? Like? Tesla? Know? 112 00:06:34,680 --> 00:06:37,159 Speaker 1: How many startups can you start in one year? That's 113 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:42,120 Speaker 1: when Tesla um No, Tesla of Corps much predates the company, right. 114 00:06:42,200 --> 00:06:45,320 Speaker 1: The company is named after the inventor and physicist and 115 00:06:45,360 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: staggering genius Nikolai Tesla, And he was an early pioneer 116 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:53,120 Speaker 1: in and understanding electricity and magnetism, and so they named 117 00:06:53,120 --> 00:06:56,520 Speaker 1: this unit of magnetization after him. When they named after him, 118 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:58,839 Speaker 1: or he named it, like he's the one who started 119 00:06:58,920 --> 00:07:02,440 Speaker 1: measuring magnets. That's a good question the history of the 120 00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:04,480 Speaker 1: the Tesla unit. I'm gonna have to look that up later, 121 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,120 Speaker 1: but I'm pretty sure it was named after him posthumously. 122 00:07:07,279 --> 00:07:08,839 Speaker 1: I don't know if you can have a unit named 123 00:07:08,839 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: after you while you're still alive. I think it's kind 124 00:07:10,520 --> 00:07:15,200 Speaker 1: of like stamps. It's a bad form. I can discover 125 00:07:15,280 --> 00:07:18,840 Speaker 1: this amazing thing, I'm gonna name it the whore, somebody 126 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:20,880 Speaker 1: else has to name it after you, right, That's the 127 00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,600 Speaker 1: way these things usually work. One tesla is a pretty 128 00:07:24,680 --> 00:07:28,920 Speaker 1: serious magnet. And so for example, like a fridge magnet 129 00:07:28,960 --> 00:07:30,840 Speaker 1: that you have, you know, in your fridge that holds 130 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: up your piece of paper whatever, that's like ten to 131 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:36,200 Speaker 1: the minus three tesla. It's like you need a thousand 132 00:07:36,280 --> 00:07:40,640 Speaker 1: of those um to make one point oh oh one tesla. 133 00:07:40,880 --> 00:07:44,960 Speaker 1: He's a fridge magnet, yeah, exactly. And your brain is 134 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:48,160 Speaker 1: tend to the minus twelve tesla, so it really doesn't 135 00:07:48,200 --> 00:07:51,239 Speaker 1: even register. It's like one trillionth of a tesla, meaning 136 00:07:51,280 --> 00:07:54,040 Speaker 1: like if you are were to measure the magnetic field 137 00:07:54,680 --> 00:07:57,160 Speaker 1: in my head, you know, around my head, that's how 138 00:07:57,160 --> 00:07:59,040 Speaker 1: strong it would be. And you know, I don't know 139 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:01,040 Speaker 1: how they got this number, and like stick probes in 140 00:08:01,120 --> 00:08:04,520 Speaker 1: somebody's head, like somebody signed up to be that experiment. Um, 141 00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:06,679 Speaker 1: I'm not quite sure, but I guess they must, because 142 00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:08,400 Speaker 1: you know, they do do these experiments when they stick 143 00:08:08,440 --> 00:08:10,720 Speaker 1: probes and people's heads. And so somebody decided to measure 144 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:12,960 Speaker 1: the magnetic field of the brain. But it's weak, but 145 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:16,520 Speaker 1: it's there. Meaning if I stand next to a fridge, 146 00:08:16,560 --> 00:08:19,360 Speaker 1: I lit, my head is sort of attracted to the fridge. 147 00:08:19,840 --> 00:08:22,640 Speaker 1: That's right. That's why you keep going back to the fridge. 148 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:26,200 Speaker 1: It's not your stomach, it's your head exactly. The head 149 00:08:26,320 --> 00:08:29,280 Speaker 1: keeps pulling you into the fridge. Um. Yeah, no, but 150 00:08:29,360 --> 00:08:31,600 Speaker 1: really right, that's what you're saying, right, Like, Um, there 151 00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:34,839 Speaker 1: is some attraction between my brain and pieces of metal. 152 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:37,920 Speaker 1: That's true, Yes, there is some attraction. And um, that's 153 00:08:37,960 --> 00:08:41,480 Speaker 1: basically you know, the core physics behind inventing a mutant 154 00:08:41,640 --> 00:08:45,640 Speaker 1: that could actually become magneto. Right if you somehow had 155 00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,000 Speaker 1: a brain which with super strong currents in it that 156 00:08:48,040 --> 00:08:51,480 Speaker 1: generated really strong magnetic fields and could control them somehow, 157 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:55,559 Speaker 1: you know, dot dot dot, Um, you have magneto. Interesting, 158 00:08:56,120 --> 00:08:58,400 Speaker 1: could any humans do that? You know? Like, you know, 159 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:00,439 Speaker 1: if I figure out how to align all the current 160 00:09:00,480 --> 00:09:03,240 Speaker 1: in my brain, could increase the magnetic field. If you've 161 00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:06,719 Speaker 1: got a trillion humans and lined up their brains, then 162 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:08,920 Speaker 1: then yeah, maybe you could be as strong as a 163 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:10,920 Speaker 1: pretty weak magnet. I'm not sure that's the best use 164 00:09:10,960 --> 00:09:13,480 Speaker 1: of a trillion humans, but you're saying basically, anything with 165 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:16,480 Speaker 1: a current as can have a magnetic field. So even 166 00:09:16,520 --> 00:09:19,920 Speaker 1: your toaster as a magnet. That's right. And it turns 167 00:09:19,920 --> 00:09:22,480 Speaker 1: out your toaster has a magnetic it's about ten thousand 168 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:24,920 Speaker 1: times stronger than your brain. There's not that many things, 169 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:27,240 Speaker 1: ten thou, that's not that many things that your toaster 170 00:09:27,320 --> 00:09:29,960 Speaker 1: can do better than your brain. One thing is toast bread. 171 00:09:30,280 --> 00:09:34,960 Speaker 1: The other thing is make a magnetic few a toastbread 172 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:39,800 Speaker 1: be burned that in your house. That's right, and none 173 00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:41,840 Speaker 1: of these are very strong compared to, of course, the 174 00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:45,199 Speaker 1: Earth's magnetic field. The earth magnetic field is like thirty 175 00:09:45,280 --> 00:09:50,200 Speaker 1: to sixty micro tesla. Okay, so that's pretty weak though, right, 176 00:09:50,280 --> 00:09:52,760 Speaker 1: isn't it. That's pretty weaker than a fridge magnet. Yeah, 177 00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:54,520 Speaker 1: that's right. A fridge magnet is also about ten to 178 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:56,880 Speaker 1: the mine is three tesla. And that's why, for example, 179 00:09:57,080 --> 00:09:58,920 Speaker 1: when you make when you have a compass, you need 180 00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:01,880 Speaker 1: to really find little filament. It has to be balanced 181 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:04,880 Speaker 1: on that needle because the magnetic force from the Earth's 182 00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:08,360 Speaker 1: magnetic field is not very strong, right, it's you don't 183 00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:10,520 Speaker 1: notice it if it's magnet's just sitting on the counter, 184 00:10:10,640 --> 00:10:13,960 Speaker 1: doesn't like slide up or rotate towards the Earth's magnetic field. 185 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:16,880 Speaker 1: You need a very small piece of metal that can 186 00:10:16,920 --> 00:10:20,080 Speaker 1: align with earth magnetic field because it's not a strong force. Alright, 187 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:23,920 Speaker 1: So today we'll be getting into magnetism and what is 188 00:10:23,960 --> 00:10:26,720 Speaker 1: the strongest magnet in the universe. And it's I think 189 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:28,800 Speaker 1: feel like it's something interesting because not just because it 190 00:10:28,880 --> 00:10:30,920 Speaker 1: is sort of like magic that we all feel as 191 00:10:30,920 --> 00:10:34,920 Speaker 1: a kid, but it's so pervasive in our everyday lives. 192 00:10:34,960 --> 00:10:38,280 Speaker 1: You know, like people listening to this podcast, they're not 193 00:10:38,360 --> 00:10:42,079 Speaker 1: actually listening to our voice. They're listening to a little 194 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:45,880 Speaker 1: tiny magnet in their earphones or speakers making the sounds 195 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:48,400 Speaker 1: that we would make with our voices. Right, that's right, 196 00:10:48,440 --> 00:10:50,719 Speaker 1: We're all just listening to magnets talking to us all day, 197 00:10:50,760 --> 00:10:54,120 Speaker 1: following instructions from magnets. Right, magnets are basically in charge 198 00:10:54,120 --> 00:10:57,120 Speaker 1: of our lives. Yeah, turn left at the upcoming intersection, 199 00:10:57,200 --> 00:11:02,440 Speaker 1: says this magnet basically, right, It like it's so any 200 00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:06,360 Speaker 1: any media, TV, movies, podcast you listen to, or your 201 00:11:06,360 --> 00:11:09,720 Speaker 1: Alexa that you talked to, or any uh, all any 202 00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:12,640 Speaker 1: of these things. Right, it's all bangnets, that's right. Yeah, 203 00:11:12,640 --> 00:11:15,040 Speaker 1: there's a little magnet inside every speaker. It's a little 204 00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:17,800 Speaker 1: electro magnet, and there's a really powerful and useful because 205 00:11:17,800 --> 00:11:21,160 Speaker 1: they can be turned on and off using you know, circuitry. 206 00:11:21,480 --> 00:11:24,400 Speaker 1: And so you're right. Magnets are everywhere and everyone also 207 00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:26,800 Speaker 1: has a sort of a grasp of magnetism. Right, It's 208 00:11:26,840 --> 00:11:29,439 Speaker 1: not like some weird thing out there in space. It's 209 00:11:29,480 --> 00:11:31,360 Speaker 1: right here, it's in front of us. We can play 210 00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:34,920 Speaker 1: with it. Everybody has experiences playing with magnets, um and 211 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:37,760 Speaker 1: so it's something that feels very tactile. All right, So 212 00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:40,559 Speaker 1: today we'll talk about what is the strongest magnet? And 213 00:11:40,679 --> 00:11:44,280 Speaker 1: so as usual, Daniel, you went out there and wondered 214 00:11:44,800 --> 00:11:47,480 Speaker 1: if people knew what the strongest magnet in the universe was. 215 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:50,560 Speaker 1: That's right. And as usual with the Extreme Universe series, 216 00:11:50,600 --> 00:11:53,000 Speaker 1: I really try and to get people to think universal. 