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Speaker 1: I'm Julie Douglas, host of the Stuff of Life, a

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Speaker 1: podcast that teases apart the tales we tell, because when

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Speaker 1: we crack open a story and look inside, we see

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Speaker 1: the seeds of what make our world so maddening, so strange,

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Speaker 1: and so achingly beautiful. The Stuff of Life is a

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Speaker 1: podcast about how we're all just getting by, learning and

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Speaker 1: surviving through the stories that we share. We'll look at

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Speaker 1: everything from fear and what fuels it, the inconceivability of

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Speaker 1: death and our desire to become immortal, to the big

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Speaker 1: universal question in life, why don't men dance? Join me

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Speaker 1: for the first episode on January. You can find The

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Speaker 1: Stuff of Life on iTunes or any other podcast provider.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to stuff you missed in history class from how

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Speaker 1: stuff Works dot com. Hello and well filmed the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Trad c V. Wilson and I'm a Holly Fry.

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Speaker 1: As promised earlier this year, uh now we have an

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Speaker 1: episode on the Whiskey Rebellion. It is something that we

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Speaker 1: touched on very briefly in our History of Moonshine back

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Speaker 1: in October, but just the little bit of detail that

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Speaker 1: I got while researching that episode made me want to

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Speaker 1: give it the full episode treatment. American opposition to taxes

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Speaker 1: has come up pretty frequently on our show, both before

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Speaker 1: and after the Revolutionary War, but that sentiment didn't spontaneously

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Speaker 1: arrive on the u s side of the Atlantic as

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Speaker 1: a response to taxes implemented by the British Crown on

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Speaker 1: its colonies. Violent opposition to taxes was widespread in Britain

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Speaker 1: as well. This was particularly true when it came to

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Speaker 1: excise taxes, which were the taxes on goods that are

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Speaker 1: made and consumed within the nation's borders, rather than being

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Speaker 1: imported or exported. There are lots of different words that

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Speaker 1: have used to describe those sorts of taxes, so taxes

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Speaker 1: on imports and exports could be contentious too, But excise

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Speaker 1: taxes were a comparatively new addition to the British economy.

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Speaker 1: They made their first appearance in the seventeenth century. They

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Speaker 1: were modeled after taxes that already existed in continental Europe.

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Speaker 1: Opposition to the very first English excise tax, which was

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Speaker 1: implemented in sixteen forty three to help fund the English

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Speaker 1: Civil War, was fierce, and it happened more than a

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Speaker 1: century before the sounds of liberty. Liberty were dumping tea

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Speaker 1: into the harbor on the other side of the pond.

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Speaker 1: At first, England's first excise tax mostly applied to things

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Speaker 1: like beer and ale, but in sixteen forty four the

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Speaker 1: list of goods being taxed expanded to things like salt

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Speaker 1: and beef and rabbits. Violent protests and riots followed, particularly

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Speaker 1: in rural areas where the items being taxed were staples

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Speaker 1: that people already had trouble affording. The backlash was so

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Speaker 1: huge that Parliament had the scale back on the excise tax,

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Speaker 1: repeal some parts of it entirely, and implement exceptions for

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Speaker 1: the nation's poorest residents. This tax protest in England had

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Speaker 1: a lot in common with the Whiskey Rebellion in the

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Speaker 1: United States, which began when the United States was a

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Speaker 1: newly independent nation. Both protests were in response to an

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Speaker 1: excise tax put into place because of the expensive war.

