1 00:00:00,960 --> 00:00:03,960 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:12,920 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:12,960 --> 00:00:16,480 Speaker 1: I'm trade Phoebe Wilson. I'm Holly Fry. They we are 4 00:00:16,520 --> 00:00:20,239 Speaker 1: rejoining the story of Sophia Doo Leep singh Uh, a 5 00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:23,360 Speaker 1: princess from India who became a very vocal part of 6 00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:26,880 Speaker 1: the movement for women's suffrage in Britain. And at this 7 00:00:26,960 --> 00:00:28,720 Speaker 1: point in the story where we are picking up from 8 00:00:28,800 --> 00:00:32,839 Speaker 1: last time, she's living in Britain, her parents and her 9 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:36,440 Speaker 1: little brother have sadly died, and she is seventeen and 10 00:00:36,560 --> 00:00:41,400 Speaker 1: effectively living off the goodwill of her godmother, Queen Victoria, 11 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:45,839 Speaker 1: in spite of ongoing lessons in deportment. The teenage Sophia 12 00:00:46,040 --> 00:00:50,880 Speaker 1: was viewed as fragile, quiet, shy, sensitive, damaged from the 13 00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:54,480 Speaker 1: series of tragedies in her life, and very uncomfortable with 14 00:00:54,560 --> 00:00:58,640 Speaker 1: the attention that came along with being a princess. However, 15 00:00:58,720 --> 00:01:01,280 Speaker 1: being favored by the Queen meant that if she approached 16 00:01:01,280 --> 00:01:03,920 Speaker 1: her eighteenth birthday, plans were put in place for her 17 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:07,200 Speaker 1: future and the futures of her two sisters and her 18 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:11,240 Speaker 1: two half sisters. That's involved an income dowries for the 19 00:01:11,240 --> 00:01:14,480 Speaker 1: two oldest uh the two oldest sisters, and an official 20 00:01:14,560 --> 00:01:18,960 Speaker 1: coming out for Catherine Bomba and Sofia do leep Singh. 21 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:21,880 Speaker 1: Faced with the prospect of having to look after herself, 22 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:25,640 Speaker 1: Sofia really threw herself into her studies, both her academic 23 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:29,120 Speaker 1: work and her deportment. She and her sisters also took 24 00:01:29,120 --> 00:01:31,800 Speaker 1: a tour of the continent, which grew from Sofia's then 25 00:01:31,880 --> 00:01:35,320 Speaker 1: surprising request to go to Germany to refine her skills 26 00:01:35,319 --> 00:01:39,319 Speaker 1: in the language. Accompanying the sisters were two ladies maids 27 00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,640 Speaker 1: and Lena Schaefer, their former governess who had stayed with 28 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:46,800 Speaker 1: Sophia's older sisters while they were at university. In case 29 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:49,640 Speaker 1: anyone who heard part one is confused, that is, the government, 30 00:01:49,640 --> 00:01:53,000 Speaker 1: the governess who came along after the nanny who had 31 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:55,240 Speaker 1: looked at them when they were little, looked after them 32 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:59,040 Speaker 1: when they were little, had died. Once the sisters arrived 33 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:02,160 Speaker 1: back in Britain, Queen Victoria gave Sophia a grace and 34 00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: favor residence at Faraday House at Hampton Court, and Hampton 35 00:02:06,160 --> 00:02:08,840 Speaker 1: Court was home to a number of mostly widows and 36 00:02:08,960 --> 00:02:12,680 Speaker 1: unmarried ladies who had some kind of standing in British society, 37 00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:17,160 Speaker 1: but usually no other place to live. Safia filled her 38 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:20,800 Speaker 1: new home with music and animals, and now living independently, 39 00:02:21,400 --> 00:02:25,040 Speaker 1: she actually really started to blossom. But even though Sofia's 40 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:28,079 Speaker 1: lessons had refined her behavior and her formal debut had 41 00:02:28,120 --> 00:02:31,880 Speaker 1: gone quite well, she didn't grow into quite to the 42 00:02:31,919 --> 00:02:36,120 Speaker 1: Indian British princess that the monarchy had hoped. Like her father, 43 00:02:36,280 --> 00:02:39,320 Speaker 1: she was extravagant, spending most of her income on clothes 44 00:02:39,360 --> 00:02:43,400 Speaker 1: and jewelry, and she became quite the social butterfly. She 45 00:02:43,520 --> 00:02:46,079 Speaker 1: also took up a whole lot of pastimes that were 46 00:02:46,120 --> 00:02:50,880 Speaker 1: not regarded as entirely appropriate for young ladies, against the 47 00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,520 Speaker 1: advice of doctors of the day, who thought they were 48 00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:58,040 Speaker 1: too exciting and could damage the reproductive organs. Sophia bought 49 00:02:58,120 --> 00:03:01,160 Speaker 1: a bicycle for herself and when on to make headlines 50 00:03:01,240 --> 00:03:05,280 Speaker 1: for her cycling. She also bred dogs, joining the Kennel 51 00:03:05,280 --> 00:03:08,880 Speaker 1: Club and becoming an extremely accomplished breeder. She bred and 52 00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:13,120 Speaker 1: showed Borzois and later Pomeranians as well. She also posed 53 00:03:13,120 --> 00:03:16,840 Speaker 1: with them for photographs, dressed in only the most fashionable clothing. 54 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:22,480 Speaker 1: She was a very accomplished horseback rider. She smoked exotic Tobaccos. 55 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:26,560 Speaker 1: She took her sister Bomba halfway around the world on 56 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:29,720 Speaker 1: a on a covert mission to get her back to India, 57 00:03:30,160 --> 00:03:33,160 Speaker 1: because both sisters knew that the British government would never 58 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:36,600 Speaker 1: give them permission to do so if they asked. And 59 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:39,360 Speaker 1: when that mission didn't work, Bomba went to the United 60 00:03:39,400 --> 00:03:41,960 Speaker 1: States to try to become a doctor, although she had 61 00:03:41,960 --> 00:03:45,480 Speaker 1: to return to Britain when Northwestern University decided not to 62 00:03:45,560 --> 00:03:49,960 Speaker 1: let women study there anymore. Bomba was furious, so much 63 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:52,840 Speaker 1: so that Catherine came back from Germany, where she had 64 00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:55,760 Speaker 1: been living with Lena Schaefer, to try to console her 65 00:03:55,760 --> 00:03:59,720 Speaker 1: bereft sister. This didn't really work. This was at this 66 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:04,200 Speaker 1: point three grown young women sharing a household together, and 67 00:04:04,240 --> 00:04:07,120 Speaker 1: so Fire's behavior really rubbed her sisters the wrong way. 68 00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 1: Catherine and Bomba hated her smoking, and they did not 69 00:04:10,320 --> 00:04:13,040 Speaker 1: like her dogs, and they really didn't want to socialize 70 00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:16,600 Speaker 1: with British aristocracy, which was one of Sophia's favorite pastimes. 