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Speaker 1: Hello everyone, it's Eves checking in here to let you

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Speaker 1: know that you're going to be hearing two different events

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Speaker 1: in history in this episode, one from me and one

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Speaker 1: from Tracy V. Wilson. They're both good, if I do

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Speaker 1: say so myself. One with the show, Welcome to this

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Speaker 1: day in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com

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Speaker 1: and from the desk of Stuff You Missed in History Class.

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Speaker 1: It's the show where we explore the past one day

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Speaker 1: at a time with a quick look at what happened

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Speaker 1: today in history. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm

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Speaker 1: Tracy V. Wilson and it's August. England's greatest gardener, Lancelot

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Speaker 1: Capability Brown was baptized on this day in seventeen sixteen,

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Speaker 1: although we don't know exactly his date of birth. If

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Speaker 1: you have ever watched Downton Abbey, or even just seeing

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Speaker 1: a picture of the abbey and Downton Abbey that's high

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Speaker 1: Clear Castle, It's gardens were designed by Lancelot Brown. That

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Speaker 1: nickname of Capability is said to be because he likes

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Speaker 1: to tell his clients that their landscapes had great capability

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Speaker 1: for improvement. He was colossally influential in the eighteenth century

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Speaker 1: in England and Wales, designing gardens and grounds of the

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Speaker 1: mansions and the country estates, basically creating the look of England.

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Speaker 1: His style was a huge break away from the idea

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Speaker 1: of formal gardens, which obviously looked like somebody planned them

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Speaker 1: out and planted specific things in specific places, and said

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Speaker 1: he was carefully crafting landscapes that looked deceptively natural. They

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Speaker 1: looked like they just grew that way. He had trees

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Speaker 1: and curving ponds and streams and expansive lawns that all

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Speaker 1: just looked like they were supposed to be there. This

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Speaker 1: earned him some criticism for designing estates that look like

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Speaker 1: that was just how they happened, instead of looking like

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Speaker 1: somebody put effort into it. His whole philosophy was all

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Speaker 1: about being both comfortable and elegant, and it was also

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Speaker 1: very practical. These landscapes are round. These estates were not

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Speaker 1: just gardens to walk through and be observed. They had

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Speaker 1: different uses. They were home to different types of animals,

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Speaker 1: different livestock that was being raised on the property. Brown's

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Speaker 1: gardens were supposed to serve the needs of the estate,

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Speaker 1: not just exist for the sake of looking at them.

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Speaker 1: A hallmark of capability Brown's designs was the ha ha.

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Speaker 1: Instead of a raised fence that very obviously invisibly cut

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Speaker 1: one part of the state off from another, he'd sink

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Speaker 1: the land on one side of a wall, creating a

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Speaker 1: barrier that couldn't be seen at all from the house,

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Speaker 1: while still keeping the sheep pastured with the sheep instead

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Speaker 1: of wandering around eating whatever they wanted in other parts

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Speaker 1: of the estate. Jane Austen fans may remember that ha

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Speaker 1: Has makes several appearances in the book Mansfield Park. Obviously,

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Speaker 1: a sunken wall that is made on purpose to not

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Speaker 1: be visible isn't necessarily safe to walk around near, and

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Speaker 1: the term haha supposedly comes from a person's surprise at

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Speaker 1: accidentally tripping over one. Capability Brown's work was very expensive

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Speaker 1: because the estates that he was designing had enormous grounds.

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Speaker 1: He wasn't just making a little garden path around to

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Speaker 1: the side of the house, he was designing the entire property.

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Speaker 1: They took years to complete and hundreds of labors worked

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Speaker 1: on them. Over his career. He designed about two hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty estates all over England, but he didn't really

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Speaker 1: grow wealthy from all of that work. He had asthma,

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Speaker 1: which affected his health, and he traveled a lot doing

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Speaker 1: his work. He just was always on the road from

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Speaker 1: one client to another, and travel at the time was

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Speaker 1: exhausting and difficult. All of this had an effect on

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Speaker 1: his overall health, and he also didn't always charge people

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Speaker 1: for the work that he did. He might submit an

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Speaker 1: invoice but never really pushed to collect on it, or

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Speaker 1: he might go into the project without a very clear

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Speaker 1: set of expectations or a budget about how much he

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Speaker 1: was going to be spending on it. He died suddenly

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Speaker 1: on fib We're a sixth three at the age of

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Speaker 1: sixty six, having worked all the way up until the end.

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Speaker 1: In a lot of ways, he set standards for the

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Speaker 1: look of English manor houses and estates that continue to

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Speaker 1: influence British aesthetics today. And you can still visit a

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Speaker 1: lot of estates that Brown designed and walk through gardens

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Speaker 1: that are still pretty much as he left them, although

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Speaker 1: of course all of the trees that he planted are

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Speaker 1: bigger now than they were where they still survive. Thanks

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Speaker 1: to Christopher hascy Otis for his research work on today's episode,

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Speaker 1: a Tatari Harrison for her audio work on this podcast.

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Speaker 1: You can subscribe to The Day in History Class on

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Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, and wherever else you get your podcasts.