217 00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:55,440 Speaker 1: Don't just think about the Earth or a solar system, 218 00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:58,600 Speaker 1: think about our place in the universe. And so you'll 219 00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:01,120 Speaker 1: hear sometimes I prompted people a little bit to think 220 00:12:01,120 --> 00:12:04,760 Speaker 1: about whether there are big space magnets out there. So 221 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:07,520 Speaker 1: think about yourself before you listen. Where do you think 222 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:10,520 Speaker 1: the strongest magnet in the universe is? Here's what people 223 00:12:10,559 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: had to say. It's a black hole of the magnetic field. 224 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:15,480 Speaker 1: I feel like I should know the answer to these questions. 225 00:12:15,640 --> 00:12:18,600 Speaker 1: I call the Earth. How about that? I would just 226 00:12:18,640 --> 00:12:21,160 Speaker 1: say the gravitational pools stars. But I don't know what 227 00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:25,360 Speaker 1: that means about gravitation and magnetism at least I don't know. 228 00:12:25,720 --> 00:12:30,440 Speaker 1: I have no idea. I have no idea. Would it 229 00:12:30,480 --> 00:12:34,320 Speaker 1: be Japan? I don't have any idea. The National High 230 00:12:34,360 --> 00:12:36,560 Speaker 1: Magnetic Field Laboratory, Okay, And how do they make a 231 00:12:36,559 --> 00:12:41,320 Speaker 1: really high magnetou? Uh to a combination of uh these 232 00:12:41,360 --> 00:12:47,040 Speaker 1: bitter disc copper coils and super conducting coiled wires. And 233 00:12:47,080 --> 00:12:48,720 Speaker 1: do you think the magnets here on Earth are stronger 234 00:12:48,760 --> 00:12:50,400 Speaker 1: than anything else out there in the universe or their 235 00:12:50,440 --> 00:12:53,360 Speaker 1: strongest stronger magnets out there in the universe. There should 236 00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:55,720 Speaker 1: be stronger magnets out there in the universe, all right. 237 00:12:55,760 --> 00:12:58,559 Speaker 1: Not a lot of bright ideas here. You didn't attract 238 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:02,920 Speaker 1: a lot of very um um creative answers a lot 239 00:13:02,960 --> 00:13:04,960 Speaker 1: of people just said I have no idea. Yeah, a 240 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:07,000 Speaker 1: lot of people have no idea. Um. I like the 241 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:09,760 Speaker 1: ones said maybe the Japanese because they seem pretty clever. 242 00:13:10,360 --> 00:13:12,199 Speaker 1: The last one is really my favorite because he really 243 00:13:12,240 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: knew what he was talking about. And the fun bit 244 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:17,800 Speaker 1: is that after I was done interviewing him, he was like, 245 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:20,240 Speaker 1: what's this for? And then I described our podcast and 246 00:13:20,240 --> 00:13:22,280 Speaker 1: he's like, oh my god, I love that podcast. I 247 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:27,240 Speaker 1: listened to it every week. You didn't realize that he 248 00:13:27,280 --> 00:13:29,440 Speaker 1: was going to be on the podcast. It only sunk 249 00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:33,400 Speaker 1: in afterwards. Just a random person who listened to this podcast. 250 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:36,040 Speaker 1: You interviewed him on the street, Yeah, exactly. So you 251 00:13:36,520 --> 00:13:39,680 Speaker 1: can happen? Can happen? Yeah? Yeah, you might be a 252 00:13:39,679 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: listener to this podcast and one day you might get 253 00:13:41,880 --> 00:13:45,440 Speaker 1: asked by a random physicist. Have better chances if you're 254 00:13:45,440 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: walking around in the afternoon at you see Irvine than 255 00:13:48,200 --> 00:13:51,000 Speaker 1: if you are, you know, in Bangkok or something, But yeah, 256 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,720 Speaker 1: it could happen to you. Quantum mechanically, anything can happen. 257 00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:57,720 Speaker 1: That's not true, that's a that's a comic book sign. 258 00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:00,480 Speaker 1: That's right. Quantum mechanically, you can't go back in time. Yeah, well, 259 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:02,760 Speaker 1: I don't think I would ask to have a very 260 00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:05,319 Speaker 1: creative answer or accurate as for either. I mean, I 261 00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,880 Speaker 1: don't really know what is the strongest magnet in the universe, 262 00:14:09,280 --> 00:14:11,719 Speaker 1: or where where you would find it, or how you 263 00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:13,560 Speaker 1: would make it. And one of the fascinating things that 264 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:16,240 Speaker 1: there's lots of different ways to make magnets, right, You've 265 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:19,400 Speaker 1: got a permanent magnets, you've got electro magnets, you've got superconductors, 266 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:22,680 Speaker 1: you've got crazy stuff going on inside stars, and each 267 00:14:22,680 --> 00:14:25,320 Speaker 1: of them have their own limitations for how strong you 268 00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:27,520 Speaker 1: can get that magnet. So it really it turned out 269 00:14:27,520 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 1: to be quite a rich topic. But um, I think 270 00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: we covered this in a little bit in our podcast before, 271 00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:35,480 Speaker 1: is that all of these ways of making magnets, they're 272 00:14:35,480 --> 00:14:37,600 Speaker 1: all sort of the same, aren't they. They're all based 273 00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:42,320 Speaker 1: on kind of the same quantum mechanical properties of stuff. 274 00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:44,520 Speaker 1: That's right. In the end, it all comes down to 275 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,960 Speaker 1: the same concept, which is moving charged particles. Because of 276 00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:53,000 Speaker 1: this deep connection between electricity and magnetism. Anytime you move 277 00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:56,200 Speaker 1: a charged particle, that's an electric current, and every current 278 00:14:56,280 --> 00:14:59,200 Speaker 1: makes a magnet. And that's true of course for electromagnets, 279 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:02,480 Speaker 1: which will dig into. But sort of counterintuitively, it's also 280 00:15:02,640 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 1: the reason you have that fridge magnets have a magnetic field, 281 00:15:05,320 --> 00:15:07,880 Speaker 1: or any little permanent magnet, even if you don't see 282 00:15:07,920 --> 00:15:10,400 Speaker 1: something moving, even if it doesn't have a current, it's 283 00:15:10,400 --> 00:15:13,960 Speaker 1: all based on the same idea. Yeah, and it sort 284 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:16,280 Speaker 1: of does have a current because in the end, like 285 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:19,320 Speaker 1: a permanent magnet is a bunch of little magnets at 286 00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:22,040 Speaker 1: all points in the same direction, and those little magnets 287 00:15:22,080 --> 00:15:24,840 Speaker 1: and the magnetic field in the end comes from the 288 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:27,920 Speaker 1: quantum mechanical spin of that particle. So you have a 289 00:15:27,920 --> 00:15:31,360 Speaker 1: particle with an electric charge on it, like an ionized 290 00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:34,520 Speaker 1: atom inside that net magnet, like a piece of iron 291 00:15:34,600 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: that doesn't have its charges all balanced, and it has 292 00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:40,400 Speaker 1: quantum mechanical spin. And remember we talked about this on 293 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,520 Speaker 1: an episode. Quantum mechanical spin isn't actual spin. It's not 294 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:47,720 Speaker 1: like a thing is spinning like a top, but it's 295 00:15:47,760 --> 00:15:50,480 Speaker 1: close enough to spin that the motion of it, the 296 00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:53,720 Speaker 1: rotation of it, this quantum mechanical version of spin will 297 00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:57,360 Speaker 1: also generate a magnetic field. So any charge particle that 298 00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:01,040 Speaker 1: has quantum mechanical spin also has a magnet the field. Okay, 299 00:16:01,040 --> 00:16:02,520 Speaker 1: so I think that's a good place to start. So 300 00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:06,400 Speaker 1: let's start with just your average fridge magnet and how 301 00:16:06,440 --> 00:16:10,160 Speaker 1: that works. And you're saying the average fridge magnet works 302 00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,320 Speaker 1: because all of the little particles in the are act 303 00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:16,480 Speaker 1: like little magnets themselves, exactly. And if you just like 304 00:16:16,520 --> 00:16:19,120 Speaker 1: take a chunk of iron from the earth, um then 305 00:16:19,160 --> 00:16:21,400 Speaker 1: you'll have a bunch of little magnets in it, but 306 00:16:21,440 --> 00:16:23,560 Speaker 1: they all point in random directions. And that's why, like 307 00:16:23,600 --> 00:16:26,160 Speaker 1: a random piece of of metal that you dig out 308 00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:28,600 Speaker 1: of the ground is not necessarily a magnet yet, but 309 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:31,240 Speaker 1: it has the capacity to be an overall magnet. And 310 00:16:31,280 --> 00:16:33,040 Speaker 1: what you have to do is get all those magnets 311 00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:36,200 Speaker 1: pointing in the same direction. And so you can think 312 00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,040 Speaker 1: of it like a billion tiny little magnets, but they're 313 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:41,800 Speaker 1: all in random directions, right, so they cancel each other out, 314 00:16:41,880 --> 00:16:45,080 Speaker 1: or exactly, they cancel each other out, and so overall, 315 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:47,240 Speaker 1: this lump of iron is not a magnet. Now, what 316 00:16:47,280 --> 00:16:50,280 Speaker 1: happens if you put that in a big magnetic field, Well, 317 00:16:50,400 --> 00:16:53,680 Speaker 1: each of those little tiny magnets are gonna line up 318 00:16:53,680 --> 00:16:56,280 Speaker 1: with the magnetic field, because that's what the magnetic field does. 319 00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:58,960 Speaker 1: It turns magnets It's like looking at a compass, right, 320 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:02,040 Speaker 1: a compass lines up with the Earth's magnetic field. Each 321 00:17:02,080 --> 00:17:04,760 Speaker 1: of these little iron atoms are a tiny little compass, 322 00:17:05,040 --> 00:17:06,920 Speaker 1: and if you put them in a magnet, a strong one, 323 00:17:07,240 --> 00:17:10,760 Speaker 1: they will line up with that magnetic field. And then 324 00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:13,200 Speaker 1: you take the magnet away and they still are aligned. 