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Speaker 1: Hey, Daniel. So we did an episode about teleportation, whether

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Speaker 1: it's possible to go from one point in space to

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Speaker 1: another point in space instantly, that's right, without actually moving

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Speaker 1: through space. And the episode was very popular, but we

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Speaker 1: got a ton of comments on Twitter and the Facebook's

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Speaker 1: about something we may have missed. That's right. A lot

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Speaker 1: of people commented that we didn't talk about one possible way,

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Speaker 1: one important possible way to move to another part of

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Speaker 1: the universe very rapidly. Yeah, like there's a loophole in

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Speaker 1: the laws of the universe. Perhaps I don't think this

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Speaker 1: counts as a loophole. I don't think it counts as teleportation,

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Speaker 1: but we'll dig into it. Him and I'm Daniel. Welcome

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Speaker 1: to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explain the Universe, in

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Speaker 1: which a physicist and a cartoonist try to take the

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Speaker 1: universe apart, break it into pieces you can understand, and

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Speaker 1: download them one at a time into your brain. Today

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Speaker 1: on the episode, we're going to talk about possible loophole

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Speaker 1: in the laws of physics worm more molds. A lot

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Speaker 1: of people commented when we talked about teleportation that wormholes

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Speaker 1: might be another way to get from one place in

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Speaker 1: space to another place in space without actually moving through space.

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Speaker 1: And I'm going to take issue with that that. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: wormholes might let you move um rapidly from one place

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Speaker 1: in space to another, but it's not technically teleportation. But

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Speaker 1: we'll dig into that in a moment. So, yeah, wormholes,

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Speaker 1: they're they're kind of the basis of one of my

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Speaker 1: favorite movie sci fi movies, which is Okay, good Contact interest,

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Speaker 1: Why is Contact your favorite movie? It's one of my

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Speaker 1: favorite movies just it's such a great, well me made movie.

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Speaker 1: The storyline is is great, and it's just kind of

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Speaker 1: this great character portrait of Jodie Foster's character kind of

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Speaker 1: searching for answers out there in the universe. Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: also one of my favorite movies because it touches on

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Speaker 1: a bunch of really interesting themes. First of all, of course,

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Speaker 1: it's fascinating to have to potentially get a message from

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Speaker 1: outer space that's like everybody's dream, right. But the other

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Speaker 1: thing I really like about that movie is that it

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Speaker 1: shows the process that a lot of the excitement of

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Speaker 1: the plot is in unraveling the message. Right. You don't

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Speaker 1: just get the message and boom you understand it. It's

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Speaker 1: like in English, and it makes perfect sense. It's a

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Speaker 1: puzzle and they have to figure it out and think

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Speaker 1: about it, and then it clicks into place and all

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Speaker 1: of a sudden, this gibberish turns into into physics and math.

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Speaker 1: And to me, that was really exciting to see that

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Speaker 1: process played out. Yeah, and I liked how you Know

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Speaker 1: is based on a book written by Carl Sagan. Do

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Speaker 1: of that, yes, Yeah, And so he really thought about

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Speaker 1: the whole process of like, if we had to build

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Speaker 1: this giant machine from a message from aliens, have would

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Speaker 1: that happen? You know, what sort of international cooperations or

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Speaker 1: organizations and how how would the engineering be done? And

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Speaker 1: he really thought through all these kind of interesting political details. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: I think Carl Sagon probably spent a lot of time

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Speaker 1: thinking about how to talk to aliens and how to

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Speaker 1: respond if they talk to us, and all sorts of stuff.

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Speaker 1: I bet that dude smoked a lot of banana peals

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Speaker 1: and had a lot of deep thoughts on the topic.

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Speaker 1: Ate a lot of banana, right, probably ate a lot

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Speaker 1: of bananas as well. That's why I don't think that

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Speaker 1: puts you in the same frame of mind is smoking

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Speaker 1: the peels. But it's probably helpful. Yeah, but anyways, in

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Speaker 1: that movie, Jodie Foster's character goes to another galaxy through

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Speaker 1: a wormhole. Like that's what. Sorry, I may have spoiled

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Speaker 1: the plot, but they build a machine and it takes

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Speaker 1: her through a wormhole and she travels to another part

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Speaker 1: of the universe with through it. I think it's okay

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Speaker 1: to spoil the plot twenty year old movies at this point,

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Speaker 1: or Hey, you don't need to never talk about that movie.

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Speaker 1: I think it's all right. Yeah, um, yeah, they in

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Speaker 1: that movie they have like this intergalactic network. It's like

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Speaker 1: a subway system where you can like zip from one

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Speaker 1: place to the other um in order to get around

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Speaker 1: and and it's a sort of a common trope that's

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Speaker 1: like the thinking of humans as new on the scene

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Speaker 1: and then maybe somebody else in the galaxy has already

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Speaker 1: built this incredible infrastructure. And it's a common way that

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Speaker 1: science fiction writers approached this problem of we're so isolated,

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Speaker 1: we're so far from everybody else. How could we possibly

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Speaker 1: have either an interstellar civilization of just humans or interact

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Speaker 1: with and and live with and develop with and talk

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Speaker 1: to communicate with aliens and other star systems When everything

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Speaker 1: is so dang far apart. Yeah, so warmholes is kind

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Speaker 1: of one way you could do it, at least in

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Speaker 1: science fiction, is have these tunnels through space that connect

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Speaker 1: really far away points. That's right. Typically you do either

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Speaker 1: fasten the light travel or warp speed or wormholes. Right,

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Speaker 1: and so we've covered two of those already, So it's

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Speaker 1: time to dig into wormholes. Try to jump into the hole.

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Speaker 1: It's worm our way into this holy topic. Well, as usually,

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Speaker 1: we were wondering how many of you out there knew

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Speaker 1: what a wormhole was and whether or not they're real,

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Speaker 1: that's right. So I walked around and I asked a

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Speaker 1: bunch of random people, one of whom was my wife,

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Speaker 1: if they knew what wormholes were and if they thought

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Speaker 1: they were a real thing out there in space or

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Speaker 1: just sort of an idea and a head of science

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Speaker 1: fiction authors, So does have you listening think about it

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Speaker 1: for a second. Do you think wormholes are real? And

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Speaker 1: do you know what they are? Here's what people had

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Speaker 1: to say. Um, and the question was if that would

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Speaker 1: be possible. It's a real thing, like it's out there,

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Speaker 1: it's pretty somewhere. I don't think so. No, Yeah, that

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Speaker 1: seems something like I would see like in a scientific

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Speaker 1: or like a sci fi movie. But yeah, I don't.

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Speaker 1: I don't think they're a real thing. I think so,

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Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure, all right, I believe it's a distinct possibility.