71 00:04:17,279 --> 00:04:19,800 Speaker 1: I didn't like the dogs, man, That one's tough to 72 00:04:19,839 --> 00:04:25,640 Speaker 1: get through. Then, on January twenty, nineteen o one, as 73 00:04:25,760 --> 00:04:30,599 Speaker 1: is famously known, Queen Victoria died. The coronation of Edward 74 00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:34,080 Speaker 1: the seventh provided a distraction to the sisters and an 75 00:04:34,160 --> 00:04:37,239 Speaker 1: unexpected way to get back to India, like Bomba wanted 76 00:04:37,279 --> 00:04:39,400 Speaker 1: to do so desperately. And we're going to talk about 77 00:04:39,400 --> 00:04:43,599 Speaker 1: what happened in all of this arena after we paused 78 00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,160 Speaker 1: for a brief moment from one of our fabulous sponsors. 79 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,560 Speaker 1: Now the story of how how Sophia and her sisters 80 00:04:50,600 --> 00:04:53,400 Speaker 1: did get to go back to India. As the monarch 81 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:56,760 Speaker 1: of the British Empire, Edward the seventh would also be 82 00:04:56,839 --> 00:05:00,599 Speaker 1: the Emperor of India, and India prepared a derber, which 83 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:04,040 Speaker 1: was an official reception to welcome the new king, or 84 00:05:04,400 --> 00:05:07,080 Speaker 1: what was really happening was his younger brother, who was 85 00:05:07,120 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 1: sent as his surrogate because he did not want to 86 00:05:09,360 --> 00:05:13,520 Speaker 1: go himself. The three Deleepe seeing sisters all applied to go, 87 00:05:13,920 --> 00:05:17,680 Speaker 1: and while their applications were denied, those denials were worded 88 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:19,799 Speaker 1: in such a way that it seemed as though they 89 00:05:19,920 --> 00:05:24,760 Speaker 1: might go, but just later, not right now. They basically 90 00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:27,360 Speaker 1: decided it was later now, and they went themselves in secret. 91 00:05:29,440 --> 00:05:32,520 Speaker 1: They traveled under pseudonyms. They went separately so that there 92 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:34,880 Speaker 1: would be less chance that they would raise suspicion, and 93 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:37,039 Speaker 1: then once they got there, it was too late for 94 00:05:37,040 --> 00:05:40,279 Speaker 1: the British government to do anything about it, except for 95 00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:43,600 Speaker 1: to close off the normal diplomatic channels that they would 96 00:05:43,680 --> 00:05:45,839 Speaker 1: have had access to based on the fact that they 97 00:05:45,839 --> 00:05:49,080 Speaker 1: were princesses. So they wound up making their way to 98 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:52,359 Speaker 1: Lahore and staying with people who remembered their father and 99 00:05:52,440 --> 00:05:56,159 Speaker 1: respected their family name. So initially, when they finally arrived 100 00:05:56,160 --> 00:05:59,960 Speaker 1: in India, the three sisters did travel together, but eventually 101 00:06:00,120 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: Sophia started a tour of India on horseback that her 102 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:06,839 Speaker 1: sisters could simply not keep up with. They eventually returned 103 00:06:06,839 --> 00:06:11,240 Speaker 1: to Britain separately. On the way home, Sophia witnessed the 104 00:06:11,320 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 1: flight of Indian laborers and sailors known as laskers. These 105 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:18,120 Speaker 1: are people who were often hired out of poverty and 106 00:06:18,160 --> 00:06:21,400 Speaker 1: then exploited. They were forced to work in dangerous and 107 00:06:21,440 --> 00:06:25,280 Speaker 1: degrading conditions, often without enough food or water to actually 108 00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:28,240 Speaker 1: sustain them, and then after the ships they were working 109 00:06:28,279 --> 00:06:32,440 Speaker 1: on reached often other continents, they generally would wind up 110 00:06:32,480 --> 00:06:36,359 Speaker 1: abandoned in port with no money, no resources, no work, 111 00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:39,800 Speaker 1: and sometimes not even an understanding of the local language. 112 00:06:40,279 --> 00:06:42,359 Speaker 1: So in so far I got home, she started using 113 00:06:42,360 --> 00:06:44,920 Speaker 1: her money and social connections to try to advocate for 114 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:48,640 Speaker 1: better treatment for the Laskers. Although this work made her 115 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:52,919 Speaker 1: feel useful, she really deeply missed her sisters. She became 116 00:06:52,960 --> 00:06:57,119 Speaker 1: increasingly morose and lonely until nineteen o six, three years 117 00:06:57,200 --> 00:07:00,159 Speaker 1: after she had left her sisters in India. That's she 118 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:02,480 Speaker 1: got a letter from Bamba asking that she come back 119 00:07:02,520 --> 00:07:05,680 Speaker 1: to Lahore right away because someone was trying to kill her. 120 00:07:06,640 --> 00:07:09,040 Speaker 1: So so Fia did make it to Lahore as fast 121 00:07:09,080 --> 00:07:12,400 Speaker 1: as she could. However, she determined her sister was probably 122 00:07:12,440 --> 00:07:15,920 Speaker 1: not the target of poisoning by anybody. On the other hand, 123 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 1: she did determine that Bomba, who had been really resentful 124 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:22,360 Speaker 1: of the British understandably for much of their lives, would 125 00:07:22,360 --> 00:07:25,600 Speaker 1: probably never come back to Britain to live again. She 126 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:29,440 Speaker 1: had really made a home for herself in India. Bamba 127 00:07:29,480 --> 00:07:31,920 Speaker 1: had also started to make friends with the Movement for 128 00:07:32,040 --> 00:07:35,600 Speaker 1: Indian Self Governance. This was a growing movement led by 129 