325 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:16,320 Speaker 1: They can move around, you know, like, aren't they fixed 326 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:19,480 Speaker 1: in a crystal or in some molecule. They can still 327 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:22,440 Speaker 1: kind of reorient them those themselves. Yeah, they can still 328 00:17:22,440 --> 00:17:24,439 Speaker 1: reirient themselves. You're right that they're sort of fixed in 329 00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:27,679 Speaker 1: a crystal, but that affects like the spacing between them there. 330 00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:31,040 Speaker 1: They still have freedom to rotate, right, It's not like 331 00:17:31,240 --> 00:17:34,439 Speaker 1: tinker toys where you have where they're fixed by some 332 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 1: rod to each other. There is a relationship there and 333 00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,439 Speaker 1: it comes from a chemical bond. But they do have 334 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:42,080 Speaker 1: freedom to rotate still within that crystal. Do you mean 335 00:17:42,080 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: when you say particles, you mean like the electrons or 336 00:17:44,359 --> 00:17:47,119 Speaker 1: the protons, But what do you mean exactly inside of 337 00:17:47,119 --> 00:17:49,760 Speaker 1: those magnet materials? Well, I think the best thing to 338 00:17:49,840 --> 00:17:52,280 Speaker 1: do is to think about the whole iron atom, right, 339 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:55,240 Speaker 1: um as one, because that's where the magnetic field comes from. 340 00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:57,199 Speaker 1: But in the end, it does come down to the 341 00:17:57,200 --> 00:17:59,919 Speaker 1: little particles inside it. You know, this is the standard 342 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:02,520 Speaker 1: in physics is like shells. Right. You can think of 343 00:18:02,760 --> 00:18:04,720 Speaker 1: the magnet as a whole. You can think of the 344 00:18:04,760 --> 00:18:07,480 Speaker 1: atom irons is having little magnets on them, or you 345 00:18:07,480 --> 00:18:10,320 Speaker 1: can think of the magnetic field of the atom of 346 00:18:10,359 --> 00:18:13,040 Speaker 1: iron as being a sum of the magnetic fields of 347 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:16,200 Speaker 1: all the protons and the electrons. And that's actually why 348 00:18:16,480 --> 00:18:20,240 Speaker 1: some kind of materials can be magnets, like iron. It's 349 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:23,120 Speaker 1: because the electric fields. It's because the magnetic field don't 350 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:27,080 Speaker 1: exactly cancel out right, whereas other materials where the electron 351 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:30,800 Speaker 1: shells are totally filled, that everything just balances and all 352 00:18:30,800 --> 00:18:33,480 Speaker 1: the magnetic fields of the atom are canceled out. Oh man, 353 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:36,120 Speaker 1: you just blew my mind. Yeah. So in the end, 354 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:39,320 Speaker 1: all my life I've known about magnets, I've never known 355 00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:41,840 Speaker 1: this piece of information. So that's why that's why iron 356 00:18:41,880 --> 00:18:44,320 Speaker 1: is so special. That's why iron and other materials. Yeah, 357 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:47,560 Speaker 1: it's it's precisely because the alignment the electrons and whether 358 00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:50,680 Speaker 1: the shells are filled. And the cool thing about magnets 359 00:18:50,680 --> 00:18:53,080 Speaker 1: is that in the end they're quantum mechanical like magnets 360 00:18:53,119 --> 00:18:55,920 Speaker 1: don't work. If quantum mechanics does, isn't real. So you're 361 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:58,040 Speaker 1: holding in your pocket a quantum matt You are listening 362 00:18:58,119 --> 00:19:01,399 Speaker 1: right now to a quantum magnet. Well you are, and 363 00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:04,760 Speaker 1: you're not because it's quantum. But you're both laughing and 364 00:19:04,760 --> 00:19:08,880 Speaker 1: not laughing at these jokes. That's right. It's it's both 365 00:19:08,920 --> 00:19:13,719 Speaker 1: good and that exactly. So either something special about iron, 366 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:17,600 Speaker 1: that basic configuration of it doesn't cancel out all the 367 00:19:17,640 --> 00:19:21,119 Speaker 1: little magnets of its electrons and protons. Yeah, and you 368 00:19:21,119 --> 00:19:23,440 Speaker 1: know there's something special. But every element don't feel bad, 369 00:19:23,560 --> 00:19:27,080 Speaker 1: you know, um beryllium or hydrogen or whatever. And that's 370 00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:29,920 Speaker 1: the thing that makes the elements different, right is Basically 371 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:32,280 Speaker 1: it's all about the arrangement of the electrons in the 372 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:36,119 Speaker 1: in those shells. That's what makes something shiny or not shiny, 373 00:19:36,240 --> 00:19:39,200 Speaker 1: or active or not active, or you know, a metal 374 00:19:39,359 --> 00:19:41,600 Speaker 1: or goopy at room temperature whatever. It's all down to 375 00:19:41,640 --> 00:19:45,320 Speaker 1: how the electrons fill out their orbitals. It's incredible how 376 00:19:45,760 --> 00:19:48,080 Speaker 1: rich a variety of stuff you can get, Like the 377 00:19:48,119 --> 00:19:50,720 Speaker 1: elements are so different from each other just from how 378 00:19:50,760 --> 00:19:53,200 Speaker 1: you arrange these same particles. You know, it's just another 379 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,480 Speaker 1: example of this this thing that blows my mind every day, 380 00:19:56,520 --> 00:19:59,040 Speaker 1: that the most amazing things in the universe come from 381 00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:02,159 Speaker 1: the arrangements of stuff, not from the stuff itself. Right, 382 00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:04,640 Speaker 1: The same materials make iron as they as you used 383 00:20:04,640 --> 00:20:07,960 Speaker 1: to make hydrogen or silken or whatever. But if you 384 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,359 Speaker 1: arrange them in a particular way with a certain amount 385 00:20:10,359 --> 00:20:13,320 Speaker 1: of each one, then you get a magnet. Yeah, exactly. 386 00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:15,679 Speaker 1: And iron is not the only one that can make magnet, right, 387 00:20:15,720 --> 00:20:18,600 Speaker 1: other other things can be magnets as well. I guess 388 00:20:18,720 --> 00:20:22,040 Speaker 1: one thing I've never understood is what exactly is a magnet? 389 00:20:22,280 --> 00:20:24,600 Speaker 1: And you know, whether we're talking about one particle with 390 00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:28,440 Speaker 1: a spin direction or whatever, or a fridge magnet, Like 391 00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:32,119 Speaker 1: what is that? Like? Why does it get attracted to metal? 392 00:20:32,160 --> 00:20:34,399 Speaker 1: Why does mental get attracted to it? Wow, that's a 393 00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:37,160 Speaker 1: pretty deep question. What is a magnet? I think it's 394 00:20:37,160 --> 00:20:39,720 Speaker 1: hard to start from that direction. What is a magnet? 395 00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:41,959 Speaker 1: I think it's easier to sort of think about the 396 00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:45,800 Speaker 1: history of the idea, which is like, well, we see 397 00:20:45,840 --> 00:20:48,160 Speaker 1: this thing right in the end, physics is all about 398 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:51,840 Speaker 1: describing the things we see. So people discovered magnets, right, Clearly, 399 00:20:52,240 --> 00:20:54,840 Speaker 1: magnets are real, right, It's a thing and so what 400 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:59,320 Speaker 1: we did is we developed a mathematical formulation that explains it. Like, Okay, 401 00:20:59,440 --> 00:21:01,679 Speaker 1: they seem to work this way, and when they're further apart, 402 00:21:01,720 --> 00:21:04,600 Speaker 1: the force is weaker. When they're closer, they're stronger. Only 403 00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:06,679 Speaker 1: certain things seem to feel them, and they feel them 404 00:21:06,720 --> 00:21:09,159 Speaker 1: in this circumstance, and you can make this force in 405 00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:12,280 Speaker 1: that circumstance when you move particles around. Right. So that's 406 00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:14,440 Speaker 1: what we have, is we have this description of the 407 00:21:14,480 --> 00:21:16,639 Speaker 1: things we've seen, and we try to understand it and 408 00:21:16,680 --> 00:21:20,480 Speaker 1: simplify it. So in other words, you you don't know, Well, 409 00:21:20,560 --> 00:21:23,040 Speaker 1: it depends. Are you asking like why are there magnets? 410 00:21:23,080 --> 00:21:25,960 Speaker 1: Like could you have a universe without magnets? You know? Well, 411 00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:28,879 Speaker 1: I guess I'm asking, like, like I know about the 412 00:21:28,880 --> 00:21:32,240 Speaker 1: electromagnetic force, right, if I have one electron, it repels 413 00:21:32,560 --> 00:21:35,880 Speaker 1: another electron because we're both negative and they repel each other, right, 414 00:21:35,920 --> 00:21:40,280 Speaker 1: Like that's the force. But then why where does this 415 00:21:40,720 --> 00:21:43,480 Speaker 1: you know, where do fridge magnets? Okay? Like is it 416 00:21:43,560 --> 00:21:47,159 Speaker 1: the is the electrons in my magnet attracted to or 417 00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:50,240 Speaker 1: repelled by the you know, electrons in the fridge door? 418 00:21:50,480 --> 00:21:52,840 Speaker 1: And what's what's going on there? Yeah? Well, you know, Um, 419 00:21:52,880 --> 00:21:55,320 Speaker 1: the fascinating about magnetic fields is they have a north 420 00:21:55,359 --> 00:21:58,200 Speaker 1: and a south. Right, they have this direction to them, 421 00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:01,520 Speaker 1: and so the north attract the south, and the south 422 00:22:01,560 --> 00:22:04,200 Speaker 1: attracts the north, and north repels the north right. And 423 00:22:04,240 --> 00:22:07,000 Speaker 1: so in that way, they're very similar to charges, right, 424 00:22:07,320 --> 00:22:10,320 Speaker 1: positive and positive repel each other, and positive negative attract 425 00:22:10,359 --> 00:22:13,720 Speaker 1: each other. For charges. For magnetis it's similar. You have 426 00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:16,120 Speaker 1: this north and the south. One of the really amazing 427 00:22:16,160 --> 00:22:18,280 Speaker 1: things about magnetism that I want to cover on a 428 00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 1: whole other podcast, is that you can never have a 429 00:22:20,680 --> 00:22:24,040 Speaker 1: north by itself. Right, Like for electricity, you can have 430 00:22:24,080 --> 00:22:26,520 Speaker 1: a positive particle over here and it's all by itself, 431 00:22:26,680 --> 00:22:28,359 Speaker 1: and over there you can have a negative particle it's 432 