1 00:00:06,640 --> 00:00:10,440 Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature Feature production of iHeartRadio. I'm your host 2 00:00:10,440 --> 00:00:14,720 Speaker 1: of Mini Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied psychology and evolutionary biology, 3 00:00:14,720 --> 00:00:18,720 Speaker 1: and today only share we're doing a listener questions episode. 4 00:00:19,120 --> 00:00:21,599 Speaker 1: I like to answer your questions every so often. You 5 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:24,680 Speaker 1: can write to me at Creature Feature Pod at gmail 6 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:29,000 Speaker 1: dot com with your questions and I might just answer them. 7 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:32,880 Speaker 1: So let's get right into it. Wait, no, what before 8 00:00:32,920 --> 00:00:36,440 Speaker 1: I do that? Last week I forgot to announce the 9 00:00:36,479 --> 00:00:41,879 Speaker 1: winners of the Mystery Animal sound game. So the mystery 10 00:00:41,880 --> 00:00:45,800 Speaker 1: animal was the Koala and the ones who gets correctly 11 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:50,600 Speaker 1: the fastest or magnus O, Jacob em and amrout Kay 12 00:00:50,840 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 1: and I apologize for forgetting to announce that. You know, 13 00:00:56,280 --> 00:01:02,120 Speaker 1: I'm human or Kala. Kualas make mistakes too, So let's 14 00:01:02,160 --> 00:01:06,840 Speaker 1: get into the questions. First question, how accurate is the 15 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:09,840 Speaker 1: new Tarzan movie? What animals would make a real life Tarzan? 16 00:01:09,959 --> 00:01:13,120 Speaker 1: And this is from my name is Mud, who wrote 17 00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:15,039 Speaker 1: a review with the question in it. Thank you for 18 00:01:15,120 --> 00:01:19,479 Speaker 1: the question and for rating the podcast. You don't have 19 00:01:19,600 --> 00:01:21,520 Speaker 1: to leave your question and the reviews for me to 20 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:23,640 Speaker 1: answer them. I will still answer them if you email 21 00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:26,560 Speaker 1: them to me, but I sure do appreciate it when 22 00:01:26,600 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 1: you leave them as a review and when you leave 23 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:32,040 Speaker 1: a rating, because that helps me and podcast. It's great, 24 00:01:32,280 --> 00:01:35,440 Speaker 1: So thank you. Well. I had no idea that there 25 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:38,000 Speaker 1: was a new Tarzan movie. I was only aware of 26 00:01:38,040 --> 00:01:43,199 Speaker 1: the nineteen ninety nine Tarzan. That was the Disney version 27 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:47,320 Speaker 1: where he's like, you know, skateboarding down the trees and stuff. 28 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: It's not super accurate that movie. It's a good movie though, 29 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:55,360 Speaker 1: but you know, animal musical sequence talking gorilla is not 30 00:01:55,400 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 1: super accurate. But apparently there was a live action Tarzan 31 00:02:00,160 --> 00:02:03,560 Speaker 1: twenty sixteen. I'm assuming this is the new Tarzan you're 32 00:02:03,560 --> 00:02:06,560 Speaker 1: talking about. I'm not really sure. I'm not aware of 33 00:02:06,600 --> 00:02:10,440 Speaker 1: other Tarzans, but yeah, the live action Tarzan in twenty sixteen. 34 00:02:10,720 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: Apparently Alexander's Scarsguard was Tarzan. I guess alexander Scarsguard is 35 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:21,520 Speaker 1: the most gorilla like of the Scars Guards. There's so 36 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:25,280 Speaker 1: many Scars Guards anyways, So yeah, apparently in this movie, 37 00:02:25,440 --> 00:02:29,440 Speaker 1: Tarzan like went to England, became English, and then went 38 00:02:29,480 --> 00:02:33,960 Speaker 1: back to the Congo Basin, where he had been raised 39 00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:37,080 Speaker 1: by a fictional species of gorilla, like a great ape 40 00:02:37,200 --> 00:02:42,480 Speaker 1: called the Mangani I don't know, so apparently he wants 41 00:02:42,480 --> 00:02:46,960 Speaker 1: to investigate some kind of like slavery operation thing. I 42 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:50,280 Speaker 1: have not seen this movie. It seems pretty wild. I 43 00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:54,399 Speaker 1: read the plot on Wikipedia. Apparently has Margot Robi and 44 00:02:54,639 --> 00:02:58,520 Speaker 1: Samuel L. Jackson in it too, which wow, all right 45 00:02:58,919 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 1: Star said it. The plot seems to be kind of 46 00:03:01,720 --> 00:03:08,000 Speaker 1: focused on action stuff and like a conspiracy plot. There's 47 00:03:08,040 --> 00:03:11,280 Speaker 1: a little bit of uncomfortable like white Man's Burden stuff 48 00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:16,360 Speaker 1: going on there too. Anyways, Yeah, I cannot review this 49 00:03:16,440 --> 00:03:19,600 Speaker 1: movie because I have not seen it, but I can 50 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:23,160 Speaker 1: talk a little bit about the concepts behind Tarzan, right, 51 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:26,560 Speaker 1: like whether it's realistic for a man to have been 52 00:03:26,639 --> 00:03:31,440 Speaker 1: raised by apes, and then these apes sort of part 53 00:03:31,480 --> 00:03:35,960 Speaker 1: of the ideas that they are able to communicate with Tarzan, 54 00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:38,560 Speaker 1: who can like translate what they are saying to Jane. 55 00:03:39,080 --> 00:03:41,080 Speaker 1: I don't know if this happens so much in the 56 00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:44,160 Speaker 1: twenty sixteen version, but in the Disney movie and in 57 00:03:44,240 --> 00:03:48,240 Speaker 1: the original books, the apes are depicted as having a 58 00:03:48,320 --> 00:03:53,360 Speaker 1: language that Tarzan understands and can