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Speaker 1: Welcome to Behind the Bastards, the podcast that is generally

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Speaker 1: started with atonal grunting. That was the language of kings.

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Speaker 1: Thank you so things. Yeah, atonal grunting, that's that's the

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Speaker 1: most based way to talk. Um. This is a podcast

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Speaker 1: about bad people. Tell you all about them, such and such, etcetera.

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Speaker 1: I'm back with my guest producer, Joel Monique. Joel say

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Speaker 1: hello to the people. Hello people, Thank you, Thank you Joel,

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Speaker 1: thank you for saying hello to the people, Juel. In

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Speaker 1: part one, we talked about Ethiopia a lot, and we

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Speaker 1: talked about Italy a lot, specifically Italy, as they are

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Speaker 1: the bastards of Ethiopia's recent history. UM. And Part one

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Speaker 1: ended on a pretty good note. We gotta we got

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Speaker 1: a pretty rad king, Menelik, who did do some outsmart

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Speaker 1: some colonizers and beat them in a big war. UM.

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Speaker 1: And now part two, things are about to be a

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Speaker 1: lot less pleasant. So uh, strap in, UM, take some

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Speaker 1: take some take some happy pills or some sad pills.

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Speaker 1: Just take some pills, whatever kind of pills you like

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Speaker 1: to take. Take a couple of pills and let's continue

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Speaker 1: the story. I'm gonna have somemins is that I yeah,

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Speaker 1: popped an edible right before we started the second recording,

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Speaker 1: So I'm let's do this. Sorry about some bad people.

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Speaker 1: So the disastrous Italian defeated Adwa was one of the

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Speaker 1: problem was the largest loss of European lives during the

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Speaker 1: Scramble for Africa. It was such a disaster that the

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Speaker 1: government of Italy under Francesco cripsy Are crispy uh collapsed

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Speaker 1: as soon as the news was delivered. Many anti colonialist

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Speaker 1: Italians celebrated the defeat. So again there's an Italian left

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Speaker 1: wing that's like, we shouldn't be doing colonizing, you know,

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Speaker 1: it's it's it's bad uh. And they celebrate the fact

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Speaker 1: that their army gets wiped out. In Ottawa, students from

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Speaker 1: the University of Rome marched through the streets of Rome

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Speaker 1: chanting Viva menelik. So there's a lot of like in

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Speaker 1: the Italian support for this Athiopian king who's like, beat

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Speaker 1: their army. Now, this is a large part of why

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Speaker 1: the Battle of Adwa was a lasting success, right, because

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Speaker 1: you have other cases, as we talked about, where Africans

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Speaker 1: will beat a European army but it doesn't last. Right.

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Speaker 1: The Europeans always come back. Um. The Battle of Attwa

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Speaker 1: is a lasting success um. And the reason why is

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Speaker 1: because of the path. There's like, you know, there's this

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Speaker 1: anti Italian, anti colonial movement, right, and they use the

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Speaker 1: Battle of Attwa and this disaster to force the government out.

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Speaker 1: And it's kind of like, I see this. We shouldn't

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Speaker 1: be sucking around there. Look at what you get from that.

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Speaker 1: It's you lose all your money, you lose this army.

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Speaker 1: It's just just stupid and it's bad now. Yeah, and

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Speaker 1: Italy did have in this period a pretty potent anti

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Speaker 1: colonial movement um, which is why they're colonizing. Was kind

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Speaker 1: of half asked. That's another part of it is that

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Speaker 1: like they're not of one mind about this. A lot

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Speaker 1: of Italians like this is a dumb thing to do, um.

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Speaker 1: And part of why is because a lot of Italians

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Speaker 1: there were people like living Italians who had remember who

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Speaker 1: remembered or had relatives who remembered when a big chunk

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Speaker 1: of Italy was occupied by Austria. Um. It's kind of

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Speaker 1: the same thing you see with the Irish. Right. When

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Speaker 1: you've got a European people who endure some version of colonization, themselves.

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Speaker 1: They often expressed sympathy with other people and during the

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Speaker 1: same thing. So there's there's an element of that in

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Speaker 1: in this kind of Italian anti colonial movement to at

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Speaker 1: this time like he existed, it was there. It's why

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Speaker 1: football games the Irish bring out Palestinian flags, you know.

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Speaker 1: So in the immediate wake of Adua, the Italian government

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Speaker 1: did something that no European power, other European power did

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Speaker 1: in Africa. They admitted defeat. Italy remained a colonial nation,

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Speaker 1: but calling it a power would be a little bit much.

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Speaker 1: It hung on to some to its East African possessions

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Speaker 1: for the next decade change. Though. In the years leading

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Speaker 1: up to World War One, the international situations fell into

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Speaker 1: a relatively stable holding pattern. The Czars of Russia acted

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Speaker 1: alongside France to protect their interests in Stymy the British Empire.

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Speaker 1: Italy meanwhile lined up on the side of London. Right,

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Speaker 1: So you have these blocks kind of forming uh the

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Speaker 1: Tsars are Russia and France are on one side, Italy

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Speaker 1: and UH and in England are on another. And in

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Speaker 1: time the Italians hash out a crude bargain um with

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Speaker 1: with the British. Italy will support British ambitions in Northeast Africa.

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Speaker 1: In an exchange, the British would support the Italian dream

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Speaker 1: of a colony in what is now Libya. And this

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Speaker 1: is actually very fascinating little bit of a digression. But

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Speaker 1: in I think nineteen eleven and nineteen twelve, Italy invades Libya,

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Speaker 1: which is an Ottoman possession, um and this is actually

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Speaker 1: the first this war, this little war that Italy fights

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Speaker 1: in Libya includes the first use of an airplane for

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Speaker 1: a scouting mission in a military conflict, and the first

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Speaker 1: use of an airplane to bomb enemy soldiers in the

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Speaker 1: history of warfare, and the first example of an airplane

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Speaker 1: shot down in the history of warfare by rights. UM.

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Speaker 1: So it's very actually kind of an important little war

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Speaker 1: and not really much talked about. And the Italians technically win. Um.

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Speaker 1: They take basically the chunk of the Libyan coast, but

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Speaker 1: they can't get off the coast. Right, they're kind of

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Speaker 1: harried constantly by this insurgency. It doesn't go great for them.

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Speaker 1: They do kind of have a colony and Liby as

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Speaker 1: a result of this UM. Rome then opposed France and Russia. Right,

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Speaker 1: so Rome is on the side of the British, France

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Speaker 1: and Russia on another side. And there's a bunch of

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Speaker 1: little diplomatic scuffles prior to World War One which fox

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Speaker 1: absolutely everything up right, everything that had been kind of

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Speaker 1: the standard in European diplomacy up until World War One.

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Speaker 1: A lot of that gets thrown out the window, and

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Speaker 1: very suddenly England and France are on the same side

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Speaker 1: along with Russia, and they're all piste off at Germany

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Speaker 1: because you know, the Germans are scary sons of bitches

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Speaker 1: when they on paper by treaty, Italy should have backed

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Speaker 1: Germany in this war, because Italy had a treaty with Germany.

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Speaker 1: But the Italians are an untrustworthy people, and they switched

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Speaker 1: sides fairly early on and wind up spending the war

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Speaker 1: sending their teenagers off to die in the Alps fighting

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Speaker 1: Austria um, which also doesn't go well to them world.

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Speaker 1: So the British lose about seven and fifty thousand men

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Speaker 1: killed in World War One, if I'm remembering correctly. The

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Speaker 1: Italians it's about six and fifty thousand people killed, and

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Speaker 1: they're in the war for a year less um like.

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Speaker 1: It goes bad for Italy. Italians fighting not bad at fighting,

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Speaker 1: real bad at war um. And they spend all of

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Speaker 1: World War One Italy is basically standing in the same

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Speaker 1: chunk of frigid mountains getting like murdering Austrians back up,

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Speaker 1: and the Austrians aren't much better at war Like, they

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Speaker 1: both just kind of hang around in the same positions

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Speaker 1: the whole war, murdering each other in mass It's horrible.

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Speaker 1: Some of the worst fighting in the entire war is

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Speaker 1: these these Alpine battles, just real nightmare fighting because there's

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Speaker 1: a lot of Italian French warfare up there. Yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: but it's like even worse than normal trench warfare because

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Speaker 1: you're like carved into the ice in these trenches, freezing

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Speaker 1: all the time, and when bombs explode, they said, ice

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Speaker 1: shards shrapneling into these bodies. It's a horrible, horrible war

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Speaker 1: up in the alps um one of the worst theaters

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Speaker 1: of a really shitty war. Um. And you know, this

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Speaker 1: pisss off a lot of Italians because there was no

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Speaker 1: reason Italy needed to be involved in World War One.

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Speaker 1: They wanted to get ship right, the Italians wanted more land,

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Speaker 1: they wanted the spoils of war, so they kind of backed,

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Speaker 1: you know, the initially backed the Germans but then switched

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Speaker 1: and back the Allies um and the World War One,

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Speaker 1: they get very little as a result of this. They

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Speaker 1: lose a lot of young men and they achieved almost

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Speaker 1: nothing militarily. When the war ended, though, Italy was kind

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Speaker 1: of optimistic because they had backed the winning side and

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Speaker 1: there was a widespread hope that this would finally bring

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Speaker 1: them the colonial possessions they had so long coveted. But

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Speaker 1: Britain and France were like, hell o, l no, I

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Speaker 1: feel like absolutely not, You're not getting shit, and Italy

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Speaker 1: gets kind of screwed out of the spoil the spoils

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Speaker 1: of war in their view right, a lot of Italians

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Speaker 1: feel like we got kind of sucked over by our

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Speaker 1: allies in this. They didn't get much. Now. This resentment

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Speaker 1: was combined with economic contraction and a lower birth rate,

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Speaker 1: which all together helped to fuel a general surge in

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Speaker 1: right wing resentiment that came to dominate Italian politics. In

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Speaker 1: n two, Bnito Mussolini took power after his stupid March

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Speaker 1: on Rome. Bullshit. The fascists are now in charge after

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Speaker 1: Nino uh, and they, you know, murder a bunch of

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Speaker 1: people on the left and suppress you know, all resistance

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Speaker 1: to their movement. Yeada YadA, basic fascist stuff. Now these

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Speaker 1: fascists or the leftists that these fascists are murdering also

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Speaker 1: often times are the kind of anti colonialist guys who

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Speaker 1: had like marched the Rome after Ottawa. So when Mussolini

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Speaker 1: comes to power, they stamp out not just the left,

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Speaker 1: but this anti colonial movement in Italian politics. Mussolini was

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Speaker 1: very pro colony. His stated goal was to more or

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Speaker 1: less recreate the Roman Empire and make the Mediterranean and

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Speaker 1: Italian ache again. Yeah, he wanted to make Italy great again. Right. So,

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Speaker 1: and for Italians in Romans, like during Roman we basically

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Speaker 1: say the Mediterranean is an Italian lake, right, We're so

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Speaker 1: powerful that like the entire Mediterranean is our lake because

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Speaker 1: we own everything around it, which they did, and that's

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Speaker 1: kind of the dream for Mussolini, right. So that so

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Speaker 1: obviously that includes you got to get all in North

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Speaker 1: Africa for that ship, or at least a lot of it, right,

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Speaker 1: you want Africa because that's like that's traditionally was Rome's possession. Um.

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Speaker 1: So Mussolini wants all this ship um and his desire

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Speaker 1: to you know as a result kind of if you

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Speaker 1: want to take North Africa in a big chunk of

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Speaker 1: the Middle East and make it Italian territory, you probably

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Speaker 1: the first step towards achieving this is going to be

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Speaker 1: to conquer Ethiopia. Um. Now, this isn't because Ethiopia is

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Speaker 1: the smartest strategic place to start, or because there's a

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Speaker 1: lot of money and conquering Ethiopia, And in fact, there

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Speaker 1: were a lot of very real questions about whether or

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Speaker 1: not conquering Ethiopia could possibly be worth the money required

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Speaker 1: to do the job. This was about pride. The Italians

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Speaker 1: had suffered the greatest defeat of any imperial power in

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Speaker 1: Africa and they had to wipe away the stain of defeat.

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Speaker 1: But never your military like strategic plan on pride that

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Speaker 1: should not be No, no, it really never works out

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Speaker 1: very well. Um yeah, I mean there's this happens all

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Speaker 1: throughout history. One of the funniest things to me is

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Speaker 1: um in Afghanistan, the furthest northern position of US troops

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Speaker 1: in Afghanistan was, and I believe it was the Corengal Valley.

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Speaker 1: And the specific position they picked was chosen because it

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Speaker 1: was something I think it was just like a hundred

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Speaker 1: meters or so, but it was. But it was they

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Speaker 1: picked it because it was a little bit further north

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Speaker 1: than the British had ever gotten when they took Afghanistan.

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Speaker 1: And that's why we put a unit there, because we're like, well,

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Speaker 1: we gotta go a little bit further than the last guys. Um.

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Speaker 1: And you saw how well that worked for us, right.

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Speaker 1: Not an intelligent plan, oh boy, yeah. Um. So there's

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Speaker 1: more to it, though than just pride wiping away the

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Speaker 1: stain of defeat. And this is something I've read a

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Speaker 1: lot of different explanations about why this Italian invasion of

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Speaker 1: Ethiopia happens, and this fact is missed in most of

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Speaker 1: the different analyzes I've read. Um. And it's the fact

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Speaker 1: that Benito Mussolini was terrified of the Japanese UM. After

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Speaker 1: World War One, Japan became one of the surprise great

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Speaker 1: powers of the world. Right, they're seen as this kind

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Speaker 1: of like backwards Asian people who aren't as you know,

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Speaker 1: not nearly as good as white people. Will call itize

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Speaker 1: them one day, right, then they beat they destroy the

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Speaker 1: Russian navy in nineteen o five um. And then during

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Speaker 1: World War One they take a bunch of German possessions

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Speaker 1: um that are like like islands and ship that the

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Speaker 1: Germans have in Asia. Um. And suddenly, kind of by

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Speaker 1: the time World War One end is Japan is becoming

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Speaker 1: a major world power um. And in the early nineteen thirties,

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Speaker 1: Japan starts making trade deals with Ethiopia. These mostly focused

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Speaker 1: around agricultural land, and they were part of a broader

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Speaker 1: Japanese strategy of trying to free themselves from dependence on

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Speaker 1: Western supplies and trade. After nineteen thirty one, this was

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Speaker 1: a particularly pressing matter for Japan. That year, they invaded Manchuria,

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Speaker 1: otherwise known as a huge chunk of coastal China and

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Speaker 1: Korea significantly larger than Japan. Now, the invasion of Mancheria

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Speaker 1: could rightly be viewed as Japan doing what they had

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Speaker 1: to do to colonized China, just like Europe had colonized Africa. Right,

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Speaker 1: that's kind of how Japan is looking at it, certainly

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Speaker 1: like you guys are doing this over here, We're gonna

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Speaker 1: do this over here. Um. Now. The way they justified

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Speaker 1: the start of this invasion of man Cheria, Japan basically

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Speaker 1: carries out a false flag incident to make it look like, oh,

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Speaker 1: we've been attacked, now we have to attack man Cheria

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Speaker 1: UM and they claimed that this, you know, so they

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Speaker 1: could claim it was a defensive war. Of course, immediately

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Speaker 1: they went beyond anything you could justify as defense. They

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Speaker 1: conquer all of Korea and a bunch of the coast

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Speaker 1: of China. Besides, this was in massive violation of the

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Speaker 1: rules of the League of Nations, of which Japan was

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Speaker 1: a member. Now, the League was extremely new at this point, right,

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Speaker 1: the League of Nations a precursor to the United Nations.

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Speaker 1: It's established after World War One. UM, and the League

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Speaker 1: had been created due in large part to Woodrow Wilson.

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Speaker 1: He really thinks this is going to stop the next

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Speaker 1: Great War from breaking out. He's a huge backer of

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Speaker 1: the League of Nation. He lays out the points by which,

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Speaker 1: you know, the kind of its guiding principles, and he

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Speaker 1: envisioned it as a global governing body and to sort

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Speaker 1: out disagreements and stop another world war from breaking out. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And so a lot of the League's rules had to

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Speaker 1: do with when nations could and could not go to war.

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Speaker 1: When Japan invaded China, pleaded with the League of Nations

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Speaker 1: to help them force Japan out. The League duly voted

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Speaker 1: that Japan's actions had been illegal. They ordered it to

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Speaker 1: leave Manchuria in February of nineteen thirty three. Japan does

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Speaker 1: not do this, They're like, make us basically, like what

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Speaker 1: are you gonna Are you gonna come all the way

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Speaker 1: over to my house? You know? Wow? Wow. Russia just

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Speaker 1: tried to make us do something in Asia, and you

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Speaker 1: know what happened. They all wound up on the bottom

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Speaker 1: of the fucking sea. So come on, try your ship.