00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:40,360 Speaker 1: La La lajpat Ray, Gopa Krishna Gokhale and later Mohandas 130 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:45,560 Speaker 1: karam Shand Gandhi also known as Mahatma As. This movement 131 00:07:45,640 --> 00:07:49,240 Speaker 1: for self government governance grew, violence broke out, and at 132 00:07:49,280 --> 00:07:52,280 Speaker 1: the same time so did a plague. So Fia took 133 00:07:52,320 --> 00:07:56,320 Speaker 1: to disinfecting their luggage repeatedly as they traveled. She taught 134 00:07:56,320 --> 00:07:58,760 Speaker 1: herself to write backwards in the hope that if anyone 135 00:07:58,800 --> 00:08:01,000 Speaker 1: found her journal, they wouldn't be able to read it 136 00:08:01,080 --> 00:08:04,920 Speaker 1: and learn of her sisters growing ties to the movement 137 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,880 Speaker 1: for Indian Nationalism. So Fire returned to Britain in the 138 00:08:08,920 --> 00:08:12,520 Speaker 1: spring of nineteen o seven, and once there she once 139 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:16,480 Speaker 1: again started to feel useless. However, in nineteen o eight 140 00:08:16,560 --> 00:08:20,440 Speaker 1: she became involved with the Women's Social and Political Union 141 00:08:20,960 --> 00:08:25,360 Speaker 1: or the WSPU. This was the most radical arm of 142 00:08:25,360 --> 00:08:28,720 Speaker 1: the movement for women's suffrage in Britain. All right, I 143 00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:30,640 Speaker 1: do want to make it clear that there were multiple 144 00:08:30,840 --> 00:08:34,079 Speaker 1: different organizations working for the cause of getting the right 145 00:08:34,400 --> 00:08:37,600 Speaker 1: to vote for women. This was the most radical of them. 146 00:08:37,800 --> 00:08:40,440 Speaker 1: So there's a misperception among some people that like the 147 00:08:40,600 --> 00:08:43,079 Speaker 1: entire movement was completely radical from beginning to end, and 148 00:08:43,160 --> 00:08:45,360 Speaker 1: people like to throw this around in sometimes a very 149 00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:49,280 Speaker 1: trollish kind of way on the Internet. There were lots 150 00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,439 Speaker 1: of different factors in the movement, as is the case 151 00:08:52,559 --> 00:08:56,760 Speaker 1: in basically every social movement in history. So I also 152 00:08:56,760 --> 00:08:58,360 Speaker 1: want to make it clear that at this point only 153 00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:00,920 Speaker 1: adult men who owned property could actually vote, so not 154 00:09:01,040 --> 00:09:04,559 Speaker 1: everyone who was male could vote, but zero women could vote. 155 00:09:05,120 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 1: Some of the other organizations that were working to get 156 00:09:08,080 --> 00:09:10,360 Speaker 1: women the right to vote included the National Union of 157 00:09:10,400 --> 00:09:13,640 Speaker 1: Women's Suffrage Societies, which was led by Milicent Fawcett, and 158 00:09:13,679 --> 00:09:17,200 Speaker 1: the Women's Franchise League. Also, we're going to be using 159 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:20,040 Speaker 1: the words suffragette because this part of the movement really 160 00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:23,280 Speaker 1: owned that particular term, while others who were fighting for 161 00:09:23,320 --> 00:09:26,120 Speaker 1: the right for women to vote preferred the words suffragist. 162 00:09:27,160 --> 00:09:30,760 Speaker 1: Sophia started her work by raising funds, and then she 163 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:33,240 Speaker 1: went to meetings in part to attract people who wanted 164 00:09:33,280 --> 00:09:36,200 Speaker 1: to see a princess, and soon she was a visible 165 00:09:36,240 --> 00:09:40,520 Speaker 1: figure in the WSPU, and its leader, Emmeline Pankhurst tried 166 00:09:40,520 --> 00:09:43,000 Speaker 1: to think of ways to put someone with Sofia's clout 167 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:47,040 Speaker 1: and status to good use. The Suffragettes in general used 168 00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:48,800 Speaker 1: a lot of the same tactics we would think of 169 00:09:48,880 --> 00:09:52,720 Speaker 1: today when trying to advocate for change. They circulated petitions 170 00:09:52,720 --> 00:09:56,600 Speaker 1: and pamphlets, gave speeches, held rallies, and wrote letters, but 171 00:09:56,720 --> 00:09:59,840 Speaker 1: especially when it came to the WSPU. They also broke windows, 172 00:10:00,120 --> 00:10:02,520 Speaker 1: three rocks, and set things on fire, and engaged in 173 00:10:02,600 --> 00:10:07,840 Speaker 1: other more violent acts of destruction. The WSPU specifically decided 174 00:10:07,880 --> 00:10:13,200 Speaker 1: that these were legitimate protest strategies in nine nine that summer, 175 00:10:13,640 --> 00:10:16,640 Speaker 1: Marian Wallace Dunlop was the first suffragette to go on 176 00:10:16,679 --> 00:10:20,280 Speaker 1: a hunger strike, demanding to be recognized as a political prisoner. 177 00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:23,120 Speaker 1: After using a large rubber stamp to deface the main 178 00:10:23,280 --> 00:10:26,840 Speaker 1: entrance of Parliament, she was eventually freed when authorities feared 179 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:30,840 Speaker 1: she would die of starvation otherwise. Other suffragettes started employing 180 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:35,360 Speaker 1: the same technique. Eventually authorities turned to force feeding rather 181 00:10:35,400 --> 00:10:39,440 Speaker 1: than freeing hunger strikers. This is a pretty horrifying process 182 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:41,640 Speaker 1: being forceped, and there were women in prison who were 183 00:10:41,679 --> 00:10:46,240 Speaker 1: forceped literally hundreds of times. Another aspect of the suffrage 184 00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:48,560 Speaker 1: movement handed on the fact that women had to pay 185 00:10:48,600 --> 00:10:51,480 Speaker 1: taxes but could not vote, so certainly back to the 186 00:10:51,480 --> 00:10:56,200 Speaker 1: idea of taxation without representation. The Women's Tax Resistance League 187 00:10:56,280 --> 00:10:59,679 Speaker 1: formed that October to protest this, and so fi A 188 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:03,480 Speaker 1: join it as well. King Edward the Seventh died on 189 00:11:03,600 --> 00:11:06,600 Speaker 1: May sixth of nineteen ten, and he was succeeded by 190 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:09,200 Speaker 1: George the Fifth, who was not nearly as invested in 191 00:11:09,240 --> 00:11:11,679 Speaker 1: the welfare of the dew leaps Sings as King Edward 192 00:11:11,760 --> 00:11:15,320 Speaker 1: or Queen Victoria had been. As Sofia's involvement in the 193 00:11:15,360 --> 00:11:18,720 Speaker 1: movement in the suffrage movement continued to grow and the 194 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:24,079 Speaker 1: WSPU became more radical. King George would become increasingly suspicious 195 00:11:24,160 --> 00:11:28,120 Speaker 1: of her. And this is really when, uh, when Sophia's 196 00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:32,840 Speaker 1: involvement became tied to some of the most uh memorable 197 00:11:32,920 --> 00:11:36,720 Speaker 1: and sometimes horrifying parts of the movement for women's suffrage. 