translate to Jane. But 59 00:03:53,600 --> 00:03:57,000 Speaker 1: this is so great a communication is very interesting, and 60 00:03:57,000 --> 00:04:00,800 Speaker 1: it's complicated, and it is definitely not as simple as 61 00:04:00,960 --> 00:04:04,120 Speaker 1: like being able to like they just have a secret 62 00:04:04,200 --> 00:04:07,320 Speaker 1: language and if we could just translate it into English, 63 00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:11,560 Speaker 1: we could communicate, right. So this is why attempts to 64 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:15,560 Speaker 1: create sign language for apes has been difficult. It's been 65 00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:20,200 Speaker 1: very controversial whether apes can really use sign language and 66 00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:24,800 Speaker 1: to what extent. Obviously they can learn the emotions, the 67 00:04:24,880 --> 00:04:28,440 Speaker 1: hand motions, and they can learn certain like words, but 68 00:04:29,080 --> 00:04:31,400 Speaker 1: it doesn't seem like we can just kind of get 69 00:04:31,440 --> 00:04:35,919 Speaker 1: over our communication gap simply by sort of creating a 70 00:04:36,040 --> 00:04:41,840 Speaker 1: common sign language or lexicon or something. So ape communication, 71 00:04:42,120 --> 00:04:44,520 Speaker 1: I mean, obviously it depends on the species. There's the 72 00:04:44,560 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 1: great apes, there's a lot of primates as well. You 73 00:04:47,600 --> 00:04:54,039 Speaker 1: use complex communication. It is a combination of vocalizations and 74 00:04:54,560 --> 00:05:00,800 Speaker 1: body language, you know, like facial expressions, posture. It can 75 00:05:00,839 --> 00:05:05,560 Speaker 1: be very complex. I can convey specific attitudes, it can 76 00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:11,000 Speaker 1: convey danger or information. But it's not quite the same 77 00:05:11,040 --> 00:05:15,200 Speaker 1: as human language. Human language is very grammatical in structure. 78 00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:20,159 Speaker 1: It serves to nest concepts within one another. So you'll 79 00:05:20,160 --> 00:05:23,120 Speaker 1: have a word that is symbolic for a concept or 80 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,040 Speaker 1: a group of concepts, and then you can arrange words 81 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:29,120 Speaker 1: in a sentence and then you're sticking sort of stringing 82 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:32,159 Speaker 1: concepts together, and you can have sort of a recursion 83 00:05:32,720 --> 00:05:36,600 Speaker 1: of concepts, so it can get very complicated, and that 84 00:05:36,680 --> 00:05:42,719 Speaker 1: allows us to create complicated ideas, allows us to do things. 85 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:45,640 Speaker 1: And that whole ability of our brain to put a 86 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:48,719 Speaker 1: concept inside another concept inside another one and kind of 87 00:05:48,760 --> 00:05:52,760 Speaker 1: nest things and string things together is also likely what 88 00:05:52,880 --> 00:05:56,960 Speaker 1: is behind our ability to create tools and other complex 89 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:02,479 Speaker 1: creations or act or you know, essentially all the things 90 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:11,400 Speaker 1: that we did to build our civilizations. So vocalizations are 91 00:06:11,480 --> 00:06:14,720 Speaker 1: perhaps different because even though you could have like a vocalization, 92 00:06:15,279 --> 00:06:18,640 Speaker 1: say in a primate that has a vocalization that is 93 00:06:18,720 --> 00:06:22,800 Speaker 1: a warning call, it can be pretty complex where it's 94 00:06:22,800 --> 00:06:26,720 Speaker 1: like this is there's a specific warning call for hawks 95 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:31,520 Speaker 1: versus snakes versus some other predator. Right, like warning or 96 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:39,200 Speaker 1: vocalizations that indicate happiness, contentment versus being upset or angry, 97 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:41,880 Speaker 1: or like a call that means come here or a 98 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:44,760 Speaker 1: call that means run away. You know, there are a 99 00:06:44,760 --> 00:06:53,280 Speaker 1: lot of like complex vocalizations postures methods of communication that 100 00:06:53,520 --> 00:06:58,000 Speaker 1: primates and grade apes are capable of. But right there's 101 00:06:58,040 --> 00:07:01,880 Speaker 1: this distinction between that and can they actually form like 102 00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:09,760 Speaker 1: a sentence with grammar, So it is an interesting question, 103 00:07:09,800 --> 00:07:13,200 Speaker 1: and there's definitely been attempts to get apes to learn 104 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:18,120 Speaker 1: essentially a form of language that we can communicate with, 105 00:07:18,160 --> 00:07:25,040 Speaker 1: like sign language or lexicon. So there is a lot 106 00:07:25,040 --> 00:07:27,680 Speaker 1: of debate though about how effective this is. So there 107 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:30,680 Speaker 1: are apes like the famous one, the most famous one 108 00:07:30,680 --> 00:07:34,560 Speaker 1: actually is probably Coco the gorilla, who was taught sign language, 109 00:07:35,880 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 1: which is kind of it's really tricky because it's like 110 00:07:39,560 --> 00:07:44,120 Speaker 1: not really clear, Like she definitely learned how to make 111 00:07:44,200 --> 00:07:49,680 Speaker 1: signs with her hands, and she definitely learned that certain 112 00:07:49,800 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: signs would get her something like a treat or might 113 00:07:55,360 --> 00:07:58,720 Speaker 1: indicate a stand in for a word or something. But 114 00:07:59,080 --> 00:08:02,680 Speaker 1: sign language is not just sign language, is you know, 115 00:08:02,840 --> 00:08:05,640 Speaker 1: it is a whole language. It's not just like here's 116 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:10,320 Speaker 1: a hand gesture that means this