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Speaker 1: Tune in tomorrow for a much gorrier tale, although it's

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Speaker 1: still set in England. Hello, Welcome to this Day in

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Speaker 1: History class, where we flipped through the book of History

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Speaker 1: and bring give a new page every day. The day

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Speaker 1: was August two. The steamship Moravia arrived in New York

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Speaker 1: Harbor late in the evening. By this point, twenty two

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Speaker 1: of the ships three and fifty eight passengers who had

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Speaker 1: traveled from Hamburg, Germany, had died from cholera. Cholera is

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Speaker 1: an infectious disease of the small intestine, usually caused by

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Speaker 1: contaminated food or water, and it can lead to severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration,

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Speaker 1: and even death. In the late nineteenth century, there was

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Speaker 1: a cholera pandemic in Asia and Africa that made it

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Speaker 1: to parts of Europe and South America. A cholera epidemic

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Speaker 1: broke out in Hamburg in eighteen ninety two because of

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Speaker 1: contaminated drinking water, and more than half of the people

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Speaker 1: who were infected died. Americans worried that the epidemic would

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Speaker 1: reach the United States. Unrestricted and so called undesirable immigration

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Speaker 1: was already a hot button issue in the country. For

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Speaker 1: contexts on the fears and prejudices surrounding immigration at the

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Speaker 1: time the Chinese Exclusion Act was renewed in eighteen nine two,

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Speaker 1: those fears extended to immigration from places that were affected

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Speaker 1: by cholera. Those Jewish people in Russia were not the

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Speaker 1: only ones getting cholera or fleeing epidemics. Many newspapers and

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Speaker 1: public health establishments pegged them as the likely carriers of

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Speaker 1: cholera to the US. One August twenty nine article in

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Speaker 1: The New York Times said the following about Hungarians and

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Speaker 1: Jewish people in Russia, even should they pass the quarantine officials,

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Speaker 1: their mode of life when they settled down makes them

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Speaker 1: all always a source of danger. Cholera, it must be remembered,

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Speaker 1: originates in the homes of this human refraff. Journalists, working

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Speaker 1: class Americans, and medical professionals called for a suspension of

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Speaker 1: immigration to keep cholera from spreading to the US, but

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Speaker 1: by mid August of eight two, many ships from the

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Speaker 1: port of Hamburg were en route to New York. Steamships

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Speaker 1: continued carrying steerage immigrants out of Hamburg, even after health

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Speaker 1: officials admitted that there was a cholera epidemic. The people

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Speaker 1: aboard those ships were coming from places that had been

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Speaker 1: widely affected by cholera. One of those ships was the Moravia,

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Speaker 1: which left Hamburg on August seventeen. Only a couple of

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Speaker 1: days after the trip began, Russian and Polish Jewish people,

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Speaker 1: as well as German and French folks, began getting symptoms

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Speaker 1: of cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea, which progressed tacoma and death.

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Speaker 1: Between August nineteen and twenty nine, twenty two people died

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Speaker 1: and two more were ill upon arrival in the New

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Speaker 1: York quarantine station on the night of Tuesday, August, One

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Speaker 1: correspondent reported that people who died were wrapped in canvas

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Speaker 1: and thrown overboard with their belongings. The Health officer of

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Speaker 1: the Port of New York, members of the New York

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Speaker 1: City Board of Health, and physicians from the U. S.

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Speaker 1: Marine Hospital Service dealt with the cholera affected ships that

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Speaker 1: arrived in New York Harbor from Hamburg. A quarantine had

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Speaker 1: been placed over the Port of New York, which led

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Speaker 1: to the poor treatment of immigrants and the confinement of

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Speaker 1: thousands of people on steamships and islands, including those who

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Speaker 1: did not have cholera. The same day that the Morabia

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Speaker 1: arrived in New York, Health Officer William Jenkins announced that

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Speaker 1: only steerage passengers, as opposed to first and second class passengers,

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Speaker 1: would be inspected, disinfected, and detained for about five days

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Speaker 1: for observation, and the U. S. Treasury Departments Immigration Bureau

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Speaker 1: let people into New York from Hamburg as long as

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Speaker 1: steamship companies put steerage passengers in slower, older ships and

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Speaker 1: cabin class passengers in faster newerships. This separation allowed cabin

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Speaker 1: class passengers to be quickly inspected, and it allowed the

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Speaker 1: fast detention of immigrant passengers aboard the slower ships. The

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Speaker 1: Morabia was the first slow moving pest ship to arrive

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Speaker 1: in New York from Hamburg. Its passengers were sent to

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Speaker 1: Hoffman Island, where they were bathed and their clothes were fumigated.

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Speaker 1: Jenkins ordered that they be quarantined for as long as necessary.

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Speaker 1: As they remained in quarantine, more ships arrived and were quarantined.

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Speaker 1: US President Benjamin Harrison issued an order for a nationwide

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Speaker 1: twenty day quarantine of ships from foreign ports carrying immigrants.

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Speaker 1: The twenty day period applied to steerage immigrant passengers, but

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Speaker 1: not cabin passengers, and state authorities could decide to keep

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Speaker 1: people in quarantine for more time in special cases. But

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Speaker 1: by early September, there were no new cases of cholera

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Speaker 1: on the Moravia, and the cholera epidemic was over by

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Speaker 1: the end of September, But all the conflicts that had

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Speaker 1: arisen among state and federal officials over management of the

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Speaker 1: epidemic led to a desire for changes in public health

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Speaker 1: and immigration laws. In President Harrison signed into law the

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Speaker 1: National Quarantine Act, which created a national system of quarantine

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Speaker 1: while still allowing for state run quarantines. It also put

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Speaker 1: standards in place for medically inspecting immigrants, ships and cargoes.

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Speaker 1: I'm Eves Jeffcote and hopefully you know a little more

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Speaker 1: about history today than you did yesterday. You can find

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Speaker 1: us on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at t D I

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Speaker 1: h C podcast Tune in tomorrow for Another Day in History.

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Speaker 1: For more podcasts from I Heart Radio, visit the iHeart

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Speaker 1: favorite shows,