198 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:40,720 Speaker 1: Shortly after Edward the seventh death, a conciliation bill was 199 00:11:40,760 --> 00:11:42,960 Speaker 1: introduced to the House of Commons. And if this bill 200 00:11:42,960 --> 00:11:45,440 Speaker 1: became law, it was going to give a limited number 201 00:11:45,480 --> 00:11:48,120 Speaker 1: of women, who were mostly women who owned property, the 202 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:51,480 Speaker 1: right to vote. It did seem primes to become a law. 203 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:53,400 Speaker 1: It looked like it was going to succeed, but then 204 00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:57,320 Speaker 1: a series of maneuvers by Prime Minister Herbert Henry Askwith 205 00:11:57,640 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: had stalled it and it suddenly seemed do to failure. 206 00:12:01,640 --> 00:12:05,640 Speaker 1: About three hundred suffragettes planned to protest on November eighteenth, 207 00:12:05,720 --> 00:12:09,640 Speaker 1: which was the day that Parliament was returning to session. However, 208 00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:13,160 Speaker 1: this protest did not go well. As the women approached, 209 00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:16,199 Speaker 1: a line of police cut them off and things quickly 210 00:12:16,240 --> 00:12:20,160 Speaker 1: became violent. Police man handled the protesters and knocked them down, 211 00:12:20,240 --> 00:12:25,760 Speaker 1: sometimes repeatedly. Women reported being groped, kicked, sexually assaulted, and 212 00:12:25,840 --> 00:12:29,760 Speaker 1: menaced by officers on horseback. Two women later died of 213 00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:32,760 Speaker 1: their injuries, and because at that time people believed being 214 00:12:32,840 --> 00:12:35,640 Speaker 1: hit in the breast could cause cancer, the ordeal was 215 00:12:35,679 --> 00:12:39,000 Speaker 1: also psychologically terrifying for many of the women who was 216 00:12:39,120 --> 00:12:42,400 Speaker 1: who were there long after the event was over. This 217 00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:46,000 Speaker 1: was the protest that became known as Black Friday, and 218 00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,640 Speaker 1: Sufia do leep Singh was there. She saw another woman 219 00:12:49,679 --> 00:12:52,679 Speaker 1: being thrown to the ground over and over and over 220 00:12:52,760 --> 00:12:55,920 Speaker 1: again by the same officer. Every time she would pull 221 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:58,839 Speaker 1: herself back to her feet, only to be thrown down again. 222 00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: So so I shoved her way through the crowd and 223 00:13:02,440 --> 00:13:05,200 Speaker 1: screamed at this officer until he dropped the woman and 224 00:13:05,240 --> 00:13:08,480 Speaker 1: backed away from her. After Sofia made sure this woman 225 00:13:08,559 --> 00:13:12,360 Speaker 1: wasn't seriously injured, she followed the officer, continuing to rate 226 00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: him and had the presence of mind to note his 227 00:13:15,360 --> 00:13:18,760 Speaker 1: badge number. Sofia was one of the one hundred and 228 00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:22,760 Speaker 1: fifteen women and four men arrested after Black Friday. She 229 00:13:22,840 --> 00:13:27,400 Speaker 1: was charged with obstructing the police. Afterwards, so Fia wrote 230 00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:31,360 Speaker 1: to Winston Churchill, who was then the Home Secretary, describing 231 00:13:31,400 --> 00:13:34,720 Speaker 1: the police brutality that she had witnessed. Her note was 232 00:13:34,760 --> 00:13:37,760 Speaker 1: passed on to the Police Commissioner, who ultimately ruled the 233 00:13:37,840 --> 00:13:43,000 Speaker 1: officer had done nothing wrong, and Sofia disagreed with this intensely. 234 00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,720 Speaker 1: So she continued to write about it, sending more and 235 00:13:45,760 --> 00:13:48,440 Speaker 1: more letters and refusing to let the matter rest until 236 00:13:48,440 --> 00:13:51,920 Speaker 1: Winston Churchill put a note in her file dated December 237 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:56,760 Speaker 1: sevent saying that she should not be answered anymore. On 238 00:13:56,840 --> 00:14:00,280 Speaker 1: February six, nineteen eleven, King George the Fifth was to 239 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:04,120 Speaker 1: speak before Parliament as part of a planned protest that day, 240 00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:07,120 Speaker 1: Sofia threw herself in front of the Prime Minister's car 241 00:14:07,520 --> 00:14:10,840 Speaker 1: as it departed Downing Street, brandishing a banner that said 242 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:14,240 Speaker 1: give women the vote this time. Perhaps because she was 243 00:14:14,320 --> 00:14:17,679 Speaker 1: Queen Victoria's god daughter and the Queen's grandson was the 244 00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:21,760 Speaker 1: one giving the speech, she was not arrested. The newspapers 245 00:14:21,760 --> 00:14:24,680 Speaker 1: had a field Day, though the queen's god daughter being 246 00:14:24,720 --> 00:14:27,560 Speaker 1: a suffragette and literally throwing herself in front of the 247 00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:32,640 Speaker 1: Prime Minister's car was big big news. During the nineteen 248 00:14:32,680 --> 00:14:35,800 Speaker 1: eleven senses many women in the suffrage movement refused to 249 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:39,000 Speaker 1: be counted as another act of protest. So Fia was 250 00:14:39,080 --> 00:14:42,440 Speaker 1: one of these, writing no vote, no senses across her paperwork. 