thing. Sign language has 117 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: a syntax, it has grammatical structure. It is just like 118 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:18,160 Speaker 1: verbal language. You're able to nest concepts into sign language, 119 00:08:18,160 --> 00:08:22,320 Speaker 1: and so a Coco's version of this signing may not 120 00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 1: have actually qualified as a language. A more perhaps compelling 121 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:32,360 Speaker 1: example of an ape being able to learn something akin 122 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:36,840 Speaker 1: to a language would be Kanzi the Bonobo, who seemed 123 00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:40,880 Speaker 1: to be able to learn to string together very simple 124 00:08:40,960 --> 00:08:44,520 Speaker 1: phrases using lexigram. So a lexigram being like a symbol 125 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:47,640 Speaker 1: that stands in for a whole word, like a like 126 00:08:47,760 --> 00:08:50,280 Speaker 1: say you have sort of a symbol that's like a 127 00:08:50,280 --> 00:08:53,040 Speaker 1: few lines or a circle, and then that whole that 128 00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:55,480 Speaker 1: symbol just means orange. You don't have letters, you just 129 00:08:55,520 --> 00:08:59,480 Speaker 1: have the symbol that represents the word. And so Kanzi 130 00:08:59,760 --> 00:09:03,000 Speaker 1: the but was able to memorize a ton of these 131 00:09:03,440 --> 00:09:07,360 Speaker 1: lexigrams and actually seemed to be able to combine them 132 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:12,280 Speaker 1: in a way that indicated a very very simple grammatical structure. 133 00:09:12,400 --> 00:09:15,480 Speaker 1: So say like he picked a lexigram a symbol that 134 00:09:15,559 --> 00:09:19,560 Speaker 1: meant play, and then another symbol that meant hide, and 135 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:21,720 Speaker 1: so that's saying sort of like he wants to play 136 00:09:21,840 --> 00:09:23,640 Speaker 1: hide and go seek, and then he would actually do 137 00:09:23,720 --> 00:09:28,240 Speaker 1: that behavior. So yeah, Impressively, he seemed to be able 138 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:31,400 Speaker 1: to come up with some very simple structures of these 139 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:35,760 Speaker 1: lexigrams that indicated a creative combination of concepts, which is 140 00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: actually something also seen in deaf children who were raised 141 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:44,600 Speaker 1: in groups like you would have maybe like a school 142 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:47,040 Speaker 1: for deaf children, and they'd be in a group and 143 00:09:47,040 --> 00:09:50,520 Speaker 1: they would spontaneously come up with sign language that they 144 00:09:50,600 --> 00:09:53,640 Speaker 1: used with each other. Because human beings are so primed 145 00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:57,080 Speaker 1: for language, were so social and were so primed with language, 146 00:09:57,360 --> 00:10:01,480 Speaker 1: and the absence of someone teaching us language, children are 147 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:04,760 Speaker 1: able to kind of spontaneously come up with the language 148 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:07,200 Speaker 1: when they are together, when they're with other children, when 149 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:12,240 Speaker 1: they're able to socialize. But Kanzi, even though he was 150 00:10:12,360 --> 00:10:17,480 Speaker 1: raised since infancy by humans, still runs into issues drafting 151 00:10:17,559 --> 00:10:23,559 Speaker 1: more complex sentences than like say a two word construction 152 00:10:24,320 --> 00:10:27,640 Speaker 1: or something that maybe has multiple concepts kind of like 153 00:10:27,840 --> 00:10:31,880 Speaker 1: nested in one another. So his ability to use these 154 00:10:31,960 --> 00:10:35,720 Speaker 1: lexagrams is really impressive, but it seems like he's still 155 00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:38,880 Speaker 1: not able to get past grammatical structure of like a 156 00:10:38,880 --> 00:10:44,480 Speaker 1: young toddler in a human so like, there seems to 157 00:10:44,559 --> 00:10:46,880 Speaker 1: still be kind of an upper limit in terms of 158 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:52,240 Speaker 1: how apes can kind of truly understand or truly use 159 00:10:52,280 --> 00:10:58,120 Speaker 1: grammar to sort of string concepts together. And so back 160 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:02,240 Speaker 1: to this idea of Tarzan, like, is it possible for 161 00:11:02,320 --> 00:11:06,000 Speaker 1: a human child to be raised by apes and you know, 162 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:08,600 Speaker 1: kind of live as a happy family. I don't know. 163 00:11:09,080 --> 00:11:12,360 Speaker 1: I think strictly speaking, it may be possible, But the 164 00:11:12,440 --> 00:11:16,600 Speaker 1: thing is, we've never actually had any concrete evidence of 165 00:11:16,640 --> 00:11:21,320 Speaker 1: this truly happening. So there's this idea of like the 166 00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:25,080 Speaker 1: feral child, while you know, the kid raised by wolves 167 00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:28,320 Speaker 1: like Mowgli and the Jungle Book, but all of this 168 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:34,559 Speaker 1: is fiction. There have been quote unquote feral children. It's 169 00:11:34,600 --> 00:11:38,120 Speaker 1: kind of not like a great word for it though, 170 00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:41,720 Speaker 1: because most of the times, like these so called feral 171 00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:45,440 Speaker 1: children are just children who have been severely, severely neglected. 