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Speaker 1: Both of them were violent and widespread, particularly in the

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Speaker 1: most rural and relatively impoverished areas that were affected by

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Speaker 1: the tax, and both of them led to tax collectors

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Speaker 1: being attacked, publicly, ridiculed, robbed, and killed. So, in other words,

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Speaker 1: as my dad likes to say, when I do something

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Speaker 1: that has been evidenced elsewhere in my family previously, we

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Speaker 1: came by it honest. Just as England's first excise tax

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Speaker 1: was implemented to fund the English Civil War, the United

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Speaker 1: States first exise tax was implemented to pay off debts

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Speaker 1: from the Revolutionary War. It wasn't just the costs of

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Speaker 1: the war itself. Upon becoming an independent nation, the United

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Speaker 1: States had also taken on all of the debts of

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Speaker 1: the former colonies. Clearly, the nation needed to deal with

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Speaker 1: this debt. But even in the face of an obvious

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Speaker 1: need for revenue, the nation's leaders and its citizens were

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Speaker 1: deeply divided on the subject of taxes. One faction strongly

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Speaker 1: believed that internal taxation, or the taxation on goods and

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Speaker 1: revenue that remained inside the United States, should be kept

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Speaker 1: out of federal hands entirely, with the federal government able

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Speaker 1: to tax only imports and exports coming into the country

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Speaker 1: or leaving it. This would leave internal revenue as a

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Speaker 1: matter for the states to judge based on their own

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Speaker 1: needs and the ability for their own citizens to pay.

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Speaker 1: According to this mindset, a federal government that could apply

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Speaker 1: taxes unilaterally across all the states, regardless of those states

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Speaker 1: particular economics was deeply threatening to the concept of liberty

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Speaker 1: and was just too similar to the days when the

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Speaker 1: British Crown could tax its American colonies without offering them

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Speaker 1: representation in the government. In a slippery slope argument, this

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Speaker 1: would ultimately destroy state governments in the face of federal interference.

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Speaker 1: The counter argument to this was basically, no, it won't

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Speaker 1: with a side of well of the federal government as

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Speaker 1: assuming state debts that has to do something to pay them.

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Speaker 1: Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton's was one of the

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Speaker 1: proponents of using excise taxes to settle the US debts.

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Speaker 1: An excise bill that was brought before Congress in seventeen

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Speaker 1: ninety was defeated. When another was proposed in seventee, opposition

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Speaker 1: was fierce, and in spite of this resistance, on March third,

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Speaker 1: sevente Congress instituted an excise tax on distilled liquors. The

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Speaker 1: amount of this tax varied based on the size of

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Speaker 1: the distilling production and where from six to eighteen cents

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Speaker 1: a gallon, and it was either based on the actual

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Speaker 1: amount of production or a flat rate based on the

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Speaker 1: capacity of the still, large distilleries aid on average about

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Speaker 1: six cents a gallon, and they were allowed to do

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Speaker 1: so as one annual payment to the government. Small distilleries

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Speaker 1: were charged again, on average, about nine cents a gallon,

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Speaker 1: and they had to make smaller payments over the course

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Speaker 1: of the year. This tax affected small distilleries much differently

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Speaker 1: than it affected large ones. Payments were to be made

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Speaker 1: in cash directly to a revenue officer, and many of

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Speaker 1: the smallest distillers did not have a lot of cash

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Speaker 1: on hand. They were often paying for the goods and

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Speaker 1: services they needed by bartering their whiskey. While large distilleries

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Speaker 1: that were selling their wares could just pass the cost

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Speaker 1: of the tax onto customers by raising their prices, smaller

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Speaker 1: distillers who were using their wares to barter had no

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Speaker 1: comparable way of coming up with extra cash. So, in

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Speaker 1: addition to the smaller distilleries taxes being larger per gallon,

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Speaker 1: the methods and timing of payment put a larger burden

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Speaker 1: on smaller distilleries than on larger ones. Had a genuine

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Speaker 1: and legitimate question on people's minds was where am I

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Speaker 1: supposed to get the physical money to give to you

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Speaker 1: like I'm doing all of my life with barter. I

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Speaker 1: have no money to hand to you. That's not a

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Speaker 1: thing that exists really in my corner of the world.