251 00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:46,280 Speaker 1: She then escalated her tax protest by refusing to pay 252 00:14:46,360 --> 00:14:49,320 Speaker 1: to license her dogs. She then refused to pay a 253 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,200 Speaker 1: number of other fees related to her household and staff, 254 00:14:52,320 --> 00:14:56,560 Speaker 1: all because they were essentially taxes. When she was summoned 255 00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,320 Speaker 1: to the Petty Sessions court, she sent a lawyer who 256 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:01,360 Speaker 1: read a state in which she said she would not 257 00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:04,400 Speaker 1: pay the fines or the fee the court levied on her. 258 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:08,480 Speaker 1: Bailiffs came to sofi As house to collect the money 259 00:15:08,520 --> 00:15:10,520 Speaker 1: that was out. She said she would give it to 260 00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:14,240 Speaker 1: them as soon as she had the right to vote. Obviously, 261 00:15:14,320 --> 00:15:16,400 Speaker 1: they were not going to give her the rights of vote, 262 00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:18,720 Speaker 1: so the bailiffs took a diamond ring out of her 263 00:15:18,800 --> 00:15:21,760 Speaker 1: jewelry box, which was put up for auction. On the 264 00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:25,520 Speaker 1: day of the auction, suffragettes commandeered most of the seats 265 00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:28,000 Speaker 1: in the auction house, and they all refused to bid 266 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:30,400 Speaker 1: on so far as ring, which meant the auctioneer had 267 00:15:30,440 --> 00:15:33,320 Speaker 1: to keep reopening the bid at lower and lower dollar 268 00:15:33,360 --> 00:15:37,320 Speaker 1: amounts until finally it reached the sum of ten pounds. 269 00:15:37,880 --> 00:15:41,080 Speaker 1: That's when artist Louise jopling Row bought it for that 270 00:15:41,120 --> 00:15:43,800 Speaker 1: ten pounds, then handed it to Sofia who was in 271 00:15:43,840 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 1: the auction house, and all of the Suffragettes and attendance 272 00:15:46,960 --> 00:15:50,960 Speaker 1: basically had a big party. Sofia became ever closer to 273 00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:54,400 Speaker 1: Emmiline Pankhurst and the other leaders of the WSPU in 274 00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:57,600 Speaker 1: the years that followed. After Pankhurst returned from a trip 275 00:15:57,680 --> 00:16:01,920 Speaker 1: to the US, in the WUSPU took another turn towards 276 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:05,160 Speaker 1: the militant. They smashed the windows of the Royal Courts 277 00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,440 Speaker 1: of Justice with hammers, along with the windows of other buildings, 278 00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:12,920 Speaker 1: and they set things on fire. This increasing militancy lost 279 00:16:12,920 --> 00:16:16,000 Speaker 1: them some support in Parliament and a second conciliation bill 280 00:16:16,080 --> 00:16:19,880 Speaker 1: started to flounder. The violence escalated from there, with the 281 00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:24,560 Speaker 1: Suffragettes making small bombs and ruining the mail. Other organizations 282 00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:28,760 Speaker 1: within the movement came to increasingly criticize the wsp USED 283 00:16:28,760 --> 00:16:32,280 Speaker 1: tactics and distanced themselves from them because they thought they 284 00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:36,080 Speaker 1: were their actions are beginning to affect ordinary citizens, not 285 00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:42,440 Speaker 1: just government officials. Sofia, though, supported the WSPU wholeheartedly, and 286 00:16:42,520 --> 00:16:45,119 Speaker 1: fighting down a fear of public speaking that had previously 287 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:48,680 Speaker 1: prevented her from accepting request to speak at rallies and meetings, 288 00:16:49,080 --> 00:16:51,680 Speaker 1: she began to appear on stage to show this support. 289 00:16:52,240 --> 00:16:55,720 Speaker 1: Her support of the WSPU never wavered even when their 290 00:16:55,760 --> 00:17:00,080 Speaker 1: favored protest technique turned to arson. So Fia all so 291 00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:04,320 Speaker 1: started selling the WSPU newspaper, which was called The Suffragette, 292 00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:07,840 Speaker 1: outside the gates of Hampton Court Palace. Remember that's where 293 00:17:07,840 --> 00:17:11,920 Speaker 1: her Grace and Favor apartment was. And uh, to King 294 00:17:11,960 --> 00:17:14,600 Speaker 1: George's mind, this was kind of the last straw. He 295 00:17:14,720 --> 00:17:16,720 Speaker 1: started trying to figure out if there was some way 296 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:20,520 Speaker 1: he could have victed her. At that point, Emily Davidson 297 00:17:20,600 --> 00:17:23,439 Speaker 1: had martyred herself by throwing her body in front of 298 00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:26,640 Speaker 1: his horse during a race, and arsonists had burned down 299 00:17:26,680 --> 00:17:29,320 Speaker 1: the King's stand at the racetrack. So he was getting 300 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:34,159 Speaker 1: a little tired of suffragettes and there what maybe was 301 00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:38,080 Speaker 1: you that nonsense? However, he also knew that no matter 302 00:17:38,119 --> 00:17:41,360 Speaker 1: how they tried to spin it, evicting his grandmother's god 303 00:17:41,440 --> 00:17:46,680 Speaker 1: daughter from her grace and favors apartment would look really bad. Instead, 304 00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:49,520 Speaker 1: they closed the picture galleries at Hampton Court to cut 305 00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:51,560 Speaker 1: down on the number of visitors in the area, which 306 00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:55,040 Speaker 1: had a trickle down effect that was devastating to local businesses. 307 00:17:55,680 --> 00:18:00,360 Speaker 1: Sofia persisted, seeming determined to be arrested. Yes, she really 308 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: did stuff that was way way worse than a lot 309 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:07,879 Speaker 1: of other people, seeming bent on getting arrested, and naturally, 310 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:10,600 Speaker 1: because she was a princess, they were very reluctant to 311 00:18:10,760 --> 00:18:14,480 Speaker 1: arrest her. So finally, though, she did get arrested for 312 00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:17,719 Speaker 1: unpaid taxes, and she went through that whole cycle we 313 00:18:17,760 --> 00:18:20,960 Speaker 1: already saw of going to court, having her jewelry sees 314 00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:22,960 Speaker 1: to pay for it, and having that go up for 315 00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:26,520 Speaker 1: auction one more time. The Suffragettes went to the auction 316 00:18:26,560 --> 00:18:28,840 Speaker 1: house on the day of the auction and they bought 317 00:18:28,840 --> 00:18:33,159 Speaker 1: Sofia's necklace, even though this time the auctioneer refused to 318 00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:36,159 Speaker 1: lower the starting bid in response to their refusal to 319 00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 1: bid on it. Safia remained a steadfast supporter of the 320 00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:44,159 Speaker 1: WSPU until Britain entered World War One, the movement for 321 00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:48,679 Speaker 1: women's suffrage continued, but the WSPU ended its militant activities 322 00:18:48,720 --> 00:18:51,919 Speaker 1: at that time. Sofia also really had other things to 323 00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:54,520 Speaker 1: worry about at that point, and we will talk about 324 00:18:54,560 --> 00:18:58,320 Speaker 1: them after one more brief sponsor break. When World War 325 00:18:58,320 --> 00:19:02,000 Speaker 1: One began, so Fias this Katherine was still in Germany. 