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Speaker 1: I don't. I will not say for sure that it

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Speaker 1: is or it isn't, but I do believe the possibility

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Speaker 1: remains open that there is ways to traverse through space. No,

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Speaker 1: why not? I don't know. They just have this sci

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Speaker 1: fi sheen about them. Probably maybe I don't know. I'm

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Speaker 1: a chemical engineer, so it was not really my field,

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Speaker 1: but it's possible. Yeah, in this case, I think a

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Speaker 1: lot of people seem to have heard about wormholes, Like

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Speaker 1: almost nobody has said what what the wormhole um? And

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Speaker 1: a lot of people believe that they exist and and

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Speaker 1: a lot of people believe that scientists will be able

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Speaker 1: to make them. Yeah, a lot of people seem to

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Speaker 1: know them from science fiction. Like it's kind of a

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Speaker 1: well known science fiction idea and used a lot in

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Speaker 1: science fiction. Yeah, it's a common trop um to solve

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Speaker 1: that problem with with your your plot having people spread

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Speaker 1: all over the galaxy. And so it's definitely something we

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Speaker 1: should talk about because it's something that's out there. So

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Speaker 1: I wonder if if that's a thing, like, if you

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Speaker 1: show it enough in science fiction, eventually people will think

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Speaker 1: it's just an engineering problem. I thought you were gonna

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Speaker 1: say something else. If it's an if it appears in

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Speaker 1: science fiction oft enough, does it become real? That would

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Speaker 1: be pretty cool, right if if things that were right

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Speaker 1: into novels eventually turned out to be reality because they

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Speaker 1: were written into novels, that would be a cool sci

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Speaker 1: fi novel right there. Yeah, well, sort of in a way.

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Speaker 1: I mean, it's sort of becomes possible in the minds

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Speaker 1: of people, and so engineers then go like, hey, what

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Speaker 1: what will we need to make this happen? And so

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Speaker 1: then um, yeah, you kind of have to believe that

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Speaker 1: it's possible before you can try to do it, right,

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Speaker 1: That's right. It might seem like a bit of a stretch,

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Speaker 1: but I definitely include science fiction authors in the sort

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Speaker 1: of spectrum of intellectuals who are responsible for creating the future.

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Speaker 1: You know, in my mind, he goes from science fiction

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Speaker 1: authors who do whatever they need to do to get

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Speaker 1: inspired and think of crazy ways that that technology might

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Speaker 1: change our society, to physicists who think is that at

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Speaker 1: all possible, like even technically that could even ever happen,

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Speaker 1: And once physicists sign off on it, then yeah, it

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Speaker 1: gets dumped on the engineers like make it so. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: But science fiction authors also have to know the science right,

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Speaker 1: Like they can't just say like, hey, here, here is

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Speaker 1: a pink unicorn that make helps you travel through space.

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Speaker 1: Oh man, I don't know how much science fiction. I

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Speaker 1: read a lot of science fiction, and a lot of

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Speaker 1: it doesn't sound science at all. I just said they

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Speaker 1: have to read signs, not understand signs. So what is

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Speaker 1: a wormhole? A wormhole is a connection between two parts

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Speaker 1: of space that otherwise seem very distant. Okay, And it's

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Speaker 1: not a teleportation. It's not like I'm here in Los

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Speaker 1: Angeles and I want to go to New York and

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Speaker 1: I disappear from Los Angeles and then I appear in

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Speaker 1: New York. That's teleportation with you, you appear in another

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Speaker 1: place in space without actually moving through space. A wormhole

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Speaker 1: is a very different solution. A wormhole says, can we

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Speaker 1: create a connection between l A and New York? And

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Speaker 1: I'm not talking about elon Musk underground tunnels or anything crazy.

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Speaker 1: I'm saying, can you bring those two parts of space

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Speaker 1: close together. Can you connect them so that you are

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Speaker 1: still moving through space? But that the distance is very short? Right?

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Speaker 1: So what does it mean to connect two points that

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Speaker 1: are distant to each other? Meaning like, I'm here in

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Speaker 1: Pasadena and next to me is another point in space,

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Speaker 1: so I can move to that point in space. But

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Speaker 1: you're saying that my point in space that I'm in

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Speaker 1: right now could also potentially be connected to another point

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Speaker 1: far away from here. That's right, And to understand this

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Speaker 1: you need to relax a little bit your concept of

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Speaker 1: what space is. Right, If you're thinking of space as

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Speaker 1: like emptiness, like the backdrop, the stage on which the

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Speaker 1: theater of the universe takes place, that's an old idea

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Speaker 1: and it makes a lot of sense based on your experience, right,

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Speaker 1: that's what how it seems to work. But that's but

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Speaker 1: we have a more modern idea of space. Now. Space

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Speaker 1: can do all sorts of weird things that that nothingness

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Speaker 1: or emptiness or backdrop can't do, right, and most importantly,

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Speaker 1: space can bend. Space has a shape. Okay, you know

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Speaker 1: this is a very confusing topic for a lot of

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Speaker 1: people to get their minds around, meaning that space is

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Speaker 1: not rigid, you know, like a big empty warehouse that

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Speaker 1: just it's it's there and it's fixed and it's square.

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Speaker 1: You're saying space is more like I think the idea

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Speaker 1: is more like spaces like like the ocean, you know,

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Speaker 1: like it's like like we're swimming in water and this

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Speaker 1: thing can kind of squish and bend and flow and

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Speaker 1: and and push you in different directions. That's right. The

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Speaker 1: ocean is a useful analogy because it tells you that

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Speaker 1: this space can do all sorts of interesting things, and

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Speaker 1: that we're embedded in it. And it's not an emptiness,

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Speaker 1: it's a thing. It's a physical thing with behaviors. Right.

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Speaker 1: And a very common way to think about the bending

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Speaker 1: of space is to think about the bending of space

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Speaker 1: in a higher dimension, and typically people use a two

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Speaker 1: dimensional analogy. Now this analogy is flawed for one very

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Speaker 1: important reason, which I'll tell you after we're done with

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Speaker 1: the analogy, but it is still helpful in thinking about

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Speaker 1: how space can move. So typically people think about space

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Speaker 1: and two to pensions so that then they can then

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Speaker 1: they can think about the bending of space and three dimensions,

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Speaker 1: because it's really hard to think in four dimensions, right,

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Speaker 1: bending of three dimensional space and four dimensions is hard,

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Speaker 1: so let's just start with two. So you imagine your

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Speaker 1: typical notion of two dimensional space might be like a

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Speaker 1: rubber sheet, okay, and then we think about the bending

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Speaker 1: of that spaces that bending in the third dimension, Like

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Speaker 1: you put a heavy ball on the rubber sheet. What

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Speaker 1: happens while the sheet bends right? Where you can imagine

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Speaker 1: twisting a rubber sheet or or folding a rubber sheet over. Right,

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Speaker 1: If you fold a rubber sheet over, then two parts

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Speaker 1: which would be far apart if you moved along the sheet,

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Speaker 1: could be very close to each other in that third dimension, right,

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Speaker 1: Or if you roll it up right, imagine rolling up

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Speaker 1: a two dimensional um sheet of space, then you have

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Speaker 1: like a toilet paper roll or a toilet paper universe

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Speaker 1: in which parts of the sheet are touching other parts

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Speaker 1: of the sheet that are outside or inside on the roll,

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Speaker 1: and then they're actually very close to each other. Oh

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Speaker 1: you mean, like I can walk forward for a long

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Speaker 1: time and I think I'm going straight, but really I'm

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Speaker 1: going around and around this toilet paper. That's right. And

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Speaker 1: a wormhole would be a connection that's not along the paper.