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Speaker 1: Like that's basically Japan's attitude. Um And instead, instead of

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Speaker 1: doing what the League tells them, Japan and leaves the

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Speaker 1: League of Nations. And this the League of Nations has

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Speaker 1: kind of left scratching their heads and trying to figure

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Speaker 1: out what do you do when a nation? Now that

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Speaker 1: international law is a thing, what do you do if

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Speaker 1: a nation won't obey international law? So a number of

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Speaker 1: League states, Yeah, it's a big question, right, this is

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Speaker 1: the first time anyone had ever really tried to do

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Speaker 1: this in an organized way. Um So, a number of

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Speaker 1: League states sever trade ties with Japan, which did hurt,

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Speaker 1: but Japan was already gripped by a depression at this point,

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Speaker 1: and they actually invaded man Charia to gain access to

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Speaker 1: natural resources, and so they were like, yeah, I mean

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Speaker 1: the severing of trade ties hurts, but we were already hurting,

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Speaker 1: and we're going to benefit more by taking Mancharia than

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Speaker 1: we will by trading with Europe. Right, so they don't

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Speaker 1: stop as a result of this. Now, this might have

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Speaker 1: worked if the League had agreed on like unified sanctions,

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Speaker 1: if the whole global community had imposed sanctions on Japan,

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Speaker 1: it might have done something. But they didn't. They number

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Speaker 1: when they couldn't come to an agreement. A lot of

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Speaker 1: A big part of this, by the way, is that

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Speaker 1: um I just said Woodrow Wilson is why we have

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Speaker 1: a league, had a league of nations, the US never joins,

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Speaker 1: Like because we're the United States, we didn't want to

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Speaker 1: give up any sovereigntyre there was this whole big fight politically,

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Speaker 1: but we never joined. So Number one, any sort of

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Speaker 1: sanctions wouldn't have included the United States, which was a

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Speaker 1: big trading partner of Japan. We gave them a lot

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Speaker 1: of ship they needed, so that meant that it didn't

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Speaker 1: have any teeth. But also the League couldn't agree to

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Speaker 1: go after unified sanctions on Japan anyway. Um, And a

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Speaker 1: big part of why is because a lot of the

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Speaker 1: heads of Europe at the time didn't have a problem

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Speaker 1: with Japan taking over China because they saw what Japan

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Speaker 1: was doing to China is like what we're doing in Africa.

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Speaker 1: Why would we have an issue with this? Started making

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Speaker 1: laws against them, and those laws are going to govern

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Speaker 1: us and that, yeah, exactly like I don't want anyone

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Speaker 1: to look too hard at what I'm doing here yet perfect. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And to kind of embody that view, I want to

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Speaker 1: quote from a letter by some guy who's no ship.

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Speaker 1: Real title was the Master of Peter House at Cambridge University.

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Speaker 1: Because everything, everything the British do sounds ridiculous. And this

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Speaker 1: is a letter the Master of the Peter House sent

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Speaker 1: to the British Foreign Secretary about what was happening in Mancheria.

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Speaker 1: I know this sounds all wrong, perhaps immoral, when Japan

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Speaker 1: is flouting the League of Nations, But number one, she

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Speaker 1: was greatly provoked. Number two she must ere long expand

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Speaker 1: somewhere for goodness sake, let or rather encourage her to

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Speaker 1: do so they're instead of Australia. And three her control

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Speaker 1: of Manchuria means a real block against communist aggression. She

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Speaker 1: could she could go after the place we send our prisoners.

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Speaker 1: No no, yeah, yeah, we don't want them to take Australia.

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Speaker 1: And also its fuck the communists. Yeah, why we have

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Speaker 1: a problem with this. In the end, the League failed

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Speaker 1: to even pass a ban on weapons sales to Japan. Um. Now, yeah,

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Speaker 1: so they don't do shit. Um so the US of

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Speaker 1: course keeps selling japan fueling bullets. League of Nations And

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Speaker 1: a big influence of like what happens here with the

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Speaker 1: League is that this is their first major test, like

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Speaker 1: the Mancharia issue, and they fail badly. Right, so not

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Speaker 1: off to a great start at the League of Nations.

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Speaker 1: They failed to come to completely in this. So the

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Speaker 1: same year this all comes to a head in nineteen

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Speaker 1: thirty three, is that they invade In thirty one. Thirty

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Speaker 1: three is when the big fight in the League of

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Speaker 1: Nations happened. So that same year thirty three, the Japanese

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Speaker 1: starts sniffing around Ethiopia. Um, even though they had kind

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Speaker 1: of one in Mancharia. You know, the diplomatic ship had

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Speaker 1: gone as well as possible for them. They were wary

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Speaker 1: of the fact that their future plans for expansion in

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Speaker 1: Asia would provoke a more concerted response from the international communities.

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Speaker 1: They let us get away with Mancharia, but we're gonna

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Speaker 1: take more China, like we're going to conquer more Land. Eventually,

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Speaker 1: they might carry out a unified set of sanctions, right,

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Speaker 1: and that's going to be a problem for us because

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Speaker 1: Japan doesn't have ship for natural resources, right. That's like

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Speaker 1: Japan's constant. That's why they're invading China is they need

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Speaker 1: they need, they need stuff. It's the same thing the

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Speaker 1: British have, right, So the British actually have UM. So

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Speaker 1: they're looking for ways to make themselves more independent of

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Speaker 1: European resources in case mass sanctions do come down. Ethiopia.

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Speaker 1: Trade with the Ethiopia is a part of this because

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Speaker 1: they see Ethiopia is the place where they can grow

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Speaker 1: ship to reduce their dependence on foreign countries UM. And

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Speaker 1: the agreements between Japan and Ethiopia are never much more

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Speaker 1: than a set of like kind of modest trade agreements.

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Speaker 1: But the fact that this starts terrifies Europe And it's

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Speaker 1: because Europeans are racist as hell. See Ethiopia. I don't

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Speaker 1: know if you're aware of this. Not a white country, right,

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Speaker 1: but they successfully yeah, famously not a white country. Ethiopia

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Speaker 1: Japan also famously not white people. Both of these non

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Speaker 1: white countries had beaten white nations in wars. So the

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Speaker 1: fact that they're talking with each other scares the white

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Speaker 1: people really bad. They're Maryland or not. I'm sorry, they're

359
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Speaker 1: Manson straight out of prison when he sees the Black

360
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Speaker 1: Panthers and it's like, what the fuck these guys get guns?

361
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Speaker 1: Were done for it, We are done for God. Start

362
00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:07,359
Speaker 1: killing celebrities. It's a problem. Yeah, yeah, yea, yes they yea.

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Speaker 1: Europe goes full Manson on this, and well you know

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Speaker 1: who else will go full Manson? Oh no, I hope

365
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Speaker 1: it's not your advertiser. Yes, yes, we are actually supported

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Speaker 1: by Charles Manson's hope. Incredible that the show has been

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Speaker 1: on the air for soul. I am amazed and I

368
00:19:27,160 --> 00:19:31,439
Speaker 1: love it. I love that belly steeping here we The

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00:19:31,480 --> 00:19:37,000
Speaker 1: primary product we sell is uh, that weird album Manson

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00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:41,320
Speaker 1: put out. That's that's our That's our only backer is

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Speaker 1: Charles Manson's music. So My God Behind the Bastards is

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00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,080
Speaker 1: supported by Charles Manson's music and of course, the Uni

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Speaker 1: Bomber Manifesto, which you can find on our T Public

374
00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:56,080
Speaker 1: store printed on T shirts. So let's go check both

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00:19:56,119 --> 00:20:06,960
Speaker 1: those out. Here's some ads. Ah, we're back, We're back,

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00:20:06,960 --> 00:20:10,399
Speaker 1: and I'm just enjoying wearing my new Industrial Society and

377
00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:13,280
Speaker 1: its consequences have been a disaster for the Human Race shirt,

378
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:17,000
Speaker 1: which you can get in URT public Store courtesy of

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00:20:17,200 --> 00:20:21,440
Speaker 1: friend of the Pod uncle Ted. Um, Jesus, what, Sophie,

380
00:20:22,359 --> 00:20:25,639
Speaker 1: It's fine, it's fine. Look, I know he doesn't have

381
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Speaker 1: abs as hot as Koresh did. They didn't give him

382
00:20:27,680 --> 00:20:32,960
Speaker 1: that model word what those For those listeners that have

383
00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:38,000
Speaker 1: been playing the behind the Bastard's bingo, there's your Koresh.

384
00:20:38,240 --> 00:20:41,040
Speaker 1: God damn it, you get a Koresh and and uncle Ted.

385
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Speaker 1: This is a real Bonanza episode. I mean, if you

386
00:20:43,640 --> 00:20:46,480
Speaker 1: if your board technically says Waco, I think that counts.

387
00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:50,560
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I mean we're kind of I mean, you know,

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Speaker 1: poison gas is used in this episode and was used

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Speaker 1: on those children in that basement at Waco. So yeah, absolutely, yeah,

390
00:20:57,320 --> 00:21:01,119
Speaker 1: definitely it's going to get real dark. Look one of

391
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Speaker 1: those memes where it's the two hands meeting in the

392
00:21:02,960 --> 00:21:06,520
Speaker 1: middle and it's like the FBI and the colonial Italian militaries,

393
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Speaker 1: and then the middle is poison gas on children. That's

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Speaker 1: the only meme you like. You bring it up all

395
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Speaker 1: the time. It's effective, I do is my favorite meme. Um.

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Speaker 1: All right, So the legal nations, you know, fox up

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00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:25,360
Speaker 1: Japan and Etho, we start talking. It just scares all

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Speaker 1: of the white people because you've got these two non

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Speaker 1: white nations who have beat white nations and military conflicts.

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Speaker 1: Racists see this as a terrifying example of racial solidarity

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Speaker 1: between two powerful colored people's. Italy's under Secretary of Colonies,

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00:21:40,440 --> 00:21:45,520
Speaker 1: Alessandro Asna claimed the birthrate, energy, and spirit of sacrifice

403
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Speaker 1: of the Japanese, the imperious necessity for always seeking new markets,

404
00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:51,320
Speaker 1: all these combined to make Japan a very great danger

405
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Speaker 1: for Europe. The more one restrains the Japanese expansion in

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Speaker 1: the East, the more she will try to expand another

407
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Speaker 1: sectors and another continents, as is proved already by the

408
00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:03,240
Speaker 1: japan activity in Ethiopia. To draw the Dark Continent into

409
00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:06,400
Speaker 1: Japan's orbit would deprive Europe of the possibility of using

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Speaker 1: Africa for the defense of her civilization. Yeah, just a

411
00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:18,560
Speaker 1: lot going on there. It's just a lot happening gymnastics.

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Speaker 1: Just we won't be able to use this huge continent

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Speaker 1: with multiple multiple countries tens of millions of people are

414
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Speaker 1: very tiny island. From that tiny island, you might do

415
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:36,480
Speaker 1: the same thing we're doing. Oh no, they might steal

416
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Speaker 1: Africa fasta racism bers. Yeah, yeah, you might say that

417
00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:48,760
Speaker 1: Italian foreign minister thought Japan was too spicy a meat

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Speaker 1: a ball. God, I gotta get a big card. Very angry,

419
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Speaker 1: very angry, as are all the Italian listeners. But angry,

420
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Speaker 1: but kind of proud because you got it in there,

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Speaker 1: you know what I mean, Like I'm like, he did

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Speaker 1: it again, but also like, yeah, good job. At the

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Speaker 1: same time, you know, very conflicted. I appreciate I'm always

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Speaker 1: trying to find spicy meat a balls. The second time

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Speaker 1: it was not necessary continue. So while all this is

426
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:26,240
Speaker 1: going on with Japan, right, Mussolini is paying attention. Um

427
00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:29,560
Speaker 1: so he watches nineteen thirty one is Japan invades Mancharia.

428
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:31,760
Speaker 1: In my nineteen thirty two, it had become clear that

429
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:33,960
Speaker 1: funk all was going to be done about it. And

430
00:23:34,280 --> 00:23:36,800
Speaker 1: again the Italians are scared of the Japanese. They're scared

431
00:23:36,800 --> 00:23:39,119
Speaker 1: of Japanese dominance. They don't like that Italy that that

432
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:41,680
Speaker 1: Japan is talking to Ethiopia, but they also are paying

433
00:23:41,680 --> 00:23:44,600
Speaker 1: attention to how Japan gets away with conquering Mancharia, and

434
00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:47,080
Speaker 1: they're like, well, fuck, we could probably do the same

435
00:23:47,119 --> 00:23:49,080
Speaker 1: thing with Ethiopia, and I bet the League Nations isn't

436
00:23:49,080 --> 00:23:52,960
Speaker 1: going to do shit, right, That's also what he's thinking.

437
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:56,040
Speaker 1: So Mussolini in thirty two sends a dude to Ritrea

438
00:23:56,119 --> 00:23:57,760
Speaker 1: to see if it would be an acceptable base of

439
00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:01,720
Speaker 1: operations for an invasion. Uch and his advisers concluded that

440
00:24:01,760 --> 00:24:04,159
Speaker 1: an invasion would need to be carried out before nineteen

441
00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:07,600
Speaker 1: thirty six because of the Tripartite agreement Italy had signed

442
00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:10,280
Speaker 1: with France and England back in eight though, he would

443
00:24:10,280 --> 00:24:13,399
Speaker 1: need to obtain the consent of his co imperialists before

444
00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:17,080
Speaker 1: doing anything, right, So he does have. He thinks he can,

445
00:24:17,119 --> 00:24:18,960
Speaker 1: he knows he can, He knows that the League of

446
00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:22,240
Speaker 1: Nations won't stop him as long as he works things

447
00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:24,879
Speaker 1: out with Italy and France, with France and England first, right,

448
00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:26,960
Speaker 1: because that does matter. You don't want to funk over

449
00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:30,800
Speaker 1: France and England if you're Italy, like especially now that's

450
00:24:32,359 --> 00:24:35,960
Speaker 1: would be best for Italy. Okay, got it. Yeah, not

451
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:39,800
Speaker 1: gonna go well for you. They actually are good at things, um,

452
00:24:39,880 --> 00:24:44,840
Speaker 1: so that could be really frightening for Italy. Yeah, they

453
00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:55,919
Speaker 1: know how to do wars. Gonna laugh. So one thing

454
00:24:55,960 --> 00:24:58,159
Speaker 1: that complicated matters was the fact that as soon as

455
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:00,440
Speaker 1: it had become a thing, Ethi, as soon as the

456
00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:02,520
Speaker 1: League of Nations had become a thing, because Ethiopi has

457
00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:03,800
Speaker 1: been a thing for three thousand years, as soon as

458
00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,040
Speaker 1: the League of Nations became a thing, Ethiopia made a

459
00:25:06,040 --> 00:25:08,840
Speaker 1: point to join it. Um. And this was a decision

460
00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:11,640
Speaker 1: made by the new Emperor of Ethiopia, Menelik is dead

461
00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:14,720
Speaker 1: by this point a fellow who's probably heard of named

462
00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:17,960
Speaker 1: Highly Selassie um, and Selassie seems to have been a

463
00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:19,840
Speaker 1: true believer in the League of Nations. And before we

464
00:25:19,880 --> 00:25:22,160
Speaker 1: get into that, we should probably have another digression, because

465
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:25,120
Speaker 1: we should talk about Highly Selassie more than we generally

466
00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:26,920
Speaker 1: do for heads of state and episodes like this, because

467
00:25:26,960 --> 00:25:30,359
Speaker 1: he's a really interesting guy. Um, he's also an important guy.

468
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:34,679
Speaker 1: Highly was born ross Tafari, which is again where the

469
00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:39,120
Speaker 1: name Rastafarianism comes right after Yeah, and then Highly Selassie.

470
00:25:39,160 --> 00:25:41,080
Speaker 1: When you become emperor, you take on a different name. Right,

471
00:25:41,119 --> 00:25:43,120
Speaker 1: that's kind of like a pope, you know, like Pope

472
00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:45,600
Speaker 1: Benedict's real name wasn't BENEDICTI had another name. He became

473
00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:48,600
Speaker 1: the pope, they get a name. Rastafari was the name

474
00:25:48,680 --> 00:25:51,120
Speaker 1: this guy was born with, and he became highly Selassie.

475
00:25:51,359 --> 00:25:54,280
Speaker 1: Now Ross is actually not his name. Ross is his title.

476
00:25:54,359 --> 00:25:56,760
Speaker 1: Ross is an amhrek term, and it's equivalent to duke

477
00:25:56,920 --> 00:25:59,479
Speaker 1: or lord. Because again, Ethiopia is a very kind of

478
00:25:59,480 --> 00:26:03,199
Speaker 1: feudal mon arcic society. So any Ross could become the

479
00:26:03,240 --> 00:26:05,280
Speaker 1: emperor if ship broke right for them. Right when I

480
00:26:05,320 --> 00:26:07,720
Speaker 1: when we talk about how there's these different nobles who

481
00:26:07,720 --> 00:26:09,600
Speaker 1: are kind of like fighting for dominance, these are all

482
00:26:09,680 --> 00:26:14,680
Speaker 1: Ross's basically. Um. So, when Ross Stafari was young in

483
00:26:14,800 --> 00:26:17,600
Speaker 1: nineteen o six, Emperor Menelik brought him to his court

484
00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:19,879
Speaker 1: to be a gentleman in waiting, and as best as

485
00:26:19,880 --> 00:26:21,560
Speaker 1: I can tell, this was a mix of the you know,

486
00:26:21,680 --> 00:26:23,840
Speaker 1: keep your friends close and your enemies closer kind of thinking.