326 00:19:02,359 --> 00:19:04,200 Speaker 1: She had lived there at this point for a really 327 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:08,120 Speaker 1: long time, and she had also expressed, unsurprisingly some pro 328 00:19:08,280 --> 00:19:11,879 Speaker 1: German sentiments. So no matter how she tried, so Fia 329 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:15,080 Speaker 1: could not convince British officials to help her get her 330 00:19:15,119 --> 00:19:19,960 Speaker 1: sister out of Germany in spite of the threat of war. Instead, 331 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:24,199 Speaker 1: in nineteen fifteen, Sofia became a Red Cross nurse, primarily 332 00:19:24,240 --> 00:19:27,080 Speaker 1: looking after the many Indian men who were deployed to 333 00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:30,679 Speaker 1: Europe and were wounded in action. She also started raising 334 00:19:30,720 --> 00:19:34,960 Speaker 1: funds for the Red Crosses efforts to help the Indian troops. Also, 335 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,680 Speaker 1: in nineteen fifteen, Bomba wrote to her sisters tell them 336 00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:41,600 Speaker 1: she had gotten married in India. Eventually, Sofia started trying 337 00:19:41,640 --> 00:19:45,360 Speaker 1: to plan a massive fundraiser to help the Indian soldiers. However, 338 00:19:46,040 --> 00:19:49,360 Speaker 1: her past came back to haunt. Her officials were distrustful 339 00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,000 Speaker 1: of her, and they were reluctant to give her the 340 00:19:51,040 --> 00:19:53,800 Speaker 1: go ahead. It took months for the plan to finally 341 00:19:53,800 --> 00:19:57,120 Speaker 1: be approved, and the fundraiser, now known as India Day, 342 00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:01,680 Speaker 1: was scheduled for September twenty nine, eighteen. Sadly, a few 343 00:20:01,720 --> 00:20:04,399 Speaker 1: months earlier, on June eighth of that year, so Fire 344 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:07,680 Speaker 1: received a telegram that her eldest brother, Victor, had died 345 00:20:07,720 --> 00:20:10,480 Speaker 1: of a heart attack in France. So Fia had to 346 00:20:10,520 --> 00:20:12,960 Speaker 1: carry on with her fundraising effort in the midst of 347 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:17,080 Speaker 1: her grief. Fortunately, the fundraiser went off beautifully and she 348 00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:20,200 Speaker 1: raised enough money to pay for about fifty thousand huts 349 00:20:20,240 --> 00:20:23,720 Speaker 1: to provide housing to Indian soldiers. And then the war ended. 350 00:20:23,840 --> 00:20:28,080 Speaker 1: Not too much longer after that, Sofia finally made contact 351 00:20:28,119 --> 00:20:30,800 Speaker 1: with her sister after many attempts to get a passport 352 00:20:30,880 --> 00:20:34,960 Speaker 1: for her. Although Lena Schaefer was ill and malnourished, Catherine 353 00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:39,119 Speaker 1: did make arrangements to visit Britain. At this point, the 354 00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,560 Speaker 1: movement for Indian nationalism was also on the rise back 355 00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:46,080 Speaker 1: in India. The dow Leep Singh name didn't have nearly 356 00:20:46,080 --> 00:20:49,200 Speaker 1: the same recognition or prestige in India that had had 357 00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:53,040 Speaker 1: it had had in earlier years, So the India Office 358 00:20:53,119 --> 00:20:57,080 Speaker 1: became less particularly compelled to make sure people in India 359 00:20:57,240 --> 00:21:00,240 Speaker 1: knew that the dou leep Singh family was being treated well. 360 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:04,080 Speaker 1: The surviving family members gradually got less and less help 361 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:08,879 Speaker 1: from the India Office. Sofia's money became scarce. Eventually she 362 00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:11,960 Speaker 1: could no longer even afford to heat her home. In 363 00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:15,600 Speaker 1: nineteen eighteen, women over thirty who were householders, as well 364 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:18,159 Speaker 1: as a few others, were given the right to vote 365 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:21,600 Speaker 1: in Britain. In the years following that, Sophia became less 366 00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:24,919 Speaker 1: and less able to make ends meet. Her brother hired 367 00:21:24,920 --> 00:21:28,320 Speaker 1: her a new housekeeper named Bosi, hoping to ease some 368 00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,600 Speaker 1: of Sofia's burdens and also keep the house running within 369 00:21:31,680 --> 00:21:35,879 Speaker 1: her means. The two women became friends, although their relationship 370 00:21:35,960 --> 00:21:40,320 Speaker 1: could be stormy, and Sofia eventually became godmother to Bosie's daughter. 371 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:45,720 Speaker 1: Sofia's brother, Freddie, died following a heart attack in August 372 00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:48,920 Speaker 1: of ninety six at the age of fifty eight. Her 373 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:53,679 Speaker 1: half sister Irene committed suicide in nine Both Bomba and 374 00:21:53,720 --> 00:21:57,000 Speaker 1: their other half, sister Pauline, contested Irene's will in a 375 00:21:57,040 --> 00:22:00,199 Speaker 1: battle that was both public and very ugly, and this 376 00:22:00,280 --> 00:22:03,280 Speaker 1: was really embarrassing to Sepia, as Irene had left all 377 00:22:03,320 --> 00:22:06,720 Speaker 1: her money to a home for unwanted children, so her 378 00:22:06,760 --> 00:22:11,840 Speaker 1: relationship to Pauline and Bomba was never really very comfortable. Again. Yeah, 379 00:22:11,880 --> 00:22:13,920 Speaker 1: she was also the only one of her sisters who 380 00:22:13,920 --> 00:22:17,440 Speaker 1: had ever really tried to befriend the younger half sisters. 