1 00:00:08,160 --> 00:00:11,320 Speaker 1: Sometimes it drives me crazy thinking about the secrets that 2 00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:14,400 Speaker 1: are buried in the past, you know, things that actually 3 00:00:14,480 --> 00:00:17,520 Speaker 1: happened that we just don't know the institude. You mean, 4 00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:21,320 Speaker 1: like who killed JFK. No, No, I'm thinking bigger, Like 5 00:00:22,560 --> 00:00:24,479 Speaker 1: where are my socks after I put them in the dryer? 6 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:28,880 Speaker 1: That's a big mystery. But I'm thinking cosmic size mysteries. 7 00:00:29,120 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: I mean, like who thought two introverts could make his 8 00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:35,319 Speaker 1: science podcast? That's an enduring mystery for sure. But I'm 9 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:39,400 Speaker 1: talking about like universe size mysteries, you know, like, you know, 10 00:00:39,440 --> 00:00:42,440 Speaker 1: the universe started in one way and no other way, 11 00:00:42,479 --> 00:00:44,400 Speaker 1: And what if we could just go back to the 12 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:47,760 Speaker 1: past and watch it and and unearthed these mysteries from 13 00:00:47,800 --> 00:00:50,479 Speaker 1: the past. Wouldn't that be amazing? What was it like 14 00:00:50,560 --> 00:01:11,560 Speaker 1: as a baby? Basically? Right? Like, was it awkward? Cute? Funny? Tantramy? Hi, 15 00:01:11,600 --> 00:01:14,679 Speaker 1: I'm Jorge. I'm the creator of PhD Comics, and I'm Daniel. 16 00:01:14,720 --> 00:01:17,959 Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist work at the Large Hadron Collider 17 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:21,240 Speaker 1: smashing particles together. And this is our podcast Daniel and 18 00:01:21,319 --> 00:01:24,800 Speaker 1: Jorge Explain the Universe, where we trying to explain basically 19 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:27,360 Speaker 1: everything in the universe. In a way that makes sense 20 00:01:27,360 --> 00:01:31,120 Speaker 1: to you everything the whole universe. Yeah, so to be 21 00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:37,360 Speaker 1: on the program, we have the question what did the 22 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:40,760 Speaker 1: baby universe look like? That's right? What did the universe 23 00:01:40,760 --> 00:01:42,840 Speaker 1: look like when it was really young, when it was 24 00:01:42,959 --> 00:01:45,800 Speaker 1: just formed, or just after it got started to look 25 00:01:45,880 --> 00:01:48,640 Speaker 1: totally different from today? Did it look basically like today? 26 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:50,960 Speaker 1: What did it look like? Daniel? What did you look 27 00:01:51,040 --> 00:01:53,800 Speaker 1: like as a baby? I looked like a universe as 28 00:01:53,800 --> 00:01:59,040 Speaker 1: a baby. Actually, oh good, that's better than me. I 29 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:00,840 Speaker 1: looked really different as a Maybe then I do now 30 00:02:01,160 --> 00:02:03,600 Speaker 1: because I have one of these noses that grows sort 31 00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: of tectonically. So when I was a kid, I had 32 00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:07,880 Speaker 1: a tiny, little button nose, and now I have sort 33 00:02:07,920 --> 00:02:11,360 Speaker 1: of a very large alpine nose that just continues to 34 00:02:11,360 --> 00:02:14,240 Speaker 1: grow through my lifetime. Well, that sounds better than me. 35 00:02:14,280 --> 00:02:17,480 Speaker 1: I just looked like an old bald man. Did you 36 00:02:17,480 --> 00:02:20,399 Speaker 1: look like Winston Churchill when you were born? I did 37 00:02:20,440 --> 00:02:24,160 Speaker 1: a little bit. Actually, my father was named after Winston Churchill, 38 00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:26,959 Speaker 1: which is which is a coincidence there. Okay, So the 39 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,280 Speaker 1: question today is what can we learn about the universe 40 00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:32,760 Speaker 1: from its baby picture? What did the universe look like 41 00:02:32,919 --> 00:02:35,760 Speaker 1: as a baby? Yeah, this is an interesting question because 42 00:02:35,880 --> 00:02:38,840 Speaker 1: I was thinking the other day, you know, Daniel, how 43 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:41,919 Speaker 1: do you know that you were actually born? Like, how 44 00:02:41,919 --> 00:02:45,600 Speaker 1: do you know that you were a baby? I mean 45 00:02:45,639 --> 00:02:48,880 Speaker 1: you think I came out this size? Yeah? Basically, right, Like, 46 00:02:48,880 --> 00:02:51,919 Speaker 1: how do you know how do you know you didn't 47 00:02:51,960 --> 00:02:54,480 Speaker 1: just pop into existence when you were five years old 48 00:02:54,760 --> 00:02:56,600 Speaker 1: or you know, like you were growing out of a 49 00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:59,919 Speaker 1: test tube and then and then um and then extra 50 00:03:00,040 --> 00:03:02,320 Speaker 1: rooted when you were five years old, which is when 51 00:03:02,360 --> 00:03:05,079 Speaker 1: sort of your memories start to kick in. Right, extruded. 52 00:03:05,160 --> 00:03:08,560 Speaker 1: That sounds like such a pleasant experience. I wasn't born, 53 00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:13,960 Speaker 1: I was extruded. Technically we're all extruded. Yeah, but you're 54 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:15,720 Speaker 1: you're right. There's a there's a sort of a larger 55 00:03:15,800 --> 00:03:17,880 Speaker 1: question there, which is like how do you know about 56 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:21,040 Speaker 1: yourself and your context and where you came from? And 57 00:03:21,080 --> 00:03:23,200 Speaker 1: why is that important? Right? Like I might say to you, like, 58 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:26,040 Speaker 1: I don't know if I was born, you know, at ten, 59 00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:28,920 Speaker 1: out of the laboratory and implanted with all these memories 60 00:03:28,919 --> 00:03:30,960 Speaker 1: to make it feel like I had a childhood, But 61 00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:33,120 Speaker 1: what does it matter? Right? You might say that it 62 00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:35,040 Speaker 1: doesn't matter, but I think it does matter. I think 63 00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:37,680 Speaker 1: it matters where we come from, what our context is, 64 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:40,880 Speaker 1: what our culture is. In the same way we wonder 65 00:03:40,920 --> 00:03:44,160 Speaker 1: about larger things like how is the Earth made? Right? 66 00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:49,240 Speaker 1: The Earth's baby picture looked like, how is the Earth extruded? Yeah, 67 00:03:49,280 --> 00:03:52,200 Speaker 1: I guess I'm talking about like evidence, you know, Like, um, 68 00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 1: it's nice that I have there are pictures of me, 69 00:03:54,520 --> 00:03:56,880 Speaker 1: or at least that I'm told it's me as a baby, 70 00:03:56,920 --> 00:04:00,120 Speaker 1: so I can sort of trace my development. But if 71 00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:03,160 Speaker 1: I didn't have those pictures, I might wonder did I 72 00:04:03,200 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: just pop into existence when I was five? Right? And 73 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:07,400 Speaker 1: you can look at those pictures, and you can see 74 00:04:07,400 --> 00:04:10,960 Speaker 1: things about yourself that, you know that tell you something 75 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:13,960 Speaker 1: about who you are, like to your old Jorges already 76 00:04:13,960 --> 00:04:17,120 Speaker 1: holding a banana or already cracking silly jokes or you know, 77 00:04:17,200 --> 00:04:20,080 Speaker 1: doodling on the wall or something. Their truths about you 78 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:22,280 Speaker 1: that are emerged early on. Right, Like, man, look at 79 00:04:22,279 --> 00:04:25,680 Speaker 1: that cute baby. I can only imagine what the baby 80 00:04:25,720 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 1: is going to grow up to be, Like, how did 81 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:29,719 Speaker 1: such a cute baby turn into this? You know, there's 82 00:04:29,720 --> 00:04:34,000 Speaker 1: the mystery, right, there's awesome, magnificent specimen. Yeah, And I 83 00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:36,279 Speaker 1: think that every time, for example, I see like an 84 00:04:36,320 --> 00:04:38,800 Speaker 1: old time picture of my hometown. You know, I grew 85 00:04:38,839 --> 00:04:40,839 Speaker 1: up in Los Almos, and they're all these pictures of 86 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:43,359 Speaker 1: what it looked like during World War Two, and you 87 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:45,160 Speaker 1: know that shaped the history of the town. And when 88 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:46,960 Speaker 1: I see these old pictures, I like saying, like, oh, 89 00:04:46,960 --> 00:04:49,800 Speaker 1: look that building, I still recognize that it's an enduring feature. 