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Speaker 1: It would be a more complex connection to be a

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Speaker 1: connection from one um one roll around to the next roll,

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Speaker 1: or to the to the inner roll, or to the

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Speaker 1: more outer roll. Or if you imagine just a simple

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Speaker 1: simple rubber sheet where you're folding it like a taco,

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Speaker 1: it would be a connection between the two sides of

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Speaker 1: the taco, and you can go the long way around

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Speaker 1: by moving along the sheet. But a wormhole would be

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Speaker 1: a more unusual connection, would be a connection that sort

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Speaker 1: of shortcuts. And space can do these things, right. We

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Speaker 1: know that space is more complicated than just emptiness, and

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Speaker 1: it has a shape, and that shape can be complicated. Right.

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Speaker 1: It can bend, it can stretch, you can wiggle, it

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Speaker 1: can ripple. They could also just have strange connections to it. Right,

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Speaker 1: you can connect two parts of space that are distant

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Speaker 1: along one path, and you can make them very close

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Speaker 1: together on other paths. Right. I thought of a great analogy.

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Speaker 1: You know, how you when you're an how to do

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Speaker 1: with the banana most it's yellow? Um, you know when

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Speaker 1: you're in ikea and you're walking along and you're you know,

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Speaker 1: watching all the furnit turn and stuff, and then suddenly

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Speaker 1: you come upon like a here, here's a shortgut to

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Speaker 1: betting or here's her shortgut to kitchen, and it's like,

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Speaker 1: you're like, what what's going on? It's like the Ikea.

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Speaker 1: It takes you in a path that curves around every

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Speaker 1: every once in a while you can cut through some

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Speaker 1: of these folds of your path. That's sort of like

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Speaker 1: what a worm hall is, right, that's exactly right. And uh,

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Speaker 1: some hot times when I'm in Ikea, I really wish

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Speaker 1: I had a wormhole to just get me out of

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Speaker 1: here immediately and send me home. Oh my god. Well,

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Speaker 1: they really do kind of distort your spacetime in there

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Speaker 1: that you never leave. It's like a casino. There's no

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Speaker 1: outside windows. You can't tell if you've been there for

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Speaker 1: ten minutes or ten hours. It's sort of a nightmare. Now,

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Speaker 1: that's a that's a perfect analogy, um, And it shows

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Speaker 1: you how there can be two paths to get to

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Speaker 1: the same place, right, a long one and a short one.

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Speaker 1: And the thing that's tricky for people to understand is

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Speaker 1: how this space can be bent. And the problem with

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Speaker 1: the analogy we talked about earlier bending of two dimensional

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Speaker 1: space in the third dimension, right, it's that third dimension

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Speaker 1: that helps you get from one place to the other

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Speaker 1: because the bending is in that third dimension. So you

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Speaker 1: have to be able to move in that third dimension

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Speaker 1: or connect space in that third dimension. The problem with

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Speaker 1: that analogy is that we don't think our three dimensional

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Speaker 1: space is embedded in some four dimensional space. Right. The

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Speaker 1: bending of space is not in some other higher fourth dimension.

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Speaker 1: It's intrinsic, okay, rather than extrinsic. It's intrinsic. It's the

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Speaker 1: relationship between points in space. It's not that the space

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Speaker 1: itself is embedded in some four dimensional space that's twisting

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Speaker 1: it like a three D rubber sheet. Right. It's all

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Speaker 1: about the relationship between points in space. Right. But I

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Speaker 1: guess the weird thing is to think about these forks

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Speaker 1: in the road, right, like an I key, I'm walking around,

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Speaker 1: walking forward, and suddenly I have two options. I can

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Speaker 1: keep going on the loopy path, or I can take

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Speaker 1: the shortcut to the next loop. Right, that's right? And

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Speaker 1: so what does it mean to connect something in space

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Speaker 1: for us? You know? Like, does that mean that I

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Speaker 1: can either move to the side of myself or I

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Speaker 1: can move a bazillion light years away if I move

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Speaker 1: in a special direction. What does that mean to have

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Speaker 1: two points connected? That are actually far away. It just

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Speaker 1: means that there's two different paths with two different lengths

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Speaker 1: to the same place. Right when you say that other

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Speaker 1: point is a Brazilian light year was away, Yeah, it's

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Speaker 1: a bazilion light years the way if you move through

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Speaker 1: flat space, right, if you sort of like point yourself

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Speaker 1: in that direction and go right. But um, there can

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Speaker 1: be another path that's shorter. Right, But how do I

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Speaker 1: choose those paths? Like, how do I choose to take

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Speaker 1: the shortcut or not the shortcut? Well, there has to

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Speaker 1: be a connection there, and that's where the wormhole is, right.

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Speaker 1: A wormhole is that kind of connection. It's a connection

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Speaker 1: between two parts of space which otherwise are far apart,

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Speaker 1: to make them actually closer. And that's why earlier I

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Speaker 1: was saying it's not teleportation. You're still just moving through space.

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Speaker 1: If we define teleportation as moving to another location without

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Speaker 1: moving through space, then a wormhole is not teleportation because

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Speaker 1: you're still moving through space. You've just shrunk the distance

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Speaker 1: you have to travel by bringing those two things closer together,

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Speaker 1: by creating a path between them that's short. And the

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Speaker 1: only way this is possible is if space can do

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Speaker 1: these weird things. If space can twist and bend and

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Speaker 1: and have bizarre shapes to it. M always see you're saying,

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Speaker 1: teleportation is more like you disappear from here and you

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Speaker 1: appear over there. But traveling through a warm hole is

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Speaker 1: basically just um, just still traveling. You're still moving. It

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Speaker 1: just so happens to be a shortcut, that's right. It's like,

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Speaker 1: you know if you say, hey, can you teleport something

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Speaker 1: from the fridge to the couch, and I like, you know,

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Speaker 1: make a lasso, and I dragged the fridge over to

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Speaker 1: the couch, and I'm like, hey, look, I don't have

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Speaker 1: to get off the couch to get something out of

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Speaker 1: the fridge anymore. That's not really teleportation, right, I've just

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Speaker 1: brought the destination closer to me so that I can

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Speaker 1: reach it without getting off the couch. Right, Although for

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Speaker 1: me either way, you did it for me, so I'm happy.