172 00:11:45,520 --> 00:11:49,200 Speaker 1: It's not like a kid who went off and was 173 00:11:49,240 --> 00:11:52,560 Speaker 1: adopted by wolves as a baby. It's usually a child 174 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:57,280 Speaker 1: who was so neglected that they were kept somewhere away 175 00:11:57,280 --> 00:12:00,320 Speaker 1: from other people, so they weren't unable to social lies 176 00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:04,840 Speaker 1: with anyone, and it's you know, fortunately this seems to 177 00:12:04,840 --> 00:12:10,320 Speaker 1: be extremely rare, but yeah, there were like a few 178 00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:13,800 Speaker 1: cases of children being kept in such severe neglect that 179 00:12:13,840 --> 00:12:17,280 Speaker 1: they never learned how to speak because they never had 180 00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:21,240 Speaker 1: anyone talk to them, which is really really sad, it's 181 00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:26,640 Speaker 1: really awful. There was this case of this girl born 182 00:12:26,679 --> 00:12:31,360 Speaker 1: in the fifties, like I think the social workers named 183 00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:35,319 Speaker 1: her Genie, but she was severely neglected in abuse. She 184 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:40,280 Speaker 1: was like locked in a room with no interaction, and 185 00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:44,600 Speaker 1: like there is after she was quote unquote you know 186 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:48,440 Speaker 1: rescued by social workers. There were a lot of researchers 187 00:12:48,440 --> 00:12:51,040 Speaker 1: interested in her language acquisition who tried to teach her 188 00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,880 Speaker 1: how to speak, and it only kind of partially worked, 189 00:12:53,880 --> 00:12:57,400 Speaker 1: like she was able to pick up some words communicate 190 00:12:57,440 --> 00:13:02,080 Speaker 1: a little bit better, but unfortunately when she went into 191 00:13:02,120 --> 00:13:07,600 Speaker 1: like a care home, apparently she was again neglected and 192 00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:11,719 Speaker 1: subject to isolation. It's a really really sad case. It's 193 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:17,360 Speaker 1: it's you know, and I don't know that it really 194 00:13:18,040 --> 00:13:22,960 Speaker 1: is clarifying in terms of language acquisition. You know, it's like, 195 00:13:23,160 --> 00:13:25,360 Speaker 1: I mean, first of all, it's a little bit I 196 00:13:25,360 --> 00:13:28,960 Speaker 1: don't know grim this idea of like using this child 197 00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:32,679 Speaker 1: who was severely abused and neglected, and in terms of 198 00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:38,560 Speaker 1: like research about language acquisition, it's kind of yucky all around. 199 00:13:39,240 --> 00:13:41,840 Speaker 1: But yeah, like I mean, in this case, right, like 200 00:13:41,920 --> 00:13:46,280 Speaker 1: she was just subject to severe neglect, and it's kind 201 00:13:46,280 --> 00:13:50,480 Speaker 1: of hard to know how it would work, say, like 202 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:52,800 Speaker 1: if a child was abandoned in a forest and got 203 00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:57,040 Speaker 1: picked up by apes or something. It's just not something 204 00:13:57,080 --> 00:14:02,680 Speaker 1: that has ever been documented to have happened. And so, 205 00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:07,280 Speaker 1: you know, I think though, to maybe end the section 206 00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:09,360 Speaker 1: on a more positive note, I think it is really 207 00:14:09,880 --> 00:14:14,520 Speaker 1: amazing that both humans and animals seem to be capable 208 00:14:14,600 --> 00:14:20,080 Speaker 1: of some empathy towards like other species, right, Like you know, 209 00:14:20,160 --> 00:14:23,080 Speaker 1: Cocoa the gorilla really did have like a kitten that 210 00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,600 Speaker 1: she really loved. There's a lot of cases of like 211 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:31,240 Speaker 1: animals seeming to show tenderness not only towards their own species, 212 00:14:31,240 --> 00:14:34,520 Speaker 1: but towards other species. And certainly humans, you know, are 213 00:14:34,560 --> 00:14:38,880 Speaker 1: capable of great amounts of empathy towards you know, their 214 00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:41,160 Speaker 1: own species as well as other species. So I think 215 00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:44,080 Speaker 1: that it is it could be possible, right, Like, if 216 00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:48,320 Speaker 1: you had like a human baby, it would I would 217 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:52,000 Speaker 1: think that some maybe bonobo's would be the best candidates, 218 00:14:52,040 --> 00:15:01,200 Speaker 1: just in terms of like being very gentle. Gorillas are possibly. Yeah, 219 00:15:01,240 --> 00:15:04,200 Speaker 1: I don't know, because they are, They're not that aggressive, 220 00:15:04,480 --> 00:15:07,680 Speaker 1: but just the sheer strength. There might be, you know, 221 00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:13,200 Speaker 1: some unwitting accidents with a human child. But yeah, I 222 00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:17,520 Speaker 1: mean it's a it's an interesting idea, but so far 223 00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:28,720 Speaker 1: it has only truly happened in fiction. Next question, Hi, Katie, 224 00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:31,240 Speaker 1: I've been trying to find the paper you referenced in 225 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:35,960 Speaker 1: the Odd Couples episode about researchers getting frogs with mutualistic 226 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,040 Speaker 1: relationships with tarantula's I mentioned it to my herpetology professor. 