90 00:04:49,839 --> 00:04:52,640 Speaker 1: And all this is destroyed, it was just transient. So 91 00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:54,640 Speaker 1: in the same way, I like thinking about the history 92 00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:57,720 Speaker 1: of the universe because it teaches us something about how 93 00:04:57,720 --> 00:04:59,880 Speaker 1: it was all put together, and you know what it all. 94 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:02,840 Speaker 1: You see things that make it and what it is 95 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:07,120 Speaker 1: like unique, make it, yeah, exactly special. Yeah, And it 96 00:05:07,160 --> 00:05:09,040 Speaker 1: tells us a lot about what's happening in the future. 97 00:05:09,120 --> 00:05:10,360 Speaker 1: You know, we want to know what's going to happen 98 00:05:10,400 --> 00:05:12,400 Speaker 1: to the future because we're invested, we're going to live 99 00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:14,520 Speaker 1: in it. Then we better look into the past. And 100 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:17,120 Speaker 1: you know, we've made startling discoveries by doing this. You know, 101 00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:19,440 Speaker 1: the whole discovery of dark energy, the fact that the 102 00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:23,559 Speaker 1: universe is being shredded apart by some massive, not understood energy, 103 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:26,080 Speaker 1: right that was only discovered by looking into the past 104 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:29,240 Speaker 1: and understanding what the universe used to look like. Right, yeah, 105 00:05:29,279 --> 00:05:32,760 Speaker 1: baby talk aside, we're talking about the universe, right, and 106 00:05:32,760 --> 00:05:35,680 Speaker 1: how can we tell what the universe was like, you know, 107 00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:38,719 Speaker 1: not just a hundred years ago, two thousand years ago, 108 00:05:38,760 --> 00:05:42,560 Speaker 1: but fourteen billion years ago? Yeah, exactly what did it 109 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,000 Speaker 1: look like? And what can we learn from that? So, 110 00:05:45,040 --> 00:05:47,000 Speaker 1: as usually, we were curused to hear what people out 111 00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:50,480 Speaker 1: there thought about this question, and so here's what they 112 00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:53,480 Speaker 1: had to say. What do you think the early universe 113 00:05:53,600 --> 00:05:57,840 Speaker 1: looked like? Um, the baby universe I would think would 114 00:05:57,920 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 1: be something really compactly dnce in like probably in a 115 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:10,960 Speaker 1: circular looking thing. I would think, yeah, um, probably nothing 116 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 1: in particular, just a bunch of gases and like crazy, 117 00:06:15,720 --> 00:06:18,760 Speaker 1: maybe spirals. I don't know, like you know, not no 118 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 1: stars or anything, that's for sure. I guess like a 119 00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:23,840 Speaker 1: more extreme version of what it looks like now because 120 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:27,039 Speaker 1: everything was kind of more close even though it's expanding, 121 00:06:27,080 --> 00:06:29,440 Speaker 1: so it's like, I know, there was less space in 122 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: between everything, So I guess more bright and intense. I guess. Delete. 123 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:42,200 Speaker 1: On the program, we have astrophysicist Katie mac Hi. Katie, Hi, 124 00:06:42,360 --> 00:06:44,919 Speaker 1: how are you good? So you're probably one of the 125 00:06:44,920 --> 00:06:48,120 Speaker 1: most famous astrophysicists on the internet. Do you have a 126 00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:53,200 Speaker 1: huge Twitter following, and uh, that's really cool. Thanks. Yeah, 127 00:06:53,279 --> 00:06:55,240 Speaker 1: it's been really interesting. I don't know where all the 128 00:06:55,240 --> 00:06:57,960 Speaker 1: people come from, but I'm glad that they are hanging 129 00:06:57,960 --> 00:07:00,960 Speaker 1: out and listening to me talk about astrophysics. Can you 130 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:03,120 Speaker 1: tell us a little bit about where you work. I'm 131 00:07:03,120 --> 00:07:05,760 Speaker 1: in the physics department at North Carolina State. I'm an 132 00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:08,800 Speaker 1: assistant professor, and I'm also part of the Leadership in 133 00:07:08,839 --> 00:07:13,800 Speaker 1: Public Science Cluster, which is a new initiative to encourage 134 00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:18,600 Speaker 1: connection between scientists and the general public. Very cool. Yeah, 135 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:20,440 Speaker 1: And I think it's important for people that people to 136 00:07:20,520 --> 00:07:23,160 Speaker 1: understand that you're not just somebody on Twitter who likes 137 00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:26,360 Speaker 1: to talk about science, but you're actually a practicing scientist 138 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:29,040 Speaker 1: who's chipping away at the mysteries of the universe. Yeah. 139 00:07:29,080 --> 00:07:31,120 Speaker 1: I'm doing the best I can at that. And your 140 00:07:31,160 --> 00:07:35,520 Speaker 1: expertise is in um Yeah, So I do theoretical cosmology, 141 00:07:35,560 --> 00:07:37,840 Speaker 1: which is the study of the universe from start to 142 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:41,000 Speaker 1: finish and the evolution of the universe and what's in it. 143 00:07:41,520 --> 00:07:44,920 Speaker 1: And my area of specialty at the moment is dark matter. 144 00:07:45,040 --> 00:07:48,640 Speaker 1: So I'm interested in what dark matter is and how 145 00:07:48,680 --> 00:07:51,760 Speaker 1: it did what it did in the early universe and 146 00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:54,600 Speaker 1: all of that, and I'm also interested in black holes 147 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:58,440 Speaker 1: and in the very early universe and the very end 148 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:01,400 Speaker 1: of the universe. What did you think about people's general 149 00:08:01,440 --> 00:08:04,000 Speaker 1: knowledge of what the early universe is like? This surprise you. 150 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:07,040 Speaker 1: I think everybody kind of gets the idea that it 151 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:10,680 Speaker 1: was real, different than now and maybe not as structured um, 152 00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:13,320 Speaker 1: and that the structure in the universe has come about 153 00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:15,480 Speaker 1: over time, which is true. And so help the people 154 00:08:15,480 --> 00:08:17,640 Speaker 1: out there understand that. How can we possibly know that? 155 00:08:17,720 --> 00:08:19,760 Speaker 1: How do we know what the early universe looked like 156 00:08:19,840 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 1: at all? We know what the early universe looks like 157 00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:24,440 Speaker 1: because we can look right at it. We can actually 158 00:08:24,520 --> 00:08:27,480 Speaker 1: see it. We can watch the Big Bang happening. And 159 00:08:27,840 --> 00:08:30,680 Speaker 1: there's caveats to that in terms of what I mean 160 00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:32,040 Speaker 1: when I say a big bang and what I mean, 161 00:08:32,080 --> 00:08:34,560 Speaker 1: but when I say watch it happened. But the nature 162 00:08:34,720 --> 00:08:37,600 Speaker 1: of the early universe is one of the most certain 163 00:08:37,640 --> 00:08:41,439 Speaker 1: things we we have in cosmology because we can actually 164 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:44,040 Speaker 1: see it directly. So tell us what that means. Where 165 00:08:44,040 --> 00:08:46,480 Speaker 1: do you look to see the Big Bang? Well, you 166 00:08:46,559 --> 00:08:49,080 Speaker 1: look everywhere? Um, okay, so let me go back a 167 00:08:49,120 --> 00:08:52,920 Speaker 1: couple of steps, billion steps. Yeah, yeah, yeah, Why do 168 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:54,800 Speaker 1: we even think there was a big bang? There was 169 00:08:54,840 --> 00:08:56,760 Speaker 1: one guy who we talked to without the universe is 170 00:08:56,800 --> 00:08:59,280 Speaker 1: like this forever. How do we know that's not true? Right? 