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Speaker 1: Because the largest distilleries were mostly run like businesses, the

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Speaker 1: federal government and specifically the Secretary of the Treasury were

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Speaker 1: a lot more willing to extend them flexibility than they

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Speaker 1: were too small independent distillers, which a lot of times

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Speaker 1: were more like home based individual operations. So the distilleries

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Speaker 1: that had the most money and the most means to

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Speaker 1: deal with the law also got the most help in

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Speaker 1: doing so. Over time, the government amended the tax in

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Speaker 1: response to quote reasonable complaints, but the ones that it

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Speaker 1: found to be reasonable were mostly the ones that were

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Speaker 1: brought up by big, relatively prosperous business like distillers. Anyone

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Speaker 1: who had to appear in court on excise tax matters

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Speaker 1: had to do so in federal court, not state or

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Speaker 1: local court. For many people living in remote western counties,

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Speaker 1: the nearest federal courthouse was hundreds of miles away. So

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Speaker 1: if you were, for example, one person running your own

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Speaker 1: still in western Pennsylvania and you were arrested as a

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Speaker 1: consequence of this excise tax, you would have to appear

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Speaker 1: in federal court in Philadelphia, approximately three hundred miles away.

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Speaker 1: In addition to affecting small distilleries much more strongly than

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Speaker 1: it affected big ones, the whiskey tax also disproportionately affected

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Speaker 1: specific regions of the United States. And we are going

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Speaker 1: to talk about how after a word from a sponsor.

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Speaker 1: What that can't be true. I don't make up any

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Speaker 1: problems that don't really exist. Yeah, I am. I'm a

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Speaker 1: master at making up the thing that is going to

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Speaker 1: All these issues they start in your head and then

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Speaker 1: That's headspace dot com slash history. Now back to our story.

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Speaker 1: As we talked about before the break, one of the

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Speaker 1: main objections to the federal government having the power to

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Speaker 1: levy internal taxes was that different states had different economic needs.

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Speaker 1: The whiskey tax turned out to be a stellar example

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Speaker 1: of why so many people thought this was a problem. Basically,

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Speaker 1: just like the whiskey tax had a bigger impact on

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Speaker 1: smaller distillers than had on big ones, it had a

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Speaker 1: much bigger impact on some states than on others. Unsurprisingly,

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Speaker 1: the representatives from the states that were the most effective

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Speaker 1: we're also the ones who most strenuously opposed the tax

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Speaker 1: in the first place. To get into how the tax

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Speaker 1: disproportionately affected particular states, we need to talk for a

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Speaker 1: moment about the Appalachian Mountains. This mountain range runs down

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Speaker 1: most of the eastern side of the United States and

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Speaker 1: also into Canada. Many of the colonists who had settled

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Speaker 1: in and around this range were Scot's Irish and as

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Speaker 1: we discussed in our Moonshine episode, distilling was for many

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Speaker 1: of these people a culturally important tradition. The mountains themselves

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Speaker 1: also did a great job of encouraging distilling, both legally

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Speaker 1: and otherwise. The terrain itself was full of valleys and

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Speaker 1: hollers that were great for hiding stills in, but the

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Speaker 1: ability and need to hide contraband was only one piece

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Speaker 1: of this puzzle. The mountains themselves made distilling a much

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Speaker 1: more feasible way for people living in them and west

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Speaker 1: of them to make a living than simply farming. For

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Speaker 1: most of the states south of New York, the Appalachian

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Speaker 1: Mountains formed either a western border or a physical barrier

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Speaker 1: through the state itself. People living in the mountains or

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Speaker 1: on their western side had to haul their goods east

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Speaker 1: to market, using pack animals to go over and through

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Speaker 1: the mountains. It was safer and even more reliable to

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Speaker 1: distill grains into alcohol and transport that than it was

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Speaker 1: to try to move large loads of heavy, perishable product

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Speaker 1: that was easily damaged by the elements. So not only

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Speaker 1: was alcohol less perishable than grain, it weighed a whole

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Speaker 1: lot less than the grain used to make It also, frankly,

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Speaker 1: more people wanted to buy alcohol than wanted to higrain.