487
00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:25,399
Speaker 1: Because he's like, this kid is smart. I want to

488
00:26:25,480 --> 00:26:28,400
Speaker 1: keep an eye on him. Right, he's got any designs,

489
00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:31,720
Speaker 1: um But It's also the way Ethiopian statecraft worked. The

490
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,560
Speaker 1: emperor would surround himself with high born men and train

491
00:26:34,640 --> 00:26:36,600
Speaker 1: them up so that they could govern the country and

492
00:26:36,640 --> 00:26:38,960
Speaker 1: so that you know, you could develop a sense of trust. Right,

493
00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:41,840
Speaker 1: that's how you that's how you work things in a monarchy.

494
00:26:41,840 --> 00:26:44,760
Speaker 1: And for like an insulary society that has been able

495
00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:48,119
Speaker 1: to like set off any enemy, any enemy invasion for

496
00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:51,520
Speaker 1: quite some time, it makes sense that like everybody would

497
00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:54,560
Speaker 1: sort of want to be of the same mind, especially

498
00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:59,000
Speaker 1: now that they're facing so many enemies. Yeah. Now, when

499
00:26:59,080 --> 00:27:02,280
Speaker 1: Ross was sixteen, he's given his first major responsibility as

500
00:27:02,280 --> 00:27:05,439
Speaker 1: a local governor. UM. He was also still in school,

501
00:27:05,440 --> 00:27:07,360
Speaker 1: so this was basically a learn on the job sort

502
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,040
Speaker 1: of situation. But the singling a sizable chunk. Yeah, he's

503
00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:16,440
Speaker 1: sixteen and he becomes a governor, and he's still in school,

504
00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:20,639
Speaker 1: so like in between classes he's governing you know, a

505
00:27:20,760 --> 00:27:25,280
Speaker 1: sizeable chunk of Ethiopia. Um. During this time, he learned

506
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:27,360
Speaker 1: the important lessons he would need to learn in order

507
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:29,520
Speaker 1: to rule. Mainly, he learned how to bribe other nobles

508
00:27:29,520 --> 00:27:33,119
Speaker 1: and government officials. He made connections through the country's ruling elite.

509
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,880
Speaker 1: H and when Emperor Menelik started stroking out. The Emperor's

510
00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:39,920
Speaker 1: warrior wife, tATu took up more responsibilities, and some other

511
00:27:39,960 --> 00:27:43,000
Speaker 1: nobles schemed to take her down. Ross was in a

512
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:45,919
Speaker 1: pretty powerful position at this point, and so these nobles

513
00:27:45,960 --> 00:27:48,120
Speaker 1: who want to take down the empress go to him

514
00:27:48,160 --> 00:27:51,359
Speaker 1: and he refuses to back their plot um. But also

515
00:27:51,720 --> 00:27:54,480
Speaker 1: when the plot is found out, he refuses to knark

516
00:27:54,480 --> 00:27:56,840
Speaker 1: on the conspirators. So he's kind of playing both sides here.

517
00:27:56,880 --> 00:27:58,600
Speaker 1: He's like, I'm not going to help you overthrow the empress,

518
00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:01,960
Speaker 1: but I'm not going to sell you out. Listen just

519
00:28:02,119 --> 00:28:04,800
Speaker 1: launched a news series of gossip Girl, and I feel

520
00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:06,800
Speaker 1: like this is the direction you need to take it.

521
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:08,840
Speaker 1: I want to see this origin of gossip Girl. They're

522
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:12,480
Speaker 1: in high school, but they're also governors and they're bribing

523
00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:15,640
Speaker 1: people and they're taking over lance. They are powerful bitches.

524
00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:21,880
Speaker 1: Yeah I would. I'm this definitely like this whole period. Yeah,

525
00:28:21,920 --> 00:28:24,560
Speaker 1: there ought to be a show about it. It's really interesting. So,

526
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,520
Speaker 1: as this demonstrates, Rastafari was good at the sort of

527
00:28:27,520 --> 00:28:29,560
Speaker 1: politicking that you need to be good at if you

528
00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:32,119
Speaker 1: want to become the king of Kings of Ethiopia. He

529
00:28:32,160 --> 00:28:34,720
Speaker 1: became a provincial governor next, and he proved himself a

530
00:28:34,760 --> 00:28:37,119
Speaker 1: man of the people. His first big duty was he

531
00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:39,840
Speaker 1: reformed the tax system to take the tax burden off

532
00:28:39,880 --> 00:28:42,960
Speaker 1: of poor peasants, which is good. He marries into the

533
00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:45,680
Speaker 1: royal family. He becomes friends with the crown Prince, and

534
00:28:45,720 --> 00:28:49,280
Speaker 1: when Menelik dies, the Crown Prince becomes emperors a Menelik's son.

535
00:28:49,720 --> 00:28:55,720
Speaker 1: But this kid, Yasu is It's bad. Emperor Yasu's reign

536
00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:59,040
Speaker 1: does not go well. Um. So the first thing Emperor

537
00:28:59,120 --> 00:29:01,640
Speaker 1: Yasu does is he in immediately kicks the old Empress

538
00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:04,880
Speaker 1: out of the palace. Then he makes a baffling decision

539
00:29:04,960 --> 00:29:08,080
Speaker 1: to curry favor from the country's Muslim population at the

540
00:29:08,120 --> 00:29:11,719
Speaker 1: expense of the Christian population, which is a really weird

541
00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:15,480
Speaker 1: move since Ethiopia is more Christian than Muslim. It's a

542
00:29:15,600 --> 00:29:18,560
Speaker 1: very strange decision that he makes. I'm already predicting a

543
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:20,800
Speaker 1: divide of the people who are helped by one man

544
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:26,920
Speaker 1: via taxes and who shunned by the other via religion. Yeah,

545
00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:29,680
Speaker 1: it doesn't. It proves he's not very good at being

546
00:29:29,680 --> 00:29:33,200
Speaker 1: the emperor. Is the short of Emperor Yasu's reign. Um

547
00:29:33,360 --> 00:29:35,960
Speaker 1: During the Great War he makes the questionable call to

548
00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:39,280
Speaker 1: side with Germany and Turkey. Uh. Britain in France put

549
00:29:39,280 --> 00:29:43,280
Speaker 1: an arms. Yeah, not a great decision. Britain and France

550
00:29:43,280 --> 00:29:45,840
Speaker 1: put an arms embargo on Ethiopia as a result of this,

551
00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:49,200
Speaker 1: and this terrifies the ruling class in Ethiopia because if

552
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:52,000
Speaker 1: they can't buy guns, any European country can come in

553
00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:54,520
Speaker 1: and succeed where Italy has failed. Right, So a lot

554
00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:57,480
Speaker 1: of people are angry at Emperor Yasu Um by the

555
00:29:57,520 --> 00:30:00,640
Speaker 1: time you know what, World War one shakes out, So

556
00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:05,000
Speaker 1: because you know, unhappiness that this guy at the emperor

557
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:07,960
Speaker 1: builds and building builds, and eventually the Ethiopians have themselves

558
00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:11,760
Speaker 1: a little war Um and Rastafari turns on Yasu and

559
00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:14,800
Speaker 1: sends an army and to beat him uh, and he

560
00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:17,440
Speaker 1: basically forces Yasu off of the throne, and he gives

561
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:20,320
Speaker 1: the throne to Menelik's daughter, who becomes the empress next

562
00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:24,320
Speaker 1: and she makes Ross the regent. So the regent does

563
00:30:24,360 --> 00:30:26,520
Speaker 1: all the stuff a king does, but he's not the king, right,

564
00:30:26,920 --> 00:30:29,480
Speaker 1: it's somebody it's the actual sovereign says, you do the

565
00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:33,800
Speaker 1: king's stuff, I'll be a figurehead basically, so Rastafari isn't

566
00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:36,800
Speaker 1: the emperor now, but he's the regent and he's acting

567
00:30:36,840 --> 00:30:39,680
Speaker 1: as the emperor. The Empress is like, she's very Christian,

568
00:30:39,720 --> 00:30:41,880
Speaker 1: she's very religious. She doesn't really do much other than

569
00:30:41,960 --> 00:30:45,280
Speaker 1: like religious stuff, and she doesn't want to so she's like,

570
00:30:45,360 --> 00:30:49,200
Speaker 1: you take you, you handle the rest um. So while

571
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:53,640
Speaker 1: the Empress is the figurehead, Rastafari centralizes power behind the

572
00:30:53,680 --> 00:30:56,280
Speaker 1: scenes and starts sending loyal young men abroad to get

573
00:30:56,360 --> 00:30:58,760
Speaker 1: educated and then come back to help him rule, right,

574
00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:00,640
Speaker 1: which is very smart. He's like, want, I'm gonna send you,

575
00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:02,080
Speaker 1: guess to Europe and a send you wherever you can

576
00:31:02,120 --> 00:31:04,800
Speaker 1: go to learn state craft. So that because I'm going

577
00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:06,840
Speaker 1: to be the emperor soon and I want I want

578
00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:09,000
Speaker 1: a deep bench and deep motherfucker's you know what they're doing.

579
00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:15,920
Speaker 1: So when World War One ends, Rastafari sends his congratulations

580
00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:20,520
Speaker 1: to Woodrow Wilson and furthermore expresses Ethiopia's sincere willingness to

581
00:31:20,640 --> 00:31:24,880
Speaker 1: join the League of Nations. Now. The fact that this

582
00:31:24,920 --> 00:31:26,920
Speaker 1: thing is the lead of Nations becoming a thing and

583
00:31:26,920 --> 00:31:29,320
Speaker 1: the fact that a black nation might want to join

584
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:33,600
Speaker 1: the Community of Nations was extremely controversial among the leaders

585
00:31:33,640 --> 00:31:37,880
Speaker 1: of the European nations who are all howling bigots, just

586
00:31:37,880 --> 00:31:42,240
Speaker 1: just however racist you're thinking, like twice that racist, it's like,

587
00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:46,440
Speaker 1: and that's the least racist of them. Yeah. Uh, sometimes

588
00:31:46,520 --> 00:31:49,480
Speaker 1: racism looks like caricature, but it's you're actually looking at

589
00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:54,560
Speaker 1: racism and it's baffling. Yeah, they are real racist. Um,

590
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:57,360
Speaker 1: so they're not happy with this idea um. And so

591
00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:00,880
Speaker 1: for several years, Rastafari campaigns for E e Oopia's membership

592
00:32:00,880 --> 00:32:04,640
Speaker 1: in the League, without success. When they applied in nineteen three,

593
00:32:04,760 --> 00:32:07,640
Speaker 1: England turned them down on the basis that Ethiopia still

594
00:32:07,680 --> 00:32:10,360
Speaker 1: allowed slavery, which is true. Ethiopia was one of the

595
00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:14,920
Speaker 1: latest nations to have slavery codified in law. Now, I

596
00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:17,360
Speaker 1: should note that while this is a very valid criticism

597
00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:20,160
Speaker 1: of the Ethiopian state, slavery is always a bad thing.

598
00:32:20,840 --> 00:32:24,680
Speaker 1: The British ambassador in Ethiopia also owned slaves. So it's

599
00:32:24,720 --> 00:32:31,880
Speaker 1: a little bit rich there. Wait wait wine, quite a

600
00:32:31,960 --> 00:32:35,000
Speaker 1: goddamn minute. It's like, and I know a lot of

601
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,840
Speaker 1: Brits like profited off of slave labor after and and

602
00:32:37,880 --> 00:32:43,520
Speaker 1: then shutting in America still having slaves. The entire Industrial

603
00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:47,040
Speaker 1: Revolution does not happen without slave cotton, like even all

604
00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:52,960
Speaker 1: of Europe's like, yeah, I have the goal, I want

605
00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:55,320
Speaker 1: to say, but they also just were not allowing themselves

606
00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:59,160
Speaker 1: to be checked by anyone, So I get it. Unlimited's

607
00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:03,800
Speaker 1: gonna read some CD movement. A huge justification for British

608
00:33:03,920 --> 00:33:06,480
Speaker 1: land grabs in Africa throughout the entire period where they're

609
00:33:06,480 --> 00:33:09,320
Speaker 1: taking Africa is we're ending slavery. That's why we have

610
00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:11,440
Speaker 1: to go into these different countries and because we have

611
00:33:11,480 --> 00:33:13,840
Speaker 1: to stop slavery, you know, like they justify a lot

612
00:33:13,880 --> 00:33:16,200
Speaker 1: of fucked up ship that way. There are no different

613
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,720
Speaker 1: from the North of America. So I get it. No,

614
00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:23,480
Speaker 1: everybody's everybody's terrible. I mean everyone's always terrible. That's history, baby.

615
00:33:25,760 --> 00:33:30,760
Speaker 1: So anyway, the cause of Ethiopian membership in the League

616
00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:34,680
Speaker 1: of Nations seemed hopeless by this point. But then when

617
00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:37,960
Speaker 1: all seemed lost, a hero appeared. Do you want to

618
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:40,920
Speaker 1: guess who this hero's name is? This? This this good

619
00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:43,440
Speaker 1: man who went to bat for Ethiopia joining the League

620
00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:47,000
Speaker 1: of Nations. I'm afraid but is it Hitler? No? But

621
00:33:47,040 --> 00:33:59,800
Speaker 1: it is Mussolini. Yeah, uh yeah. So in Mussolini's Italy

622
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,680
Speaker 1: officially sponsored Ethiopia's request for membership in the League of Nations.

623
00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:08,880
Speaker 1: Now this seems baffling because number one, Mussolini definitely wants

624
00:34:08,920 --> 00:34:12,560
Speaker 1: to beat Ethiopia in a war. Um. He hates Ethiopia

625
00:34:12,560 --> 00:34:15,200
Speaker 1: because they embarrassed his country um. And he was on

626
00:34:15,360 --> 00:34:18,400
Speaker 1: record as having said Ethiopia absolutely should not be a

627
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:23,280
Speaker 1: member of the League. However, he changes his mind because

628
00:34:23,320 --> 00:34:26,719
Speaker 1: Britain and France are split on the matter of Ethiopian membership.

629
00:34:26,960 --> 00:34:30,640
Speaker 1: The French supported Ethiopia joining the League of Nations, which

630
00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:32,719
Speaker 1: good for France, you know, I'll give them, give it

631
00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:37,359
Speaker 1: to them. The British opposed Ethiopia joining the League of Nations,

632
00:34:37,360 --> 00:34:41,359
Speaker 1: and Mussolini backed Ethiopia because he assumed the British would

633
00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,000
Speaker 1: keep resisting their membership and then he could win a

634
00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:46,880
Speaker 1: diplomatic victory without letting black people into the League. It

635
00:34:46,960 --> 00:34:48,880
Speaker 1: was all just a bunch of stupid in fighting. But

636
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:52,680
Speaker 1: as soon as Mussolini backs Ethiopian membership, the British decide

637
00:34:52,719 --> 00:34:55,839
Speaker 1: it's not worth fighting anymore and they withdraw their opposition. So,

638
00:34:55,920 --> 00:34:58,880
Speaker 1: because of a diplomatic fluke, but fluke, Ethiopia joins the

639
00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:02,480
Speaker 1: League of Nations, even though like Mussoli didn't actually want

640
00:35:02,520 --> 00:35:09,400
Speaker 1: them to like But why because now you've given essentially

641
00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:14,439
Speaker 1: the land you want to take over protection. Yes, yes, yes,

642
00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:19,600
Speaker 1: one would assume. Now Rastafari may have, um, you know,

643
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:22,360
Speaker 1: suspected that Mussolini was not doing this out of the

644
00:35:22,360 --> 00:35:24,799
Speaker 1: goodness of his heart, but publicly, right, you have what

645
00:35:24,840 --> 00:35:27,040
Speaker 1: you suspect. If you're a smart regent, and and Ross

646
00:35:27,080 --> 00:35:30,120
Speaker 1: Stafari is a very smart man, probably knows Mussolini was

647
00:35:30,120 --> 00:35:32,760
Speaker 1: trying some facor he didn't really want Ethiopia in the League,

648
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:37,640
Speaker 1: but publicly Mussolini backed the League's the Ethiopia's membership, and

649
00:35:37,719 --> 00:35:42,839
Speaker 1: so publicly he has to go thank Mussolini. So Rastafari

650
00:35:43,040 --> 00:35:46,839
Speaker 1: is yeah, as region of Ethiopia. Rastafari travels to Rome

651
00:35:46,920 --> 00:35:49,600
Speaker 1: to meet with Il Duce and give him thanks. The

652
00:35:49,640 --> 00:35:51,920
Speaker 1: two sit down face to face for the first and

653
00:35:52,040 --> 00:35:54,880
Speaker 1: last time, and Tafari would later write that he was

654
00:35:54,920 --> 00:35:58,680
Speaker 1: immediately impressed by Benito's quote powerful face, his enormous eyes,

655
00:35:58,760 --> 00:36:02,360
Speaker 1: his projecting jaw. Ross asked for an outlet to the

656
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,680
Speaker 1: sea through Italian territory, and Mussolini said sure, and in fact,

657
00:36:05,880 --> 00:36:08,799
Speaker 1: I already have a treaty that includes that ready, and

658
00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:11,400
Speaker 1: I'll you would just sign it now. Now, it couldn't

659
00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:19,160
Speaker 1: possibly be a bad treaty with translations, could it. Rastafari

660
00:36:19,239 --> 00:36:21,959
Speaker 1: is not an idiot. He knows what Italian treaties are worth.