227 00:15:39,080 --> 00:15:40,680 Speaker 1: Now I can't seem to find it. Can you help me? 228 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:44,280 Speaker 1: Thanks Hannah, Hi Hannah, thanks for the question. So, yeah, 229 00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: this was an episode I think from twenty twenty, so uh, yeah, 230 00:15:49,560 --> 00:15:53,880 Speaker 1: that's so that was a while ago. But yeah, So 231 00:15:53,960 --> 00:15:59,040 Speaker 1: to recap in the episode that Hanna mentions, we'd talked 232 00:15:59,080 --> 00:16:02,200 Speaker 1: about the relation between the dotted humming frog, which is 233 00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:05,920 Speaker 1: a tiny brown frog in South America who would be 234 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:08,520 Speaker 1: perfectly comfortable sitting on the tip of your thumb. It's 235 00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 1: only about half an inch long, and they seem to 236 00:16:11,680 --> 00:16:21,680 Speaker 1: be friends with tarantulas of the genius pamphobias, and these transulas, 237 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,680 Speaker 1: despite being perfectly happy eating other kinds of frogs, and 238 00:16:26,560 --> 00:16:31,200 Speaker 1: they enjoy the company of these little cute humming frogs 239 00:16:31,280 --> 00:16:34,960 Speaker 1: or other micro hylid frogs species and don't seem to 240 00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:38,880 Speaker 1: eat them. So the theory is that the frog gets 241 00:16:39,280 --> 00:16:42,600 Speaker 1: protection from his big spider friend, and maybe the spider 242 00:16:43,240 --> 00:16:46,240 Speaker 1: gets some benefit from the frog. The frog eats a 243 00:16:46,280 --> 00:16:48,760 Speaker 1: lot of ants, so maybe it eats ants that would 244 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:54,000 Speaker 1: pose a threat to the tarantula's eggs. So this is 245 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:57,360 Speaker 1: the theory in terms of this mutualistic relationship. And as 246 00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:01,400 Speaker 1: I mentioned in that episode, there was any researcher who 247 00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:08,040 Speaker 1: skinned some of these little microhylid humming frogs and put 248 00:17:08,080 --> 00:17:11,240 Speaker 1: their hides on another species of frog that is actually 249 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:14,200 Speaker 1: known to be like something that the taransula is willing 250 00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:17,720 Speaker 1: to eat, and the researcher seemed to find that when 251 00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:20,879 Speaker 1: she put the skin of the friend frog on the 252 00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:24,200 Speaker 1: food frog, the tarantula got confused and did not eat 253 00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:29,359 Speaker 1: the food frog. So it's not a big surprise that 254 00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:31,840 Speaker 1: you couldn't find the paper because this was actually from 255 00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:37,040 Speaker 1: an unpublished master's report from two thousand and two by 256 00:17:37,920 --> 00:17:40,879 Speaker 1: Jolene Saccani. So her two thousand and two work was 257 00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: referenced in other papers in a Scientific American article, but 258 00:17:44,400 --> 00:17:47,960 Speaker 1: I couldn't find, like any further research from her or 259 00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:52,640 Speaker 1: any follow up research reproducing her results. I don't necessarily 260 00:17:52,720 --> 00:17:55,240 Speaker 1: want to like tell people to do another study where 261 00:17:55,240 --> 00:18:00,400 Speaker 1: they like do a buffalo bill skinning of these adorable 262 00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:04,080 Speaker 1: little frogs and put them on other frogs. But technically, 263 00:18:04,119 --> 00:18:08,640 Speaker 1: probably if you really wanted to, you know, have sort 264 00:18:08,680 --> 00:18:12,040 Speaker 1: of a make sure that this is reproducible, one would 265 00:18:12,119 --> 00:18:15,000 Speaker 1: need to do that. But there might actually be a 266 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:17,840 Speaker 1: way to do it without skinning the frogs, like maybe 267 00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:21,680 Speaker 1: sort of isolating compounds in the frog's skin to see 268 00:18:21,720 --> 00:18:24,280 Speaker 1: what it is that is signaling to the tarantula that 269 00:18:24,359 --> 00:18:28,720 Speaker 1: it should not eat this frog. So there was actually 270 00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:33,520 Speaker 1: a study in twenty twelve by Dundee, Shillington, and Yurie 271 00:18:33,960 --> 00:18:42,000 Speaker 1: called interactions between tarantulas a Phonopelma hintsi and narrow melthd 272 00:18:42,280 --> 00:18:49,040 Speaker 1: toads gastrophryne Oliva sha port for asymbiotic relationship. So these 273 00:18:49,119 --> 00:18:55,840 Speaker 1: researchers housed tarantulas with the microhighlt frogs as well as 274 00:18:55,880 --> 00:19:00,240 Speaker 1: a similar sized small species of frogs, a crooked frog, 275 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,439 Speaker 1: which so it's a frog, not a cricket. But confusingly, 276 00:19:04,480 --> 00:19:08,800 Speaker 1: they also put crickets in uh and also UH roaches 277 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:12,560 Speaker 1: just to make sure that these tarantulas would eat things 278 00:19:12,560 --> 00:19:14,840 Speaker 1: that they are known to eat. So they found that 279 00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:18,439 Speaker 1: the tarantulas loved eating the crickets and the cockroaches, and 280 00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:23,879 Speaker 1: they would, you know, pretty frequently eat the the cricket frog. 281 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:26,040 Speaker 1: So this is a frog that is not known to 282 00:19:26,080 --> 00:19:30,639 Speaker 1: have a friendship with these tarantulas, and so the tarantulas 283 00:19:30,680 --> 00:19:33,919 Speaker 1: would would eat this. Similarly, sized small frog that it 284 00:19:34,359 --> 00:19:38,679 Speaker 1: was naive to and UH. But then they found that 285 00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:43,159 Speaker 1: the tarantula never ate the microhihlot frog, the UH the 286 00:19:43,320 --> 00:19:48,320 Speaker 1: Glivich frog, and so they also never seemed to try 287 00:19:48,359 --> 00:19:52,160 Speaker 1: to attack the frog. So the authors speculate that there 288 00:19:52,280 --> 00:19:56,720 Speaker 1: is either an obvious old factory Q that allows them 289 00:19:56,760 --> 00:20:02,520 Speaker 1: to immediately recognize the little micro highlod friend frog as unpalatable, 290 00:20:03,040 --> 00:20:05,760 Speaker 1: or they've learned not to eat the frog through experience. 