171 00:08:59,640 --> 00:09:02,360 Speaker 1: We know that the universe is changing with time because 172 00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:05,280 Speaker 1: we can see that it's expanding UM. And the way 173 00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:07,480 Speaker 1: we see it's expanding is that we look at really 174 00:09:07,480 --> 00:09:09,559 Speaker 1: distant galaxies and we see that they all seem to 175 00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:12,720 Speaker 1: be moving away from us. The whole universe is getting bigger, 176 00:09:13,200 --> 00:09:15,959 Speaker 1: and so the spaces between all of the galaxies is 177 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: getting bigger, and that means that every galaxy we see 178 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:20,800 Speaker 1: is going to look like it's moving away from us. 179 00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:24,960 Speaker 1: And in fact, the more distant galaxy, the more quickly 180 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:26,720 Speaker 1: it seems to be moving away from us. And so 181 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:31,040 Speaker 1: you know, beyond a certain distance UM, when we get 182 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:33,760 Speaker 1: out into like the open universe, outside of our little 183 00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:37,400 Speaker 1: local area, everything is moving apart. And that only makes 184 00:09:37,400 --> 00:09:39,960 Speaker 1: sense if the universe is expanding, and if it's expanding 185 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:44,080 Speaker 1: like the same in every direction. So you can look 186 00:09:44,080 --> 00:09:45,320 Speaker 1: at that and then you can say, well, if it's 187 00:09:45,320 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 1: getting bigger than it was smaller in the past, and 188 00:09:48,559 --> 00:09:51,840 Speaker 1: you can just kind of extrapolate back and say that 189 00:09:52,120 --> 00:09:54,520 Speaker 1: there had to have been a time when everything was 190 00:09:54,559 --> 00:09:57,120 Speaker 1: really really really close together. But that's sort of the 191 00:09:57,160 --> 00:09:59,840 Speaker 1: question is like, what did things look like when they 192 00:09:59,880 --> 00:10:01,480 Speaker 1: were are all sort of on top of each other, 193 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:04,440 Speaker 1: when the universe was that small? How do we know 194 00:10:04,480 --> 00:10:07,200 Speaker 1: what it sort of looked like. If you have some 195 00:10:07,280 --> 00:10:09,120 Speaker 1: kind of box with stuff in it, and then you 196 00:10:09,160 --> 00:10:11,960 Speaker 1: make that box bigger than things get farther apart, it's 197 00:10:11,960 --> 00:10:15,560 Speaker 1: sort of cools down because there's there's more space and 198 00:10:15,720 --> 00:10:17,319 Speaker 1: things are not bumping into each other as much. And 199 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:19,680 Speaker 1: so if you go the other direction, then the early 200 00:10:19,760 --> 00:10:23,559 Speaker 1: universe should have been a lot hotter and denser and 201 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:26,040 Speaker 1: you know, in some sense sort of smaller than it 202 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:28,760 Speaker 1: is now. And so because of that sort of extrapolation, 203 00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:33,040 Speaker 1: a bunch of physicists um back in the day said, well, 204 00:10:33,080 --> 00:10:37,000 Speaker 1: if that's the case, then all of that heat and 205 00:10:37,120 --> 00:10:40,400 Speaker 1: radiation from the early universe should actually still be out 206 00:10:40,440 --> 00:10:42,720 Speaker 1: there somewhere. Well why should it still be out there? 207 00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:46,240 Speaker 1: I mean, wouldn't it have been absorbed or bounced around? 208 00:10:46,280 --> 00:10:50,320 Speaker 1: Since then? What do you mean all that heat and radiation? Okay, 209 00:10:50,360 --> 00:10:52,040 Speaker 1: so so this is where it gets a little bit 210 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:55,000 Speaker 1: trippy and complicated, But this is where it also gets 211 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:58,240 Speaker 1: really cool. I love trippy and complicated, but it's really 212 00:10:58,240 --> 00:11:00,520 Speaker 1: cool because this is this is where we're actually seeing 213 00:11:00,520 --> 00:11:03,200 Speaker 1: the Big Bang. Okay, so the speed of light is 214 00:11:03,240 --> 00:11:05,959 Speaker 1: not infinite, which means that if you look at like 215 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:09,480 Speaker 1: the nearest star other than the Sun, you're looking at 216 00:11:09,520 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 1: something that's four light years away roughly. That means that 217 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:16,040 Speaker 1: the light that you see from that star is four 218 00:11:16,120 --> 00:11:17,840 Speaker 1: years old by the time it gets to you. So 219 00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:19,720 Speaker 1: you're saying that to look into the past, you just 220 00:11:19,760 --> 00:11:22,600 Speaker 1: have to look at things that are far away. Yeah, yeah, exactly, 221 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:25,079 Speaker 1: And so the farther away that you look, the farther 222 00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:28,120 Speaker 1: in the past you're seeing. And we have telescopes where 223 00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:31,560 Speaker 1: we can see galaxies where the light has been traveling 224 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:34,559 Speaker 1: for like thirteen billion years, you know, So we can 225 00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:37,839 Speaker 1: actually see galaxies that are like some of the first 226 00:11:37,880 --> 00:11:40,640 Speaker 1: galaxies ever formed in the universe. We can see really 227 00:11:40,640 --> 00:11:45,160 Speaker 1: really early objects. If we just keep looking farther and 228 00:11:45,200 --> 00:11:48,240 Speaker 1: farther away, then we're looking farther and farther back, and 229 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:50,880 Speaker 1: we're looking at a time when the universe was so 230 00:11:50,920 --> 00:11:53,960 Speaker 1: hot and so dense that that part of the universe 231 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:57,160 Speaker 1: was on fire. Every part of the universe was like 232 00:11:57,200 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: this sort of giant fireball. I mean, not are exactly, 233 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:03,559 Speaker 1: but like plasma, right, And so there's some part of 234 00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: the universe that's so far away that the last like 235 00:12:06,240 --> 00:12:09,760 Speaker 1: a little bit of radiation from that fire has been 236 00:12:09,880 --> 00:12:14,840 Speaker 1: sort of streaming through the universe just in every direction. 237 00:12:15,679 --> 00:12:18,120 Speaker 1: And there's a part of the university so far away 238 00:12:18,160 --> 00:12:20,959 Speaker 1: that that little bit of radiation from that fire has 239 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:23,760 Speaker 1: been traveling through the universe and is just reaching us. Now, 240 00:12:24,040 --> 00:12:26,440 Speaker 1: that's awesome, And I think the really mind blowing thing 241 00:12:26,480 --> 00:12:29,120 Speaker 1: about that is that it comes from every direction. Like, 242 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:31,360 Speaker 1: as you're saying, you look out into the universe, you 243 00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:34,240 Speaker 1: look at something that's the age of the universe away. 244 00:12:34,679 --> 00:12:37,680 Speaker 1: You're seeing something that was really far away a long 245 00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:40,360 Speaker 1: time ago. Now you look at the opposite direction, you're 246 00:12:40,360 --> 00:12:43,080 Speaker 1: seeing something which was the other side of the universe 247 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,040 Speaker 1: when it was born. Hold On, I have so many 248 00:12:46,120 --> 00:12:48,880 Speaker 1: questions for you. But before we keep going, let's take 249 00:12:48,920 --> 00:13:03,400 Speaker 1: a short break. Let me change back off a second. 250 00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:05,760 Speaker 1: I'm still a little bit confused. Um, So what you're 251 00:13:05,760 --> 00:13:08,280 Speaker 1: saying is that you know, there's there are the galaxies 252 00:13:08,320 --> 00:13:10,840 Speaker 1: that are the furthest that we can see. Yeah, but 253 00:13:10,880 --> 00:13:13,439 Speaker 1: you're saying, like if we point our telescope just to 254 00:13:13,559 --> 00:13:18,079 Speaker 1: the right of that oldest galaxy into literally like black nothingness. 255 00:13:18,679 --> 00:13:20,920 Speaker 1: Anything we get when we point our telescopes to that 256 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:24,400 Speaker 1: black spot sort of must be as old as the universe. 