661
00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:25,040
Speaker 1: So he says, oh, cool, a treaty, sweet, Oh, this

662
00:36:25,120 --> 00:36:27,080
Speaker 1: is just what I wanted. I'm gonna take this back

663
00:36:27,120 --> 00:36:29,640
Speaker 1: home and I'm gonna think real hard about it. Now.

664
00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:32,160
Speaker 1: The treaty was of course filled with the same kind

665
00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:34,080
Speaker 1: of bullshit or the last treaty had been filled with,

666
00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:37,000
Speaker 1: and Tafari rejected it. You might think this would have

667
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:40,400
Speaker 1: made him anti Mussolini, but at this point the Italian

668
00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:45,600
Speaker 1: leader was still Rastafari's favorite European leader, because Benito had

669
00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,359
Speaker 1: at least sat down face to face with him, which

670
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:51,160
Speaker 1: meant he showed the region of Ethiopia more respect than

671
00:36:51,239 --> 00:36:54,400
Speaker 1: anyone else in Europe did so. Ross had also visited

672
00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:56,600
Speaker 1: France during this time, and the French gave him a

673
00:36:56,640 --> 00:36:58,600
Speaker 1: tour of Paris, but they wouldn't let him meet with

674
00:36:58,640 --> 00:37:01,800
Speaker 1: anybody or talk about in an national business. The British

675
00:37:01,880 --> 00:37:05,160
Speaker 1: were even worse. Before he crossed the English Channel. An

676
00:37:05,239 --> 00:37:08,200
Speaker 1: article in The Manchester Guardian wrote that on the continent,

677
00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:10,200
Speaker 1: Ross had received a kiss on the cheek from a

678
00:37:10,239 --> 00:37:13,440
Speaker 1: little girl. The Guardian wrote, quote, a kiss for a

679
00:37:13,520 --> 00:37:16,160
Speaker 1: Negro king is more than all the wealth of England

680
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:24,920
Speaker 1: can afford. Yeah, what the fuck? High grade racism from

681
00:37:24,960 --> 00:37:28,560
Speaker 1: the Guarden. Knew white people were really into, you know,

682
00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:33,359
Speaker 1: the purity of white women and and the benevolence of them.

683
00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:37,640
Speaker 1: But the idea that worth an entire at that point

684
00:37:37,640 --> 00:37:41,080
Speaker 1: in time, particularly England's entire treasury. The funk out of here,

685
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:44,279
Speaker 1: I am. I understand why he has to do all

686
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:49,799
Speaker 1: things he's about to do. Disrespect is insane. He goes

687
00:37:49,840 --> 00:37:52,520
Speaker 1: to England and King George the Fifth refuses to allow

688
00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:55,520
Speaker 1: Rastafari and his wife to stay at Buckingham Palace. He

689
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:58,640
Speaker 1: wouldn't even greet the regent at the train station. Um.

690
00:37:58,680 --> 00:38:00,440
Speaker 1: And so it's worth noting that, in spite of all

691
00:38:00,480 --> 00:38:03,160
Speaker 1: of the horrible things Mussolini was about to do to Ethiopia,

692
00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:06,120
Speaker 1: he showed more respect to their leader than any other

693
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:09,160
Speaker 1: European had did. I don't know what message you should

694
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:11,440
Speaker 1: take from that, because I don't think there is a message.

695
00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:15,480
Speaker 1: But it's a thing that happened. Um, there we are.

696
00:38:15,960 --> 00:38:22,080
Speaker 1: It's a sad message. It's not a great, mass devastating now,

697
00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:25,120
Speaker 1: of course Banino Mussolini was a racist piece of ship.

698
00:38:25,280 --> 00:38:27,640
Speaker 1: He just wasn't above meeting with somebody he thought was

699
00:38:27,680 --> 00:38:30,359
Speaker 1: subhuman to try to trick them into a treaty. It's

700
00:38:30,360 --> 00:38:32,839
Speaker 1: more that he's like a pragmatist, right, Like, if you're

701
00:38:32,840 --> 00:38:34,480
Speaker 1: the King of England, you don't have to be pragmatic.

702
00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,000
Speaker 1: You can just be a racist asshole. Mussolini's you know,

703
00:38:37,120 --> 00:38:38,920
Speaker 1: he's gotta do. He's gotta do what he's gotta do

704
00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:42,160
Speaker 1: to make ship happen um, and so he's willing to

705
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,120
Speaker 1: do this. While Ross was still in Europe, Duce was

706
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:48,520
Speaker 1: exchanging messages with the British ambassador, wherein he promised to

707
00:38:48,560 --> 00:38:52,360
Speaker 1: back London's plan to get land on Ethiopia's Lake Tanah

708
00:38:52,360 --> 00:38:54,160
Speaker 1: and let the British build a road to that land

709
00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:57,040
Speaker 1: through Italian territory if the British would help Italy get

710
00:38:57,120 --> 00:38:59,600
Speaker 1: rights to build a railroad through Ethiopia to connect It's

711
00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:03,600
Speaker 1: to call leanness. So while Mussolini's meeting with Rastafari, he's

712
00:39:03,640 --> 00:39:06,759
Speaker 1: secretly carving up Ethiopia with the British while it's still

713
00:39:06,760 --> 00:39:10,479
Speaker 1: an independent nation that's just joined the legal nation. Yeah,

714
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:14,719
Speaker 1: that means they're all motherfucker's. But you know who's not

715
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:21,200
Speaker 1: a motherfucker? Joe the products and services that support this podcast. Perfect.

716
00:39:21,239 --> 00:39:34,040
Speaker 1: I'm so glad. Yeah, not not motherfucker's. Ah. We're back,

717
00:39:34,880 --> 00:39:40,359
Speaker 1: um and having a great time just talking about Ethiopia.

718
00:39:41,239 --> 00:39:47,520
Speaker 1: So um yeah, what you say, Oh my gosh, okay, sorry,

719
00:39:47,560 --> 00:39:50,239
Speaker 1: let's go. I don't know. I thought you want to

720
00:39:50,239 --> 00:39:53,600
Speaker 1: say evil. I thought it was a very exaggerated evil.

721
00:39:53,640 --> 00:39:54,919
Speaker 1: And then I was like, what we are really talking

722
00:39:54,920 --> 00:39:57,360
Speaker 1: about Ethiopia, so that makes sense we should Actually, I

723
00:39:57,360 --> 00:39:59,480
Speaker 1: thought you were going to say evil too, I was

724
00:40:02,440 --> 00:40:08,319
Speaker 1: just Ethiopia. So Ethiopia's you know, Ross does this tour

725
00:40:08,360 --> 00:40:11,080
Speaker 1: of Europe and the leaders of your like, he meets

726
00:40:11,080 --> 00:40:14,560
Speaker 1: with Mussolini. WHI Mussolini's planning to cut up Ethiopia with

727
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:21,239
Speaker 1: England um and uh yeah um. So when you know,

728
00:40:21,400 --> 00:40:24,799
Speaker 1: Ross gets back to Ethiopia via the British, and the

729
00:40:24,840 --> 00:40:27,479
Speaker 1: Italians sent him a letter that basically said, hey, here's

730
00:40:27,480 --> 00:40:29,920
Speaker 1: what we agreed to do with your land. Um. And

731
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,560
Speaker 1: Rastafari was really angry at this, uh, and he used

732
00:40:32,600 --> 00:40:34,440
Speaker 1: his new found membership in the League of Nations to

733
00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:37,360
Speaker 1: go before the international community. He made a big speech

734
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:39,880
Speaker 1: about how fucked up this was, and people smiled and nodded,

735
00:40:39,920 --> 00:40:42,560
Speaker 1: and the Italians gave him an award, and then they

736
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:44,960
Speaker 1: started offering arms and money to one of his rivals

737
00:40:44,960 --> 00:40:47,040
Speaker 1: back home in Ethiopia. So he says, I'm not going

738
00:40:47,120 --> 00:40:49,759
Speaker 1: to let you come into my country and build these

739
00:40:49,840 --> 00:40:53,160
Speaker 1: roads and ship and take this lake. Uh. And they're like, oh,

740
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:55,160
Speaker 1: you're so brave. Here's an award. And also we're going

741
00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:57,120
Speaker 1: to give guns to the guy somebody who wants to

742
00:40:57,160 --> 00:41:01,880
Speaker 1: kill you. Now, this culminated in orderable against Rastafari's government

743
00:41:01,880 --> 00:41:04,319
Speaker 1: in nineteen thirty, which he brutally put down with the

744
00:41:04,320 --> 00:41:06,839
Speaker 1: help of a French biplane and a lot of explosives.

745
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:11,040
Speaker 1: That same year, the Empress died and Rastafari the regent,

746
00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:15,000
Speaker 1: became highly Selassie the Emperor of Ethiopia. And I think

747
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:16,680
Speaker 1: that more or less brings us up to speed to

748
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:20,239
Speaker 1: nineteen thirty two ninety three, with everyone getting anxious over

749
00:41:20,280 --> 00:41:22,600
Speaker 1: Japan and Benito putting plans in emotion to get Britain

750
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:25,200
Speaker 1: and France on board with his invade Ethiopius scheme. There's

751
00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:26,680
Speaker 1: a lot of detail to get into here. I know

752
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:28,239
Speaker 1: they've been jumping back and forth and stuff. There's a

753
00:41:28,280 --> 00:41:30,360
Speaker 1: lot you have to set up because this is a

754
00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:33,839
Speaker 1: year's long process. But the short of it is, and

755
00:41:34,080 --> 00:41:36,239
Speaker 1: like there's a whole you could read a whole book

756
00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:39,360
Speaker 1: on all of the different negotiations between France and England

757
00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:43,799
Speaker 1: and Italy that lead to him Mussolini invading Ethiopia. The

758
00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:46,680
Speaker 1: short of it is that France and Britain were both

759
00:41:46,680 --> 00:41:50,440
Speaker 1: willing to let Italy invade Ethiopia if they got something

760
00:41:50,440 --> 00:41:53,000
Speaker 1: out of it in response, and the thing that they

761
00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:58,319
Speaker 1: really wanted was an ally against Nazi Germany. So thirty three,

762
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:01,279
Speaker 1: Hitler's taken power right, and obviously France and England are

763
00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:04,080
Speaker 1: worried because World War One wasn't that long ago. Um

764
00:42:04,200 --> 00:42:06,400
Speaker 1: Hitler has been talking for a long time before he

765
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:09,520
Speaker 1: came to power about annexing Austria, which was crucial to

766
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:13,000
Speaker 1: his ambitions of greater European dominance. Italy or France and

767
00:42:13,040 --> 00:42:16,080
Speaker 1: England don't want Hitler to annex Australia or Austria, but

768
00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:20,719
Speaker 1: Francin Englian don't want Hitler to annex Austria. Now, Mussolini

769
00:42:20,880 --> 00:42:23,120
Speaker 1: was the first Fascist leader, and Hitler looked up to

770
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:24,799
Speaker 1: him in a lot of ways. But the two men

771
00:42:24,840 --> 00:42:27,960
Speaker 1: were not friends and they did not particularly like each other.

772
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:30,840
Speaker 1: So Britain and France tell Italy we're not going to

773
00:42:30,880 --> 00:42:32,879
Speaker 1: complain about if you do whatever you want with your

774
00:42:32,880 --> 00:42:36,920
Speaker 1: military to to to Ethiopia, as long as you stop

775
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:41,200
Speaker 1: Hitler from taking Austria, because obviously Italy right, Austria's right

776
00:42:41,239 --> 00:42:45,359
Speaker 1: above it. Right. Um, So this reasoning is why the

777
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:48,680
Speaker 1: Soviet Union, who you might expect to have supported Ethiopia

778
00:42:48,760 --> 00:42:53,160
Speaker 1: against a fascist oppressor, also backed Italian ambitions in Ethiopia.

779
00:42:53,239 --> 00:42:58,240
Speaker 1: So the Soviets support the fascists in Ethiopia initially because

780
00:42:58,320 --> 00:43:01,240
Speaker 1: they think these fascists will stop other fascists from gaining

781
00:43:01,239 --> 00:43:06,560
Speaker 1: more territory in Europe. You cannot kill something really bad. Bet.

782
00:43:07,640 --> 00:43:11,120
Speaker 1: Everybody makes a terrible fucking bet here. Why would you

783
00:43:11,520 --> 00:43:14,239
Speaker 1: just gonna get a hold in northern Africa anyway? Like,

784
00:43:14,320 --> 00:43:19,960
Speaker 1: it's just it don't make no sense. Yeah, it's it's

785
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:23,120
Speaker 1: it's not I mean it makes sense in that Italy

786
00:43:23,200 --> 00:43:26,480
Speaker 1: has the geographical position to oppose Germany. But yes, like

787
00:43:28,080 --> 00:43:31,759
Speaker 1: looking back at it with hindsight, clearly, backing the Italians

788
00:43:31,760 --> 00:43:35,160
Speaker 1: against the Nazis was not a good move for anyone um.

789
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:37,360
Speaker 1: And it's interesting to me that both England and France

790
00:43:37,400 --> 00:43:40,240
Speaker 1: and the Soviets make the same mistake at the same time.

791
00:43:40,560 --> 00:43:41,840
Speaker 1: And I'm gonna quote from a write up on the

792
00:43:41,880 --> 00:43:46,080
Speaker 1: website libcom dot org. Giving force to Italy's new role

793
00:43:46,120 --> 00:43:48,840
Speaker 1: as a defender of the status quo against Germany, Mussolini

794
00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:52,040
Speaker 1: promised a million bayonets. By the end of June, Roman

795
00:43:52,080 --> 00:43:56,000
Speaker 1: Paris had signed a pact of general military cooperation over Austria,

796
00:43:56,040 --> 00:43:58,399
Speaker 1: and these good relations permitted the French army to plan

797
00:43:58,520 --> 00:44:02,000
Speaker 1: for withdrawing seventeen Divisi from Southeast France and North Africa

798
00:44:02,239 --> 00:44:05,279
Speaker 1: to reposition them above the magine O line. All this

799
00:44:05,400 --> 00:44:08,319
Speaker 1: drew favorable comment from Moscow, and the Kremlin had good

800
00:44:08,320 --> 00:44:10,879
Speaker 1: reason to hope that collective security could continue to work,

801
00:44:10,920 --> 00:44:13,360
Speaker 1: as in the summer of nineteen thirty four, when Italy

802
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:15,600
Speaker 1: had moved its troops to the Brenner Pass and forced

803
00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:19,880
Speaker 1: Germany to back down over Austria. So November of nineteen

804
00:44:19,920 --> 00:44:24,240
Speaker 1: thirty four, everyone's committed, like, oh, Italy is gonna back there,

805
00:44:24,239 --> 00:44:26,720
Speaker 1: gonna stop the Nazis from taking Austria for us great

806
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:29,600
Speaker 1: and because everyone is so grateful to Italy for forcing

807
00:44:29,640 --> 00:44:32,400
Speaker 1: the Germans to back down over the Brenner Pass. Mussolini

808
00:44:32,480 --> 00:44:34,640
Speaker 1: feels comfortable that he can get away with provoking a

809
00:44:34,640 --> 00:44:38,719
Speaker 1: war in Ethiopia. Now the actual causus belly, right, the

810
00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:41,040
Speaker 1: cause for war, the legal justification. This is another like

811
00:44:41,120 --> 00:44:43,880
Speaker 1: in Manchuria, it's a false flag. Right. It starts in

812
00:44:43,880 --> 00:44:48,200
Speaker 1: a place called wal Wall, an oasis in the Ogaden Desert. Um. Now,

813
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:51,759
Speaker 1: this was about sixty miles inside Ethiopian territory according to

814
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:54,160
Speaker 1: treaties they'd signed with Italy. You'll hear some debate about that.

815
00:44:54,160 --> 00:44:58,239
Speaker 1: The treaties are never quite the same, right, because Italians um,

816
00:44:58,280 --> 00:45:01,480
Speaker 1: but it's inside Ethiopian territory. Um. And the Italians, though,

817
00:45:01,520 --> 00:45:04,439
Speaker 1: have maps to say it's in their territory. And three

818
00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:08,279
Speaker 1: they start occupying it with soldiers. The Ethiopians eventually march

819
00:45:08,360 --> 00:45:11,480
Speaker 1: at an attachment of soldiers into Walwall, and there's a gunfight,

820
00:45:11,600 --> 00:45:14,160
Speaker 1: and by the end of it, a hundred and fifty Ethiopians,

821
00:45:14,440 --> 00:45:18,080
Speaker 1: two Italians, and several dozen local Italian auxiliaries are dead.