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:31,560 Speaker 1: all by itself. In magnetism, you have to have a 433 00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:34,000 Speaker 1: north and the south together. There's no such thing as 434 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:37,399 Speaker 1: a single north or a single south. Need both. You 435 00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:41,400 Speaker 1: need both. And nobody really understands why if you could 436 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:44,520 Speaker 1: find a single north we call that a magnetic monopole, 437 00:22:44,960 --> 00:22:47,080 Speaker 1: then I would actually solve a whole lot of problems 438 00:22:47,080 --> 00:22:49,920 Speaker 1: in physics. Nobody understands why we've never seen one bring 439 00:22:49,960 --> 00:22:52,280 Speaker 1: it down from me. So one electron does it one 440 00:22:52,320 --> 00:22:55,119 Speaker 1: electron have a magnetic field or is it just a 441 00:22:55,160 --> 00:22:58,080 Speaker 1: negative charge. One electron has a magnetic field because it 442 00:22:58,119 --> 00:23:00,439 Speaker 1: has a quantum spin, and so what it has it's 443 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: a magnetic north and a magnetic south. Yeah, so it 444 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:07,679 Speaker 1: attracts other electrons and also repels of their electrons. How 445 00:23:07,720 --> 00:23:09,800 Speaker 1: does that work? Yeah, it depends on their alignments of 446 00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,560 Speaker 1: the fields. Right, So if the if the electron A, 447 00:23:12,840 --> 00:23:14,800 Speaker 1: if it's north and south are in the same direction 448 00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:17,560 Speaker 1: as electron B, then they'll repel each other. If if 449 00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:19,919 Speaker 1: it flips over right so that the north and the 450 00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:22,840 Speaker 1: south are then closer together, then they'll attract each other. 451 00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:25,040 Speaker 1: It's just like if you take two magnets, right, two 452 00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:27,520 Speaker 1: magnets can repel each other or attract each other just 453 00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:29,720 Speaker 1: based on the orientation. If you ever try to like 454 00:23:29,760 --> 00:23:32,040 Speaker 1: stack a bunch of magnets, you'll see this effect that 455 00:23:32,119 --> 00:23:33,959 Speaker 1: you need to arrange them in a certain way so 456 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:36,080 Speaker 1: that they the north and the south are a line 457 00:23:36,119 --> 00:23:39,240 Speaker 1: so they stick together, otherwise they'll repel each other. Wait, 458 00:23:39,280 --> 00:23:42,040 Speaker 1: so you're saying that two electrons can attract each other 459 00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:45,160 Speaker 1: if you change the quantum spin. Is that kind of 460 00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:47,959 Speaker 1: the caveat It's it's not you're You're not just like 461 00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:51,320 Speaker 1: flipping the electron over, you're changing the spin of it. Yeah, 462 00:23:51,359 --> 00:23:53,240 Speaker 1: that's right, because what does it mean to flip an 463 00:23:53,240 --> 00:23:55,360 Speaker 1: electron over? Right, It's like it's a point particle doesn't 464 00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:57,960 Speaker 1: have a direction, but it's spin has a direction. And 465 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:00,400 Speaker 1: if you flip that spin, then they will make genetically 466 00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:04,199 Speaker 1: attract each other. They'll still electrically repel each other, but 467 00:24:04,280 --> 00:24:07,400 Speaker 1: there would be a small magnetic attraction if they're magnetic 468 00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,440 Speaker 1: fields are pointed in different directions. Yes, all right, that 469 00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:13,600 Speaker 1: blows my mind a little bit. But magnets are awesome, right, 470 00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:16,080 Speaker 1: this is why kids said magnets an adults level. Could 471 00:24:16,080 --> 00:24:17,879 Speaker 1: you're saying sort of like, maybe not think about it 472 00:24:17,880 --> 00:24:20,199 Speaker 1: too much. She was like, let's look at them from 473 00:24:20,280 --> 00:24:23,400 Speaker 1: what they do, which is a somehow there is when 474 00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:25,040 Speaker 1: you want to put a lot of these things together, 475 00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:27,920 Speaker 1: you get this thing that has a north and south 476 00:24:27,960 --> 00:24:30,159 Speaker 1: and oh man, I never say don't think about it 477 00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:32,440 Speaker 1: too much. I'm mr think about it too much. I'm 478 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:34,480 Speaker 1: professor to think about it too much. No, for sure, 479 00:24:34,760 --> 00:24:37,080 Speaker 1: I love to talk about like why do we have 480 00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:39,320 Speaker 1: magnets at all? Like could you have a universe without 481 00:24:39,359 --> 00:24:42,120 Speaker 1: magnets and be fascinating. Would be a dark place because 482 00:24:42,160 --> 00:24:45,840 Speaker 1: remember light is electro magnetism. Light is an electric field 483 00:24:45,840 --> 00:24:48,560 Speaker 1: and a magnetic field in balance, slashing back and forth, 484 00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:50,840 Speaker 1: the electric field creates a magnetic field which goes back 485 00:24:50,880 --> 00:24:54,280 Speaker 1: to create an electric field. So without magnetism, you couldn't 486 00:24:54,359 --> 00:24:56,760 Speaker 1: have light, right, and you can have lots of stuff. 487 00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:00,399 Speaker 1: So universe without magnets would be a dark place, all right. Well, 488 00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:03,600 Speaker 1: so that's kind of a general idea of magnets, right then, right, 489 00:25:03,640 --> 00:25:06,480 Speaker 1: it's it's like the alignment of the spins of the 490 00:25:06,520 --> 00:25:10,840 Speaker 1: particles inside of molecules like iron or atoms like iron 491 00:25:10,840 --> 00:25:13,439 Speaker 1: that then add up to make magnets. That's right. And 492 00:25:13,480 --> 00:25:16,240 Speaker 1: if you want to make the strongest magnet you can 493 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:19,400 Speaker 1: in that kind of setup, right, just with the quantum 494 00:25:19,440 --> 00:25:21,840 Speaker 1: spin to the particles, then you need to find just 495 00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:24,359 Speaker 1: the right chemicals, just the right elements to mix together 496 00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:27,760 Speaker 1: so they have really strong magnets and add all add up. 497 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:29,560 Speaker 1: And so people have been doing this for a while 498 00:25:29,640 --> 00:25:31,760 Speaker 1: and they found that, you know, for example, boron can 499 00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:36,159 Speaker 1: make magnets and neodymium can make magnets, and so the 500 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:38,800 Speaker 1: strongest magnet we've ever built out of sort of a 501 00:25:38,840 --> 00:25:44,080 Speaker 1: permanent magnet setup. Is this combination neodymium, iron and boron together, 502 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:47,040 Speaker 1: and that makes the magnetic field that's one and a 503 00:25:47,080 --> 00:25:51,880 Speaker 1: half tesla. Is that per ounce or per cubic centimeter 504 00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:54,959 Speaker 1: of magnet? What is that relative to? Right? And the 505 00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:59,280 Speaker 1: unit tesla? That's magnetic field per volume. So it doesn't 506 00:25:59,320 --> 00:26:02,320 Speaker 1: really matter how how big, how large physically the magnet 507 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,320 Speaker 1: is because the magnetic field sort of per space because 508 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:07,720 Speaker 1: you know, the more stuff you get than the more 509 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:10,040 Speaker 1: magnet you get. But then it's distributed. I see. So 510 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:14,320 Speaker 1: tesla is like a normalized quantity, you like, it doesn't 511 00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:16,280 Speaker 1: matter what scale you're looking at it. Yeah, if you 512 00:26:16,320 --> 00:26:18,680 Speaker 1: get to one tesla magnets and you put them together, 513 00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:20,560 Speaker 1: you don't get a too tesla magnet. You get it 514 00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:23,040 Speaker 1: twice as big one tesla magnet. Oh wait, so it 515 00:26:23,119 --> 00:26:25,800 Speaker 1: is dependent on scale. Well, the strength of the field 516 00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:28,800 Speaker 1: doesn't change. Right, you had a larger one tesla magnet. 517 00:26:28,840 --> 00:26:31,200 Speaker 1: If you put to one tesla magnets together, you don't 518 00:26:31,240 --> 00:26:34,160 Speaker 1: get a two tesla magnet. So there's something special about 519 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:37,760 Speaker 1: these materials neodymium, iron and boron, and especially about that 520 00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:42,600 Speaker 1: combination that somehow aligns everything really well, so then you 521 00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:44,920 Speaker 1: get a strong magnetic feel. What's going on? Yeah, I 522 00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:47,639 Speaker 1: don't know. It's a lot of complicated chemistry, and I 523 00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:49,959 Speaker 1: think it's also just been a lot of experimentation. You know. 524 00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:52,600 Speaker 1: I'm not sure it's really that well understood. I think 525 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:54,640 Speaker 1: people are just like, let's add a little boron, let's 526 00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,239 Speaker 1: add a little neodymium. Let's see what happens. You know, 527 00:26:58,040 --> 00:27:01,480 Speaker 1: let's not think about it as much. I said, let's 528 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:03,359 Speaker 1: think about it. But it doesn't mean I mean necessarily 529 00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:10,480 Speaker 1: know the answer. Um. But yeah, that's the magic combination, 530 00:27:10,720 --> 00:27:13,080 Speaker 1: and that's what's set the world record so far on 531 00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:16,080 Speaker 1: Earth for the strongest permanent magnet. You know the magnet 532 00:27:16,080 --> 00:27:19,280 Speaker 1: it doesn't require any power input, and you know the 533 00:27:19,880 --> 00:27:22,159 Speaker 1: magnetic field there. You might wonder, like, what where does 534 00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:24,760 Speaker 1: this energy come from? For the magnetic field, It comes 535 00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:27,400 Speaker 1: from the spinning of all these particles. All those tiny 536 00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,719 Speaker 1: little particles inside