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Speaker 1: You're like, I don't care about the details. Just get

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Speaker 1: me that drink, my next banana, right, I don't pay

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Speaker 1: you to bother me with the details. Um. Yeah, And

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Speaker 1: so it's a semantic distinction. I only I don't really

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Speaker 1: usually care about semantic distinctions, but a lot of people

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Speaker 1: were curious about why we didn't talk about wormholes in

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Speaker 1: the teleportation episode. And that's why because in my mind,

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Speaker 1: it's not really teleportation. Also, it's actually maybe possible, whereas

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Speaker 1: teleportation is, like, you know, much more difficult. You're being

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Speaker 1: a physics lawyer, Yes, I was being a physicist. That's

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Speaker 1: sort of my job, is his lawyer. Before we keep going,

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Speaker 1: let's take a short break. So, yeah, so that's a wormhole.

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Speaker 1: It's connect It's like when you short circuit two point

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Speaker 1: in space. That's right, Yeah, you bring them, you make

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Speaker 1: you create a path between them. Um, a short path

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Speaker 1: between two points that are otherwise really far apart. That's

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Speaker 1: where a wormhole is. Yeah. So this seems to really fantastical.

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Speaker 1: Is this real? Is this actually based on the laws

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Speaker 1: of physics? That this is possible? It's an amazing idea, right,

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Speaker 1: And the craziest thing about it is that it does

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Speaker 1: follow the laws of physics. If you brought this concept

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Speaker 1: to the International or the Intergalactic or the Universal Court

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Speaker 1: of Physics, they would say, yeah, that's allowed. WHOA, what

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Speaker 1: does that mean? How kind of how can the laws

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Speaker 1: of physics allowed? Is? Well, you know, um, it violates

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Speaker 1: our intuition and it seems really odd. But a lot

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Speaker 1: of things in the universe violate our intuition and seem odd.

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Speaker 1: And those are the most fun things, right, Those are

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Speaker 1: the things that make physics so interesting. Um. But we

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Speaker 1: say that it's theoretically allowed because we figured out some

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Speaker 1: rules of the universe. Right. We watch the universe, We

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Speaker 1: watch apples fall off trees, we see balls moving through

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Speaker 1: the air, we watch planets go around suns, and we

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Speaker 1: observes various things, and then we develop laws that describe them. Right.

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Speaker 1: So in this case, we're talking about general relativity, right

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Speaker 1: Einstein's field equations. That's say, here are the rules of

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Speaker 1: how space can be bent. I remember general relativity described gravity,

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Speaker 1: and gravity is not a force like other forces, and

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Speaker 1: that we have like a quantum mechanical description of little

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Speaker 1: particles being sent back and forth to transmit the force.

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Speaker 1: As far as we know, gravity is a bending of space.

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Speaker 1: And so general relativity tells us what are the rules

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Speaker 1: for bending space? And there's a list of rules. Right,

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Speaker 1: space can do this basically do that's basically do the

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Speaker 1: other thing. So when we say is something theoretically allowed,

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Speaker 1: what we mean is does it follow those rules, Right,

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Speaker 1: And so the rules say that you can bend space

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Speaker 1: so much that it comes around and kind of touches itself. Again,

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Speaker 1: that's right, wormholes satisfy those equations. According to those equations,

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Speaker 1: wormholes are allowed. And that that doesn't mean that wormsholes exist, right,

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Speaker 1: It means that they are allowed. It's like saying, you know,

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Speaker 1: before anybody had ever build a tesla, you might say,

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Speaker 1: we'll do the laws of physics prevent anyone from building

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Speaker 1: this awesome car. They can go two miles an hour

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Speaker 1: and looks really cool. You might say, yeah, the laws

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Speaker 1: of physics allow it, but nobody has ever built a

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Speaker 1: tesla before. Right, In the same way, worm holes are

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Speaker 1: allowed by the laws of physics. But that doesn't mean

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Speaker 1: necessarily that there are any, right. And then, and black

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Speaker 1: holes were also in this category for a long time, right, Like,

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Speaker 1: we thought black holes were possible, but we had never

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Speaker 1: absorved one or seen evidence of one. That's right. Black

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Speaker 1: holes were just theoretical for a long time. And it

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Speaker 1: came about exactly the same way. People were playing with

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Speaker 1: the Einstein equations and saying, well, what's the weirdest thing

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Speaker 1: we can get space to do? Right? One, can you

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Speaker 1: can you do this, can do that, can do this

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Speaker 1: other thing? And they found all these solutions to the equations. Right,

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Speaker 1: a solution of the equation is a description of space

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Speaker 1: that follows all those rules. And from the case of

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Speaker 1: black holes, they figured out if you have a really,

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Speaker 1: really dense object and you get this bizarre thing in

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Speaker 1: space called a black hole. And it was decades before

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Speaker 1: anybody actually observed one. It was for a long time

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Speaker 1: people didn't know is this just theoretical, I mean, this

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Speaker 1: is right, or is it something that's actually real, or

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Speaker 1: is it just you know, is it proof that the

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Speaker 1: equations are wrong? Right? It sort It seems like a bizarre,

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Speaker 1: nonsensical prediction of the equations. And that's the kind thing

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Speaker 1: we're always doing in physics. We're saying, let's take the

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Speaker 1: equations we have, let's see what they predict, and let's

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Speaker 1: go out and look to see if we can spot that.