257 00:13:24,720 --> 00:13:27,440 Speaker 1: Like if we see it in an optical telescope, then 258 00:13:27,480 --> 00:13:30,320 Speaker 1: we're probably saying something else. But just to the right 259 00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:34,200 Speaker 1: of that old old galaxy, there's radiation coming from that 260 00:13:34,280 --> 00:13:38,920 Speaker 1: point that has not hit anything until it's hit us. 261 00:13:39,160 --> 00:13:42,480 Speaker 1: Then that's been traveling for like thirteen point eight ish 262 00:13:42,520 --> 00:13:46,360 Speaker 1: billion years from a time when the universe was only 263 00:13:46,360 --> 00:13:50,520 Speaker 1: about years old. Oh, I see, but it somehow ended 264 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:52,360 Speaker 1: up there and then it had to make its way 265 00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:55,040 Speaker 1: to us. Well, it was everywhere, I mean, every part 266 00:13:55,040 --> 00:13:57,400 Speaker 1: of the universe put out radiation at that time. Like 267 00:13:57,480 --> 00:14:00,680 Speaker 1: the universe is this like fireball kind of state, and 268 00:14:00,880 --> 00:14:03,280 Speaker 1: the whole universe is cooling at the same time, right, 269 00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:07,480 Speaker 1: and so you have the gas is cooling down, and 270 00:14:07,520 --> 00:14:10,360 Speaker 1: there's this radiation that's traveling in every direction. That's like 271 00:14:10,520 --> 00:14:13,839 Speaker 1: escaping from the time when the whole universe is on fire, 272 00:14:14,280 --> 00:14:16,960 Speaker 1: and that light goes in every direction. So if we 273 00:14:17,040 --> 00:14:19,560 Speaker 1: look in one direction and we're seeing the early universe, 274 00:14:19,960 --> 00:14:22,440 Speaker 1: and then we look in another direction. We're not seeing 275 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:25,680 Speaker 1: the same part of the early universe, right, right, right, 276 00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:29,480 Speaker 1: We're seeing different parts of the early universe. But you 277 00:14:29,520 --> 00:14:31,400 Speaker 1: have to think of time in a kind of geometric 278 00:14:31,480 --> 00:14:33,760 Speaker 1: way for this to make sense, right, So I kind 279 00:14:33,760 --> 00:14:35,480 Speaker 1: of like to think of like we have these like 280 00:14:35,560 --> 00:14:39,920 Speaker 1: spherical shells of time around us. Okay, so yeah, yeah, 281 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:42,680 Speaker 1: imagine you have your your head is inside this sphere 282 00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:47,120 Speaker 1: one ft in radius that's a nanosecond in the past, 283 00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:50,160 Speaker 1: and then you know, you build another sphere that's two 284 00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:52,960 Speaker 1: nano seconds in the past, and then you build a 285 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:55,840 Speaker 1: sphere that's you know, a light year in radius, and 286 00:14:55,840 --> 00:14:59,640 Speaker 1: then you're that's your one one year ago sphere, and 287 00:14:59,680 --> 00:15:01,520 Speaker 1: then you just kind of keep going. So you have 288 00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:04,520 Speaker 1: these sort of nested spheres of deeper and deeper time. 289 00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:08,680 Speaker 1: And at the very end of that, the largest sphere 290 00:15:08,720 --> 00:15:15,160 Speaker 1: is the observable universe, and that sphere is this fireball universe. 291 00:15:15,360 --> 00:15:17,880 Speaker 1: So you're saying the universe when it was really young 292 00:15:18,160 --> 00:15:21,080 Speaker 1: looked like a fireball. Yeah, I mean every part of 293 00:15:21,120 --> 00:15:23,600 Speaker 1: it was was plasma. What does that mean, like a 294 00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:26,680 Speaker 1: cloud like a gas. Yeah, it was too hot for 295 00:15:26,720 --> 00:15:30,200 Speaker 1: Adams to be neutral, so it was protons and electrons 296 00:15:30,320 --> 00:15:33,840 Speaker 1: flying around and radiation, so it would have looked like 297 00:15:33,880 --> 00:15:35,960 Speaker 1: a fire in the sense that it was just glowing 298 00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:39,240 Speaker 1: hot and then over time it's cooled down. So you 299 00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:42,480 Speaker 1: wouldn't want to be around in the early universe. No, 300 00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:46,040 Speaker 1: it would not be safe. The dangerous baby. Yes, yes, 301 00:15:46,160 --> 00:15:49,200 Speaker 1: definitely if you get into like even earlier times, like 302 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:53,400 Speaker 1: the first few seconds and before, like it's like nuclear 303 00:15:53,440 --> 00:15:56,920 Speaker 1: reactions in every point of space at all times. You 304 00:15:56,960 --> 00:15:59,680 Speaker 1: know it's bad. It gets real bad you go earlier 305 00:15:59,680 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 1: and there there in the universe. So it was such 306 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:05,760 Speaker 1: a hot mass of soup soupy mess that nothing could 307 00:16:05,800 --> 00:16:10,320 Speaker 1: even form. And so that you're saying that fireball um expanded, 308 00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:15,200 Speaker 1: that's the big bang, and it dissipated, but we're still 309 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:17,920 Speaker 1: sort of seeing kind of the afterglow of it. Yeah, 310 00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:20,000 Speaker 1: And I don't want to I don't want to imply 311 00:16:20,160 --> 00:16:23,640 Speaker 1: that the universe was like an expanding sphere, because it 312 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:26,200 Speaker 1: might just be infinite in every direction and not really 313 00:16:26,240 --> 00:16:30,240 Speaker 1: have like a shape to it per se. It might 314 00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:32,320 Speaker 1: be infinitely huge. We don't know. We don't know for sure, 315 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:35,880 Speaker 1: but but the idea I guess is that you know, 316 00:16:35,920 --> 00:16:39,400 Speaker 1: when people go outside and night or even during the day, 317 00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:43,760 Speaker 1: they're getting an image of the baby Universe when they 318 00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:46,280 Speaker 1: look up. That kind of the idea if they could 319 00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:49,080 Speaker 1: see in the microwave spectrum, then yeah, they'd get a 320 00:16:49,120 --> 00:16:53,200 Speaker 1: little bit of that sort of glow from the early universe. 321 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:54,840 Speaker 1: It turns out if you if you have one of 322 00:16:54,840 --> 00:16:58,320 Speaker 1: those old TVs that picks up broadcast, you know, not 323 00:16:58,320 --> 00:17:01,000 Speaker 1: not the digital kind. Little bit of the static on 324 00:17:01,080 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 1: those things is is the afterglow of the Big Bang, 325 00:17:03,640 --> 00:17:06,359 Speaker 1: the cosmic microwave background. So you can actually see the 326 00:17:06,359 --> 00:17:09,439 Speaker 1: Big Bang in the snow on old televisions. But but 327 00:17:09,480 --> 00:17:12,280 Speaker 1: the picture of the baby Universe is not like snow. 328 00:17:12,359 --> 00:17:16,439 Speaker 1: It's not um like a glow or noise. It actually 329 00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:18,640 Speaker 1: has like a it's a picture right like it. It's 330 00:17:18,680 --> 00:17:21,760 Speaker 1: got a specific texture on it, right yeah. Yeah, So 331 00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:24,760 Speaker 1: we can map it out. If we take these microwave 332 00:17:24,880 --> 00:17:29,480 Speaker 1: telescopes and look at every point on the sky and 333 00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:33,440 Speaker 1: map out the microwave radiation, then we can see where 334 00:17:33,560 --> 00:17:36,080 Speaker 1: some points were a little bit hotter than others, and 335 00:17:36,680 --> 00:17:39,280 Speaker 1: you can see kind of these patterns of little splotches 336 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:44,480 Speaker 1: for hotter and colder spots on the you know, background 337 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:47,280 Speaker 1: light and the background light. You know, it looks like 338 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:49,119 Speaker 1: a sphere around us, just like if you were in 339 00:17:49,160 --> 00:17:52,439 Speaker 1: a planetarium, you'd see, you know, um, the stars and 340 00:17:52,480 --> 00:17:55,560 Speaker 1: a sphere around you. And we can look at those 341 00:17:55,560 --> 00:17:59,200 Speaker 1: patterns and figure out where, like there was a little 342 00:17:59,200 --> 00:18:01,120 Speaker 1: bit more matter in a spot, a little bit less 343 00:18:01,119 --> 00:18:04,919 Speaker 1: matter in that spot. And we can see traces of 344 00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:10,200 Speaker 1: like sound waves traveling through the early sort of fireball universe, 345 00:18:10,280 --> 00:18:12,679 Speaker 1: because it turns out when the universe is that dense, 346 00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:16,160 Speaker 1: sound can travel through space. Yeah. Yeah, so the early 347 00:18:16,240 --> 00:18:20,120 Speaker 1: universe was like ringing with sound waves and you can 348 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:22,879 Speaker 1: see those in the picture. Yeah, you can see, um, 349 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:27,160 Speaker 1: you can see like patterns associated with like sound waves 350 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:29,560 Speaker 1: traveling through the sort of plasma. So it wasn't just 351 00:18:29,600 --> 00:18:32,800 Speaker 1: a hot mess. It was a hot, noisy mess. Yeah. 352 00:18:32,920 --> 00:18:35,280 Speaker 1: It sounds a lot like my house on a Saturday afternoon. 