291 00:20:06,960 --> 00:20:10,480 Speaker 1: So also the idea is that maybe their skin contains 292 00:20:10,480 --> 00:20:14,480 Speaker 1: a compound that is slightly toxic or irritating or unpalatable. 293 00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:17,200 Speaker 1: But there also seems to be another dynamic for why 294 00:20:17,280 --> 00:20:20,960 Speaker 1: the tarantula not only doesn't eat or attack the frog 295 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:24,159 Speaker 1: but just tolerates the frog's presence because it does not 296 00:20:24,520 --> 00:20:27,560 Speaker 1: get defensive around the frog. When the frog is near 297 00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:30,240 Speaker 1: its eggsack, it allows the frog to approach its eggsack. 298 00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:33,520 Speaker 1: So this is kind of lends itself to the idea 299 00:20:33,920 --> 00:20:38,280 Speaker 1: that the frog will eat the ants that could pose 300 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:40,840 Speaker 1: a threat to the eggsack and the tarantula is not. 301 00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:43,480 Speaker 1: It is basically going to let the frog do what 302 00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:47,960 Speaker 1: it once and is comfortable being around the frog because 303 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:51,280 Speaker 1: they have this mutualistic relationship that it's either learned or 304 00:20:51,359 --> 00:20:55,680 Speaker 1: has some kind of instinctive response to allow. Cute detail 305 00:20:55,720 --> 00:20:58,520 Speaker 1: of the study is that sometimes the tarantulas would rest 306 00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:01,679 Speaker 1: their petipalps on their little friend frogs. Of the petipalps 307 00:21:01,680 --> 00:21:04,480 Speaker 1: are those little they look like little hands or arms 308 00:21:04,520 --> 00:21:08,960 Speaker 1: at the sort of near the tarantula's mouth and face. 309 00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:13,840 Speaker 1: So it doesn't necessarily mean that they're being affectionate towards 310 00:21:13,880 --> 00:21:19,080 Speaker 1: the frog. That's not necessarily like spider lingo or affection, 311 00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:22,119 Speaker 1: but it's cute, right, I think we can enjoy a 312 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:29,119 Speaker 1: little cuteness from this tarantula frog friendship. All right, onto 313 00:21:29,240 --> 00:21:32,879 Speaker 1: the next listener question. Hello, and many thanks for the podcast. 314 00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:35,560 Speaker 1: I was wondering if feeding wild birds and providing nest 315 00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:37,800 Speaker 1: boxes in our own yards was a net positive for 316 00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:41,440 Speaker 1: native native birds or just another example of human intervention 317 00:21:41,560 --> 00:21:45,600 Speaker 1: throwing off the balance. Speaking of helping wild bird populations, 318 00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:48,760 Speaker 1: I've attached a photo of Waffles, the adopted street kitten 319 00:21:48,920 --> 00:21:52,600 Speaker 1: who now lives as strictly indoor life with me. Best 320 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:55,480 Speaker 1: wishes for a great twenty twenty four from Adam. Thank 321 00:21:55,520 --> 00:21:58,840 Speaker 1: you and congratulations on being adopted by the adorable and 322 00:21:58,920 --> 00:22:03,160 Speaker 1: magnanimous waffle. You are guaranteed to be saving a lot 323 00:22:03,160 --> 00:22:05,639 Speaker 1: of bird lives by adopting a street cat and keeping 324 00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,040 Speaker 1: cute little murder waffles indoors, and waffles will also be 325 00:22:09,080 --> 00:22:11,760 Speaker 1: safer from cars and coyotes and so on. So great 326 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:15,119 Speaker 1: job there. Feeding birds. So is it good or not 327 00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:19,080 Speaker 1: good for birds? Obviously, if you ask a bird, it'll 328 00:22:19,080 --> 00:22:20,600 Speaker 1: tell you to shut up and just give it some 329 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:23,120 Speaker 1: more bread, because they love bread, and they will eat 330 00:22:23,160 --> 00:22:25,640 Speaker 1: food that is yummy, even if it's technically not good 331 00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:28,720 Speaker 1: for them, like bread. So bread and other kind of 332 00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:33,520 Speaker 1: human foods not so great for birds. That said, feeding birds, 333 00:22:34,440 --> 00:22:37,560 Speaker 1: I wouldn't say that it is just always bad, right. 334 00:22:37,640 --> 00:22:41,320 Speaker 1: It depends on what you're feeding them, when you feed them, 335 00:22:41,520 --> 00:22:43,720 Speaker 1: how much, what kind of feeder. There's all these kind 336 00:22:43,720 --> 00:22:48,879 Speaker 1: of conditions. So like, if you feed ducks bread, that's 337 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:52,160 Speaker 1: not really great. If you really want to feed ducks, 338 00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:55,120 Speaker 1: you can feed them frozen peas that have been kind 339 00:22:55,160 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 1: of thought out. Seeds and grains can also be okay 340 00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:02,719 Speaker 1: or sorry, not for the ducks. Seeds and grains are 341 00:23:02,720 --> 00:23:08,320 Speaker 1: good for other birds. Ducks will actually eat oats and 342 00:23:08,359 --> 00:23:12,560 Speaker 1: corn as well as peas, and it's a good alternative 343 00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:17,160 Speaker 1: for bread to bread for ducks, but it's still possible 344 00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:20,120 Speaker 1: to like overfeed