there are zooming around or not actually 537 00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:33,919 Speaker 1: zooming with like zooming with their like spin, making this 538 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,000 Speaker 1: magnetic field. It's sort of awesome. Things cannot have spin, right, 539 00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:40,920 Speaker 1: some particles you can have zero spin um. Some particles 540 00:27:40,960 --> 00:27:43,120 Speaker 1: kind of zero has been. The Higgs boson has zero spin. 541 00:27:43,520 --> 00:27:47,640 Speaker 1: But all particles that that make matter so fermons. They're 542 00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:50,480 Speaker 1: all half integer spin particles, which means they have to 543 00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:53,840 Speaker 1: have positive or negative spin, so they can't have zero. 544 00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:57,439 Speaker 1: Those are fridge magnets, and that's what makes your refrige 545 00:27:57,440 --> 00:28:00,600 Speaker 1: so attractive. Next time you just callously put fridge magnet 546 00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:03,320 Speaker 1: up on your fridge, think about the billions of tiny 547 00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:06,040 Speaker 1: little particles that are basically holding onto the fridge for 548 00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:08,800 Speaker 1: you just by spinning around. All right, let's get into 549 00:28:08,880 --> 00:28:12,639 Speaker 1: electro magnets and the strongest magnets in the universe. But 550 00:28:12,760 --> 00:28:28,080 Speaker 1: first let's take a quick break. Alright, we're talking about 551 00:28:28,080 --> 00:28:31,560 Speaker 1: the strongest magnets in the universe, and we talked about 552 00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:34,760 Speaker 1: fridge magnets. The strongest fridge magnets ever made by humans 553 00:28:34,840 --> 00:28:39,120 Speaker 1: is about one point for Tesla, which is like electric car, 554 00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:42,720 Speaker 1: and then point forward an electric car. No, it's not 555 00:28:43,680 --> 00:28:47,360 Speaker 1: just about total misinformation, man, this is an educational podcast. 556 00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:53,080 Speaker 1: It's about like it's pretty strong, right, because that's pretty strong, right, 557 00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:56,280 Speaker 1: Yeah sure, yeah, Like like if you stuck them into 558 00:28:56,720 --> 00:28:59,400 Speaker 1: two those together, you you probably couldn't with your bare 559 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:02,280 Speaker 1: hands break them apart. No, it's a very strong force, yeah, 560 00:29:02,320 --> 00:29:04,840 Speaker 1: exactly one point for tesla is a very strong magnet. 561 00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:07,240 Speaker 1: But that's about the most you can get out of 562 00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:09,760 Speaker 1: a fridge magnet or or permanent magnet or any kind 563 00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:12,200 Speaker 1: of ferro magnetic material. That's what it's called. And the 564 00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:14,240 Speaker 1: other thing about fridge magnets and permanent magnets is that 565 00:29:14,280 --> 00:29:17,440 Speaker 1: they're pretty permanent. Right, you build this magnet, it takes 566 00:29:17,440 --> 00:29:19,560 Speaker 1: a lot of energy to like change the direction of 567 00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:22,000 Speaker 1: all those particles, make it go in another direction, or 568 00:29:22,080 --> 00:29:24,360 Speaker 1: to bounce it out or something. And sometimes you want 569 00:29:24,440 --> 00:29:26,440 Speaker 1: a magnet that you can turn on and off right, 570 00:29:26,520 --> 00:29:28,600 Speaker 1: or that you can flip the other direction, like you 571 00:29:28,600 --> 00:29:31,720 Speaker 1: want to build an electric engine or a speaker or 572 00:29:31,760 --> 00:29:34,080 Speaker 1: something like that. That's the other kind of magnets that 573 00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:37,000 Speaker 1: we're going to talk about, which is electro magnets exactly. 574 00:29:37,040 --> 00:29:39,880 Speaker 1: And these work on basically the same principle, which is 575 00:29:40,320 --> 00:29:44,120 Speaker 1: moving charges generated a magnetic fields. And so instead of 576 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:47,520 Speaker 1: relying on the charges like spinning weirdly quantum mechanically to 577 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:50,640 Speaker 1: make tiny midlettle magnets, you just take those particles and 578 00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:53,680 Speaker 1: you move them along, like take a battery and drag 579 00:29:53,720 --> 00:29:56,400 Speaker 1: a bunch of electrons through a wire. What happens you 580 00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,200 Speaker 1: get a magnetic field that goes around the wire, makes 581 00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:02,520 Speaker 1: these circular magnetic fields around the wire, and that's happening 582 00:30:02,520 --> 00:30:06,240 Speaker 1: all the time. Like every electrical wire in your house, 583 00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:08,720 Speaker 1: you know that's that's on it has a current through. 584 00:30:08,720 --> 00:30:11,040 Speaker 1: If there's a magnetic field there, and you can see this, 585 00:30:11,080 --> 00:30:13,000 Speaker 1: you just like turn on two wires near each other 586 00:30:13,080 --> 00:30:15,400 Speaker 1: and you'll see them like jump towards each other or 587 00:30:15,400 --> 00:30:17,640 Speaker 1: away from each other because of the magnetic fields. And 588 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:19,760 Speaker 1: so then the idea is that you and you can 589 00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:23,240 Speaker 1: build those up. You know, that's why motors have coils, right, 590 00:30:23,560 --> 00:30:28,160 Speaker 1: and electromagnets. You wind up the wire and each time 591 00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:30,560 Speaker 1: you wind it up, you're sort of building and building 592 00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:33,560 Speaker 1: the magnetic field onto itself. Yeah, So holding your mind 593 00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:36,400 Speaker 1: the image of a wire and then draw around it 594 00:30:36,560 --> 00:30:39,000 Speaker 1: sort of a circle has an arrow, and that's the 595 00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:41,880 Speaker 1: direction of the magnetic field. Now, if you bend the 596 00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:44,880 Speaker 1: wire to a circle, then you notice that those circular 597 00:30:44,920 --> 00:30:48,640 Speaker 1: magnetic fields are all pointing in the same direction at 598 00:30:48,640 --> 00:30:51,360 Speaker 1: the center of that circle. If you make a wire, 599 00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:53,840 Speaker 1: you put it into a circle, and the magnetic fields 600 00:30:53,880 --> 00:30:56,160 Speaker 1: around that wire all adds up to push in the 601 00:30:56,240 --> 00:30:58,920 Speaker 1: same direction at the center of the circle, and so 602 00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,040 Speaker 1: that's where you get the strong is magnetic field, like 603 00:31:01,080 --> 00:31:04,360 Speaker 1: you focus it. It's like focusing the magnetic field by 604 00:31:04,520 --> 00:31:07,160 Speaker 1: putting in in the loop. Yeah, it's like it's adding 605 00:31:07,160 --> 00:31:10,280 Speaker 1: them all up constructively and you're not changing their directions. 606 00:31:10,280 --> 00:31:12,040 Speaker 1: You're just getting them all to push in the same 607 00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:14,360 Speaker 1: direction at once. So if you're, for example, if you're 608 00:31:14,640 --> 00:31:16,760 Speaker 1: a magnet in the center of a loop of wire, 609 00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:19,920 Speaker 1: then you're feeling the magnetic field from all the electrons 610 00:31:19,960 --> 00:31:23,080 Speaker 1: all the way around that loop, all at the same time, right, 611 00:31:23,120 --> 00:31:25,200 Speaker 1: And so that's where the strongest, the strongest field is 612 00:31:25,240 --> 00:31:27,480 Speaker 1: there in the center. And you want it stronger, add 613 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:30,080 Speaker 1: another loop. You want it stronger, add another loop. And 614 00:31:30,120 --> 00:31:33,640 Speaker 1: that's why electromagnets have all those coils, because every coil 615 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:36,960 Speaker 1: means more current. It just adds more magnetic field. Yeah. 616 00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:39,360 Speaker 1: Like if you open up a motor, electric motor or 617 00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:42,280 Speaker 1: a speaker, you'll see like the little copper lines just 618 00:31:42,360 --> 00:31:45,640 Speaker 1: going around and around and around. That's the electromagnet. That's 619 00:31:45,640 --> 00:31:48,400 Speaker 1: the electromagnet. And the really cool thing is turn off 620 00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:52,240 Speaker 1: the current. Boom magnet goes away reverse the current magnet 621 00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:55,880 Speaker 1: points the other direction, right, And that's why you can 622 00:31:56,200 --> 00:32:00,239 Speaker 1: use electromagnets to control, for example, the vibrations of the 623 00:32:00,280 --> 00:32:03,040 Speaker 1: surface of a speaker. That's how that's how we make 624 00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:06,000 Speaker 1: a speaker make make sound, right, is that it turned 625 00:32:06,080 --> 00:32:09,120 Speaker 1: on and off the electromagnet really fast, and it shakes 626 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:10,960 Speaker 1: the surface of the speaker, and that's what makes the 627 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:14,240 Speaker 1: sound that you hear. Yeah, it's amazing, it is really amazing. Yeah, 628 00:32:14,560 --> 00:32:17,000 Speaker 1: And it also works the opposite direction. Right. If you 629 00:32:17,080 --> 00:32:19,880 Speaker 1: just take a magnet and you move it through a 630 00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:23,880 Speaker 1: coil of wire, what happens, Well, you get an electric field, 631 00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:26,280 Speaker 1: So you get an electric current through the coil, and 632 00:32:26,280 --> 00:32:28,360 Speaker 1: that's what a generator is, all right. So then that's 633 00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:32,000 Speaker 1: how you make kind of an artificial electromantic field, right, 634 00:32:32,320 --> 00:32:36,160 Speaker 1: not like a fridge magnet. Yeah, but what's what's artificial 635 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:39,000 Speaker 1: about it? It's it's still nature, it's still physics, it's 636 00:32:39,040 --> 00:32:41,800 Speaker 1: still real. Yeah, but you have to put the electro 637 00:32:41,840 --> 00:32:43,840 Speaker 1: in front of it for a reason, that's true. But 638 00:32:43,880 --> 00:32:46,160 Speaker 1: just a magnet it makes it sound like the way 639 00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:47,320 Speaker 1: you say, it makes it sound like I have like 640 00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:49,800 Speaker 1: a weird after taste or something like you know. So 641 00:32:49,840 --> 00:32:52,880 Speaker 1: then that's an electromagnet. And so this is where we 642 00:32:52,920 --> 00:32:55,680 Speaker 1: can now get into really big magnets, right, Like we 643 00:32:55,720 --> 00:33:00,360 Speaker 1: can go way past naturally metallic magnets with electromagnets, that's right. 