353 00:18:35,400 --> 00:18:39,320 Speaker 1: Yeah yeah, kind of like real babies, Yeah, exactly, kind 354 00:18:39,320 --> 00:18:44,960 Speaker 1: of like a baby hordhead. There you go. So, um, 355 00:18:45,119 --> 00:18:47,240 Speaker 1: are you're talking about this very early universe and things 356 00:18:47,240 --> 00:18:49,280 Speaker 1: we can learn about how what it meant? And so 357 00:18:49,680 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: what might you learn about the early universe, Like what 358 00:18:52,119 --> 00:18:54,080 Speaker 1: kind of result could you get about the early universe 359 00:18:54,119 --> 00:18:56,320 Speaker 1: that would surprise you or make you feel differently about 360 00:18:56,359 --> 00:18:59,360 Speaker 1: like your life and our rule here in the whole context. 361 00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:01,200 Speaker 1: What kind of is could you could you learn that 362 00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:03,960 Speaker 1: would change your feeling about, you know, the human experience, 363 00:19:04,359 --> 00:19:07,719 Speaker 1: how our universe came to be and why it is 364 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,480 Speaker 1: the way it is. That would be really exciting to 365 00:19:10,560 --> 00:19:14,960 Speaker 1: find out. There could be other universes that may have 366 00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:18,119 Speaker 1: like collided with our universe at early times, and there 367 00:19:18,119 --> 00:19:20,159 Speaker 1: are ways to look for evidence of that with the 368 00:19:20,240 --> 00:19:22,520 Speaker 1: couse of microwave background, and if that happened, that would 369 00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:26,240 Speaker 1: be really interesting to see. And one of the possibilities 370 00:19:26,280 --> 00:19:30,000 Speaker 1: for that is that the Big Bang happened because two 371 00:19:30,080 --> 00:19:32,640 Speaker 1: universes kind of collided in the past and bounced off 372 00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,879 Speaker 1: each other, and so there could be like this parallel 373 00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:37,560 Speaker 1: universe out there that we might be doomed to collide 374 00:19:37,600 --> 00:19:40,280 Speaker 1: with again twins, So that would be really interesting as 375 00:19:40,280 --> 00:19:43,720 Speaker 1: well to know that, like there's more spatial dimensions that 376 00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:46,399 Speaker 1: we can see, so you know, the universe is kind 377 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,840 Speaker 1: of bigger in some direction that we don't understand, So 378 00:19:49,920 --> 00:19:52,680 Speaker 1: that would be really interesting. That's amazing. Would it shock 379 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:55,480 Speaker 1: you if fourteen billion years from now people could still 380 00:19:55,520 --> 00:20:00,679 Speaker 1: see your baby picture I was such an ugly baby. 381 00:20:02,880 --> 00:20:05,160 Speaker 1: The analogy really works because you can look back at kids, 382 00:20:05,160 --> 00:20:06,879 Speaker 1: for example, when there were two or three, and you 383 00:20:06,920 --> 00:20:09,720 Speaker 1: can see in them the seeds of their current personality. 384 00:20:09,760 --> 00:20:11,240 Speaker 1: You can see, oh, it was a fighter, it was 385 00:20:11,280 --> 00:20:14,680 Speaker 1: a screamer, a curious baby. So I think there are 386 00:20:14,760 --> 00:20:17,240 Speaker 1: truths about us that are hidden in our baby pictures, 387 00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:19,320 Speaker 1: the same way our truths about the universe that are 388 00:20:19,560 --> 00:20:23,440 Speaker 1: secreted away in the in the cosmic bac away background. Well, 389 00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: thank you so much, Katie for joining us. It's good 390 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:28,399 Speaker 1: to chat about the the universe. I'm always happy to 391 00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:31,440 Speaker 1: do that. Yeah, you're welcome any back, anytime, and people 392 00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:34,040 Speaker 1: can find you on Twitter, right, Katie, your your handle 393 00:20:34,160 --> 00:20:37,000 Speaker 1: is at a stro Katie. One word right A S 394 00:20:37,040 --> 00:20:40,120 Speaker 1: T R O K A T I E. Great, Yes, 395 00:20:40,359 --> 00:20:43,040 Speaker 1: that's right. Well, thank you so much for joining us, Katie. 396 00:20:43,040 --> 00:20:45,280 Speaker 1: I hear you're working on a really great project these days. 397 00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: A new book. Yeah, I'm working on my first book. 398 00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:53,200 Speaker 1: It's for general audiences, so um, you know, not not technical, 399 00:20:53,359 --> 00:20:55,720 Speaker 1: but the topic is the end of the universe, So 400 00:20:56,600 --> 00:21:00,280 Speaker 1: where it's all going to go, how it's all gonna end, um, 401 00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:02,600 Speaker 1: what that's going to look like. What it means for 402 00:21:02,680 --> 00:21:06,760 Speaker 1: the universe to have an end um It's it's should 403 00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:09,760 Speaker 1: be really fun. It's called the End of Everything, and 404 00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:14,680 Speaker 1: it'll be out in hopefully before the end of the universe. Yeah, 405 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:17,639 Speaker 1: it would be really inconvenient if the universe ended before 406 00:21:17,640 --> 00:21:20,000 Speaker 1: the book came out. So I'm crossing my fingers and 407 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:22,000 Speaker 1: hopefully will have a happy ending or is it a 408 00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:25,000 Speaker 1: spoiler alert? There aren't very many pleasant ways to destroy 409 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:27,800 Speaker 1: the entire cosmos. This is not a Disney book or hey, 410 00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:31,119 Speaker 1: unfortunately great, So I hope everyone checks it out and 411 00:21:31,480 --> 00:21:47,480 Speaker 1: keeps an eye for it. Thank you, Katie. Thanks, So 412 00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:49,840 Speaker 1: that was really fascinating. Katie told us a lot about 413 00:21:50,080 --> 00:21:52,640 Speaker 1: how we can see the history of the universe from 414 00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:56,120 Speaker 1: these really really old photons that are come from deep 415 00:21:56,160 --> 00:21:59,240 Speaker 1: in space and deep back in time, all the way 416 00:21:59,400 --> 00:22:02,840 Speaker 1: back to four hundred thousand years after the Big Bang. Yeah, 417 00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:07,000 Speaker 1: when the universe became transparent. That's an interesting constant, right, 418 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:09,359 Speaker 1: Like we think of space is black and full of 419 00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:13,359 Speaker 1: stuff in it, but relatively speaking, it's kind of transparent, right, 420 00:22:13,359 --> 00:22:15,840 Speaker 1: it's empty, Yeah, which is fantastic. Right. It's good luck 421 00:22:15,880 --> 00:22:18,520 Speaker 1: because if the universe was not transparent, we couldn't have 422 00:22:18,640 --> 00:22:21,360 Speaker 1: learned all these amazing things we learned about the universe, right, 423 00:22:21,680 --> 00:22:23,720 Speaker 1: And you might think, well, of course space is transparent, 424 00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:27,560 Speaker 1: but that's the thing, it wasn't always right. Around four 425 00:22:27,640 --> 00:22:30,000 Speaker 1: hundred thousand years after the Big Bang is the first 426 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:33,560 Speaker 1: time that it cooled down enough that the hot plasma 427 00:22:33,680 --> 00:22:37,160 Speaker 1: Kittie was talking about moved from being ions into being 428 00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:41,480 Speaker 1: neutral atoms so that photons could fly through them unimpeded. Right, 429 00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:44,560 Speaker 1: So it makes me wonder, what was it? How could 430 00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:46,880 Speaker 1: we ever see before that? Can we see before four 431 00:22:46,960 --> 00:22:49,679 Speaker 1: hundred thousand years after the Big Bang? We can, but 432 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:52,119 Speaker 1: we can't use photons. You know. It's like staring at 433 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:54,040 Speaker 1: the Sun. Right, you can see the surface of the 434 00:22:54,040 --> 00:22:56,640 Speaker 1: Sun because it's shooting our photons, But you can't see 435 00:22:56,640 --> 00:22:59,720 Speaker 1: photons from the inside of the Sun because those get absorbed. 