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Speaker 1: Because if you can spot it, it means probably more

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Speaker 1: likely that the equations are right, and if we can't,

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Speaker 1: then it means more likely the equations are wrong. And

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Speaker 1: we keep finding these weird predictions of general relativity that

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Speaker 1: turn out to be true. Black holes, gravitational waves, so

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Speaker 1: when you say connects two points together in space, like

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Speaker 1: like a shortcut, is it only a point or is

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Speaker 1: it Could it be like a region of space is

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Speaker 1: connected to another regional space or does it only work

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Speaker 1: for little, tiny points. That's a great question. There's a

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Speaker 1: few different varieties of wormholes. Most of them the opening

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Speaker 1: is super duper tiny, and so if anything could even

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Speaker 1: go through it, it would have to be like a

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Speaker 1: single particle or a single photon or something. But there

427
00:21:47,119 --> 00:21:49,080
Speaker 1: are some theories of wormholes where it could be bigger,

428
00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:50,760
Speaker 1: you know, big enough for you to pass through or

429
00:21:50,840 --> 00:21:52,600
Speaker 1: drive your car through, so you wouldn't have to sit

430
00:21:52,640 --> 00:21:55,320
Speaker 1: on the four or five in traffic. Right. Well, what's

431
00:21:55,359 --> 00:21:57,480
Speaker 1: the difference between these two types of theories? Like how

432
00:21:57,480 --> 00:22:01,280
Speaker 1: can one predict a whole big tunnel? Well, and a

433
00:22:01,280 --> 00:22:03,760
Speaker 1: lot of conceptions. A wormhole is sort of like a

434
00:22:03,920 --> 00:22:07,280
Speaker 1: hole in space. It's like a If you actually found one,

435
00:22:07,520 --> 00:22:09,440
Speaker 1: it would be like a three D object, right, not

436
00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:12,080
Speaker 1: not a two D object. Would be like a sphere, okay,

437
00:22:12,080 --> 00:22:14,760
Speaker 1: And if you went into that sphere, then you would

438
00:22:14,760 --> 00:22:18,000
Speaker 1: appear in another place in space where you would space

439
00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:21,679
Speaker 1: is connected through that sphere, right, So it would be

440
00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:24,520
Speaker 1: like a really strange door, right, and you look at

441
00:22:24,520 --> 00:22:27,040
Speaker 1: the sphere, you can see what's in that other part

442
00:22:27,040 --> 00:22:29,600
Speaker 1: of space, and so it's more than just a point

443
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,360
Speaker 1: that can be larger. And so in theory you could

444
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:35,280
Speaker 1: you know, go through them. But as we can talk

445
00:22:35,320 --> 00:22:38,160
Speaker 1: about that in a moment about the practicalities of making

446
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,000
Speaker 1: a wormhole and and and the limitations of them. So

447
00:22:41,080 --> 00:22:45,359
Speaker 1: wormholes are theoretically possible, that's right. So there's nothing the

448
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,480
Speaker 1: loss of physics to say wormholes cannot exist. And that's

449
00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:50,920
Speaker 1: just because space can do these weird things, right. It

450
00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:52,720
Speaker 1: can do all these It can twist, it can bend,

451
00:22:52,720 --> 00:22:55,119
Speaker 1: it can be strangely connected. You can only have a

452
00:22:55,119 --> 00:22:59,680
Speaker 1: wormhole where spaces can of bent around and into itself, right.

453
00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:01,919
Speaker 1: And then when these when the space kind of touches

454
00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:05,159
Speaker 1: itself again, that's where the wormhole can happen. It's not

455
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:08,199
Speaker 1: like an actual tunnel that goes from one part of

456
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:10,160
Speaker 1: the toilet paper to another part of the toilet paper.

457
00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:13,240
Speaker 1: It's like it's when space kind of touches itself again, right,

458
00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:16,600
Speaker 1: that's right, you'd be traveling no distance. Right. One side

459
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:18,760
Speaker 1: of the wormhole is exactly the same as the other

460
00:23:18,760 --> 00:23:20,639
Speaker 1: side of the wormhole. You know, there's not like a

461
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:25,160
Speaker 1: tunnel where like flashing lights and crazy stuff is happening. Um,

462
00:23:25,200 --> 00:23:28,000
Speaker 1: it would be as you pass through, you're on one

463
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:29,760
Speaker 1: side of it and instantly you're on the other side.

464
00:23:29,760 --> 00:23:32,479
Speaker 1: It's like zero length. Well, boy, that sounds great. So

465
00:23:32,480 --> 00:23:35,560
Speaker 1: you don't have to pack any snacks? That was that?

466
00:23:35,880 --> 00:23:38,399
Speaker 1: Was that the goal of your question? You have just

467
00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:41,680
Speaker 1: in case you need to go fishing on the other side.

468
00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:45,959
Speaker 1: That might be helpful. But yeah, they sound great. They

469
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:48,640
Speaker 1: sound like like it would cut down or travel time

470
00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:51,600
Speaker 1: to other stars and like like you could just step

471
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:54,080
Speaker 1: through it and you wouldn't need to pack a lot

472
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:56,520
Speaker 1: or you have a lot of protection to in a

473
00:23:56,560 --> 00:23:59,520
Speaker 1: space suit or spaceship. Right, it sounds pretty good. It

474
00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:02,280
Speaker 1: does sound pretty good. And so for those folks out

475
00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:04,119
Speaker 1: there who are now like googling how to travel to

476
00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:06,719
Speaker 1: wormholes or you know, looking on kayak to book your

477
00:24:06,720 --> 00:24:09,680
Speaker 1: wormhole ticket, maybe we should bring them down a notch

478
00:24:09,760 --> 00:24:13,160
Speaker 1: and then talk about weather wormholes, Um, how wormholes work

479
00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:20,720
Speaker 1: in reality? Alright, So unfortunately I have a long list

480
00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:23,800
Speaker 1: of reasons here why you will never go through a wormhole.

481
00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:27,720
Speaker 1: Wait me in particular or in particular I'm focusing on you, Horror.

482
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:30,640
Speaker 1: Everything I do is about you. I'm just I'm not

483
00:24:30,680 --> 00:24:35,240
Speaker 1: skinny enough to fit through what You've been eaten too

484
00:24:35,280 --> 00:24:38,520
Speaker 1: many bananas, I've noticed. Um. No, Problem number one is

485
00:24:38,560 --> 00:24:41,640
Speaker 1: that nobody's ever found a wormhole, right, so we don't

486
00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:44,720
Speaker 1: know if there are any out there. Um. And problem

487
00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:48,520
Speaker 1: number one A is that even if wormholes are theoretically possible,

488
00:24:48,680 --> 00:24:51,200
Speaker 1: we don't know how to make one, right. I mean,

489
00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:54,000
Speaker 1: option one is find a wormhole and go in and

490
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:56,479
Speaker 1: see where you end up. Right. That's sort of like

491
00:24:56,560 --> 00:24:58,720
Speaker 1: just getting on a random plane at the airport and

492
00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:00,359
Speaker 1: having no idea if you're going to win us Iris

493
00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:03,080
Speaker 1: or you know, Singapore. Right. Well, I guess the question

494
00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:06,119
Speaker 1: is how would you find one? Like? What what would

495
00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:08,920
Speaker 1: what would you look for? Yeah? So, well, how would

496
00:25:08,920 --> 00:25:11,320
Speaker 1: you find a wormhole? It would be pretty tough, right.