644 00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:03,440 Speaker 1: And the thing about this is that it requires um 645 00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:06,360 Speaker 1: continuous source of power. Right. You can't just build a 646 00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:08,240 Speaker 1: electro magnet and then walk away from it. You have 647 00:33:08,280 --> 00:33:10,560 Speaker 1: to keep powering and when you stop powering it, it 648 00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:14,680 Speaker 1: turns off. But these magnets can get really strong. In fact, 649 00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:17,360 Speaker 1: the best way to make them even stronger is you 650 00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:19,680 Speaker 1: make a coil of wire like we talked about before, 651 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:22,280 Speaker 1: but then you put a permanent magnet in the middle 652 00:33:22,360 --> 00:33:24,440 Speaker 1: of it, and the to sort of add in this 653 00:33:24,640 --> 00:33:28,400 Speaker 1: resonant way to make you an even stronger magnet, like 654 00:33:28,440 --> 00:33:33,760 Speaker 1: a magnet on steroid. It's a magnet on magnet interaction 655 00:33:34,080 --> 00:33:37,000 Speaker 1: that makes this lines up all the little magnetic domains 656 00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:39,920 Speaker 1: and they enhance each other and so you get this. 657 00:33:39,960 --> 00:33:43,440 Speaker 1: It's called a resistive magnet um a resistive electro magnet, 658 00:33:43,680 --> 00:33:47,200 Speaker 1: and those can get really powerful. How powerful? So what's 659 00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:50,400 Speaker 1: the strong is steroidal magnet that we've made on Earth? 660 00:33:51,120 --> 00:33:54,040 Speaker 1: So it's this awesome project and Florida State and they 661 00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:57,200 Speaker 1: call it Project eleven. I think it's named after the 662 00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:01,280 Speaker 1: spinal tap thing like this magnet goes to eleven um 663 00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,680 Speaker 1: and really not after the Stranger Things character. No, No, 664 00:34:05,840 --> 00:34:07,840 Speaker 1: I think it's Ah. These guys are a little older 665 00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:11,280 Speaker 1: than that, so I think their references are probably dated. Um. 666 00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:15,920 Speaker 1: But their magnets goes up to just over forty one tesla. Wow. 667 00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:20,120 Speaker 1: Yeah that's a lot, because it's it's like forty times 668 00:34:20,160 --> 00:34:23,920 Speaker 1: the strongest metallic magnet, right, which you couldn't even separate 669 00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:26,560 Speaker 1: with your hands. Yeah, thirty or so times. And they 670 00:34:26,640 --> 00:34:29,799 Speaker 1: use this particular configuration. They actually don't use wire. They 671 00:34:29,880 --> 00:34:33,359 Speaker 1: use these helical plates because it spreads out the energy 672 00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:35,279 Speaker 1: a little bit more so it prevents it from overheating. 673 00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,359 Speaker 1: It's invented by a guy named Bitter. His last name 674 00:34:38,360 --> 00:34:40,560 Speaker 1: is Bitter b I T T e R. And so 675 00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:42,799 Speaker 1: it's called a bitter magnet. Now I wouldn't I don't 676 00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,080 Speaker 1: know what it tastes like, and I don't know how 677 00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:48,759 Speaker 1: their competitors feel. But it's a bitter victory um and 678 00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:51,120 Speaker 1: they have the strongest magnet. Wow. This might be a 679 00:34:51,160 --> 00:34:53,880 Speaker 1: case where maybe naming it after yourself is maybe not 680 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:56,279 Speaker 1: the best idea, what if you should have picked your 681 00:34:56,320 --> 00:34:59,279 Speaker 1: first name, you know, the John magnet, or what if 682 00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:02,000 Speaker 1: your last n magnet is grumpy or something, you know, 683 00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:05,160 Speaker 1: the grumpy principle, the grumpy theorem, or what if your 684 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:09,000 Speaker 1: name is like Magnets, it's the Magnets magnet that would admit, awesome, 685 00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:12,480 Speaker 1: the magnetis magnet on Earth. So so then you can 686 00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:14,560 Speaker 1: get up to forty one test load. That's as far 687 00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:17,239 Speaker 1: as they've gotten so far. Yeah, and the thing that 688 00:35:17,280 --> 00:35:19,319 Speaker 1: really limits them is that there's a huge amount of 689 00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:21,960 Speaker 1: energy this all this current going through it, and basically 690 00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:24,560 Speaker 1: this thing will just melt itself. And so the thing 691 00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:26,719 Speaker 1: that keeps them from going higher up is that thing 692 00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,640 Speaker 1: just gets too hot. And so the current effort these 693 00:35:29,719 --> 00:35:32,479 Speaker 1: days is like how to get the heat out of there. 694 00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:34,680 Speaker 1: And they have like water cooling and they have these 695 00:35:34,719 --> 00:35:37,440 Speaker 1: air baffles, and you know, it's just a huge source 696 00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:40,400 Speaker 1: of energy. They're pupping so much juice into this magnet, 697 00:35:40,680 --> 00:35:44,239 Speaker 1: so much current that it literally like melts down. It's 698 00:35:44,239 --> 00:35:47,200 Speaker 1: hard to keep it from blowing up exactly because all 699 00:35:47,239 --> 00:35:50,520 Speaker 1: this wire is carrying this current and all wires have 700 00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:54,080 Speaker 1: some resistance, right, and anytime you pump a current through 701 00:35:54,080 --> 00:35:56,000 Speaker 1: a wire that has some resistance, it's going to heat up. 702 00:35:56,040 --> 00:35:59,360 Speaker 1: That's what the resistance is. And so if you're generating 703 00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:01,399 Speaker 1: a huge current is to make huge magnets, You're gonna 704 00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:03,799 Speaker 1: get a huge amount of heat and eventually the thing 705 00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:05,719 Speaker 1: will just melt down. So that's what they're working on, 706 00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:07,640 Speaker 1: is to try to cool it off. And that actually 707 00:36:07,880 --> 00:36:10,160 Speaker 1: leads us to the next kind of magnet, which tries 708 00:36:10,239 --> 00:36:13,320 Speaker 1: to limit the resistance. If you can reduce the resistance 709 00:36:13,320 --> 00:36:16,800 Speaker 1: of the wires, then you can pump more current through exactly. 710 00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:19,040 Speaker 1: And so some people like for example, at the large 711 00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:21,960 Speaker 1: hage On collider, we need really strong magnets to bend 712 00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:24,800 Speaker 1: the particles going in a circle, because remember, particles that 713 00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:27,879 Speaker 1: have charges will feel a magnetic force, they'll get bent. 714 00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:29,920 Speaker 1: And so the way we make particles move in a 715 00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:32,440 Speaker 1: circle the particle colliders is we have these really strong 716 00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:35,160 Speaker 1: magnets and we use superconducting magnets. And the way that 717 00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:38,360 Speaker 1: works is basically the same as any other electromagnet, except 718 00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:42,920 Speaker 1: you use superconducting wire, which means this is much less resistance, 719 00:36:43,040 --> 00:36:45,920 Speaker 1: so as much less heat lost and you get more current. 720 00:36:46,160 --> 00:36:49,359 Speaker 1: And a huge current means big magnet so you basically, um, 721 00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:51,640 Speaker 1: I mean, when you have a superconductor, we talked about 722 00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:54,239 Speaker 1: this in a podcast, you basically have zero resistance, right, 723 00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:59,239 Speaker 1: almost zero, yeah, exactly. Almost take a free wire kind 724 00:36:59,280 --> 00:37:02,200 Speaker 1: of like as much current as you want, exactly, and 725 00:37:02,239 --> 00:37:04,799 Speaker 1: the current just flies through with almost no resistance. And 726 00:37:04,840 --> 00:37:06,960 Speaker 1: so most of the energy is then just going to 727 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:09,080 Speaker 1: the magnet and it's not heating the thing up, it's 728 00:37:09,120 --> 00:37:10,960 Speaker 1: not gonna make it melt down. So then what's the 729 00:37:10,960 --> 00:37:14,279 Speaker 1: strongest magnet we can make with that? Well, there's a 730 00:37:14,400 --> 00:37:17,279 Speaker 1: group in the U. S. It's the National Magnetic Field Laboratory, 731 00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:20,160 Speaker 1: and they've made it thirty two tesla magnet. And you 732 00:37:20,239 --> 00:37:23,480 Speaker 1: might think, why isn't that stronger than the resistive magnet, right? 733 00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:25,360 Speaker 1: And the reason is that, you know, you can do 734 00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:28,120 Speaker 1: super conductivity. But we have the whole episode about how 735 00:37:28,160 --> 00:37:30,279 Speaker 1: it works. It's a little bit delicate. It requires the 736 00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:33,440 Speaker 1: electrons to move in pairs, etcetera. And if you have 737 00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:37,640 Speaker 1: too strong a magnetic fields, it interferes with the super conductivity. 