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Speaker 1: Pennsylvania was a state where these factors combined in the

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Speaker 1: most dramatic and obvious way. A large area of Pennsylvania

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Speaker 1: late to the west of the portion of the Appalachian

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Speaker 1: Rain now as the Alleghanies, and a lot of that

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Speaker 1: territory had been settled by scott Irish immigrants. Together, this

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Speaker 1: meant that four counties in western Pennsylvania were the heart

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Speaker 1: of distilling country at the time of the Whiskey the

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Speaker 1: Whiskey Rebellion, it was home to about a quarter of

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Speaker 1: the distilleries in the nation, according to the Alcohol and

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Speaker 1: Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, So when the government passed

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Speaker 1: an excise tax on distilled liquors, it disproportionately affected the

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Speaker 1: people living in western rural parts of several states, many

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Speaker 1: of which were also comparatively very poor. Many of these

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Speaker 1: same people were already frustrated with the federal government, feeling

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Speaker 1: as though it wasn't doing enough to protect the residents

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Speaker 1: of its western frontier from Native Americans. Western residents also

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Speaker 1: thought the federal government wasn't doing enough to give the

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Speaker 1: nation total control of the Mississippi River, which would be

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Speaker 1: a trading opportunity they could reach without crossing mountain ranges essentially,

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Speaker 1: and most of the United States from the Appalachian Mountains west.

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Speaker 1: The situation was primed for an angry backlash to this tax,

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Speaker 1: which is exactly what happened. At first. Most of the

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Speaker 1: resistance to the excised tax was nonviolent. People simply refused

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Speaker 1: to pay it. They organized meetings, demonstrations, and campaigns to

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Speaker 1: try to have the law repealed. The nation's westernmost residents

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Speaker 1: trying to figure out how to get the people in

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Speaker 1: eastern cities, the ones whose representatives had been in favor

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Speaker 1: of the bill, to understand why this mattered. There was

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Speaker 1: a lot of not listening and believing they knew better

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Speaker 1: on the part of the people making the decisions. What

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Speaker 1: in politics, are you sure so strange? Just a few

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Speaker 1: months after the tax was enacted, residents of southwestern Pennsylvania

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Speaker 1: met at Redstone Old Fort to try to figure out

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Speaker 1: a plan, and that plan was ultimately to form their

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Speaker 1: own body of elected representatives to pull the people living

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Speaker 1: in Pennsylvania's western counties and send that elected delegation to Congress.

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Speaker 1: Because they felt like their own elected senators and representatives

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Speaker 1: were not actually representing them very well. However, at the

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Speaker 1: same time, others in western Pennsylvania were taking a far

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Speaker 1: less reasonable tech. On September eleven, sevent a group of

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Speaker 1: men disguised themselves as women and attacked an excise collector

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Speaker 1: named Robert Johnson, cutting off his hair, tarring and feathering him,

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Speaker 1: and stealing his horse. That was that there was a

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Speaker 1: lot of cutting off people's hair and then tarring and

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Speaker 1: feathering them. That was the m O for a lot

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Speaker 1: of this protest and over the next two years. Although

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Speaker 1: a lot of the talk about the Whiskey Rebellion happens

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Speaker 1: in Pennsylvania, every state south of New York saw protests

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Speaker 1: and violence and unrest directed at the excise tax. In

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Speaker 1: addition to targeting the government and its tax collectors, these

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Speaker 1: protests also targeted other people in the community by harassing

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Speaker 1: and ostracizing people who were in favor of the tax.

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Speaker 1: Kentucky became a state on June one of sevento and

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Speaker 1: the entire state just refused to pay it, While virtually

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Speaker 1: all of the nation's western frontier counties were refusing to

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Speaker 1: pay taxes, including very heavy resistance in western North Carolina.

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Speaker 1: Much of the focus of the Whiskey rebellion is on

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Speaker 1: western Pennsylvania. This is in part because that's where the

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Speaker 1: federal government put that focus. It was close to the

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Speaker 1: then capital of Philadelphia, so it would be less expensive

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Speaker 1: and less hazardous to try to enforce the law there

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Speaker 1: than it wasn't any of the other places that were rebelling.