436 00:23:00,040 --> 00:23:02,840 Speaker 1: And so looking at the earlier history of the universe 437 00:23:02,840 --> 00:23:07,080 Speaker 1: requires somehow looking inside this big ball of plasma, and 438 00:23:07,119 --> 00:23:09,199 Speaker 1: we can't do that with photons, but looking sort of 439 00:23:09,280 --> 00:23:12,080 Speaker 1: in time, right, we want to pierce into it in time, 440 00:23:12,280 --> 00:23:15,120 Speaker 1: that's right, And so we can't see directly. One thing 441 00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:17,040 Speaker 1: we can do is that we can do experiments to 442 00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:19,159 Speaker 1: recreate it. You know, we can say, well, what was 443 00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:21,480 Speaker 1: it like when there was so much energy focused in 444 00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:24,040 Speaker 1: one place? You mean, we can make babies in a 445 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:26,879 Speaker 1: test tube. I'm not proposing that you and I make 446 00:23:26,920 --> 00:23:29,440 Speaker 1: babies in a test before, as much as that would 447 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:31,920 Speaker 1: be on the frontiers of science. And also I think 448 00:23:31,960 --> 00:23:34,120 Speaker 1: it's sort of inappropriate to raise that like on air 449 00:23:34,160 --> 00:23:36,480 Speaker 1: in the podcast. I mean that should be a private conversation. 450 00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:40,320 Speaker 1: You're like buying me a glass of wine. At least 451 00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:46,400 Speaker 1: for as Joe, I'm not that easy. Um, we can 452 00:23:46,480 --> 00:23:49,520 Speaker 1: recreate the conditions of the Big Bang sort of, um, 453 00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:51,920 Speaker 1: just by smashing particles together, so you know, the large 454 00:23:51,920 --> 00:23:55,280 Speaker 1: Hadron collider, we smash protons together. Sometimes we even smash 455 00:23:55,359 --> 00:23:59,520 Speaker 1: heavier stuff together like lead or gold nuclei and try 456 00:23:59,560 --> 00:24:02,320 Speaker 1: to recreate the big hot mess that was that ball 457 00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:04,119 Speaker 1: of plasma, just to see what was it like and 458 00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:06,280 Speaker 1: what's the physics of it and what happens. So what 459 00:24:06,320 --> 00:24:09,760 Speaker 1: do you mean, recreate the conditions like the temperature or 460 00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:12,880 Speaker 1: just like the crazy the pure energy nous of it. Yeah, 461 00:24:12,920 --> 00:24:16,320 Speaker 1: the density of energy, right, that's essentially what temperature is 462 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:18,680 Speaker 1: in my in my understanding. You know, we're just trying 463 00:24:18,680 --> 00:24:20,800 Speaker 1: to create a lot of energy into in one place, 464 00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:25,359 Speaker 1: so that quirks, for example, which usually are bound tightly together, 465 00:24:25,600 --> 00:24:28,719 Speaker 1: can feel free because there's so much energy around that. 466 00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:30,800 Speaker 1: Everybody has so much energy, they don't they don't get 467 00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:33,680 Speaker 1: tied down. You're like, be free, quargs, be free, take 468 00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:38,120 Speaker 1: off your foes. It's the Cork Liberation Front is whatever. 469 00:24:39,160 --> 00:24:42,600 Speaker 1: The Q left is sort of a militant group there. Um. Yeah, 470 00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:44,240 Speaker 1: so you can sort of think of the LHC is 471 00:24:44,280 --> 00:24:46,280 Speaker 1: like a big bang machine. You know, every time we 472 00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:49,000 Speaker 1: collid were like recreating these collisions and so we can 473 00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,560 Speaker 1: study that experiment. Makes me a little nervous that, Daniel, 474 00:24:52,320 --> 00:24:54,440 Speaker 1: just like, what's what's the big deal? Because me like 475 00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:57,640 Speaker 1: a big bang machine. First of all, it sounds kind 476 00:24:57,640 --> 00:25:01,439 Speaker 1: of it sounds a little inappropriate. But like you made 477 00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:04,240 Speaker 1: a machine that makes the universes. That's a that's a 478 00:25:04,280 --> 00:25:06,800 Speaker 1: little worrying, isn't it. Well, it only makes forty million 479 00:25:06,840 --> 00:25:12,560 Speaker 1: universes a second, what what could go wrong? No, seriously, 480 00:25:12,560 --> 00:25:16,000 Speaker 1: people don't worry. We're not We're not creating universes at daily. See, 481 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:19,160 Speaker 1: we're creating the We're recreating the conditions of the early 482 00:25:19,240 --> 00:25:21,919 Speaker 1: universe by making something that's as hot and dense in 483 00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:24,800 Speaker 1: a very small space, and we're all wearing life jackets 484 00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:28,280 Speaker 1: and hard hats and nobody should be concerned and diversion. Yeah, 485 00:25:28,520 --> 00:25:30,920 Speaker 1: and the point is that what we're just trying to 486 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,400 Speaker 1: study it, and because we have these theoretical models that say, 487 00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:36,320 Speaker 1: we think we know what happened before four thousand years 488 00:25:36,840 --> 00:25:38,359 Speaker 1: after the Big Bang, that's the last thing we can 489 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:40,720 Speaker 1: directly see. We think we know what happened before that, 490 00:25:40,920 --> 00:25:43,119 Speaker 1: so let's test it and check and try to recreate 491 00:25:43,160 --> 00:25:45,760 Speaker 1: those So I see, like you have theories about what 492 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,000 Speaker 1: happened before four hundred thousand years into the Big Bang, 493 00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:54,040 Speaker 1: and so you're trying to do small experiments that will 494 00:25:54,080 --> 00:25:56,480 Speaker 1: sort of confirm parts of that theory. So that didn't 495 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:59,400 Speaker 1: you feel confident about using a theory to peer into 496 00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,840 Speaker 1: the Big Bang? Yeah, exactly. So it's extrapolating into what 497 00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:05,280 Speaker 1: we can't see, and then we're trying to test it 498 00:26:05,320 --> 00:26:07,239 Speaker 1: in the lab and said, like, let's see if our 499 00:26:07,280 --> 00:26:10,480 Speaker 1: theory works in similar conditions. So it's kind of like 500 00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:13,480 Speaker 1: a it's like math vision, you know, like we can't 501 00:26:13,520 --> 00:26:16,760 Speaker 1: technically see inside the sun, but we can see an 502 00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:20,840 Speaker 1: inside using math only put on my math goggles and 503 00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:23,239 Speaker 1: now I can see anything. Well, I guess, I mean 504 00:26:23,280 --> 00:26:25,879 Speaker 1: you could call a that applied math or math vision. 505 00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:28,400 Speaker 1: But yeah, I think we should rename all the applied 506 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:32,439 Speaker 1: math departments around the country as math vision departments. Be 507 00:26:32,440 --> 00:26:37,520 Speaker 1: a math visionary. But the speaking of vision, there is 508 00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:41,240 Speaker 1: another way now to see into that plasma, to look inside, 509 00:26:41,440 --> 00:26:43,080 Speaker 1: and that's because we have a new way to look 510 00:26:43,119 --> 00:26:46,240 Speaker 1: out into the universe, and that's with gravitational waves, which 511 00:26:46,240 --> 00:26:50,560 Speaker 1: are only recently discovered. We can listen not to see. 512 00:26:51,359 --> 00:26:53,560 Speaker 1: Oh my god, I hate that analogy. We're not listening. 513 00:26:53,680 --> 00:26:56,800 Speaker 1: Gravitation waves don't make a sound, you know, They're just 514 00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,560 Speaker 1: waves like everything else. So it's you mean, like there's 515 00:27:00,560 --> 00:27:04,160 Speaker 1: stuff happening, but underneath that, like a rumble, you can 516 00:27:04,240 --> 00:27:06,800 Speaker 1: see sort of these waves coming out. Right. Well, what 517 00:27:06,840 --> 00:27:10,720 Speaker 1: I mean is that the hot plasma is is opaque 518 00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:14,399 Speaker 1: to photons, right, but it's not opaque to other things, right, 519 00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:17,520 Speaker 1: It's transparent to other things. It's transparent, for example, to 520 00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:21,200 Speaker 1: gravitational waves. So the current theory of what happened just 521 00:27:21,320 --> 00:27:23,879 Speaker 1: after the Big Bang, like ten to the minus thirty 522 00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:27,359 Speaker 1: five seconds after the universe was born, is that there 523 00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:30,960 Speaker 1: was a huge shock wave in space. Gravitational waves were 524 00:27:30,960 --> 00:27:33,320 Speaker 1: made just at the very very beginning of the universe, 525 00:27:33,840 --> 00:27:36,320 Speaker 1: and gravitational waves can pierce plasma, they can go through 526 00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:39,320 Speaker 1: anything because they are the shaking of space itself, right, 527 00:27:39,359 --> 00:27:42,480 Speaker 1: so nothing