738 00:37:37,719 --> 00:37:39,920 Speaker 1: So like, you can use super conjectivity to make a 739 00:37:39,920 --> 00:37:42,359 Speaker 1: really strong magnet, but if you do, if you make 740 00:37:42,360 --> 00:37:46,479 Speaker 1: it strong enough, it'll ruin the super conductivity of your wires. Oh, 741 00:37:46,640 --> 00:37:48,560 Speaker 1: I see, it's like you made it too good that 742 00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:52,640 Speaker 1: it just breaks down the laws of physics. Nothing breaks 743 00:37:52,680 --> 00:37:56,520 Speaker 1: the laws of physics, man, But it make it a 744 00:37:56,520 --> 00:38:00,799 Speaker 1: super conductive yeah, exactly, it ruins the super context by uh. 745 00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:02,680 Speaker 1: And but so that goes up to thirty two tesla 746 00:38:02,840 --> 00:38:05,400 Speaker 1: and that's pretty powerful. But then you're saying that you 747 00:38:05,440 --> 00:38:09,000 Speaker 1: can combine all these things to get like an ub omega, 748 00:38:09,120 --> 00:38:12,400 Speaker 1: like a voltron type of magnet. Yeah, exactly. As usual, 749 00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:14,759 Speaker 1: the best way to do something in physics is to 750 00:38:14,840 --> 00:38:17,400 Speaker 1: like combine all the other best ideas and see what 751 00:38:17,480 --> 00:38:20,400 Speaker 1: you get. And so some folks made a bitter magnet, right, 752 00:38:20,480 --> 00:38:24,520 Speaker 1: that's this thing with a helical plates so that they 753 00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,120 Speaker 1: do you distribute the heat and the current, etcetera. And 754 00:38:27,160 --> 00:38:29,799 Speaker 1: then they added super conducting wires to that. So there's 755 00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:33,120 Speaker 1: a combination bitter resistive magnet and the super and super 756 00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:36,160 Speaker 1: conducting wires, and they got up to forty five tesla. 757 00:38:36,239 --> 00:38:39,200 Speaker 1: And that's again at the Florida State University Magnet Lab. 758 00:38:39,360 --> 00:38:42,560 Speaker 1: So they're the current reigning champions through the most magnetic 759 00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:46,200 Speaker 1: that's right, the most attractive and repulsive lab in the 760 00:38:46,280 --> 00:38:50,000 Speaker 1: history of the attract the best students, right, But these 761 00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:52,719 Speaker 1: are all magnets that are sort of sustained. Right. You 762 00:38:52,760 --> 00:38:54,440 Speaker 1: can turn this magnet and you can keep it going 763 00:38:54,440 --> 00:38:57,200 Speaker 1: for a little while until it overheats. These are the 764 00:38:57,239 --> 00:39:00,680 Speaker 1: magnets that are sustained. If you want to to generate 765 00:39:00,719 --> 00:39:03,279 Speaker 1: like really strong magnetic fields, you can do it in 766 00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:05,719 Speaker 1: a way that is not sustainable. Okay, you can do 767 00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:09,040 Speaker 1: it like a momentary, like a like blow it all 768 00:39:09,120 --> 00:39:12,880 Speaker 1: up in one magnetic movement. Yeah, you can get really 769 00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:16,719 Speaker 1: brief strong magnetic pulses basically, And the way they do 770 00:39:16,760 --> 00:39:20,200 Speaker 1: this is they use explosives and it compresses the magnetic 771 00:39:20,239 --> 00:39:23,160 Speaker 1: field inside the electromagnet as you as you pulse it, 772 00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:26,160 Speaker 1: so you turn on the electromatic you like surrounded with 773 00:39:26,280 --> 00:39:29,600 Speaker 1: bombs basically, and it compresses the whole magnet so that 774 00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:32,480 Speaker 1: very briefly, for like a few microseconds, you have a 775 00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:36,440 Speaker 1: magnet that's up to like thousands of tesla. So it's 776 00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:38,560 Speaker 1: so if I if I squeeze a magnet, it makes 777 00:39:38,560 --> 00:39:41,960 Speaker 1: it more magnetic, yes, because remember that the unit tesla 778 00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:45,399 Speaker 1: is per volume. So if you can get the same 779 00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:48,880 Speaker 1: magnetic stuff into a smaller space, then the magnetic field 780 00:39:48,960 --> 00:39:52,560 Speaker 1: is basically higher, so they use explosives to compress it 781 00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:55,520 Speaker 1: to briefly get a super magnet. So for a few 782 00:39:55,600 --> 00:39:58,919 Speaker 1: microseconds you can have a magnet that's like a couple 783 00:39:58,920 --> 00:40:01,400 Speaker 1: of thousand tesla. Yeah, exactly, And that's not something you 784 00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,239 Speaker 1: can sustain because obviously you're blowing up the magnet as 785 00:40:04,239 --> 00:40:06,759 Speaker 1: you're making it. It's just sort of like, you know, 786 00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:09,239 Speaker 1: at the point of principle, can we do this? Uh, 787 00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:12,080 Speaker 1: some people are doing these kind of explosive magnet experiments. 788 00:40:12,280 --> 00:40:15,480 Speaker 1: That's terrible for a cell phone reception, exactly. It's also 789 00:40:15,520 --> 00:40:17,480 Speaker 1: not great for your speaker in your iPhone, all right, 790 00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:20,280 Speaker 1: So so that those are all sort of man made magnets, 791 00:40:20,360 --> 00:40:24,160 Speaker 1: right like here on Earth with human engineering, you're saying, 792 00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:28,240 Speaker 1: the most we can get to sustain is a couple 793 00:40:28,280 --> 00:40:32,279 Speaker 1: of dozen tesla, and in microseconds, the most we can 794 00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:34,839 Speaker 1: get to a couple of thousand tesla. That's right. That's 795 00:40:34,880 --> 00:40:38,600 Speaker 1: like the peak of human magnetic achievement. That's right, exactly. 796 00:40:38,880 --> 00:40:42,480 Speaker 1: So far that's the most magnetic we've gotten. But then 797 00:40:42,640 --> 00:40:44,440 Speaker 1: we can get out, go out into space, and then 798 00:40:44,480 --> 00:40:48,680 Speaker 1: things get crazier, right, that's basically always true. Go out 799 00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:53,040 Speaker 1: in the space things get crazy, all right, Well let's 800 00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:55,399 Speaker 1: get crazy, Daniel. But first let's take a quick break. 801 00:41:08,520 --> 00:41:12,200 Speaker 1: All right, so we covered human magnets, meaning magnets we 802 00:41:12,200 --> 00:41:15,839 Speaker 1: can make, or magnetic moments and magnime of your brain. Right, 803 00:41:15,840 --> 00:41:20,600 Speaker 1: that's also human magnets, right right, and superheroic magnets, all 804 00:41:20,680 --> 00:41:25,120 Speaker 1: that in our imaginations. But now now things get crazy 805 00:41:25,120 --> 00:41:26,960 Speaker 1: when you go off into space because you can have 806 00:41:27,640 --> 00:41:30,719 Speaker 1: crazy magnets out there, that's right. And uh, you know, 807 00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:33,640 Speaker 1: let's remind ourselves, like the Earth has a magnetic field, 808 00:41:33,719 --> 00:41:36,520 Speaker 1: and that magnetic field we think comes from like things 809 00:41:36,560 --> 00:41:41,239 Speaker 1: sloshing around inside the Earth. Basically again, you know charged currents, right, 810 00:41:41,360 --> 00:41:44,920 Speaker 1: these currents of sort of like charged ionized rock slashing 811 00:41:44,960 --> 00:41:47,480 Speaker 1: around the magnet inside the Earth is somehow making a 812 00:41:47,520 --> 00:41:51,120 Speaker 1: magnetic field. But that's only like thirty or sixty micro tesla. 813 00:41:51,320 --> 00:41:54,239 Speaker 1: And if you go out, you leave the Earth, right then. 814 00:41:54,239 --> 00:41:56,319 Speaker 1: The Moon doesn't have a very strong magnetic field, but 815 00:41:56,320 --> 00:41:59,359 Speaker 1: the Sun does. The Sun's magnetic field can be much 816 00:41:59,360 --> 00:42:02,200 Speaker 1: stronger than the Earth, but even that is not that strong. 817 00:42:02,680 --> 00:42:04,680 Speaker 1: Like when you get a sun spot, you know, something 818 00:42:04,719 --> 00:42:07,359 Speaker 1: really concentrated bit of magnetism. It gets up to like 819 00:42:07,520 --> 00:42:11,879 Speaker 1: point one tesla, so the real which is a lot 820 00:42:11,920 --> 00:42:14,120 Speaker 1: more than the Earth's magnetic field, but it's not you know, 821 00:42:14,120 --> 00:42:17,400 Speaker 1: it's not stronger than a m than the magnets we 822 00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:19,400 Speaker 1: can make in the lab here on Earth. So we 823 00:42:19,480 --> 00:42:22,359 Speaker 1: have the strongest magnets in the Solar system here on Earth, 824 00:42:22,520 --> 00:42:24,279 Speaker 1: well that we know of, that we know of. Yeah, 825 00:42:24,320 --> 00:42:27,359 Speaker 1: that's true. Um, that we've you know, we've flown here 826 00:42:27,360 --> 00:42:29,839 Speaker 1: in the Sun. We're the chap that's right. We are 827 00:42:30,120 --> 00:42:33,120 Speaker 1: more powerful than the Sun. Man, that's pretty impressive. But 828 00:42:33,160 --> 00:42:35,359 Speaker 1: I thought sun spots could you know, like wipe out 829 00:42:35,880 --> 00:42:38,239 Speaker 1: communications and stuff like that. Yeah, they can, but that's 830 00:42:38,239 --> 00:42:41,040 Speaker 1: mostly because of the flux of charged particles. It's basically 831 00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:44,080 Speaker 1: like throws a huge number of protons at the Earth 832 00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:47,160 Speaker 1: and that can wipe out your electronics. It's not the 833 00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:50,800 Speaker 1: magnetic field. It's like it's the throwing stuff at us. Yeah, exactly, 834 00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:53,759 Speaker 1: it's basically shooting us with tiny bullets. Um and right, 835 00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:56,840 Speaker 1: And that's bad. Um, But you know, not just in 836 00:42:56,840 --> 00:42:58,880 Speaker 1: our solar system and that you were talking about the 837 00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:02,160 Speaker 1: universe right then, are very powerful magnetic fields. And we 838 00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:06,600 Speaker 1: talked about for example, weird kinds of stars and neutron stars, 839 00:43:06,680 --> 00:43:09,200 Speaker 1: this really strange kind of star you get sometimes after 840 00:43:09,239 --> 00:43:11,440 Speaker 1: the collapse of a star, and a star burns and 841 00:43:11,480 --> 00:43:14,320 Speaker 1: it uses the most of its fuel, and then gravity 842 00:43:14,360 --> 00:43:16,880 Speaker 1: that takes over, because when it stars burning, it's exploding 843 00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:19,319 Speaker 1: and that's keeping it from getting too dense. But once 844 00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:21,960 Speaker 1: it stops burning, then gravity just takes over and it 845 00:43:22,080 --> 00:43:25,319 Speaker 1: squeezes it down harder and harder, and eventually you can 846 00:43:25,360 --> 00:43:27,719 Speaker 1: get a star where the pressure is so great that 847 00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:30,560 Speaker 1: everything becomes a neutron essentially, And then you get this 848 00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:33,680 Speaker 1: neutron star, and for reasons we don't understand, because we 849 00:43:33,680 --> 00:43:36,080 Speaker 1: don't know how what's going on inside it and what's 850 00:43:36,080 --> 00:43:40,600 Speaker 1: slashing around. The magnetic fields there can be enormous, really, yeah, 851 00:43:40,680 --> 00:43:43,839 Speaker 1: they can be up to a million a million tesla. Okay, wait, 852 00:43:43,880 --> 00:43:45,880 Speaker 1: so it's a neutron star. So it's a it's a 853 00:43:45,920 --> 00:43:49,439 Speaker 1: whole bunch of neutrons squished together. And so my first 854 00:43:49,480 --> 00:43:52,080 Speaker 1: question is why is it even generating a field? Isn't 855 00:43:52,120 --> 00:43:55,280 Speaker 1: it all neutral? Yeah, it's all neutral, right, But remember 856 00:43:55,560 --> 00:43:58,560 Speaker 1: neutrons are made of quarks, and quarks do have charges, 857 00:43:59,080 --> 00:44:02,760 Speaker 1: and so quarks have little magnetic fields, and so something 858 00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:05,560 Speaker 1: about that. You know, how the quarks are slashing around, 859 00:44:05,600 --> 00:44:07,640 Speaker 1: and what's going on with the neutrons is generating a 860 00:44:07,640 --> 00:44:10,319 Speaker 1: magnetic field. But again, we don't really understand it very well. 861 00:44:10,360 --> 00:44:12,920 Speaker 1: It's sort of a mystery. A million tesla, So how 862 00:44:12,960 --> 00:44:15,319 Speaker 1: do we even know this number? How did we know? How? 863 00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:18,799 Speaker 1: How can we measure the magnetic field from back here 864 00:44:19,360 --> 00:44:21,680 Speaker 1: of a neutron star out there? Yeah, that's a great question. 