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Speaker 1: In September of seventeen ninety two, Hamilton's drafted a proclamation

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Speaker 1: content condemning the rebellion and denouncing the meetings that had

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Speaker 1: been held in Pennsylvania to try to address it. This

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00:16:49,920 --> 00:16:53,080
Speaker 1: proclamation went to George Washington, the President, for his signature,

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Speaker 1: and it was issued on the fifteenth. It called the

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Speaker 1: rebellion quote subversive of good order, contrary to the duty

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Speaker 1: that every citiz and owes his country and to the laws,

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Speaker 1: and of a nature dangerous to the very being of

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Speaker 1: a government. Tensions continued to grow through seventeen. About one

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00:17:12,119 --> 00:17:15,879
Speaker 1: hundred people burned excise Inspector John Neville in effigy in

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Speaker 1: Washington County, Pennsylvania after a militia meeting, and in Fayette County,

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Speaker 1: a mob broke into the home of collector Benjamin Wells

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Speaker 1: and harassed his family. A few days later, they returned

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Speaker 1: armed and demanded his account books at gunpoint. There was

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Speaker 1: a lot of harassment and threatening behavior against basically all

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Speaker 1: of the tax officials, but Excise Inspector John Neville was

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Speaker 1: particularly disliked. He was a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly,

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Speaker 1: and even though he had voted on a resolution condemning

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Speaker 1: the tax, he then accepted the post of Excise Inspector,

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Speaker 1: so people thought he was an unethical hypocrite. He then

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Speaker 1: went on a tour of western Pennsylvania counties to try

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Speaker 1: to enforce the tax in the spring of seventeen ninety four,

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Speaker 1: and when he did this, a mob of citizens followed

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Speaker 1: after him, talking to everyone he talked to to make

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Speaker 1: sure nobody had actually paid the tax, and if they did,

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00:18:06,359 --> 00:18:10,359
Speaker 1: they would destroy that person. Still in the summer and

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Speaker 1: fall of the Whiskey rebellion really hit its peak, although

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Speaker 1: tensions had been ongoing for years. What happened next is

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Speaker 1: what a lot of people think of when they think

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Speaker 1: of the words whiskey rebellion. And we're going to talk

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Speaker 1: about that in more detail after we have another brief

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Speaker 1: get into texture dot com slash history. The United States

364
00:20:54,240 --> 00:20:56,240
Speaker 1: had a lot of other things on its mind during

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00:20:56,240 --> 00:20:59,720
Speaker 1: the seventeen nineties, besides this whole tax situation that we're on,

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00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:03,280
Speaker 1: going battles with the nation's Native American population which were

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Speaker 1: incredibly destructive to the army and the militia. We covered

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Speaker 1: a lot of that recently in our podcast on St.

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Speaker 1: Clair's Defeat. A huge yellow fever epidemic struck Philadelphia in

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Speaker 1: sevente Both of these things combined to mean that increasing

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00:21:19,160 --> 00:21:23,680
Speaker 1: pressures from Britain, France, and Spain seemed particularly threatening to

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Speaker 1: the United States, especially as word reached the federal government.

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Speaker 1: The discontented citizens who were unhappy with excise tax had

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Speaker 1: met with delegates from Britain and Spain. There was some

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Speaker 1: fear that these meetings about repealing the tax were really

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Speaker 1: meetings about overthrowing the government. From the federal government's view,

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00:21:41,520 --> 00:21:44,120
Speaker 1: things were becoming much too precarious to have a bunch

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Speaker 1: of rabble in the West refusing to pay taxes, so

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00:21:47,320 --> 00:21:52,359
Speaker 1: they started cracking down, particularly in Pennsylvania, District Attorney William

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Speaker 1: Raowel ordered more than sixty distillers to appear in federal court.