381 00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:21,320 Speaker 1: Catherine and Bomba were both understandably bitter about their father's 382 00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:24,800 Speaker 1: new family. Two years after that whole affair with the 383 00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,920 Speaker 1: will was settled in, women in Britain were given the 384 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,439 Speaker 1: right to vote, following the same terms as those that 385 00:22:31,480 --> 00:22:34,120 Speaker 1: applied to men, which was an extension of the rights 386 00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:38,040 Speaker 1: that had been granted in nineteen eighteen. Lena Schaeffer died 387 00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:41,920 Speaker 1: on August six, nineteen thirty eight. Katherine doo Leep Singh 388 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:44,960 Speaker 1: elected to remain in Germany until Hitler's rise made it 389 00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,920 Speaker 1: unsafe for her to stay there. She and Lena had 390 00:22:47,920 --> 00:22:50,440 Speaker 1: lived very frugally, so she had money to live on. 391 00:22:51,080 --> 00:22:53,439 Speaker 1: She returned to a house she owned in England and 392 00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:56,600 Speaker 1: asked Sophia to come live in a bungalow on the property. 393 00:22:56,680 --> 00:23:00,159 Speaker 1: Some years later. Sophia's half sister, Pauline, died that on 394 00:23:00,240 --> 00:23:03,400 Speaker 1: April tenth, nineteen forty one, although after the falling out 395 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:06,600 Speaker 1: with her family after the other half sister, Irene's will, 396 00:23:07,080 --> 00:23:10,240 Speaker 1: this was actually unknown until relatively recently. She had just 397 00:23:10,320 --> 00:23:14,200 Speaker 1: kind of faded from the from the map Catherine dined 398 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:19,000 Speaker 1: following a heart attack in nineteen forty two. After her 399 00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:23,880 Speaker 1: sister's death, so Fia became increasingly depressed. She had housed 400 00:23:23,920 --> 00:23:27,080 Speaker 1: several children during the Blitz, but by ninety three they 401 00:23:27,119 --> 00:23:31,560 Speaker 1: had all gone home. Her god daughter, Drovna became one 402 00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:35,439 Speaker 1: of her sole comforts, was actually still living as of 403 00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:39,320 Speaker 1: I'm not totally sure about whether she's still living today. 404 00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:42,240 Speaker 1: Sofia de leep, saying lived long enough to see women 405 00:23:42,280 --> 00:23:44,760 Speaker 1: in Britain get the right to vote, to see India 406 00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:47,520 Speaker 1: become independent, and to see part of the former Seat 407 00:23:47,640 --> 00:23:51,640 Speaker 1: Kingdom partitioned into Pakistan, but she had little to occupy 408 00:23:51,720 --> 00:23:54,000 Speaker 1: her mind or her time. As she got older and 409 00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,800 Speaker 1: her health was increasingly poor. She developed a tumor behind 410 00:23:57,840 --> 00:24:00,360 Speaker 1: her eye that she refused to have treated, even though 411 00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,760 Speaker 1: it caused her an incredible amount of pain. She died 412 00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:07,159 Speaker 1: in her sleep on August twenty at the age of 413 00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:11,720 Speaker 1: seventy one. Although she had remained Christian all of her life, 414 00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:15,080 Speaker 1: Sofia opted for a seek cremation, with her ashes to 415 00:24:15,119 --> 00:24:18,760 Speaker 1: be scattered in India. This duty fell to her last 416 00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:22,520 Speaker 1: surviving sister, Bomba, who was by then in her eighties. 417 00:24:22,880 --> 00:24:27,080 Speaker 1: Then Bomba died in nineteen fifty seven. That is a 418 00:24:27,160 --> 00:24:29,920 Speaker 1: story of suffied do leap sing And I'm serious. If 419 00:24:29,960 --> 00:24:32,160 Speaker 1: this is interesting to you at all, read the book 420 00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:36,200 Speaker 1: so Fi a Princess, Suffragette Revolutionary by Anita and on. 421 00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:39,200 Speaker 1: It goes into all kinds of things we haven't really 422 00:24:39,240 --> 00:24:43,000 Speaker 1: touched on here, mostly for the sake of time. It 423 00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:45,720 Speaker 1: gets into a lot more about the movement for Indian 424 00:24:45,760 --> 00:24:49,320 Speaker 1: independence and how that had parallels to the movement for 425 00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:53,840 Speaker 1: women's suffrage. It has tons more detail about the lives 426 00:24:53,840 --> 00:24:57,119 Speaker 1: of Sofia and her sister's and her father. It's really 427 00:24:57,680 --> 00:25:01,960 Speaker 1: an enjoyable read. It was obviously one of the sources 428 00:25:02,080 --> 00:25:05,439 Speaker 1: used in this episode. Um and if you like her story, 429 00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:09,359 Speaker 1: there's so much more of it in there. Do you 430 00:25:09,480 --> 00:25:12,520 Speaker 1: have some fabulous listener mail to polish off this fascinating 431 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:15,880 Speaker 1: tale to you. It's from Rick and it's also really fascinating. 432 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:18,960 Speaker 1: Rick says, Hi, Tracy, and Holly, I was listening to 433 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:21,879 Speaker 1: your podcast on redlining, and you mentioned in passing that 434 00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:24,800 Speaker 1: the f H loans didn't allow farming, but there were 435 00:25:24,840 --> 00:25:27,919 Speaker 1: separate loans for farmers. I've been doing a bunch of 436 00:25:27,960 --> 00:25:31,399 Speaker 1: research on homesteadying lately and have a little more info 437 00:25:31,480 --> 00:25:33,600 Speaker 1: on that point. I thought y'all might want to know. 438 00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:37,199 Speaker 1: Here's an expert excerpt from a book called Urban Farming, 439 00:25:37,320 --> 00:25:41,240 Speaker 1: written by Thomas J. Fox. Quote. Some fifty thousand hogs 440 00:25:41,280 --> 00:25:45,480 Speaker 1: lived in Manhattan until about eighteen sixty. About seven percent 441 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:49,800 Speaker 1: of Seattleites owned cows in nineteen hundred, including the majority 442 00:25:49,880 --> 00:25:53,520 Speaker 1: in North Seattle neighborhoods. A nineteen or six census of 443 00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:57,000 Speaker 1: chickens in urban areas found on average, one clucker for 444 00:25:57,080 --> 00:26:00,680 Speaker 1: every two city dwellers. That's the end of that quote, 445 00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:04,240 Speaker 1: I think. In a nineteen thirty two Los Angeles Times 446 00:26:04,280 --> 00:26:08,000 Speaker 1: article titled There's No Room for Her, the writer estimated 447 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:11,679 Speaker 1: the goat milk population of Los Angeles County at two thousand, 448 00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:15,440 Speaker 1: seven hundred, an amount that would be over twelve thousand 449 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:18,520 Speaker 1: today if maintained at the same per capital letter level. 