822
00:45:18,760 --> 00:45:22,359
Speaker 1: Emperor highly Selassie goes to the League of Nations after this,

823
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:25,960
Speaker 1: and it's like the fun guys. The League courageously ruled

824
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:30,760
Speaker 1: that yeah, courageously ruled that no one was at fault

825
00:45:31,120 --> 00:45:33,880
Speaker 1: and exonerated both nations. They're like, you know, there was

826
00:45:33,920 --> 00:45:37,000
Speaker 1: some violence on both sides. One side was being invaded, sure,

827
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:40,160
Speaker 1: but there was violence on both sides. It's great, and

828
00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:42,040
Speaker 1: this is what happens when you try to do business

829
00:45:42,080 --> 00:45:48,920
Speaker 1: with the oppressor, which obviously highly learns later. But wow, yeah, so,

830
00:45:48,960 --> 00:45:50,520
Speaker 1: I mean, he doesn't have a lot of options, right,

831
00:45:50,560 --> 00:45:52,680
Speaker 1: He's doing what he can. Um. Now, at this point,

832
00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:55,759
Speaker 1: highly Selassie realizes what's about to happen, that this is

833
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:58,200
Speaker 1: the pretext for a war. Italy is going to invade,

834
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:00,400
Speaker 1: so he's got to get ready. So he mobile lizes

835
00:46:00,480 --> 00:46:03,040
Speaker 1: his army, which is about half a million men, and

836
00:46:03,080 --> 00:46:05,520
Speaker 1: they are not well armed. Most of his army has

837
00:46:05,560 --> 00:46:08,360
Speaker 1: bows and arrows and spears. Um. They do have firearms.

838
00:46:08,360 --> 00:46:10,440
Speaker 1: They have divisions with firearms, but a lot of most

839
00:46:10,480 --> 00:46:13,320
Speaker 1: of those guns are obsolete. They have very few modern weapons.

840
00:46:13,520 --> 00:46:17,640
Speaker 1: They have barely any artillery, anti aircraft or um or

841
00:46:17,680 --> 00:46:22,120
Speaker 1: aircraft for that matter. Italy meanwhile had assembled twelve infantry

842
00:46:22,120 --> 00:46:25,520
Speaker 1: divisions somewhere around six hundred thousand troops with rifles and

843
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:30,200
Speaker 1: machine guns, heavy artillery, ground vehicles and airplanes. Um. And

844
00:46:30,280 --> 00:46:32,359
Speaker 1: as the war drums beat, the League of Nations took

845
00:46:32,360 --> 00:46:35,160
Speaker 1: another action to try to stop war. They announced an

846
00:46:35,239 --> 00:46:38,800
Speaker 1: arms embargo on both sides. Now, this is a problem

847
00:46:38,840 --> 00:46:41,440
Speaker 1: because Italy already had a huge army with plenty of guns.

848
00:46:41,640 --> 00:46:46,279
Speaker 1: The Ethiopians did not. We're gonna stop both of you

849
00:46:46,440 --> 00:46:48,440
Speaker 1: from buying guns. The guy with all the guns, the

850
00:46:48,440 --> 00:46:50,160
Speaker 1: guy with none of the guns. Neither of you can

851
00:46:50,200 --> 00:46:54,319
Speaker 1: buy guns anymore. This is this is what equality looks like,

852
00:46:54,360 --> 00:47:00,760
Speaker 1: and not equity. Yeah. Um, So this makes it impossible

853
00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:03,040
Speaker 1: for Ethiopia to have any chance of arming herself to

854
00:47:03,080 --> 00:47:05,280
Speaker 1: an equivalent degree, although they don't really have the money,

855
00:47:05,320 --> 00:47:07,400
Speaker 1: so it's kind of debatable as to whether they'd have

856
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:10,240
Speaker 1: been able to if there hadn't have been this embargo. UM.

857
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:12,479
Speaker 1: One of the things that's happening internationally at this time

858
00:47:12,520 --> 00:47:16,040
Speaker 1: is there there becomes this big again because the Battle

859
00:47:16,080 --> 00:47:18,279
Speaker 1: of Ottawa was such a thing for like the Black

860
00:47:18,360 --> 00:47:24,000
Speaker 1: liberation movement worldwide, there's this there's this big racial conflict

861
00:47:24,040 --> 00:47:26,640
Speaker 1: with between the Italians, and it's kind of embodied by

862
00:47:26,640 --> 00:47:29,080
Speaker 1: a boxing match that happens around this time. There's this um,

863
00:47:29,480 --> 00:47:32,440
Speaker 1: there's this massive Italian boxer called his nickname is the

864
00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:35,520
Speaker 1: Ambling Alp because he's like as big as American and

865
00:47:35,680 --> 00:47:38,120
Speaker 1: he has a very I think it's in thirty four

866
00:47:38,160 --> 00:47:40,320
Speaker 1: this happens. He's a very famous boxing match with a

867
00:47:40,440 --> 00:47:47,480
Speaker 1: with a guy named Joe Lewis and probably the best

868
00:47:47,600 --> 00:47:50,680
Speaker 1: boxer there's ever been. No, that's only the Rumble in

869
00:47:50,719 --> 00:47:54,239
Speaker 1: the Jungle was decades later. So Joe Louis is the

870
00:47:54,320 --> 00:47:58,520
Speaker 1: longest running heavyweight champion of the world, which means for

871
00:47:58,680 --> 00:48:01,759
Speaker 1: twenty five straight years, no one could beat him in

872
00:48:01,800 --> 00:48:06,520
Speaker 1: a fight in the world. Like, Joe Louis is fucking incredible.

873
00:48:06,840 --> 00:48:10,720
Speaker 1: He also beats Um Max Schmelling, who was the Nazi

874
00:48:11,280 --> 00:48:13,719
Speaker 1: the best Nazi boxer. I think in six he beat

875
00:48:13,760 --> 00:48:16,600
Speaker 1: smelling Um. And these are in this big fight he

876
00:48:16,640 --> 00:48:19,360
Speaker 1: has with the Ambling Alp takes on these big dimensions

877
00:48:19,360 --> 00:48:22,239
Speaker 1: of like there's this massive conflict between the Italians and

878
00:48:22,239 --> 00:48:25,640
Speaker 1: the Ethiopians and like this fight embodied by Joe Lewis

879
00:48:25,680 --> 00:48:28,200
Speaker 1: fighting the Ambling Alp is a big deal for a

880
00:48:28,200 --> 00:48:30,799
Speaker 1: lot of people. Um. There's actually a really good song

881
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:34,279
Speaker 1: about Joe Lewis by the Sayers called Ambling Out that

882
00:48:34,320 --> 00:48:38,919
Speaker 1: I recommend. But one of the things That's interesting is that, um,

883
00:48:38,960 --> 00:48:41,160
Speaker 1: like you know, this is framed as like, you know,

884
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:44,279
Speaker 1: the fascistist embodied by the Ambling Alp, or you know,

885
00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:47,360
Speaker 1: the free people colonized people's of the world's embodied by

886
00:48:47,440 --> 00:48:50,120
Speaker 1: Joe Louis. But actually number one, the Ambling Alp was

887
00:48:50,160 --> 00:48:53,000
Speaker 1: not a fascist. Um, he was a mob guy, but

888
00:48:53,520 --> 00:48:55,960
Speaker 1: he and Joe Lewis got along really well. It's the

889
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:58,120
Speaker 1: same thing with Max Schmelling, right. Max Schmelling was not

890
00:48:58,160 --> 00:49:00,239
Speaker 1: a member of the Nazi Party. He refused to join,

891
00:49:00,640 --> 00:49:02,839
Speaker 1: and he and Joe Louis were very good friends their

892
00:49:02,840 --> 00:49:05,880
Speaker 1: whole lives. In fact, when Joe Louis died poor and

893
00:49:05,960 --> 00:49:09,200
Speaker 1: Max Schmelling paid for his funeral decades later. So another

894
00:49:09,280 --> 00:49:11,399
Speaker 1: interesting to mention that, like the even though these guys

895
00:49:11,440 --> 00:49:14,239
Speaker 1: embodied these conflicts of nations, they actually got along as

896
00:49:14,280 --> 00:49:16,480
Speaker 1: human beings, even though they were like punching each other

897
00:49:16,480 --> 00:49:19,840
Speaker 1: in the face of lunch. I mean, they're probably they're

898
00:49:19,960 --> 00:49:25,640
Speaker 1: they're commiserated around the same sport and probably felt in

899
00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:29,799
Speaker 1: a lot of ways the same outcast nature I think,

900
00:49:30,000 --> 00:49:32,440
Speaker 1: which tends to run deep in the boxing community. One

901
00:49:32,480 --> 00:49:35,439
Speaker 1: thing I have to mention about the ambling out uh

902
00:49:35,719 --> 00:49:39,000
Speaker 1: name deserved he would have definitely been recruited as a

903
00:49:39,040 --> 00:49:44,520
Speaker 1: linebacker because he's like six ft six, he's huge, sixty

904
00:49:44,680 --> 00:49:48,080
Speaker 1: five pounds and I'm looking at him at that's muscle

905
00:49:48,400 --> 00:49:51,840
Speaker 1: that is in the thirties, which just because in the

906
00:49:51,920 --> 00:49:54,680
Speaker 1: thirties I always think of those like barrel chested like

907
00:49:55,160 --> 00:49:58,000
Speaker 1: kind of like not potbell lead. But you know, they're

908
00:49:58,040 --> 00:50:00,640
Speaker 1: they're just not as defined as what we like a

909
00:50:00,640 --> 00:50:04,239
Speaker 1: lot of our bundlers fighters are today. Yeah, and Joe

910
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:06,520
Speaker 1: Louis was to fourteen, so you know, he's not a

911
00:50:06,600 --> 00:50:09,640
Speaker 1: he's not a small guy, but he is a significantly

912
00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:14,680
Speaker 1: smaller than the definitely had him stand on as incredible fighter. Yeah,

913
00:50:14,800 --> 00:50:18,880
Speaker 1: Like he's an amazing fighter. Again for twenty five years,

914
00:50:18,880 --> 00:50:20,759
Speaker 1: no one on earth could beat him in a fist fight.

915
00:50:21,920 --> 00:50:29,560
Speaker 1: You don't, yeh No? So um yeah, So okay, back

916
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:32,439
Speaker 1: to the what's happening in Ethiopia? So, right, the League

917
00:50:32,440 --> 00:50:34,400
Speaker 1: of Nations puts this arms embargo and they make it

918
00:50:34,400 --> 00:50:38,560
Speaker 1: impossible for Ethiopia arm herself. Now, the USSR is not

919
00:50:38,680 --> 00:50:40,480
Speaker 1: in the League of Nations and they could have sent

920
00:50:40,520 --> 00:50:44,040
Speaker 1: guns in to help Ethiopia resist fascist aggression, but they

921
00:50:44,080 --> 00:50:47,760
Speaker 1: were too busy sending a shipload of resources to Fascist Italy.

922
00:50:48,320 --> 00:50:52,320
Speaker 1: See the USSR had conducted economic negotiations which concluded in

923
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:55,839
Speaker 1: June of n right before Italy started to mobilize for war.

924
00:50:56,200 --> 00:50:59,840
Speaker 1: To keep Mussolini happy, uh and to keep blocking Austria

925
00:50:59,880 --> 00:51:03,760
Speaker 1: for the Nazis, Russia sent forty freighters of wheat, oats, barley,

926
00:51:03,800 --> 00:51:07,760
Speaker 1: cold timber, coltar, and gasoline. So when Mussolini's war machine

927
00:51:07,840 --> 00:51:11,040
Speaker 1: rolled into Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, his armored

928
00:51:11,080 --> 00:51:14,560
Speaker 1: cars would be filled with Soviet fuel. Um. Which is

929
00:51:14,600 --> 00:51:17,960
Speaker 1: fun and it's made funner because the Ethiopian army did

930
00:51:18,040 --> 00:51:21,680
Speaker 1: receive some last minute help, a crucial shipment of thousands

931
00:51:21,680 --> 00:51:24,320
Speaker 1: of guns, dozens of artillery pieces, and a shiplet of

932
00:51:24,320 --> 00:51:30,160
Speaker 1: ammunition from an unlikely benefactor, Nazi Germany. Here it is here.

933
00:51:31,280 --> 00:51:34,840
Speaker 1: So the Soviets are backing fascist Italy and the Nazis

934
00:51:34,880 --> 00:51:40,200
Speaker 1: are backing Ethiopia. It's it's it's a weird war. World

935
00:51:40,239 --> 00:51:46,440
Speaker 1: wars make weird bedfellows. Obviously, Hitler thinks black people are subhuman.

936
00:51:46,480 --> 00:51:49,680
Speaker 1: He's a racist, um, but he hated not owning Austria.

937
00:51:49,760 --> 00:51:53,640
Speaker 1: More in his thinking was every dead Italian and Ethiopia

938
00:51:53,920 --> 00:51:56,879
Speaker 1: is one less Italian blocking the passes into Austria from

939
00:51:56,880 --> 00:51:58,960
Speaker 1: my army. Right, that's why Hitler does this, you know,

940
00:51:59,719 --> 00:52:03,839
Speaker 1: um Now. Matters were incensed a bit more in mid

941
00:52:03,920 --> 00:52:07,880
Speaker 1: July when Japanese Foreign Minister Kobe Hirota undermined the efforts

942
00:52:07,880 --> 00:52:11,000
Speaker 1: of Japan's ambassador, a guy named Sugimura, to reach some

943
00:52:11,080 --> 00:52:14,480
Speaker 1: sort of public reproache ma with the Italians. Italy's press

944
00:52:14,520 --> 00:52:17,000
Speaker 1: went ape shot over this and accused Japan of trying

945
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:19,640
Speaker 1: to start a race war and quote using Africa as

946
00:52:19,640 --> 00:52:23,120
Speaker 1: a bridge over which the Yellow race would attack Europe. Um.

947
00:52:23,719 --> 00:52:27,880
Speaker 1: We would never do something. We would never do now. Obviously.

948
00:52:28,160 --> 00:52:31,120
Speaker 1: A few years after this, Roman Tokyo wind up allied,

949
00:52:31,520 --> 00:52:33,759
Speaker 1: but according to a write up in lipcom dot org

950
00:52:33,840 --> 00:52:37,240
Speaker 1: quote for the moment. However, a Talo Japanese tensions continued

951
00:52:37,280 --> 00:52:40,560
Speaker 1: well into August and September. For example, Japan's acting Minister

952
00:52:40,640 --> 00:52:42,640
Speaker 1: to the League of Nations insisted that in a Talo

953
00:52:42,719 --> 00:52:45,000
Speaker 1: Ethiopian war would mean a conflict between the white and

954
00:52:45,040 --> 00:52:48,319
Speaker 1: black races, although he added war could be prevented with

955
00:52:48,360 --> 00:52:50,719
Speaker 1: great hopes for assistance and to grand public fanfare, and

956
00:52:50,800 --> 00:52:55,040
Speaker 1: Ethiopian representative visited Japan many Japanese nationalists asserted that a

957
00:52:55,120 --> 00:52:58,520
Speaker 1: racial unity bonded Japan with Ethiopia. Although these were mostly

958
00:52:58,560 --> 00:53:01,760
Speaker 1: private citizens who embarrassed the government, their blandishments lent credence

959
00:53:01,800 --> 00:53:05,960
Speaker 1: to Italy's racial alarm. So did Japan's newspapers. The Cocumen

960
00:53:06,040 --> 00:53:10,799
Speaker 1: of July ninety editorialized that Italy, guided by racial prejudices

961
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:14,680
Speaker 1: towards Ethiopia, had even criticized Japan from that warped racial viewpoint.

962
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:17,560
Speaker 1: The paper added that even if they settled the immediate issue,

963
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:20,520
Speaker 1: the racial problem would remain in Italy was responsible. The

964
00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:23,520
Speaker 1: Niici Nichi added that Italy's attempt to wrap the Ethiopian

965
00:53:23,560 --> 00:53:26,560
Speaker 1: issue in racial cloth would fail. The Hucci on Alga

966
00:53:26,640 --> 00:53:29,600
Speaker 1: seventh wrote that Italy intended to make Ethiopia it's protectorate.

967
00:53:29,760 --> 00:53:32,839
Speaker 1: The imperialism and sense of racial superiority common among right

968
00:53:32,920 --> 00:53:35,520
Speaker 1: whites had led Italy to take such an ambitious policy.

969
00:53:35,840 --> 00:53:38,279
Speaker 1: The paper concluded that the Japanese had to make the

970
00:53:38,280 --> 00:53:41,040
Speaker 1: white race see its injustice and errors. That same day,

971
00:53:41,080 --> 00:53:44,200
Speaker 1: the Osaka Sahi wrote that the Italo Ethiopian dispute had

972
00:53:44,239 --> 00:53:47,160
Speaker 1: aroused the colored peoples against Italy and whites. If racial

973
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:50,520
Speaker 1: reconciliation proved difficult, Mussolini Italian papers and their use of

974
00:53:50,560 --> 00:53:53,680
Speaker 1: the Yellow Peril would have to bear the consequences. So

975
00:53:53,840 --> 00:53:56,680
Speaker 1: Japan is trying to stir up like if you do this,

976
00:53:56,719 --> 00:53:58,719
Speaker 1: it's gonna you're gonna you're starting a race war, right

977
00:53:58,760 --> 00:54:02,080
Speaker 1: Like That's how a lot of the Japanese media does it. Now.