865 00:44:21,760 --> 00:44:24,200 Speaker 1: It's not like we're throwing fridge magnets out there right, 866 00:44:25,880 --> 00:44:29,720 Speaker 1: are in fillings spreading it around? That would be awesome. 867 00:44:30,040 --> 00:44:33,759 Speaker 1: Uh No, As usual in astronomy, you can't usually construct experiments. 868 00:44:33,840 --> 00:44:36,160 Speaker 1: You just have to observe them, right, And so what 869 00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:38,800 Speaker 1: you do is you look at the motion of particles 870 00:44:38,960 --> 00:44:42,120 Speaker 1: near these things. You look at like ionized gas, How 871 00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:44,320 Speaker 1: is it getting moved? You know, if it's flowing in 872 00:44:44,360 --> 00:44:46,600 Speaker 1: this direction? And then it turns you can measure the 873 00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:49,600 Speaker 1: magnetic field basically by the flows of gas nearby these 874 00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:53,279 Speaker 1: objects and and other particles. Yeah, and then you say, like, 875 00:44:53,280 --> 00:44:55,759 Speaker 1: how strong does the magnetic field have to be? So 876 00:44:55,840 --> 00:44:57,839 Speaker 1: that explains what we're looking at. So you can look 877 00:44:57,880 --> 00:45:02,080 Speaker 1: at it and say that's a million tesla magnet right there, Yeah, exactly, 878 00:45:02,560 --> 00:45:05,360 Speaker 1: And you know, some of these stars get even super weird, 879 00:45:05,480 --> 00:45:08,080 Speaker 1: right like, and we don't understand it, but some neutron 880 00:45:08,160 --> 00:45:10,799 Speaker 1: stars get into this really strange state that they're called 881 00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:14,279 Speaker 1: a magnetar. And of course they're called a magnetar, not 882 00:45:14,360 --> 00:45:17,160 Speaker 1: just because that's a super weird, awesome name and kudos 883 00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:19,360 Speaker 1: to whoever came up with it. Um, And it sounds 884 00:45:19,360 --> 00:45:21,439 Speaker 1: like the kind of sword you might yield in some 885 00:45:21,680 --> 00:45:24,720 Speaker 1: weird science fiction to still be in universe. But because 886 00:45:24,719 --> 00:45:31,160 Speaker 1: they has like Manet or something, it sounds like Magneto's car. Yeah, 887 00:45:31,239 --> 00:45:33,279 Speaker 1: there you go, Hey, pull up the magnetar. I gotta 888 00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:39,600 Speaker 1: go out for dinner. Yeah, I gotta go pick up Yeah, exactly, 889 00:45:39,640 --> 00:45:42,480 Speaker 1: we're gonna go. We got some things to talk about. Um. 890 00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:44,960 Speaker 1: And these things are crazy. I mean these are ten 891 00:45:45,080 --> 00:45:48,680 Speaker 1: to the eleven tesla, right, so remember, like the sun 892 00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:50,920 Speaker 1: is less than a tesla, a neutron star is a 893 00:45:50,960 --> 00:45:55,000 Speaker 1: million tesla. These things are almost a million, a billion, 894 00:45:55,040 --> 00:46:00,360 Speaker 1: almost a trillion tesla. Wow, ten thousand million Tesla's ten 895 00:46:01,040 --> 00:46:04,400 Speaker 1: almost ten million million, right, ten to the twelve is 896 00:46:04,440 --> 00:46:07,960 Speaker 1: ten to the five. It's ten thousand is how you said? Sorry, 897 00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:13,560 Speaker 1: hundred thousand million people with pH ds Welcome for a 898 00:46:13,560 --> 00:46:17,200 Speaker 1: podcast two simple maths Learning to count to eleven with 899 00:46:17,280 --> 00:46:22,640 Speaker 1: Daniel and Horge. This one goes to eleven. Daniel Horge 900 00:46:22,719 --> 00:46:25,960 Speaker 1: explains simple counting. Yeah, but these things are insane, right, Like, 901 00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:27,520 Speaker 1: what is it like to be there? Like it would 902 00:46:27,560 --> 00:46:29,839 Speaker 1: shred you, you know, the powerful the forces there are 903 00:46:29,920 --> 00:46:32,759 Speaker 1: so powerful. We don't even really understand what would happen. 904 00:46:33,040 --> 00:46:34,600 Speaker 1: Would you feel it? Like if I was next to 905 00:46:34,600 --> 00:46:37,799 Speaker 1: a magnetar, would I feel attracted or shredded by it? 906 00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:42,319 Speaker 1: Because I'm pretty mutual, not just politically but in terms 907 00:46:42,320 --> 00:46:47,120 Speaker 1: of magneticness. Right, Well, I think you're relies on electrical 908 00:46:47,160 --> 00:46:50,239 Speaker 1: currents to control itself, and your brain does so it 909 00:46:50,239 --> 00:46:52,720 Speaker 1: would definitely have an effect on all the charged particles 910 00:46:52,760 --> 00:46:54,560 Speaker 1: in your brain and all the currents that are happening 911 00:46:54,560 --> 00:46:57,600 Speaker 1: in your body, and so you couldn't think. You couldn't 912 00:46:57,640 --> 00:47:00,120 Speaker 1: think it might even like rip all the iron out 913 00:47:00,120 --> 00:47:05,279 Speaker 1: of your blood cells, which doesn't sound good, not really recommended, 914 00:47:05,440 --> 00:47:08,160 Speaker 1: which has happened in comic books with Magneto, by the way, 915 00:47:08,280 --> 00:47:10,799 Speaker 1: Is that right alright? The comic writers have thought about that. 916 00:47:10,880 --> 00:47:13,719 Speaker 1: Magneto is a physics inspired comic hero. That's why I 917 00:47:13,719 --> 00:47:16,200 Speaker 1: like him. So much. I mean he's a bad guy, 918 00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:17,920 Speaker 1: all right, you know, but yeah, he's in the in 919 00:47:17,960 --> 00:47:19,840 Speaker 1: the recent movies, he turns around, he helps the X 920 00:47:19,840 --> 00:47:23,160 Speaker 1: Men a little bit, so you know, I know he's um, 921 00:47:23,520 --> 00:47:25,160 Speaker 1: he's not a bad guy. They kind of put him 922 00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:29,960 Speaker 1: as he's like the Malcolm X two xaviors Marthon Luther King. Oh, 923 00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:32,160 Speaker 1: I say, he's just got a more complicated arc. He's 924 00:47:32,200 --> 00:47:34,759 Speaker 1: not clearly good or bad. Yeah, he's just he's just 925 00:47:34,920 --> 00:47:38,239 Speaker 1: a different philosophy. Killed the humans, that's his philosophy. Yeah, 926 00:47:38,440 --> 00:47:42,919 Speaker 1: basically he's just misunderstood that. Say what you want about 927 00:47:42,960 --> 00:47:45,000 Speaker 1: the tenets of Magneto. At least it's a at least 928 00:47:45,040 --> 00:47:47,440 Speaker 1: it's an ethos and he has a cool power, all right. 929 00:47:47,480 --> 00:47:50,239 Speaker 1: So would you say then that's the strongest magnet in 930 00:47:50,280 --> 00:47:55,560 Speaker 1: the universe a magnetar, which is a weird inexplicable neutron star. Yeah, 931 00:47:55,560 --> 00:47:57,760 Speaker 1: that's the strongest magnet we're aware of in the universe. 932 00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:00,279 Speaker 1: And you know there are other strong magnets like um. 933 00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:03,919 Speaker 1: Black holes can also have magnets around them, like these blazers, 934 00:48:03,960 --> 00:48:07,279 Speaker 1: these jets of particles that are aligned to go perpendicular 935 00:48:07,280 --> 00:48:08,880 Speaker 1: from the plane of a galaxy. We think there's some 936 00:48:08,920 --> 00:48:11,400 Speaker 1: sort of magnetic thing happening there. We don't really know 937 00:48:11,440 --> 00:48:14,400 Speaker 1: how strong it is, but there are really really powerful 938 00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:17,160 Speaker 1: magnetic magnetic fields out there in the universe that would 939 00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:19,879 Speaker 1: just shredd you to bids and if you're near it, 940 00:48:20,160 --> 00:48:22,279 Speaker 1: that's right, and it would tear all the magnets off 941 00:48:22,280 --> 00:48:24,640 Speaker 1: your fridge. So if you have like some really complicated 942 00:48:24,680 --> 00:48:28,280 Speaker 1: like freeze scrabble game going on in the take a picture. 943 00:48:28,560 --> 00:48:30,480 Speaker 1: Take a picture, and don't bring it when you go 944 00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:32,879 Speaker 1: visit the magnetar. In fact, don't bring your fridge at all, 945 00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:35,200 Speaker 1: you know, because you're not coming back. How are you 946 00:48:35,280 --> 00:48:37,680 Speaker 1: gonna have cold drinks? Man? You can't travel through space 947 00:48:37,680 --> 00:48:41,320 Speaker 1: with that cold drinks? All right? So we got to 948 00:48:41,480 --> 00:48:45,000 Speaker 1: our answer. That's the strongest magnet in the new universe 949 00:48:45,040 --> 00:48:48,560 Speaker 1: that we know about. That's right. Once again, the universe 950 00:48:48,680 --> 00:48:51,759 Speaker 1: dwarfs what's happening here on Earth. We have all these 951 00:48:51,760 --> 00:48:54,640 Speaker 1: people spending millions of dollars to make really powerful magnets, 952 00:48:54,680 --> 00:48:58,000 Speaker 1: but their orders of magnitude weaker than what's happening out 953 00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:01,000 Speaker 1: there in neutron stars and magnetar. So we have a 954 00:49:01,040 --> 00:49:03,319 Speaker 1: ways to go, people. But I think it's cool to 955 00:49:03,440 --> 00:49:06,640 Speaker 1: remember that there are magnets everywhere. You know, you're listening 956 00:49:06,640 --> 00:49:10,560 Speaker 1: to us through magnets, and the idea that you every 957 00:49:10,680 --> 00:49:13,040 Speaker 1: your body has a magnetic field and your brain is 958 00:49:13,120 --> 00:49:17,799 Speaker 1: generating and electromagnetic field. Just thinking about and processing the 959 00:49:17,840 --> 00:49:21,200 Speaker 1: words that you're listening right now. That's right. Your whole 960 00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:24,480 Speaker 1: nervous system runs on electromagnetic fields, so you basically are 961 00:49:24,520 --> 00:49:29,480 Speaker 1: a magnet. You, dear listener, are very magnetic and attractive. 962 00:49:30,280 --> 00:49:32,239 Speaker 1: All right, thanks for joining us. Hope you enjoyed dad. 963 00:49:32,480 --> 00:49:42,080 Speaker 1: We'll see you guys next time. If you still have 964 00:49:42,120 --> 00:49:45,520 Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop 965 00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:47,640 Speaker 1: us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You 966 00:49:47,680 --> 00:49:51,120 Speaker 1: can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel 967 00:49:51,160 --> 00:49:54,680 Speaker 1: and Jorge that's one word, or email us at Feedback 968 00:49:54,719 --> 00:49:57,960 Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, and 969 00:49:58,000 --> 00:50:01,240 Speaker 1: remember that Daniel and Jorge Explained Universe is a production 970 00:50:01,320 --> 00:50:04,840 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. More podcast from my Heart Radio 971 00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:08,560 Speaker 1: visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 972 00:50:08,680 --> 00:50:14,239 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. H