450 00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: As late as nineteen forty a census of agriculture counted 451 00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:26,520 Speaker 1: three d fifty two milk cows in Brooklyn, two five 452 00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:30,320 Speaker 1: hundred sixty two in Washington, d c. And fifteen thousand, 453 00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:33,959 Speaker 1: six hundred thirty eight in Dallas County, Texas. Clearly, our 454 00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:37,159 Speaker 1: urban life has changed. I want to be clear, I'm 455 00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:40,399 Speaker 1: not completely sure where in that part the quoted material ended, 456 00:26:40,960 --> 00:26:44,359 Speaker 1: but it's definitely over by this part. Closely related to 457 00:26:44,359 --> 00:26:47,400 Speaker 1: the disappearance of urban agriculture and American cities has been 458 00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:51,000 Speaker 1: the self image of a progressive, commercially minded middle class 459 00:26:51,440 --> 00:26:53,719 Speaker 1: and its idea of how a city should look, aided 460 00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:57,440 Speaker 1: of course by the advent of refrigeration and cheap transportation. 461 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:00,840 Speaker 1: Those to suffer, of course, we're often the poor, immigrants 462 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:03,800 Speaker 1: and minority groups who lived live closer to the subsistence 463 00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:07,240 Speaker 1: level brown notes than In the nine twenties and nineteen thirties, 464 00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:11,840 Speaker 1: urban livestock were specifically excluded by restrictive covenants in developing 465 00:27:11,880 --> 00:27:16,119 Speaker 1: whites only Seattle neighborhoods, and that Federal Housing Administration loans 466 00:27:17,119 --> 00:27:20,600 Speaker 1: UH applications from the nineteen thirties also banned livestock in 467 00:27:20,680 --> 00:27:23,400 Speaker 1: a national level. I just realized I'm not actually sure 468 00:27:23,400 --> 00:27:25,600 Speaker 1: where the quote ends. It might not be until the 469 00:27:25,680 --> 00:27:28,600 Speaker 1: very end of this thing that I just said. So 470 00:27:28,680 --> 00:27:32,320 Speaker 1: it seems this part now I'm totally sure, is Rick's note. 471 00:27:33,119 --> 00:27:35,800 Speaker 1: So it seems that f h A enabled red lighting 472 00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:38,600 Speaker 1: is also responsible for much of the food desertification of 473 00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 1: inner city neighborhoods as well. Thanks for your awesome podcasts. 474 00:27:42,320 --> 00:27:45,439 Speaker 1: They make my long commute much more enjoyable, Rick, This 475 00:27:45,560 --> 00:27:48,400 Speaker 1: letter is fascinating for two reasons. One, I had no 476 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:51,920 Speaker 1: idea of any of that. Too. During the Great Depression, 477 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:57,560 Speaker 1: my grandmother, her father was a Methodist preacher and their 478 00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:02,000 Speaker 1: parsonage was within the city limits of the city of 479 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:05,919 Speaker 1: Winston Salem, and they kept getting in trouble for keeping 480 00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:09,520 Speaker 1: pigs on the parsonage property. And we were sort of like, 481 00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:11,800 Speaker 1: it is the Great Depression, and I'm a preacher, what 482 00:28:11,840 --> 00:28:17,520 Speaker 1: do you want me to do? So thank you Rick 483 00:28:17,920 --> 00:28:20,800 Speaker 1: for writing us this often letter. If you would like 484 00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:22,840 Speaker 1: to write to us, We're at History Podcasts at how 485 00:28:22,880 --> 00:28:25,360 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. We're also on Facebook at facebook 486 00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:27,560 Speaker 1: dot com slash miss in history and on Twitter at 487 00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:30,000 Speaker 1: miss in History. Are tumbler is miss in history dot 488 00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:32,360 Speaker 1: tum dot com and we're also on Panterrist at pentrist 489 00:28:32,359 --> 00:28:35,639 Speaker 1: dot com, slash miss in history. You would like to 490 00:28:35,720 --> 00:28:38,520 Speaker 1: learn lots of cool stuff, come to our parent company website, 491 00:28:38,520 --> 00:28:40,760 Speaker 1: which is how stuff works dot com. There's all kinds 492 00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,680 Speaker 1: of stuff about all kinds of subjects, and then our website, 493 00:28:43,680 --> 00:28:46,520 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com is full of show notes. 494 00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 1: We're going to have a nice link to the book 495 00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:51,480 Speaker 1: that I have talked about in both parts of these episodes, 496 00:28:51,520 --> 00:28:53,360 Speaker 1: so you can have a look at that yourself if 497 00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,480 Speaker 1: you were interested in that. We also have archive of 498 00:28:56,520 --> 00:28:59,680 Speaker 1: every episode ever. Lots of cool stuff on our website, 499 00:28:59,720 --> 00:29:01,360 Speaker 1: so you can all that and a whole lot more 500 00:29:01,520 --> 00:29:03,760 Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com or mid them history 501 00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:09,960 Speaker 1: dot com for more on this and thousands of other 502 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:15,200 Speaker 1: topics because it has stuff works dot com. M m 503 00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:24,200 Speaker 1: hm h