978
00:54:03,200 --> 00:54:05,240
Speaker 1: They drum all this up and they make a big

979
00:54:05,280 --> 00:54:07,759
Speaker 1: stink about it before the war. But when the war comes,

980
00:54:07,840 --> 00:54:10,879
Speaker 1: Japan does nothing to defend Oh no, no, why would they?

981
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:13,520
Speaker 1: So the question is like, why would they make a

982
00:54:13,520 --> 00:54:17,560
Speaker 1: big deal about this um because their whole policy, the

983
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:19,279
Speaker 1: reason they were saying all this ship had nothing to

984
00:54:19,320 --> 00:54:23,320
Speaker 1: do with stopping Italy from fucking with Ethiopia. They wanted

985
00:54:23,360 --> 00:54:25,960
Speaker 1: a better diplomatic relationship with Italy and they were kind

986
00:54:25,960 --> 00:54:28,759
Speaker 1: of playing hardball, right they were like this was you know,

987
00:54:28,760 --> 00:54:31,480
Speaker 1: they're kind of like doing bad cop good cop ship here,

988
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:34,359
Speaker 1: like but diplomatically, and that's why they're like drumming all

989
00:54:34,360 --> 00:54:36,880
Speaker 1: this ship up. They want to make the Italians concerns

990
00:54:36,920 --> 00:54:38,880
Speaker 1: that the Italians like, hey, no, let's let's let's make

991
00:54:38,920 --> 00:54:40,640
Speaker 1: a deal and be friends. You know, That's what they're

992
00:54:40,640 --> 00:54:42,719
Speaker 1: trying to work out here. I feel like that might

993
00:54:42,760 --> 00:54:46,040
Speaker 1: have worked on Britain, but would not work on like

994
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:50,160
Speaker 1: why are you coming at me like this? And it

995
00:54:50,280 --> 00:54:55,279
Speaker 1: does so because of like Japan doing all this, they

996
00:54:55,280 --> 00:54:58,160
Speaker 1: wind up in negotiations with Italy, and the negotiations that

997
00:54:58,280 --> 00:55:01,440
Speaker 1: start here kind of eventually lead to the alliance between

998
00:55:01,480 --> 00:55:04,600
Speaker 1: the two countries. Um And there were observers at the

999
00:55:04,640 --> 00:55:07,880
Speaker 1: time who because again, fascist Italy, fascist Japan, they're on

1000
00:55:07,880 --> 00:55:11,040
Speaker 1: the same side of World War two, right, um So,

1001
00:55:11,160 --> 00:55:13,719
Speaker 1: and there were there were observers at the time who

1002
00:55:13,760 --> 00:55:16,120
Speaker 1: recognized what was going on. Right. There were a lot

1003
00:55:16,160 --> 00:55:19,319
Speaker 1: of people kind of more casual observers who were like,

1004
00:55:19,520 --> 00:55:22,480
Speaker 1: especially like amongst sort of the black diasphor community, who

1005
00:55:22,520 --> 00:55:25,239
Speaker 1: are like, oh, Japan has our back in this. But

1006
00:55:25,520 --> 00:55:27,799
Speaker 1: there were people who recognized none and other Japanese whore

1007
00:55:27,840 --> 00:55:29,480
Speaker 1: just playing a political game. And one of them was

1008
00:55:29,520 --> 00:55:33,200
Speaker 1: a guy named George Padmore. George was an American communist

1009
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:35,720
Speaker 1: and editor of The Negro Worker, which was a black

1010
00:55:35,760 --> 00:55:39,400
Speaker 1: communist newspaper, and he wrote quote, it is to be

1011
00:55:39,480 --> 00:55:43,520
Speaker 1: hoped that the Ethiopians have no illusions about the Japanese imperialists, who,

1012
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:46,360
Speaker 1: in their internal and external policies are quite as ruthless

1013
00:55:46,360 --> 00:55:49,440
Speaker 1: as the white imperialist nations. The Japanese ruling class, like

1014
00:55:49,480 --> 00:55:52,560
Speaker 1: all other capitalists, are no respectors of race, color, or creed,

1015
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:54,680
Speaker 1: although it might suit their present needs to pose as

1016
00:55:54,719 --> 00:55:58,280
Speaker 1: the defenders and champions of the darker races. Their record, however,

1017
00:55:58,320 --> 00:56:00,640
Speaker 1: has been too dramatically written in the out of millions

1018
00:56:00,640 --> 00:56:02,840
Speaker 1: of Koreans and Chinese for us to have any doubts

1019
00:56:02,840 --> 00:56:06,160
Speaker 1: about their true character. I think it's important because you

1020
00:56:06,160 --> 00:56:09,239
Speaker 1: have here kind of the USS are backing very much

1021
00:56:09,320 --> 00:56:12,440
Speaker 1: the wrong side in this um, but you have American,

1022
00:56:12,480 --> 00:56:15,600
Speaker 1: particularly American black communists realizing like these people are just

1023
00:56:15,640 --> 00:56:17,480
Speaker 1: playing a fucking game with us. Japan doesn't give a

1024
00:56:17,480 --> 00:56:20,320
Speaker 1: shit about Ethiopia. Japan doesn't give a shit about fighting imperialism.

1025
00:56:20,320 --> 00:56:23,719
Speaker 1: They're imperialists too. We're getting you're getting played right. You

1026
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:26,360
Speaker 1: gotta always be vigilant as a black person, people just

1027
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:29,600
Speaker 1: use you as chess pieces in a board game. Yeah.

1028
00:56:29,640 --> 00:56:34,560
Speaker 1: And George pad More rites eloquently about that um, and

1029
00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:36,799
Speaker 1: that is, broadly speaking, kind of the story of every

1030
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:40,040
Speaker 1: country but Ethiopia and this mess. Anyone who actually came

1031
00:56:40,040 --> 00:56:43,319
Speaker 1: in on on Ethiopia side, like Nazi Germany was just

1032
00:56:43,440 --> 00:56:46,760
Speaker 1: pursuing a political end of their own right. Nobody, nobody

1033
00:56:46,800 --> 00:56:49,640
Speaker 1: gives a shit other than how it can affect their

1034
00:56:49,640 --> 00:56:54,200
Speaker 1: bottom line. Um well, on a national scale, nobody gives

1035
00:56:54,200 --> 00:56:56,839
Speaker 1: a shit. So as the Battle of Adwa had become

1036
00:56:56,840 --> 00:56:59,960
Speaker 1: an international symbol of black resistance, the looming war between

1037
00:57:00,040 --> 00:57:03,560
Speaker 1: Ussolini and Ethiopia also became symbolic. It was, in its

1038
00:57:03,640 --> 00:57:07,080
Speaker 1: own way, an international anti fascist event, not dissimilar from

1039
00:57:07,080 --> 00:57:10,120
Speaker 1: the Spanish Civil War. W. E. B. Dubois and Paul

1040
00:57:10,200 --> 00:57:13,600
Speaker 1: Robeson addressed a Harlem Lee a Harlem League against War

1041
00:57:13,640 --> 00:57:17,640
Speaker 1: and Fascism rally. One speaker tied Mussolini's invasion to quote

1042
00:57:17,680 --> 00:57:20,400
Speaker 1: the terrible repression of black people in the United States.

1043
00:57:21,040 --> 00:57:24,720
Speaker 1: People's March for Ethiopia and Harlem drew twenty five thousand people,

1044
00:57:24,840 --> 00:57:28,160
Speaker 1: a mix of Black Americans and anti fascist Italian Americans

1045
00:57:28,160 --> 00:57:31,640
Speaker 1: who showed up in an admirable gesture of solidarity, and

1046
00:57:31,720 --> 00:57:34,439
Speaker 1: as in the Spanish Civil War, men volunteered to fight.

1047
00:57:34,680 --> 00:57:37,600
Speaker 1: In Chicago. Eight thousand black men started drilling for battle,

1048
00:57:37,880 --> 00:57:41,360
Speaker 1: five thousand in Detroit, two thousand in Kansas City. Most

1049
00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:43,880
Speaker 1: of these men never made it over to Ethiopia, right,

1050
00:57:43,920 --> 00:57:46,560
Speaker 1: because it's illegal to do this, right, Um, And the

1051
00:57:46,640 --> 00:57:49,360
Speaker 1: law was in you know, the law was more willing

1052
00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:51,400
Speaker 1: to enforce this law against black people than it would

1053
00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:53,320
Speaker 1: against white people trying to fight and say the Spanish

1054
00:57:53,320 --> 00:57:57,000
Speaker 1: Civil War, right, not that that was even Um. Yeah.

1055
00:57:57,400 --> 00:57:59,480
Speaker 1: There were, however, some black Americans who made it over,

1056
00:57:59,480 --> 00:58:02,800
Speaker 1: including a black American pilot and engineer who helped Ethiopia

1057
00:58:02,840 --> 00:58:07,080
Speaker 1: build and train a small air force. Um. Yeah, yeah,

1058
00:58:07,120 --> 00:58:09,160
Speaker 1: so there are some some guys who come over. And

1059
00:58:09,200 --> 00:58:12,440
Speaker 1: the most significant gesture of support from Black America probably

1060
00:58:12,480 --> 00:58:15,120
Speaker 1: came from the Harlem Hospital, which collected enough money to

1061
00:58:15,120 --> 00:58:18,200
Speaker 1: send a seventy bed hospital and two tons of badly

1062
00:58:18,240 --> 00:58:22,360
Speaker 1: needed medical supplies to Ethiopia. That said, none of this

1063
00:58:22,440 --> 00:58:27,240
Speaker 1: stops the Italian war machine from amassing on Ethiopia's borders, right. Um.

1064
00:58:27,280 --> 00:58:29,800
Speaker 1: As the war drums are beating, as things are getting

1065
00:58:29,800 --> 00:58:33,120
Speaker 1: ready to start, Emperor highly Selassie takes the unprecedented step

1066
00:58:33,160 --> 00:58:35,680
Speaker 1: of speaking before the League of Nations. He is the

1067
00:58:35,760 --> 00:58:38,320
Speaker 1: first head of state to speak in the Assembly, which

1068
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:40,040
Speaker 1: was not how they the League was supposed to work.

1069
00:58:40,080 --> 00:58:42,680
Speaker 1: So this is like a really significant gesture. He tells

1070
00:58:42,720 --> 00:58:45,880
Speaker 1: the heads of Europe quote. There is no precedent for

1071
00:58:45,920 --> 00:58:48,320
Speaker 1: a head of state himself speaking in this assembly. But

1072
00:58:48,320 --> 00:58:51,040
Speaker 1: there is also no precedent for a people being victim

1073
00:58:51,040 --> 00:58:53,960
Speaker 1: of such injustice and being at present threatened by abandonment

1074
00:58:54,000 --> 00:58:57,120
Speaker 1: to its aggressor. Also, there has never before been an

1075
00:58:57,120 --> 00:59:00,280
Speaker 1: example of any government proceeding to the systematic extern nation

1076
00:59:00,320 --> 00:59:03,120
Speaker 1: of a nation by barbarous means and violation of the

1077
00:59:03,120 --> 00:59:05,479
Speaker 1: most solemn promises made by the nations of the Earth,

1078
00:59:05,480 --> 00:59:07,920
Speaker 1: that they should not be used against innocent human beings

1079
00:59:08,080 --> 00:59:11,080
Speaker 1: the terrible poison of harmful gases. It is to defend

1080
00:59:11,080 --> 00:59:13,560
Speaker 1: the people struggling for its age old independence that the

1081
00:59:13,560 --> 00:59:15,920
Speaker 1: head of the Ethiopian Empire has come to Geneva to

1082
00:59:15,960 --> 00:59:18,800
Speaker 1: fulfill this supreme duty, after having himself fought at the

1083
00:59:18,800 --> 00:59:21,320
Speaker 1: head of his armies. What reply shall I have to

1084
00:59:21,360 --> 00:59:25,600
Speaker 1: take back to my people? The reply came on October third,

1085
00:59:25,720 --> 00:59:29,320
Speaker 1: nineteen thirty five, when Italian General Emilio de Bono marched

1086
00:59:29,320 --> 00:59:32,120
Speaker 1: his troops over the Mareb River. This is not a

1087
00:59:32,160 --> 00:59:34,160
Speaker 1: military history podcast. I'm not going to give you a

1088
00:59:34,160 --> 00:59:36,720
Speaker 1: blow by blow. The Ethiopians fought hard, and they won

1089
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:40,400
Speaker 1: several battles, but the Italian military was a twentieth century army.

1090
00:59:40,880 --> 00:59:43,600
Speaker 1: Even the Ethiopians with rifles tended to carry shields to

1091
00:59:43,800 --> 00:59:46,800
Speaker 1: They had no armored vehicles, they had almost no air force,

1092
00:59:47,160 --> 00:59:50,000
Speaker 1: and they were beaten in due time. On May five,

1093
00:59:50,200 --> 00:59:54,080
Speaker 1: nineteen thirty six, the Italians took Adis Ababa. Emperor Selassie

1094
00:59:54,120 --> 00:59:56,640
Speaker 1: had fled to Palestine and then to England ahead of

1095
00:59:56,640 --> 01:00:00,200
Speaker 1: his advancing foes. Selassie took again to the internet sational

1096
01:00:00,280 --> 01:00:02,920
Speaker 1: stage to condemn Italy before the League, but as this

1097
01:00:03,080 --> 01:00:06,000
Speaker 1: right up from the International Relations makes clear, the outrage

1098
01:00:06,040 --> 01:00:10,640
Speaker 1: he stirred up generated nothing but token objections, despite the

1099
01:00:10,640 --> 01:00:13,400
Speaker 1: fact that Italy's actions in Ethiopia were in clear violation

1100
01:00:13,400 --> 01:00:16,200
Speaker 1: of international rules. Ethiopia's appeal to the League of Nations

1101
01:00:16,240 --> 01:00:19,040
Speaker 1: did not work. Britain and France, concerned about the nascent

1102
01:00:19,040 --> 01:00:21,440
Speaker 1: power of Germany, did not want to alienate Italy by

1103
01:00:21,440 --> 01:00:24,920
Speaker 1: strictly following League rules and formed the biggest obstacle to arbitration.

1104
01:00:25,240 --> 01:00:28,280
Speaker 1: After some shrewd politicking with the Ethiopian delegation, the League

1105
01:00:28,280 --> 01:00:32,360
Speaker 1: considered Ethiopia's requests, but the Italians deflected the issue to

1106
01:00:32,440 --> 01:00:36,320
Speaker 1: bilateral arbitration, allowing themselves to simply ignore Ethiopian demands and

1107
01:00:36,360 --> 01:00:39,480
Speaker 1: continue preparations for war they knew was imminent. Further lead

1108
01:00:39,560 --> 01:00:42,800
Speaker 1: action on Ethiopia was subordinated to German treaty violations, which

1109
01:00:42,840 --> 01:00:45,280
Speaker 1: were of much greater concern to France and Britain. France

1110
01:00:45,280 --> 01:00:47,200
Speaker 1: would even go so far as to offer its approval

1111
01:00:47,280 --> 01:00:49,400
Speaker 1: for an Italian invasion in the Mussolinia of all the

1112
01:00:49,480 --> 01:00:53,000
Speaker 1: Chords of ninety five, As Strang writes, quote, no important

1113
01:00:53,040 --> 01:00:56,520
Speaker 1: power outside of Ethiopia saw preservation of Ethiopian sovereignty as

1114
01:00:56,520 --> 01:00:59,400
Speaker 1: a vital interest, and thus the conflict was largely ignored.

1115
01:00:59,760 --> 01:01:02,520
Speaker 1: We sanctions, which failed to embargo oil and coal, were

1116
01:01:02,520 --> 01:01:05,880
Speaker 1: applied eventually, but only after the Italians committed acts of brutality.

1117
01:01:06,760 --> 01:01:10,040
Speaker 1: Mussolini predicted this in action, saying that until there is

1118
01:01:10,080 --> 01:01:12,320
Speaker 1: proof to the contrary, I refuse to believe that the

1119
01:01:12,360 --> 01:01:14,640
Speaker 1: authentic people of Britain will want to spill blood and

1120
01:01:14,680 --> 01:01:16,960
Speaker 1: send Europe to its catastrophe for the sake of a

1121
01:01:17,040 --> 01:01:27,440
Speaker 1: barbarian country unworthy of ranking among civilized nations. Damn, Wow, wow,

1122
01:01:27,640 --> 01:01:32,360
Speaker 1: insult to injury, Jesus curing and it's this, it's this get,

1123
01:01:32,440 --> 01:01:34,600
Speaker 1: it's this bet that a lot of authoritarians around the

1124
01:01:34,640 --> 01:01:39,080
Speaker 1: world have made recently. I can kill however many people

1125
01:01:39,080 --> 01:01:43,240
Speaker 1: I want, because nobody wants to have another war. So

1126
01:01:43,280 --> 01:01:47,080
Speaker 1: who's gonna stop me? Um, It's the authoritarian bet, and

1127
01:01:47,080 --> 01:01:51,760
Speaker 1: they usually win. So during the invasion, despite the fact

1128
01:01:51,800 --> 01:01:54,800
Speaker 1: that it was banned by international law, Italy dropped poison

1129
01:01:54,880 --> 01:01:59,360
Speaker 1: gas on Ethiopian soldiers and civilians. Whole villages were obliterated

1130
01:01:59,360 --> 01:02:02,160
Speaker 1: with chemical happens to clear the way for the Italian advance.