them or leave too much of the 345 00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:24,480 Speaker 1: food in their habitat, which can like encourage algae growth, 346 00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:29,439 Speaker 1: or you know, like rats attract rats which can attack 347 00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:33,439 Speaker 1: their eggs. So you know, I would just say in 348 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,400 Speaker 1: a kind of moderation, like a modest amount of peas 349 00:23:36,480 --> 00:23:39,320 Speaker 1: rather than dumping in huge bowls, probably fine. Like if 350 00:23:39,359 --> 00:23:40,800 Speaker 1: you just you see a duck, you give it a 351 00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:43,400 Speaker 1: few peas, that's probably fine, as long as you don't 352 00:23:43,440 --> 00:23:48,199 Speaker 1: overdo it. As far as far as backyard birds go, 353 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:50,960 Speaker 1: like songbirds and finches and other birds you get in 354 00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,560 Speaker 1: your backyard, seeds and grains can sometimes help them through 355 00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:58,840 Speaker 1: the winter, but it can also backfire. So too much 356 00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:02,600 Speaker 1: nutritional rich at the wrong time of year might cause 357 00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:07,640 Speaker 1: a bird to go into its breeding season early. And 358 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,959 Speaker 1: what might happen in that case is that if it's 359 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:15,200 Speaker 1: chicks hatched too early, they might actually miss the timing 360 00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,320 Speaker 1: for like the insect season, and so it actually might 361 00:24:18,440 --> 00:24:23,159 Speaker 1: reduce the ability of these chicks to survive. Another issue 362 00:24:23,160 --> 00:24:25,639 Speaker 1: with feeding backyard birds is if you have like a 363 00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:28,720 Speaker 1: really large like feeder where a bunch of birds congregate 364 00:24:28,800 --> 00:24:33,080 Speaker 1: at like say, bird flu is going around and they're 365 00:24:33,119 --> 00:24:38,120 Speaker 1: all congregating, that might help spread bird flu or another disease. 366 00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:42,320 Speaker 1: But you know, don't like throw out all your bird 367 00:24:42,400 --> 00:24:44,679 Speaker 1: seed or bird feeders yet. Like we'll get into like 368 00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:48,560 Speaker 1: what exactly you can do to kind of feed birds. 369 00:24:48,640 --> 00:24:50,760 Speaker 1: So I mean, one thing is if you want to 370 00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:55,359 Speaker 1: be safe without doing too much research, things like waterstones, 371 00:24:55,400 --> 00:25:01,800 Speaker 1: bird baths, or planting native plants that bear either fruit 372 00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:05,359 Speaker 1: or seeds or nectar that is attractive to birds is 373 00:25:05,480 --> 00:25:08,439 Speaker 1: totally great. But if you have time to kind of 374 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:13,960 Speaker 1: do some research into your local native birds, theirs sort 375 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:20,320 Speaker 1: of seasonality, their migration patterns, and their natural diet, you 376 00:25:20,359 --> 00:25:26,160 Speaker 1: can probably like put out some bespoke food for them, 377 00:25:26,359 --> 00:25:29,480 Speaker 1: like instead of in one giant like feeder kind of 378 00:25:29,480 --> 00:25:32,480 Speaker 1: scattered like scattering it around your yard, and which is 379 00:25:32,560 --> 00:25:35,000 Speaker 1: kind of nice because then you would attract birds to 380 00:25:35,119 --> 00:25:39,240 Speaker 1: different locations, and you can also look up like for 381 00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:43,320 Speaker 1: your region when food is really scarce, when birds really 382 00:25:43,359 --> 00:25:46,000 Speaker 1: struggle versus when they kind of are fine, and you 383 00:25:46,040 --> 00:25:49,479 Speaker 1: don't really need to put out any food, you know. 384 00:25:49,600 --> 00:25:51,879 Speaker 1: So basically what I would say is if you enjoy 385 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:55,920 Speaker 1: feeding birds, I don't think you should necessarily just stop. 386 00:25:56,880 --> 00:25:59,960 Speaker 1: I think you should like commit to it even more, 387 00:26:00,160 --> 00:26:04,560 Speaker 1: or research your local bird needs, figure out like which 388 00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:08,800 Speaker 1: food is best for them, create like little fun feeding nooks, 389 00:26:08,960 --> 00:26:12,800 Speaker 1: or maybe even just like plant some native fruit bearing 390 00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:16,720 Speaker 1: trees or shrubs that the birds will like. Like you 391 00:26:16,760 --> 00:26:20,199 Speaker 1: could take it to a whole new level of nerding 392 00:26:20,280 --> 00:26:23,520 Speaker 1: out over birds rather than just like giving up on 393 00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:27,720 Speaker 1: your bird feeding hobby. I would say that, Yeah, like, 394 00:26:27,760 --> 00:26:31,000 Speaker 1: if you want to feed the birds safely, there's not 395 00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:34,560 Speaker 1: like advice just I can give to everyone in general, 396 00:26:34,600 --> 00:26:37,160 Speaker 1: because it's going to depend where you live what kind 397 00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:41,679 Speaker 1: of birds you have there. But yeah, like looking like 398 00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:48,400 Speaker 1: sort of do look into what populations of birds you have, 399 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:53,320 Speaker 1: what is sort of suggested for your region. You could even, like, 400 00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,320 Speaker 1: you know, if you have sort of local bird refuge, 401 00:26:56,359 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: you could write to them and find out like