497
00:25:11,359 --> 00:25:13,840
Speaker 1: You'd need to sort of spotted the way we spotted

498
00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:16,840
Speaker 1: black holes. Right. We spotted black holes by noticing that

499
00:25:16,920 --> 00:25:20,000
Speaker 1: there was this black spot in space where if something

500
00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:22,359
Speaker 1: passed behind it, it would disappear and no light was

501
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:25,159
Speaker 1: coming out from it. So for a wormhole, you need

502
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,560
Speaker 1: to see things going into it, right, But then it

503
00:25:27,640 --> 00:25:29,679
Speaker 1: might just look like a black hole. So you need

504
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:31,840
Speaker 1: to see the other side also, and you need to

505
00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:34,280
Speaker 1: see something coming out of it. So you need to

506
00:25:34,280 --> 00:25:36,640
Speaker 1: see like particle a going in and then that same

507
00:25:36,720 --> 00:25:39,439
Speaker 1: particle coming out the other side. That would be pretty tricky.

508
00:25:39,840 --> 00:25:42,280
Speaker 1: You might find one edge of a wormhole and just

509
00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:45,600
Speaker 1: think it's a black hole. Oh, until you found the

510
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:48,680
Speaker 1: other side. The one side of the wormhole just looks

511
00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:50,880
Speaker 1: like a black hole. That's right. In fact, a lot

512
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:53,600
Speaker 1: of the theories of wormholes start from black holes. They

513
00:25:53,640 --> 00:25:56,520
Speaker 1: say that, I am because a wormhole in a black

514
00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:59,159
Speaker 1: hole are very similar, right. They both suck things in

515
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,679
Speaker 1: and then they constrict space down to a very narrow spot.

516
00:26:03,240 --> 00:26:06,359
Speaker 1: The space is very dense inside them. Um, And so

517
00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:08,800
Speaker 1: one side of a wormhole could just look like a

518
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:11,720
Speaker 1: black hole. Oh. Wormholes do the same thing as black holes.

519
00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:14,200
Speaker 1: They look like a little like a pinch They pinched

520
00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:17,080
Speaker 1: space around them, like they contract space leading up to

521
00:26:17,160 --> 00:26:20,720
Speaker 1: exactly exactly. And you can think of a wormhole sort

522
00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:23,040
Speaker 1: of like imagine whatever visualization you're using for a black

523
00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:26,040
Speaker 1: hole in your head. Now, put two of those together

524
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:28,720
Speaker 1: with a little pinchy parts touch, and you had a

525
00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:31,760
Speaker 1: sort of flares it like zooms in and then flares

526
00:26:31,840 --> 00:26:34,720
Speaker 1: out again and sort of and on one side you

527
00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:36,720
Speaker 1: have a black hole. On the other side you have

528
00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:40,199
Speaker 1: this thing called a white hole move which is sort

529
00:26:40,240 --> 00:26:42,080
Speaker 1: of the opposite of a black hole. And we should

530
00:26:42,119 --> 00:26:44,359
Speaker 1: do like a whole podcast episode on white holes. But

531
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:46,560
Speaker 1: what you should know about white holes is that you

532
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:49,399
Speaker 1: can't enter a white hole, but stuff can leave, So

533
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:51,119
Speaker 1: it's sort of the opposite of a black hole in

534
00:26:51,119 --> 00:26:53,680
Speaker 1: that sense. Now, no white hole has ever been seen.

535
00:26:53,720 --> 00:26:56,920
Speaker 1: It's just a theoretical concept. But if a wormhole really

536
00:26:56,920 --> 00:26:59,080
Speaker 1: did exist, it would be a black hole pair to

537
00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:01,840
Speaker 1: the white hole. Oh, it's one directional. You can't use

538
00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:04,919
Speaker 1: a wormhole two ways, not that we're aware of, right,

539
00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:07,679
Speaker 1: So that's that's Problem number two is that wormholes are

540
00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:10,159
Speaker 1: a one way trip, and so you might go into it,

541
00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:12,879
Speaker 1: come out in Alpha centauri and be like, wow, I

542
00:27:13,040 --> 00:27:15,120
Speaker 1: forgot to pack my underwear, and now it's too late.

543
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,760
Speaker 1: It's too late. You're going commanded for the rest of

544
00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:22,720
Speaker 1: your galactic existence. That's right, um, But there are deeper

545
00:27:22,720 --> 00:27:26,159
Speaker 1: problems with wormholes. Um. Problem number three is that wormholes,

546
00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:29,200
Speaker 1: as far as we theoretically understand them, are very short lived.

547
00:27:29,680 --> 00:27:32,919
Speaker 1: So if a wormhole is created, the equations of general

548
00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:36,080
Speaker 1: relativity tell us that that pinching point would last very

549
00:27:36,160 --> 00:27:38,600
Speaker 1: very briefly, and then they would snap, and then you

550
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:40,240
Speaker 1: just end up with a black hole in a white

551
00:27:40,280 --> 00:27:45,439
Speaker 1: hole separated. What wouldn't be connected that general relativity doesn't

552
00:27:45,480 --> 00:27:48,199
Speaker 1: like having a It's not a stable solution, all right.

553
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:51,119
Speaker 1: It's not something which can exist and and not change

554
00:27:51,160 --> 00:27:55,200
Speaker 1: through time. The equations of general relativity say that um

555
00:27:55,359 --> 00:27:58,120
Speaker 1: space space what doesn't like to be connected that way

556
00:27:58,160 --> 00:28:01,760
Speaker 1: for very long. It's not the low energy configuration. And

557
00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:05,080
Speaker 1: so if a wormhole is created by whatever means, then

558
00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:08,400
Speaker 1: a space would relax by separating back into a black

559
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:10,879
Speaker 1: hole and in a white hole. Wait, so wormholes are

560
00:28:10,920 --> 00:28:14,240
Speaker 1: not permanent like the curvature. You're talking about a space

561
00:28:14,320 --> 00:28:18,920
Speaker 1: and space looping your on itself. It's constantly moving and changing.

562
00:28:19,280 --> 00:28:21,720
Speaker 1: That's right. It's like a gravitational wave, right. It's not

563
00:28:21,760 --> 00:28:24,560
Speaker 1: a permanent fixture in space. It's a wiggle. And so

564
00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:27,720
Speaker 1: wormholes are like that. Wormholes can be created, though we

565
00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 1: don't know how, but they can be described by the

566
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:32,399
Speaker 1: equation of general relativity. But they don't last very long.

567
00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:35,640
Speaker 1: They're very short lived. They're like, you know, momentarily existing.

568
00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:39,240
Speaker 1: Oh boy, yeah, that's a problem. So we we can't

569
00:28:39,280 --> 00:28:42,520
Speaker 1: find them and they don't last for very long. That's right,

570
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,880
Speaker 1: But some clever physicists thought up a way to maybe

571
00:28:45,920 --> 00:28:48,880
Speaker 1: make wormholes last a little longer. I have so many

572
00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:51,840
Speaker 1: questions for you, but before we dive in, let's take

573
00:28:51,880 --> 00:29:07,080
Speaker 1: a short break. First of all, can we make wormholes?