1131
01:02:02,760 --> 01:02:05,720
Speaker 1: One woman, yet a Mingu, passed on her experience of

1132
01:02:05,720 --> 01:02:09,240
Speaker 1: surviving one of these bombings to her granddaughter, quote, the

1133
01:02:09,280 --> 01:02:11,600
Speaker 1: town had emptied of people, and then one day, finally

1134
01:02:11,680 --> 01:02:14,680
Speaker 1: an answer. Six specs in the sky, specks moving faster

1135
01:02:14,760 --> 01:02:17,440
Speaker 1: and faster and straighter than any bird, growing bigger and bigger,

1136
01:02:17,480 --> 01:02:21,320
Speaker 1: until she could hear the roar. The streets ran with women, children, clergy,

1137
01:02:21,320 --> 01:02:24,040
Speaker 1: the infirm. As the thundering drew near, they threw themselves

1138
01:02:24,080 --> 01:02:27,640
Speaker 1: into ditches, huddled against walls behind trees. A dark rain

1139
01:02:27,760 --> 01:02:30,000
Speaker 1: fell from them, a hail of metal that exploded with

1140
01:02:30,040 --> 01:02:32,360
Speaker 1: a terrible noise as had hit the ground. How many

1141
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:36,160
Speaker 1: huts caught fire, and the women and children inside them

1142
01:02:36,200 --> 01:02:38,720
Speaker 1: now aerial bombing was a primitive science at this point.

1143
01:02:39,040 --> 01:02:42,160
Speaker 1: Italian strategy was to fill up giant barrels with poison,

1144
01:02:42,200 --> 01:02:44,760
Speaker 1: which would airess alize upon breaking open on the ground

1145
01:02:44,760 --> 01:02:49,120
Speaker 1: and contact. One Ethiopian officer at the time recalled, a

1146
01:02:49,120 --> 01:02:51,439
Speaker 1: few hundred of my men were hit, their feet, their hands,

1147
01:02:51,480 --> 01:02:54,000
Speaker 1: their faces were covered with blisters. I did not know

1148
01:02:54,080 --> 01:02:57,680
Speaker 1: how to fight this rain that burned and killed. Despite

1149
01:02:57,720 --> 01:03:00,160
Speaker 1: the fact that Ethiopia was functionally unable to is this

1150
01:03:00,320 --> 01:03:04,200
Speaker 1: the Italian army in any comprehensive way. Mussolini declared total

1151
01:03:04,240 --> 01:03:07,080
Speaker 1: war upon them. Gas was not just used on soldiers

1152
01:03:07,120 --> 01:03:11,600
Speaker 1: or even civilian populations, but on pasture, cattles, lakes, and rivers.

1153
01:03:11,640 --> 01:03:14,520
Speaker 1: They poison gas rivers in order to deny people food.

1154
01:03:15,160 --> 01:03:17,280
Speaker 1: The ability of the country to support its people was

1155
01:03:17,560 --> 01:03:21,040
Speaker 1: systematically gasped by the Italian air Force. At least three

1156
01:03:21,120 --> 01:03:24,280
Speaker 1: hundred and eighty two thousand Ethiopians were massacred during eight

1157
01:03:24,320 --> 01:03:26,160
Speaker 1: months of war, and the high count you'll here is

1158
01:03:26,160 --> 01:03:30,920
Speaker 1: more like seven and fifty thousand. Jesus, because a lot

1159
01:03:30,960 --> 01:03:33,400
Speaker 1: of these people die a year or two later from starvation,

1160
01:03:33,480 --> 01:03:39,600
Speaker 1: you know, yeah, wow, uh wow wow. Yeah. And that's

1161
01:03:39,640 --> 01:03:41,920
Speaker 1: not the end of it, because though they were defeated

1162
01:03:41,960 --> 01:03:45,480
Speaker 1: by nineteen thirty six, Ethiopia continued to resist. There were

1163
01:03:45,520 --> 01:03:48,680
Speaker 1: guerilla bands that were insurgent strikes on convoys, and women

1164
01:03:48,720 --> 01:03:51,480
Speaker 1: again played a major role in fighting the Fascist occupier.

1165
01:03:51,840 --> 01:03:55,960
Speaker 1: From historian Bahuswetti quote, not only were their Ethiopian women warriors,

1166
01:03:56,000 --> 01:03:57,880
Speaker 1: but they played a major role in the very strong

1167
01:03:57,960 --> 01:04:01,320
Speaker 1: resistance movement after the Italians took over government. By reason

1168
01:04:01,320 --> 01:04:03,680
Speaker 1: of their capacity to arouse less suspicion, they played a

1169
01:04:03,680 --> 01:04:07,560
Speaker 1: predominant role inside the enemy's organizational network, passing on crucial

1170
01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:12,360
Speaker 1: information about enemy strength, troop movements, and planned operations. Now,

1171
01:04:13,040 --> 01:04:16,120
Speaker 1: once they were in command, Mussolini appointed a colonial dictator,

1172
01:04:16,240 --> 01:04:20,800
Speaker 1: a fellow named Graziana, to rule Italy's new possessions. Graziani

1173
01:04:20,880 --> 01:04:25,040
Speaker 1: something like that, Grazia Graziani, that spisy mete the bald

1174
01:04:25,040 --> 01:04:29,480
Speaker 1: man whatever, and Italians um. In February of seven, a

1175
01:04:29,520 --> 01:04:33,640
Speaker 1: resistance cell carried out an assassination attempt on Graziani. The

1176
01:04:33,720 --> 01:04:36,680
Speaker 1: Fascist retribution was horrific, and I'm going to quote from

1177
01:04:36,680 --> 01:04:39,440
Speaker 1: a write up in The Economist here led by the

1178
01:04:39,480 --> 01:04:44,040
Speaker 1: local black shirts, Mussolini's paramilitaries officially granted carte blanche regular

1179
01:04:44,080 --> 01:04:46,960
Speaker 1: soldiers carabinieri, which are like their elite, and perhaps more

1180
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:49,800
Speaker 1: than half of Adisa Baba's Italian civilians took part in

1181
01:04:49,840 --> 01:04:54,320
Speaker 1: this ghoulish massacre. Witnesses reported crushed babies, disemboweled pregnant women,

1182
01:04:54,320 --> 01:04:57,640
Speaker 1: and the burning of entire families. Mr. Campbell, who's the

1183
01:04:57,680 --> 01:05:02,200
Speaker 1: historian who studies this particular active massacre, argues that this

1184
01:05:02,280 --> 01:05:05,240
Speaker 1: was a methodical effort to wipe out Ethiopian resistance to

1185
01:05:05,280 --> 01:05:08,320
Speaker 1: Italian rule, more like later Nazi war crimes than early

1186
01:05:08,360 --> 01:05:12,120
Speaker 1: colonial massacres. He charges both Graziani and the local Fascist

1187
01:05:12,160 --> 01:05:16,360
Speaker 1: party leader Guido Cortesi with personal responsibility the unconscious. When

1188
01:05:16,360 --> 01:05:20,120
Speaker 1: the killing began, Graziani took control of the subsequent reprisal executions,

1189
01:05:20,120 --> 01:05:24,360
Speaker 1: aimed in particular at eliminating the Ethiopian nobility and intelligencia.

1190
01:05:24,560 --> 01:05:27,640
Speaker 1: Between twenty and thirty thousand civilians were massacred in a

1191
01:05:27,680 --> 01:05:31,480
Speaker 1: matter of days. Graziani was never prosecuted for his crimes

1192
01:05:31,520 --> 01:05:35,520
Speaker 1: after the war ended. Um Yeah, and one of the

1193
01:05:35,600 --> 01:05:39,200
Speaker 1: long term consequences this is they massacre all of or

1194
01:05:39,240 --> 01:05:42,120
Speaker 1: not all, but most of the Ethiopians who know how

1195
01:05:42,120 --> 01:05:43,960
Speaker 1: to run a government who know how to do like

1196
01:05:43,960 --> 01:05:47,520
Speaker 1: the like the functional thing you're like, people wonder like

1197
01:05:47,560 --> 01:05:50,240
Speaker 1: why was Ethio white, like all that starvation and ship

1198
01:05:50,320 --> 01:05:52,200
Speaker 1: that was had, Like you know, the latter part of

1199
01:05:52,200 --> 01:05:55,080
Speaker 1: the twentieth century, there were a lot of calamities ethiop Well,

1200
01:05:55,520 --> 01:05:57,040
Speaker 1: some of it goes back to the fact that all

1201
01:05:57,080 --> 01:05:58,680
Speaker 1: of the people who knew how to run a country

1202
01:05:58,880 --> 01:06:01,240
Speaker 1: get fucking massacred by the Italians, and that makes it

1203
01:06:01,280 --> 01:06:04,280
Speaker 1: hard to have a country afterworks Jesus, I'm trying to

1204
01:06:04,640 --> 01:06:10,240
Speaker 1: It's obviously impossible to imagine this because I don't think

1205
01:06:10,240 --> 01:06:12,360
Speaker 1: the human brain can eve. I forget what the limit is,

1206
01:06:12,360 --> 01:06:15,000
Speaker 1: but after so many numbers, you can't conceive of it

1207
01:06:15,120 --> 01:06:18,560
Speaker 1: in your mind, right, But twenty people in a couple

1208
01:06:18,560 --> 01:06:23,200
Speaker 1: of days just got my hometown blowing up with people

1209
01:06:23,960 --> 01:06:31,760
Speaker 1: and the whole town just dead in like three days.

1210
01:06:32,480 --> 01:06:37,320
Speaker 1: Who Yeah, the architect of this um is not prosecuted

1211
01:06:37,360 --> 01:06:40,480
Speaker 1: for anything he does in Ethiopia. He was briefly imprisoned

1212
01:06:40,480 --> 01:06:42,880
Speaker 1: for working with the Nazis after the war, but the

1213
01:06:42,880 --> 01:06:46,200
Speaker 1: British didn't want to prosecute him for killing thirty people

1214
01:06:46,640 --> 01:06:50,280
Speaker 1: because if they prosecuted him from murdering colonial subjects that

1215
01:06:50,280 --> 01:06:52,720
Speaker 1: would have said a brad precedent, because the British did

1216
01:06:52,720 --> 01:06:55,560
Speaker 1: that ship too. We can't prosecute this guy. He did

1217
01:06:55,560 --> 01:06:59,160
Speaker 1: the same ship we do. You know, Please, God, of

1218
01:06:59,360 --> 01:07:02,640
Speaker 1: your mass murders. I promise your society will be okay

1219
01:07:02,760 --> 01:07:07,280
Speaker 1: without and probably more importantly, other people's societies will also

1220
01:07:07,440 --> 01:07:10,000
Speaker 1: be okay without them. There's a couple of benefits, a

1221
01:07:10,000 --> 01:07:12,560
Speaker 1: couple of benefits of getting read of your mass murders,

1222
01:07:12,600 --> 01:07:15,960
Speaker 1: you might say, God, damn. The only good news, if

1223
01:07:15,960 --> 01:07:18,600
Speaker 1: there can be good news in a story like this,

1224
01:07:18,800 --> 01:07:21,680
Speaker 1: is that Ethiopia played a major role in changing the

1225
01:07:21,720 --> 01:07:26,160
Speaker 1: Western world's mind about fascist Italy before the invasion. Mussolini

1226
01:07:26,280 --> 01:07:28,560
Speaker 1: was like a celebrity. He was seen as an economic

1227
01:07:28,640 --> 01:07:31,080
Speaker 1: miracle worker, which is not true. The Italian economy was

1228
01:07:31,080 --> 01:07:33,919
Speaker 1: a disaster, and that's part of like like in heart.

1229
01:07:33,960 --> 01:07:36,080
Speaker 1: But they were able to lie right like their fascists

1230
01:07:36,120 --> 01:07:39,480
Speaker 1: they get we just wanted to do something similar here. Yeah,

1231
01:07:39,880 --> 01:07:42,720
Speaker 1: um so. But he was very popular. There were a

1232
01:07:42,760 --> 01:07:44,200
Speaker 1: lot of Americans are like, that's what we need is

1233
01:07:44,240 --> 01:07:46,480
Speaker 1: a guy like Mussolini. He could whip this country into shape,

1234
01:07:46,680 --> 01:07:48,760
Speaker 1: you know, deal with these lay about socialists, all that

1235
01:07:48,840 --> 01:07:51,520
Speaker 1: kind of ship and people loved Mussolini. He was extremely popular,

1236
01:07:51,640 --> 01:07:58,960
Speaker 1: especially in the United States. That's great. That's how all Americans,

1237
01:07:59,040 --> 01:08:01,080
Speaker 1: that's how we that's how we talked in the nineteen thirties.

1238
01:08:01,640 --> 01:08:03,120
Speaker 1: This is the voice. This is the only way white

1239
01:08:03,120 --> 01:08:13,640
Speaker 1: people's sounded. Um. So Mussolini celebrity in the United States

1240
01:08:13,680 --> 01:08:15,520
Speaker 1: and like the late twenties and thirties, and he's part

1241
01:08:15,520 --> 01:08:17,840
Speaker 1: of why a lot of Americans were fascism curious in

1242
01:08:17,880 --> 01:08:20,040
Speaker 1: the early thirties because Musolini seem to be so good

1243
01:08:20,040 --> 01:08:21,320
Speaker 1: at what he was doing. Why don't we try that?

1244
01:08:21,520 --> 01:08:25,160
Speaker 1: We just need our Mussolini. Um. Italy's massacre in Addis

1245
01:08:25,240 --> 01:08:27,920
Speaker 1: Ababa carried out, which was, you know, the story of

1246
01:08:27,920 --> 01:08:31,040
Speaker 1: this massacre was carried over the wire by courageous journalists

1247
01:08:31,040 --> 01:08:34,200
Speaker 1: on the ground and broadcast put throughout through a newspaper

1248
01:08:34,200 --> 01:08:37,760
Speaker 1: owned by a former suffragette, Sylvia Pankhurst Um And as

1249
01:08:37,800 --> 01:08:41,320
Speaker 1: a result of outrage over the killings, Time magazine declared

1250
01:08:41,360 --> 01:08:44,000
Speaker 1: highly Selassie their Man of the Year in nineteen thirties.

1251
01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:48,240
Speaker 1: Six previously, Time had swooned over Mussolini. So Time Magazine

1252
01:08:48,439 --> 01:08:51,120
Speaker 1: big fans of Mussolini. They get horrified by this massacre.

1253
01:08:51,160 --> 01:08:53,240
Speaker 1: They make highly Selassie Man of the Year in thirty six,

1254
01:08:53,280 --> 01:08:56,600
Speaker 1: right because speech after his country fall. Then immediately I

1255
01:08:56,680 --> 01:09:02,479
Speaker 1: was like yeah, I mean yeah, yeah. But it's also

1256
01:09:02,520 --> 01:09:05,200
Speaker 1: worth it that following the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the

1257
01:09:05,280 --> 01:09:07,880
Speaker 1: far right foreign editor of Time magazine, who had been

1258
01:09:07,920 --> 01:09:10,400
Speaker 1: such a fan of Mussolini is fired. He gets forced

1259
01:09:10,439 --> 01:09:13,679
Speaker 1: out of the magazine. Um, and he actually was. He doesn't,

1260
01:09:13,720 --> 01:09:15,720
Speaker 1: he gives the fire. He leaves because he loses a

1261
01:09:15,760 --> 01:09:21,080
Speaker 1: fight to nominate Mussolini for a Nobel Peace Price. Um, sir, yeah,

1262
01:09:21,160 --> 01:09:26,600
Speaker 1: I know, real douche bag. What the hell you know,

1263
01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:29,000
Speaker 1: who deserves the Nobel Peace Price? This man who killed

1264
01:09:29,000 --> 01:09:31,559
Speaker 1: that a thousand people. Nothing's more peaceful than the dead.

1265
01:09:35,439 --> 01:09:38,400
Speaker 1: Make better choices, is all I have to say to that.

1266
01:09:38,560 --> 01:09:41,479
Speaker 1: What the I mean in fairness, they did, They made

1267
01:09:41,560 --> 01:09:43,639
Speaker 1: highly Selastine Man of the Year. They got they got

1268
01:09:43,640 --> 01:09:46,639
Speaker 1: their head on straighter. Um. And kind of you can

1269
01:09:46,680 --> 01:09:49,880
Speaker 1: see what happens to Time Magazine after as a result

1270
01:09:49,920 --> 01:09:53,040
Speaker 1: of the invasion is kind of emblematic of more broadly

1271
01:09:53,520 --> 01:09:57,520
Speaker 1: what's happening in American culture. Right. The shift against fascism

1272
01:09:57,520 --> 01:10:00,519
Speaker 1: against fascist Italy is where it starts, because how brutal.