can block them. So those can pass through 528 00:27:42,520 --> 00:27:45,879 Speaker 1: that plasma. When those waves have dispersed out into the 529 00:27:45,920 --> 00:27:49,720 Speaker 1: infinity by now, when we have lost them by now, well, 530 00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:51,720 Speaker 1: it's just the same as with the photons from the 531 00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:54,800 Speaker 1: cosmic microwave background. If the Big Bang happened everywhere all 532 00:27:54,840 --> 00:27:57,880 Speaker 1: the time, then those waves were created everywhere and went 533 00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:00,560 Speaker 1: in every direction. If we want to see them now, 534 00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:03,960 Speaker 1: we just listen, you know, in some direction a long 535 00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:07,080 Speaker 1: long time ago, and they should be arriving now. Gravitation 536 00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:10,960 Speaker 1: always made super far away fourteen billion years ago, should 537 00:28:10,960 --> 00:28:12,960 Speaker 1: just be arriving on Earth now. And you're right, it's 538 00:28:13,040 --> 00:28:16,520 Speaker 1: very hard to see. It's like the whole room is reverberating, right, 539 00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:25,280 Speaker 1: kind of like, yeah, exactly, reverberberating. And the cool thing 540 00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:27,200 Speaker 1: is maybe you've heard this story, but you know, there's 541 00:28:27,440 --> 00:28:29,679 Speaker 1: a collaboration that had a telescope listening for these and 542 00:28:29,680 --> 00:28:32,520 Speaker 1: they thought they heard them. This is the bicep collaboration, 543 00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:34,920 Speaker 1: and they claimed the discovery and then it turned out 544 00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:37,280 Speaker 1: that it was just dust and they were actually totally 545 00:28:37,280 --> 00:28:40,440 Speaker 1: wrong and they had to walk back their discovery, which 546 00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:44,440 Speaker 1: is kind of embarrassing. Yeah, but you know, it happens 547 00:28:44,440 --> 00:28:47,080 Speaker 1: in science, right, Yeah, it totally happens, you know. Yeah, 548 00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:49,200 Speaker 1: it's they didn't do anything wrong. They just you know, 549 00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:52,560 Speaker 1: they claimed they discovered it. They made their best statement, 550 00:28:52,640 --> 00:28:54,680 Speaker 1: and then they learned more and they said oops. And 551 00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:57,760 Speaker 1: that's fine. That's the process of science. Um. But there 552 00:28:57,800 --> 00:28:59,760 Speaker 1: are ways to see those. We just haven't heard those 553 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:02,000 Speaker 1: vitational waves yet, but people are working on it. One 554 00:29:02,040 --> 00:29:03,760 Speaker 1: day we'll find them. So those might tell us what 555 00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:09,520 Speaker 1: happened inside of the the really really baby universe, right yeah, exactly, 556 00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:12,440 Speaker 1: you know, the fetal universe or something, you know, and 557 00:29:12,920 --> 00:29:14,840 Speaker 1: just after it was born. And that would be fascinating 558 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:16,960 Speaker 1: because we could learn a lot. First of all, if 559 00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:19,720 Speaker 1: we see them, that confirms that these gravitational waves were 560 00:29:19,760 --> 00:29:21,840 Speaker 1: made and that we think inflation probably happened, and that 561 00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:24,520 Speaker 1: would be incredible, right that would that would go from 562 00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:27,040 Speaker 1: math vision to like you know, I don't know, um, 563 00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:38,720 Speaker 1: math discovernment. That's the worst probably anyway, Yes, so we 564 00:29:38,720 --> 00:29:41,440 Speaker 1: could see very very early on and that would be cool. Um, 565 00:29:41,440 --> 00:29:43,360 Speaker 1: But we haven't heard those yet. People are working on it. 566 00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:46,000 Speaker 1: So how far how far into the Big bank could 567 00:29:46,040 --> 00:29:49,840 Speaker 1: we listen with these gravitational waves? Yeah, tend the minus 568 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:53,920 Speaker 1: thirty five seconds after the Big Bang? Why not just 569 00:29:53,960 --> 00:29:58,080 Speaker 1: call that zero like it's so much happy because zero 570 00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,040 Speaker 1: and math. Put on your math goggles. There's a difference 571 00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:03,480 Speaker 1: between zero and tend of the minus thirty five. Although 572 00:30:03,520 --> 00:30:06,520 Speaker 1: I'll admit I don't even know what prefix goes before 573 00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:11,400 Speaker 1: that could have second or a yapto second or something. 574 00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:13,800 Speaker 1: What do you think it is? Um? I think it's 575 00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:18,120 Speaker 1: a sound second. I think it's a Jorge second channel 576 00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:21,400 Speaker 1: a second or something. It's a baby second because it's 577 00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:24,960 Speaker 1: because it's so tiny. No. Um. So that's a really 578 00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:27,800 Speaker 1: exciting way to probe the very very very early universe. 579 00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:30,960 Speaker 1: But wait, wait, where does that number come from? Tend 580 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:35,960 Speaker 1: to the minus thirty five? That seems very like definitive. Oh, 581 00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:37,880 Speaker 1: there's a lot of uncertainty there, but it comes from 582 00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:41,040 Speaker 1: calculations about how inflation happened. You know. Inflation is the 583 00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:44,920 Speaker 1: process of the universe stretching really really fast just after 584 00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:47,680 Speaker 1: it was born. You go from a tiny microscopic dot 585 00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:51,640 Speaker 1: um or every tiny microscopic dot was then just stretched 586 00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:54,719 Speaker 1: out to a really big universe. The universe expanded by 587 00:30:54,720 --> 00:30:57,080 Speaker 1: a huge amount in a really tiny amount of time. 588 00:30:57,160 --> 00:31:00,920 Speaker 1: We should do a whole podcast on what is inflation? Sometimes, Um, 589 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:03,920 Speaker 1: that's when inflation stopped. Yeah, but that's just it's an estimate, 590 00:31:03,920 --> 00:31:05,640 Speaker 1: and there are different theories of inflation. And you know, 591 00:31:05,640 --> 00:31:07,360 Speaker 1: it could be tend in the minus thirty six seconds 592 00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:10,200 Speaker 1: or tenda minus thirty two seconds. And but of course, 593 00:31:10,240 --> 00:31:12,080 Speaker 1: as you say, why isn't it ji zero? And we 594 00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:14,280 Speaker 1: love to see zero, and we'd love to see the 595 00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:17,680 Speaker 1: first moment when time was created. Did something happen at 596 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:24,640 Speaker 1: ten to the minus thirty five that's when inflation stopped? Yeah? Yeah, So, 597 00:31:25,040 --> 00:31:27,640 Speaker 1: very very briefly, the history of the universe is the 598 00:31:27,720 --> 00:31:31,440 Speaker 1: universe is created somehow mysteriously totally unknown process, and then 599 00:31:31,880 --> 00:31:35,720 Speaker 1: it's stretched really really dramatically, really really quickly for about 600 00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:38,680 Speaker 1: ten of the minus thirty five seconds, right, and then 601 00:31:38,720 --> 00:31:41,000 Speaker 1: it's been expanding ever since. And then about five billion 602 00:31:41,040 --> 00:31:42,880 Speaker 1: years ago, I started stretching again, and that's what we 603 00:31:42,960 --> 00:31:46,320 Speaker 1: call dark energy. Oh I see, so you couldn't these 604 00:31:46,360 --> 00:31:49,760 Speaker 1: waves gravitational waves wouldn't tell you what happened when it 605 00:31:49,800 --> 00:31:52,560 Speaker 1: was stretching or before it stretched. Yeah, there's sort of 606 00:31:52,560 --> 00:31:54,760 Speaker 1: the results of the stretch. You know. It's like, oh, 607 00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:58,080 Speaker 1: if you jump onto a trampoline, you know, these are 608 00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:02,520 Speaker 1: the waves that moved through the trampoline. Inflation caused these waves. 