574
00:29:07,120 --> 00:29:10,400
Speaker 1: Is that theoretically possible? Like, can we build something that

575
00:29:10,440 --> 00:29:12,920
Speaker 1: would make one? We have no idea. I mean, we

576
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:15,640
Speaker 1: know that the equations of general relativity allow them, but

577
00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:19,000
Speaker 1: we don't know how to make a wormhole. Um. But

578
00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:22,000
Speaker 1: if we did find a wormhole before it collapsed, some

579
00:29:22,080 --> 00:29:26,280
Speaker 1: physicists worked out a way too to make it last longer.

580
00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:28,440
Speaker 1: For it to be stable, all you need to do

581
00:29:29,080 --> 00:29:32,640
Speaker 1: is stuff it filled with a huge amount of exotic matter,

582
00:29:32,760 --> 00:29:35,160
Speaker 1: which is something we've never seen before and don't know

583
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:37,800
Speaker 1: if it exists. But if you could create a huge

584
00:29:37,840 --> 00:29:40,080
Speaker 1: amount of it and stuff it inside a wormhole, then

585
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:43,840
Speaker 1: theoretically you might be able to stabilize the wormhole. Now,

586
00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,480
Speaker 1: exotic matter is this weird stuff that has negative mass,

587
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:50,560
Speaker 1: and you need something with negative mass because it would

588
00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:54,120
Speaker 1: have sort of the opposite gravitational effect of normal mass.

589
00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:57,720
Speaker 1: Normal mass pull stuff together, negative mass would be pushing

590
00:29:57,760 --> 00:30:00,720
Speaker 1: stuff apart. So you stuff that inside the wormhole, it

591
00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:03,000
Speaker 1: was sort of hold it open. So if you could

592
00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:06,920
Speaker 1: find this special impossible mass, and you could also find

593
00:30:06,920 --> 00:30:09,720
Speaker 1: a wormhole and you could throw it in there, it

594
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,760
Speaker 1: might keep the wormhole open for more than that's right,

595
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:16,000
Speaker 1: But I wouldn't go in there with your kids. On

596
00:30:16,040 --> 00:30:19,560
Speaker 1: the guessing of a bunch of businesses. You could throw

597
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:23,000
Speaker 1: some bananas in there first, that's right. And you know

598
00:30:23,040 --> 00:30:25,120
Speaker 1: the other problem with wormholes is they might be super

599
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,400
Speaker 1: duper small, right, Even these wormholes were talking about could

600
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:31,080
Speaker 1: be like plank length size, like ten to the minus

601
00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:34,440
Speaker 1: thirty five wide. Wait, do you mean like the size

602
00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:37,120
Speaker 1: of something that would fit in a wormhole? Is that small?

603
00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:39,520
Speaker 1: That's right. We don't really know, but some theories say

604
00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:41,760
Speaker 1: that wormholes would have to be super duper tiny if

605
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:45,280
Speaker 1: they exist at all. Right, So that's another disappointing fact.

606
00:30:45,800 --> 00:30:48,960
Speaker 1: And and also the the idea about stuffing it full

607
00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:51,760
Speaker 1: of exotic matter. That would hold the wormhole open, but

608
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:54,160
Speaker 1: it would also mean you can't go through it, because

609
00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,080
Speaker 1: as soon as any sort of normal matter went through

610
00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:58,280
Speaker 1: it, it it would disrupt it, and then the wormhole would collapse.

611
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,120
Speaker 1: So it might be that the wormholes exist, and it

612
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,480
Speaker 1: might be that you can hold them open with exotic matter,

613
00:31:03,880 --> 00:31:06,120
Speaker 1: but then you couldn't go through them, which makes them

614
00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:08,280
Speaker 1: sort of pointless because as soon as you go in

615
00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:12,320
Speaker 1: it would close, or yeah, exactly as soon as you

616
00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:15,520
Speaker 1: go in then it would collapse. So like totally might

617
00:31:15,520 --> 00:31:17,360
Speaker 1: make it through, but then it'll collapse, and then you

618
00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:20,800
Speaker 1: don't have any that's right, And then we haven't even

619
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:24,160
Speaker 1: talked about like the dangers of approaching anything that looks

620
00:31:24,160 --> 00:31:27,040
Speaker 1: like a black hole. I mean, the gravitational forces are tremendous.

621
00:31:27,080 --> 00:31:28,960
Speaker 1: You get anywhere close to a black hole, you're not

622
00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:31,000
Speaker 1: going to get into it. You're gonna get shredded by

623
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,400
Speaker 1: the title forces before you get very close. So there's

624
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:37,880
Speaker 1: a lot of practical problems with using a wormhole, but

625
00:31:38,040 --> 00:31:41,320
Speaker 1: so weird wire wormholes one directional. That's one thing I

626
00:31:41,360 --> 00:31:43,840
Speaker 1: didn't quite yet. How does the universe decide which ways

627
00:31:43,920 --> 00:31:47,080
Speaker 1: in and which ways out? Well, um, that's a good question.

628
00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:48,720
Speaker 1: I don't know. We don't know how to make them,

629
00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:52,520
Speaker 1: so we don't know what process determines their directionality. Yeah,

630
00:31:52,640 --> 00:31:54,880
Speaker 1: it's a good question. But the but the physics say

631
00:31:54,920 --> 00:31:57,479
Speaker 1: the mass says that they are one direction. That's right,

632
00:31:57,520 --> 00:31:59,760
Speaker 1: And so let me add an important qualifier. We've been

633
00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:02,640
Speaker 1: saying this whole time that they are theoretically possible. That's

634
00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:05,920
Speaker 1: true according to general relativity. General relativity, as far as

635
00:32:05,920 --> 00:32:09,560
Speaker 1: we note, is true. But we also know that general

636
00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:13,640
Speaker 1: relativity is not quantum mechanical, right, that it cannot describe

637
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:17,800
Speaker 1: microscopic things very well, things where the quantum description of

638
00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:21,400
Speaker 1: the universe takes over, where particles have fixed amounts of

639
00:32:21,480 --> 00:32:24,800
Speaker 1: energy and are divided up into concrete chunks. Right, general

640
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:28,280
Speaker 1: relativity thinks of the universe is continuous and infinitely divisible,

641
00:32:28,320 --> 00:32:30,200
Speaker 1: but we know it's not that. Most of the time,

642
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:32,800
Speaker 1: that's not a big deal because we're dealing with macroscopic objects.