what 402 00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:03,840 Speaker 1: season is the best to leave out food for birds 403 00:27:03,840 --> 00:27:07,280 Speaker 1: and what kind of food is the best. So yeah, again, 404 00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:11,639 Speaker 1: like I think that it's really commendable to enjoy interacting 405 00:27:11,720 --> 00:27:15,239 Speaker 1: with nature. I think there's no shame in wanting to 406 00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:19,840 Speaker 1: do that. But yeah, if we like when you go 407 00:27:19,960 --> 00:27:22,440 Speaker 1: like for a little extra effort in terms of doing 408 00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:26,359 Speaker 1: research about how exactly to do it. You're gonna do 409 00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:28,520 Speaker 1: it in a much more safe way that's going to 410 00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:32,600 Speaker 1: be more beneficial to the birds and less likely to 411 00:27:32,720 --> 00:27:39,119 Speaker 1: create these kind of like difficult to predict like effects 412 00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:43,800 Speaker 1: such as altering their breeding season. In terms of nesting boxes, 413 00:27:43,880 --> 00:27:47,159 Speaker 1: nesting boxes are great, especially when you live in a 414 00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:50,280 Speaker 1: region where, say there's a lot of building and not 415 00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:54,800 Speaker 1: as much like forest or natural habitat. Just make sure 416 00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:57,320 Speaker 1: there's sort of the right size for your local birds, 417 00:27:57,359 --> 00:28:01,760 Speaker 1: Like the aperture of the whole in the nesting box 418 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:05,879 Speaker 1: can be important. Also, if you have snakes in your area, 419 00:28:07,240 --> 00:28:10,760 Speaker 1: you might want a certain size of birdhouse, like the 420 00:28:11,160 --> 00:28:13,919 Speaker 1: opening small enough for the bird to get in, but 421 00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:17,680 Speaker 1: too small for like certain types of predators or snakes. 422 00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:21,359 Speaker 1: You can also put nesting boxes on a pole or 423 00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 1: use like anti predator cones to protect the boxes. I 424 00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:30,080 Speaker 1: would avoid using things like netting because that can be 425 00:28:30,160 --> 00:28:34,239 Speaker 1: both harmful to like snakes and to birds because they 426 00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:36,080 Speaker 1: can get tangled in it, And we don't want to 427 00:28:36,160 --> 00:28:39,440 Speaker 1: hurt the snakes. Right Like we like snakes, we just 428 00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:42,840 Speaker 1: don't want to necessarily serve them baby birds on a platter. 429 00:28:42,960 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: Make their job any easier to get to the baby birds. 430 00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:50,120 Speaker 1: So I think I think it's wonderful to want to, 431 00:28:51,520 --> 00:28:57,360 Speaker 1: you know, help your local bird bird bird population, so 432 00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:00,440 Speaker 1: I would I would highly encourage it, and I would 433 00:29:00,520 --> 00:29:04,360 Speaker 1: encourage you to do it by really getting familiar with 434 00:29:04,400 --> 00:29:08,800 Speaker 1: your local species and finding out what suits them the best, 435 00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:11,920 Speaker 1: the kinds of things that really suit them, and I 436 00:29:11,920 --> 00:29:16,520 Speaker 1: think that's would make for a very fun project. All right, So, 437 00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:19,680 Speaker 1: thank you guys so much for writing to me your questions. 438 00:29:19,840 --> 00:29:25,280 Speaker 1: Always enjoy doing this always sends me on interesting paths 439 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:28,720 Speaker 1: for research, so love that. If you have a question 440 00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:30,320 Speaker 1: that you'd like me to answer, you can write to 441 00:29:30,320 --> 00:29:33,080 Speaker 1: me at Creature Featurepod at gmail dot com. You can 442 00:29:33,120 --> 00:29:37,200 Speaker 1: also leave a review of my podcast where you rate 443 00:29:37,280 --> 00:29:38,960 Speaker 1: it you review it, and if you leave me a 444 00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:43,160 Speaker 1: question there, I will read those as well. Again, you 445 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:45,600 Speaker 1: don't have to leave rating a review for me to 446 00:29:45,640 --> 00:29:47,760 Speaker 1: answer your question. I answer the one sent to me 447 00:29:48,640 --> 00:29:52,160 Speaker 1: by email just as much, but if you would like to, 448 00:29:53,160 --> 00:29:57,080 Speaker 1: that is really nice. And thanks to the Space Classics 449 00:29:57,360 --> 00:30:01,080 Speaker 1: for their super awesome song x Alumina. We will do 450 00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:08,600 Speaker 1: the animal sound gissing game next time. And yeah, thank 451 00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:12,160 Speaker 1: you guys so much. Creature Feature is a production of iHeartRadio. 452 00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:14,520 Speaker 1: For more podcasts like the one you just heard, visit 453 00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:17,400 Speaker 1: the iHeartRadio app Apple Podcasts, or I Guess what Where 454 00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:19,960 Speaker 1: have you listened to your favorite job? I don't judge you. 455 00:30:20,080 --> 00:30:23,560 Speaker 1: I'm not your mother. You gotta live your life, make mistakes, 456 00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:26,480 Speaker 1: get messy that one? Wait, is that am I doing 457 00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:28,920 Speaker 1: Miss Frizzle? I don't mean to do Miss Frizzle. Anyways, 458 00:30:29,240 --> 00:30:30,680 Speaker 1: I'll see you guys next Wednesday.