609 00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:06,400 Speaker 1: It's like the bang of the Big Bang. It's the 610 00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:08,320 Speaker 1: bang just after the Big Bang, and you lived just 611 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:09,840 Speaker 1: down the street from the Big Bang, and this is 612 00:32:09,880 --> 00:32:13,240 Speaker 1: what you hear, all right, So then, um, but then 613 00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:15,840 Speaker 1: who knows, how would we ever see what happened before? 614 00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:19,680 Speaker 1: I know, I'd love to see at zero, right or 615 00:32:19,680 --> 00:32:21,960 Speaker 1: even negative, like what happened before? What was there before 616 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,880 Speaker 1: and what made the universe start? And that's it's hard 617 00:32:24,920 --> 00:32:27,560 Speaker 1: to imagine how we could ever see that, even see 618 00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:29,560 Speaker 1: before tend of the minus thirty five, to see what 619 00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:32,080 Speaker 1: was happening at zero and fierce that veil and go 620 00:32:32,160 --> 00:32:34,560 Speaker 1: through it and see what happened before. That's just the 621 00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:37,600 Speaker 1: realm of science fiction. It may literally be impossible. You know, 622 00:32:37,760 --> 00:32:42,040 Speaker 1: maybe that no information from before that was even preserved. 623 00:32:42,080 --> 00:32:44,680 Speaker 1: It's just like destroyed um in the Big Bang. We 624 00:32:44,720 --> 00:32:47,000 Speaker 1: don't even know. You don't think even math vision could 625 00:32:47,000 --> 00:32:50,640 Speaker 1: get us through. I mean, like, you know, like, could 626 00:32:50,680 --> 00:32:53,040 Speaker 1: we form a theory that just put on two math 627 00:32:53,120 --> 00:32:56,880 Speaker 1: goggles and right, what's the big deal? Uh? No, we 628 00:32:56,960 --> 00:32:59,120 Speaker 1: certainly could. And you know, this is an interesting question 629 00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:02,440 Speaker 1: of like can you even study that. Is this philosophy 630 00:33:02,520 --> 00:33:05,560 Speaker 1: or is this science? Can you talk seriously about what 631 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,000 Speaker 1: happened before the Big Bang or what caused the Big Bang? 632 00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:10,320 Speaker 1: And people like to talk about crazy ideas like the 633 00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:12,520 Speaker 1: Big Bang was the result of the collisions of two 634 00:33:12,520 --> 00:33:15,520 Speaker 1: other universes and higher dimensions, and I mean, I know 635 00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:17,160 Speaker 1: it sounds like I just made up those words. I 636 00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:19,680 Speaker 1: don't mean anything, But that's a real theory. You mean, like, 637 00:33:19,720 --> 00:33:23,880 Speaker 1: could we talk about anything before there was anything? That's right? Yeah, 638 00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:26,560 Speaker 1: when there was nothing? Can we talk about something right? 639 00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:30,160 Speaker 1: That sounds like that bid in spaceballs or something? But 640 00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:32,000 Speaker 1: but yeah, and it's it's a reasonable question. And some 641 00:33:32,040 --> 00:33:34,640 Speaker 1: people say you can't it's just philosophy because we can 642 00:33:34,680 --> 00:33:37,080 Speaker 1: never test it. We can never know what happened because 643 00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:39,480 Speaker 1: we can never get any data that confirmed or denied 644 00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:42,280 Speaker 1: any of those theories. But other people say, you know, 645 00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:45,480 Speaker 1: you could. Sean Carroll, for example, he argues that you 646 00:33:45,480 --> 00:33:47,480 Speaker 1: can talk about what happened at a time or a 647 00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:50,720 Speaker 1: place you can never visit, because you can build theories 648 00:33:50,720 --> 00:33:53,240 Speaker 1: that extrapolate, as you were saying, using math vision into 649 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:55,680 Speaker 1: that time, and you can confirm or deny those theories 650 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,240 Speaker 1: in time and places that you can test, and you 651 00:33:58,280 --> 00:34:00,640 Speaker 1: can think about whether that extrapolation is valid and test 652 00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:02,880 Speaker 1: those in other ways. So it's indirect, but you know, 653 00:34:02,920 --> 00:34:04,760 Speaker 1: there are ways to talk about what might have happened. 654 00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:07,560 Speaker 1: Then it's just it would be hard to kind of 655 00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:10,040 Speaker 1: put your finger on it and really kind of see it, 656 00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:13,000 Speaker 1: especially because a time equal zero, your finger doesn't exist. 657 00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:16,279 Speaker 1: To put it anywhere does it be really hot? So 658 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:20,440 Speaker 1: don't put your finger right now. People don't put your 659 00:34:20,440 --> 00:34:27,120 Speaker 1: finger on a big bang. Yes, So, you know, if 660 00:34:27,120 --> 00:34:29,000 Speaker 1: you look deep into the history of the universe, you 661 00:34:29,080 --> 00:34:31,239 Speaker 1: learned about how the Earth was made. You learned about 662 00:34:31,239 --> 00:34:33,160 Speaker 1: how the Solar system was formed, You learned about how 663 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:37,520 Speaker 1: galaxies came together, You learned about how the universe is expanding. 664 00:34:37,600 --> 00:34:40,000 Speaker 1: You learned about the first stars. You go all the 665 00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:42,960 Speaker 1: way back to the very initial moments when the universe 666 00:34:42,960 --> 00:34:45,520 Speaker 1: became transparent, and that's you know, what we think about 667 00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:47,319 Speaker 1: when we think about the universe and you learn all 668 00:34:47,360 --> 00:34:49,520 Speaker 1: this rich history and it's told us so much about 669 00:34:49,719 --> 00:34:52,359 Speaker 1: who we are and uh and how everything works and 670 00:34:52,680 --> 00:34:55,200 Speaker 1: you know what's gonna happen. So it's it's pretty fascinating. 671 00:34:55,239 --> 00:34:57,879 Speaker 1: I love looking at the universe's baby picture. Yeah. Now, 672 00:34:57,880 --> 00:35:01,279 Speaker 1: there's a certain definitely comfort to know in your origins, right, 673 00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:03,400 Speaker 1: Like if you didn't know if you were born or 674 00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:06,759 Speaker 1: where you came from, it kind of tends to unseckle you, right, Like, 675 00:35:07,040 --> 00:35:09,120 Speaker 1: what is my place in the universe? It all could 676 00:35:09,160 --> 00:35:12,160 Speaker 1: just be a manufactured, you know, illusion from the creators 677 00:35:12,200 --> 00:35:15,000 Speaker 1: of the simulation that we're living in, right, So it 678 00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:17,920 Speaker 1: could all just be a lie. Yeah, but we're what 679 00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:21,719 Speaker 1: what were they like as a baby? Though? That's right, 680 00:35:21,760 --> 00:35:24,200 Speaker 1: it's a recursive question. But I totally agree with you. 681 00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:25,800 Speaker 1: It tells you something about who you are, and you 682 00:35:25,920 --> 00:35:27,759 Speaker 1: like to know that thing those things because it tells 683 00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:30,080 Speaker 1: you how to live your life. Right. If you know 684 00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:31,680 Speaker 1: where you came from, you have an idea of where 685 00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:33,920 Speaker 1: you're going and how to get there, and what's important, 686 00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:37,600 Speaker 1: what your place in the universe is, you know? Yeah, 687 00:35:37,600 --> 00:35:40,960 Speaker 1: and your place turns out is very small, almost nowhere, 688 00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:45,439 Speaker 1: pretty cold, cold, it's pretty cold. Yeah, but you should 689 00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:47,120 Speaker 1: still go on and live your life and be nice 690 00:35:47,120 --> 00:35:59,239 Speaker 1: to people. Yeah. If you still have a question after 691 00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:02,439 Speaker 1: listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. 692 00:36:02,480 --> 00:36:04,600 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us 693 00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:08,439 Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's 694 00:36:08,480 --> 00:36:11,840 Speaker 1: one Word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and 695 00:36:11,960 --> 00:36:21,960 Speaker 1: Jorge dot com.