643
00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:35,680
Speaker 1: But when you're talking about the inside of black holes

644
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:38,720
Speaker 1: or the inside of wormholes, we're pretty sure that quantum

645
00:32:38,720 --> 00:32:41,040
Speaker 1: effects are going to be important, which means that if

646
00:32:41,080 --> 00:32:43,120
Speaker 1: you're gonna go inside a wormhole, you shouldn't just check

647
00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:46,080
Speaker 1: with general relativity. You need to check with quantum gravity,

648
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:48,920
Speaker 1: which is the theory we don't even have. So I

649
00:32:48,960 --> 00:32:51,760
Speaker 1: would be very wary of going inside a wormhole, even

650
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:54,320
Speaker 1: if you found one, even if you stabilized it, because

651
00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:57,760
Speaker 1: we don't really know what the rules are of quantum gravity, right,

652
00:32:57,880 --> 00:33:01,120
Speaker 1: and the hardest part seems to be to stand quantum physics.

653
00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:04,200
Speaker 1: It's pretty tricky. Yeah, you gotta be pretty smart to

654
00:33:04,240 --> 00:33:11,360
Speaker 1: understand quantum physics, I'll admit. Okay, So to answer the question,

655
00:33:11,360 --> 00:33:14,840
Speaker 1: can we use a wormhole to get to another star galaxy?

656
00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:22,360
Speaker 1: The answer is maybe, probably not theoretically possible, but it

657
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:25,320
Speaker 1: seems practically impossible. I would be super impressed with the

658
00:33:25,320 --> 00:33:29,080
Speaker 1: next generation of engineers if we managed to build useful

659
00:33:29,360 --> 00:33:32,160
Speaker 1: wormholes in the next hundred years or so, I would

660
00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:36,040
Speaker 1: be very, very deeply impressed. Good job, guys, I think

661
00:33:36,080 --> 00:33:40,000
Speaker 1: you'd probably be dead. They'll probably send me as an

662
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:44,080
Speaker 1: experimental subject through the first wormhole just to prove them wrong. Um. Yes,

663
00:33:44,160 --> 00:33:47,440
Speaker 1: so I would say. The takeaway is wormholes theoretically possible

664
00:33:47,640 --> 00:33:51,720
Speaker 1: but never been seen, and also very impractical. Right. But

665
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:53,960
Speaker 1: let's carry the fantasy a little bit longer here, because

666
00:33:53,960 --> 00:33:57,280
Speaker 1: I heard I read that they wormholes might not just

667
00:33:57,320 --> 00:34:01,240
Speaker 1: connect space, but they could also connect space and time.

668
00:34:01,520 --> 00:34:04,240
Speaker 1: That's right, Space is part of this constructor called space

669
00:34:04,280 --> 00:34:06,360
Speaker 1: time right where time is sort of the fourth dimension.

670
00:34:07,040 --> 00:34:09,879
Speaker 1: And um, people have crazy ideas with what you could

671
00:34:09,880 --> 00:34:12,120
Speaker 1: do with wormholes if you found them. If you take

672
00:34:12,160 --> 00:34:14,799
Speaker 1: one end of the wormhole and you accelerated to really

673
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:18,759
Speaker 1: really high speeds, then you can take advantage of time dilation. Right,

674
00:34:18,800 --> 00:34:23,480
Speaker 1: that's moving clocks run more slowly. Um. But if you're connected,

675
00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:26,400
Speaker 1: if you have a stationary point connected to the fast

676
00:34:26,480 --> 00:34:28,440
Speaker 1: moving point, that you can play all sorts of tricks

677
00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:31,440
Speaker 1: with special relativity and maybe even go back in time.

678
00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:36,239
Speaker 1: But Stephen Hawking says that's impossible. He says that if

679
00:34:36,280 --> 00:34:39,240
Speaker 1: you send anything through the wormhole that the wormhole will collapse.

680
00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:43,960
Speaker 1: And so they called this the chronological protection conjecture, with

681
00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:46,719
Speaker 1: the universes like conspired to make the laws of physics

682
00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:50,120
Speaker 1: impossible to do time travel. And I said, I took

683
00:34:50,120 --> 00:34:52,080
Speaker 1: a stand on our time travel episode. I said time

684
00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:55,000
Speaker 1: travel is impossible, and I stick by that because I

685
00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:57,600
Speaker 1: think that this concept of using wormholes and trail back

686
00:34:57,600 --> 00:35:01,680
Speaker 1: in time is absurd, not just impractical, but absurd and illogical. Okay,

687
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:04,319
Speaker 1: so sorry to rain on your parade, to to to

688
00:35:04,480 --> 00:35:07,640
Speaker 1: prick your fantasy there, Jorge, let me throughout my idea

689
00:35:07,680 --> 00:35:09,480
Speaker 1: for a sci fi novel right here. I'm just gonna

690
00:35:09,680 --> 00:35:11,640
Speaker 1: I'm just gonna crush that out and put it in

691
00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:14,920
Speaker 1: the trash here. No, no, science fiction is totally allowed, totally.

692
00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:16,920
Speaker 1: You let in your universe. You can make up whatever

693
00:35:17,040 --> 00:35:19,399
Speaker 1: rules you want as long as you follow them, so

694
00:35:19,760 --> 00:35:22,080
Speaker 1: we can have that in your science fiction universe, no problem.

695
00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:23,920
Speaker 1: All right, I guess until then we have to sit

696
00:35:23,960 --> 00:35:28,359
Speaker 1: in traffic until the engineers figure out the wormhole. That's right,

697
00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:30,840
Speaker 1: And so we hope you enjoyed this episode of Daniel

698
00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:34,080
Speaker 1: and Jorge and um explain the universe and Daniel moorehe

699
00:35:34,239 --> 00:35:38,200
Speaker 1: shoot down your sci fi idea. That's right, and try

700
00:35:38,239 --> 00:35:40,120
Speaker 1: send me your sci fi idea through the wormhole of

701
00:35:40,120 --> 00:35:44,120
Speaker 1: the internet, and I'll tell you why it's wrong, but

702
00:35:44,280 --> 00:35:46,839
Speaker 1: in a very cheerful tone. That's right. Warm your way

703
00:35:46,840 --> 00:35:51,440
Speaker 1: into Daniel's inbox. All right. Thanks to everyone, have a

704
00:35:51,480 --> 00:36:01,400
Speaker 1: good one, see you next time. If you still have

705
00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:04,839
Speaker 1: a question after listening to all these explanations, please drop

706
00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:07,000
Speaker 1: us a line. We'd love to hear from you. You

707
00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:10,440
Speaker 1: can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel

708
00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:14,000
Speaker 1: and Jorge as one Word, or email us at Feedback

709
00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:25,040
Speaker 1: at Daniel and Jorge dot com,