1273
01:10:00,600 --> 01:10:02,640
Speaker 1: This is I'm gonna quote now from a write up

1274
01:10:02,640 --> 01:10:07,360
Speaker 1: by Jacobin Magazine. As James Dugan and Lawrence lafore point

1275
01:10:07,360 --> 01:10:09,960
Speaker 1: out in Days of Emperor and Clown, the old liberal

1276
01:10:09,960 --> 01:10:12,640
Speaker 1: tradition of sympathy for fascism still lingered towards the end

1277
01:10:12,680 --> 01:10:15,040
Speaker 1: of nineteen thirty five, but it had begun to change.

1278
01:10:15,120 --> 01:10:17,240
Speaker 1: In November of that year, the New Republic proposed a

1279
01:10:17,280 --> 01:10:20,040
Speaker 1: more sophisticated explanation of the war, one that showed a

1280
01:10:20,120 --> 01:10:23,120
Speaker 1: much clearer and more hostile understanding of the nature of fascism,

1281
01:10:23,280 --> 01:10:25,760
Speaker 1: and by January of nineteen thirty six it gave great

1282
01:10:25,760 --> 01:10:29,920
Speaker 1: prominence to an article by Salvimini and Maxiscoli excoriating Mussolini.

1283
01:10:30,360 --> 01:10:33,200
Speaker 1: The strange destiny of Ethiopia had begun to realize itself,

1284
01:10:33,240 --> 01:10:36,200
Speaker 1: ad Dugan and Lafour. It was paradoxically creating the Rome

1285
01:10:36,240 --> 01:10:39,320
Speaker 1: Berlin axis, making it terrifying and therefore strong. But it

1286
01:10:39,360 --> 01:10:41,720
Speaker 1: was also commencing the work that would eventually invoke the

1287
01:10:41,760 --> 01:10:45,080
Speaker 1: conscience of the West and bring it into fascism. So

1288
01:10:45,880 --> 01:10:48,479
Speaker 1: Italy wins this battle, but they lose the war in

1289
01:10:48,560 --> 01:10:52,720
Speaker 1: part because this starts galvanizing people against fascism. This is

1290
01:10:52,760 --> 01:10:58,559
Speaker 1: really the first mass scale fascist crime against humanity. People.

1291
01:10:58,600 --> 01:11:00,560
Speaker 1: We've already said I was saying here about people. So

1292
01:11:00,560 --> 01:11:02,920
Speaker 1: it was it just the numbers that were horrifying, Like

1293
01:11:02,960 --> 01:11:05,320
Speaker 1: that's just what. Yeah, it was the numbers, and it

1294
01:11:05,400 --> 01:11:08,519
Speaker 1: was the you know, even a lot of racists they

1295
01:11:08,560 --> 01:11:11,160
Speaker 1: might not want they might be pro segregation, but there's

1296
01:11:11,200 --> 01:11:13,559
Speaker 1: a line between being pro segregation and wanting to see

1297
01:11:13,600 --> 01:11:17,960
Speaker 1: babies beaten to death in the street, right like, and

1298
01:11:18,080 --> 01:11:20,600
Speaker 1: not be cool with mass murder. Like, not that that

1299
01:11:20,680 --> 01:11:22,840
Speaker 1: exonerates like, but I think a lot of Americans who

1300
01:11:22,840 --> 01:11:25,760
Speaker 1: were still pretty racist were like, oh, fuck, that's too far.

1301
01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:29,360
Speaker 1: You know, that's okay, Yeah, weld not be ripping babies

1302
01:11:29,520 --> 01:11:35,519
Speaker 1: from pregnant mothers. That's yeah, freaking weird. Yeah, oh my goodness. Yeah.

1303
01:11:36,040 --> 01:11:41,040
Speaker 1: Um and now of course, um yeah. I should note

1304
01:11:41,080 --> 01:11:44,120
Speaker 1: that once the war actually got going and Italian atrocities

1305
01:11:44,160 --> 01:11:46,680
Speaker 1: the poison gassing of civilians was obvious to everyone, the

1306
01:11:46,800 --> 01:11:49,960
Speaker 1: USSR and the rest of the international community registered token

1307
01:11:50,000 --> 01:11:53,720
Speaker 1: complaints about the violence. They stopped dealing with Italy after this.

1308
01:11:53,840 --> 01:11:56,720
Speaker 1: The Soviets do most of all. The Italian invasion of

1309
01:11:56,760 --> 01:11:59,799
Speaker 1: Ethiopias spells the final end of the League of Nations.

1310
01:12:00,240 --> 01:12:03,200
Speaker 1: What Italy did was so blatant, and the uselessness of

1311
01:12:03,240 --> 01:12:05,800
Speaker 1: the body to stop it was so apparent that no

1312
01:12:05,840 --> 01:12:08,519
Speaker 1: one could take the League seriously anymore. This is what

1313
01:12:08,680 --> 01:12:11,360
Speaker 1: kills the League of Nations. Is Ethiopia really more than

1314
01:12:11,400 --> 01:12:14,479
Speaker 1: any other single factor? How could we trust you after

1315
01:12:14,560 --> 01:12:17,320
Speaker 1: that ship? Yeah? Of course, Like what is your what

1316
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:19,719
Speaker 1: are you even doing if you can't stop this ship?

1317
01:12:20,320 --> 01:12:25,760
Speaker 1: Your members? Yeah? Yeah for a member nation. UM. One

1318
01:12:25,840 --> 01:12:28,800
Speaker 1: cartoon in Punch magazine which kind of visualized Brittain and

1319
01:12:28,880 --> 01:12:31,840
Speaker 1: France as characters in a musical singing to Mussolini read,

1320
01:12:32,439 --> 01:12:34,680
Speaker 1: we don't want you to fight, but by Jingo, if

1321
01:12:34,720 --> 01:12:37,439
Speaker 1: you do, we will probably issue a joint member random

1322
01:12:37,520 --> 01:12:41,960
Speaker 1: suggesting a mild disapproval of you. Not to catchiest song,

1323
01:12:42,080 --> 01:12:47,439
Speaker 1: but it's right. Yeah. In nineteen sixties six, historian A. J. P.

1324
01:12:47,640 --> 01:12:51,200
Speaker 1: Taylor wrote, the League died in nineteen thirty five. One

1325
01:12:51,280 --> 01:12:53,720
Speaker 1: day it was a powerful body imposing sanctions. The next

1326
01:12:53,800 --> 01:12:56,360
Speaker 1: day it was a useless fraud. Everybody running away from

1327
01:12:56,400 --> 01:13:01,040
Speaker 1: it as quickly as possible. Hitler watched. Eleven years later,

1328
01:13:01,160 --> 01:13:05,200
Speaker 1: historian A. P. Adam Thwaite added, Manchuria demonstrated that the

1329
01:13:05,280 --> 01:13:07,720
Speaker 1: League was toothless. However, the blow to the League was

1330
01:13:07,760 --> 01:13:09,920
Speaker 1: not a mortal one, and the decisive test came two

1331
01:13:09,960 --> 01:13:13,759
Speaker 1: years later in the Abyssinian Crisis. The Abyssinian Crisis delivered

1332
01:13:13,760 --> 01:13:16,000
Speaker 1: a death blow to the League. It was already weakened

1333
01:13:16,040 --> 01:13:18,240
Speaker 1: by the departure of Japan in March nineteen thirty three

1334
01:13:18,240 --> 01:13:21,400
Speaker 1: and Germany in October. Italy left in nineteen thirty seven.

1335
01:13:21,600 --> 01:13:24,320
Speaker 1: While Britain and France were distracted, Hitler made his first

1336
01:13:24,360 --> 01:13:27,800
Speaker 1: major territorial move, sending a force of men into the

1337
01:13:27,800 --> 01:13:33,479
Speaker 1: demilitarized Rhineland. Dictators are watching, they test the waters. They

1338
01:13:33,520 --> 01:13:35,400
Speaker 1: know you don't want war. They know they can get

1339
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:37,280
Speaker 1: away with a bunch, and if they get away with enough,

1340
01:13:37,280 --> 01:13:41,160
Speaker 1: they'll get away with everything. That's why they keep pushing. UM.

1341
01:13:41,200 --> 01:13:44,519
Speaker 1: That's the story that keeps getting repeated throughout history. It's

1342
01:13:44,520 --> 01:13:46,599
Speaker 1: the thing that people don't ever learn from or deal

1343
01:13:46,600 --> 01:13:50,559
Speaker 1: with effectively. UM. It just keeps happening over and over

1344
01:13:50,600 --> 01:13:52,800
Speaker 1: and over again. And it happened. You know, you could

1345
01:13:52,840 --> 01:13:56,200
Speaker 1: draw directly and it's not just you know, Hitler is

1346
01:13:56,240 --> 01:13:59,160
Speaker 1: looking at the League's failure with Ethiopian by the way

1347
01:13:59,160 --> 01:14:01,880
Speaker 1: Abyssinia is with the Europeans called Ethiopia during this period.

1348
01:14:01,920 --> 01:14:07,960
Speaker 1: I call it Ethiopia because that's the term. Yeah. Um,

1349
01:14:08,000 --> 01:14:12,360
Speaker 1: But there's there's other dimensions of this. Right. So Hitler's watching,

1350
01:14:12,360 --> 01:14:15,120
Speaker 1: Oh they didn't you know. Mussolini watches, Oh, the Japanese

1351
01:14:15,160 --> 01:14:16,640
Speaker 1: took me in Cherry and nobody stopped them. I'm going

1352
01:14:16,680 --> 01:14:19,040
Speaker 1: to take Ethiopia. Hitler watches that and he's like, Okay,

1353
01:14:19,080 --> 01:14:20,840
Speaker 1: well I'm gonna go take the fucking Rhineland. And like

1354
01:14:20,960 --> 01:14:23,240
Speaker 1: everything that happens in World War two, a lot of

1355
01:14:23,280 --> 01:14:26,040
Speaker 1: it comes out of that. Um. And you could draw

1356
01:14:26,360 --> 01:14:31,519
Speaker 1: in a similar way, um, the the Armenian genocide which

1357
01:14:31,520 --> 01:14:34,639
Speaker 1: takes place during World War One, which is the Turkish

1358
01:14:34,640 --> 01:14:38,799
Speaker 1: golferent massacring about a million Armenians. Um. The international community

1359
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:42,280
Speaker 1: does nothing about it. And when Hitler was talking with

1360
01:14:42,320 --> 01:14:45,120
Speaker 1: his guys, with his other leaders of Germany about what

1361
01:14:45,120 --> 01:14:47,240
Speaker 1: they were going to do the Jewish population, there was

1362
01:14:47,240 --> 01:14:48,719
Speaker 1: a lot of worry that like, well, if we actually

1363
01:14:48,760 --> 01:14:50,800
Speaker 1: go all the way with this genocide thing, like that's

1364
01:14:50,800 --> 01:14:52,320
Speaker 1: gonna be a problem. People are going to try to

1365
01:14:52,320 --> 01:14:54,479
Speaker 1: stop us, Like they're not gonna let us do this.

1366
01:14:54,479 --> 01:14:56,839
Speaker 1: This is going to make because an issue and Hitler's

1367
01:14:56,880 --> 01:15:00,320
Speaker 1: response to that was, who now remembers the Armenians. You

1368
01:15:00,320 --> 01:15:02,479
Speaker 1: don't even want talking about Armenia. Nobody gives a ship.

1369
01:15:02,600 --> 01:15:04,160
Speaker 1: I can kill whoever the funk I want. They're not

1370
01:15:04,160 --> 01:15:08,320
Speaker 1: going to do anything. They don't want another war. Well, uh,

1371
01:15:08,360 --> 01:15:14,120
Speaker 1: he wasn't wrong until he was. Eventually, he was eventually,

1372
01:15:14,120 --> 01:15:16,640
Speaker 1: but it was it was probably still was not so

1373
01:15:16,760 --> 01:15:20,160
Speaker 1: much about the murderer and death. You know, it wasn't

1374
01:15:20,160 --> 01:15:22,800
Speaker 1: so much about who was being murdered. But you know,

1375
01:15:22,840 --> 01:15:26,120
Speaker 1: you're sucking up traditional lines of things, and people didn't

1376
01:15:26,160 --> 01:15:28,880
Speaker 1: like that. Like, yeah, if Hitler had stuck to just

1377
01:15:29,000 --> 01:15:31,720
Speaker 1: murdering all of the Jews in Germany, he probably would

1378
01:15:31,760 --> 01:15:33,680
Speaker 1: have been able to do it. But we don't know

1379
01:15:33,720 --> 01:15:36,240
Speaker 1: what's going on in Germany. That's crazy the Germans. So

1380
01:15:36,320 --> 01:15:44,120
Speaker 1: you can manage him. We're over here in Britain. We're fine. War, no, sir, Yeah, no, no,

1381
01:15:44,160 --> 01:15:48,519
Speaker 1: not at all. Oh my gosh, humanity is it is

1382
01:15:48,520 --> 01:15:54,080
Speaker 1: a disease unto itself, and it's it's also bad. It's

1383
01:15:54,120 --> 01:15:56,280
Speaker 1: a real dilly of a pickle. Oh it's come here.

1384
01:15:56,280 --> 01:15:59,000
Speaker 1: And I tried to understand the pickle we're in and

1385
01:15:59,120 --> 01:16:02,080
Speaker 1: just end up more miss if I more troubled by

1386
01:16:02,120 --> 01:16:05,680
Speaker 1: it all. That's that's what learning history teaches you. It's

1387
01:16:05,720 --> 01:16:08,000
Speaker 1: kind of like the lesson of like, the only person

1388
01:16:08,040 --> 01:16:11,559
Speaker 1: who wasn't racist too highly Selassie was Mussolini. What does

1389
01:16:11,600 --> 01:16:13,640
Speaker 1: that teach us? I don't fucking know. It's just a

1390
01:16:13,760 --> 01:16:23,519
Speaker 1: thing that happened. Judan's archaeotic and awful beings. Chaotic and awful. Yeah, yep,

1391
01:16:23,680 --> 01:16:27,920
Speaker 1: ship just happens anyway, we disturbed. Here's some ship that happened.

1392
01:16:28,479 --> 01:16:30,679
Speaker 1: That was the story today. Joel, you got any pluggable

1393
01:16:30,680 --> 01:16:32,760
Speaker 1: as you want to plug? Oh man, you guys, you

1394
01:16:32,840 --> 01:16:35,240
Speaker 1: make your pay me all over the internet. Actual Monique,

1395
01:16:35,240 --> 01:16:37,720
Speaker 1: it's j O E L E M O N I

1396
01:16:37,880 --> 01:16:42,519
Speaker 1: q U e UM. I'm pretty sure there is a

1397
01:16:42,680 --> 01:16:47,280
Speaker 1: hun Day video out where myself, Zach Brafft, Donald phase

1398
01:16:47,360 --> 01:16:50,439
Speaker 1: on uh DJ Dannel who I know this fan base

1399
01:16:50,640 --> 01:16:54,479
Speaker 1: is prominently aware of. Uh. We're in a Hunday and

1400
01:16:54,680 --> 01:16:57,080
Speaker 1: we get a tour of l A with Zack and Donald.

1401
01:16:57,200 --> 01:17:01,400
Speaker 1: It is stupid, funny, ridic u list. We reenact a

1402
01:17:01,479 --> 01:17:04,360
Speaker 1: scene from Clueless, which was obviously my favorite part. And

1403
01:17:04,600 --> 01:17:07,559
Speaker 1: if you would enjoy watching such things, you can do that.

1404
01:17:07,840 --> 01:17:09,640
Speaker 1: I believe it's gonna be on Zack's YouTube page, but

1405
01:17:09,680 --> 01:17:19,840
Speaker 1: I'll definitely have a link posted by now, so try that. Yeah. Um, alright, well,

1406
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:22,400
Speaker 1: I'm Robert Evans. I have a book, After the Revolution.

1407
01:17:22,439 --> 01:17:24,679
Speaker 1: It's a novel. You can find it in podcast form

1408
01:17:24,720 --> 01:17:27,640
Speaker 1: if you want to listen to the audio presentation of

1409
01:17:27,640 --> 01:17:30,240
Speaker 1: it at After the Revolution wherever you find podcasts. There's

1410
01:17:30,280 --> 01:17:32,479
Speaker 1: also the text of the book uploaded as e pubs

1411
01:17:32,520 --> 01:17:36,360
Speaker 1: to a t r book dot com. So check out

1412
01:17:36,400 --> 01:17:38,400
Speaker 1: a t r book dot com, check out the reddit

1413
01:17:38,439 --> 01:17:42,759
Speaker 1: at r slash after the Revolution and listen to the podcast. Um,

1414
01:17:42,800 --> 01:17:48,040
Speaker 1: and you know, um fuck Italy. Sure, I'll go on

1415
01:17:48,360 --> 01:17:53,519
Speaker 1: a funk Italy with you. Funk everybody really funk like everybody. Yeah,

1416
01:17:53,560 --> 01:17:56,960
Speaker 1: I'm just kind of fun everybody, Okay, that message of

1417
01:17:57,000 --> 01:18:01,599
Speaker 1: the story fun everybody except for Joe Lewis. Okay, Yeah,

1418
01:18:01,640 --> 01:18:05,160
Speaker 1: I'm Louis. You're fine. You're fine. I didn't say anything

1419
01:18:05,200 --> 01:18:06,680
Speaker 1: about you, or you don't want to start ship with

1420
01:18:06,760 --> 01:18:07,320
Speaker 1: Joe Louis