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Speaker 1: John Neville and U. S. Marshal David Lennox began serving

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Speaker 1: the pre assesses to all the distillers in person on

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Speaker 1: July fift The response to this from distillers was furious

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Speaker 1: and immediate. The two men had only served four or

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Speaker 1: five people when a mob of thirty or forty armed men,

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00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:15,919
Speaker 1: many of whom had heard that they were literally dragging

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Speaker 1: people back to Philadelphia with them, surrounded them. After learning

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Speaker 1: that Lennox and Neville were just serving and not actually

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Speaker 1: abducting people, they let the two men go, although as

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Speaker 1: they departed somebody fired a shot. Exactly who and for

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Speaker 1: what reason remains a little unclear. The next day, around dawn,

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Speaker 1: a mob surrounded Neville's home. He had previously garrisoned his

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Speaker 1: home and arranged a signal with the enslaved Africans that

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Speaker 1: he owned should such an event arise. The mob claimed

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Speaker 1: that they were there to guard him, which he simply

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Speaker 1: did not believe. He signaled to the slaves, and he,

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Speaker 1: along with them, opened fire. Several of the mob were injured,

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Speaker 1: one of them Oliver Miller, mortally, so people then started

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00:23:00,880 --> 00:23:04,440
Speaker 1: to call for revenge for Miller's death. Neville wrote to

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Speaker 1: judges and sheriffs and nearby militia for help, but they

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Speaker 1: all refused, and the only aid that he got was

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00:23:09,480 --> 00:23:13,040
Speaker 1: from Major James Kirkpatrick, who brought ten soldiers from Fort

403
00:23:13,080 --> 00:23:16,600
Speaker 1: Pitt to Nevill's home. The rebels, on the other hand,

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00:23:16,640 --> 00:23:19,440
Speaker 1: showed up with between three hundred and five hundred men

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00:23:19,560 --> 00:23:23,360
Speaker 1: and laid siege to Neville's home. Kirkpatrick managed to smuggle

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00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:26,960
Speaker 1: Neville and his family away. After a tenth standoff, a

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00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:29,840
Speaker 1: battle began that lasted for about an hour, and in

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Speaker 1: the midst of it, James McFarlane, an officer of the

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00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:35,439
Speaker 1: militia who were on the side of the rebels, was killed.

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Speaker 1: Outraged and believing Kirkpatrick had deceived McFarlane into holding his

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Speaker 1: fire to kill him on purpose, the rebels set fire

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Speaker 1: to the home and many of the buildings around it,

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Speaker 1: and the soldiers inside ultimately surrendered. The rebels took Major

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Speaker 1: Kirkpatrick captive, then found their way to Marshal Lennox, who

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00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:58,240
Speaker 1: they humiliated and injured. With the death of McFarlane, who

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Speaker 1: had been a local hero during the revolution Snary War,

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00:24:00,960 --> 00:24:04,400
Speaker 1: a number of prominent Pennsylvania citizens who had previously either

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00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:06,720
Speaker 1: stayed out of all this or at least stayed out

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00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:10,160
Speaker 1: of the more rabble rousing side of the rebellion, got involved.

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00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:12,840
Speaker 1: In some cases it was because they perceived this as

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Speaker 1: the last straw, and sometimes it was because the furor

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00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,000
Speaker 1: had grown so large that they felt pressured into doing

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00:24:19,040 --> 00:24:23,440
Speaker 1: something less they faced retaliation among the people who joined

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00:24:23,560 --> 00:24:26,480
Speaker 1: the more violent side of the rebellion. At this point

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00:24:26,520 --> 00:24:30,160
Speaker 1: where Hugh Henry Brackenridge, a lawyer, who started offering them

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00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:34,320
Speaker 1: a legal advice. David Bradford, another lawyer, offered advice on

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00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:37,760
Speaker 1: how to undermine more moderate voices in the Pennsylvania government.

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00:24:38,080 --> 00:24:41,480
Speaker 1: The rural citizens of the western counties started talking about

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00:24:41,560 --> 00:24:45,879
Speaker 1: making an assault on the town of Pittsburgh. By August one,

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00:24:46,280 --> 00:24:48,840
Speaker 1: the number of rebels in western Pennsylvania had grown to

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00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:54,000
Speaker 1: about seven thousand, including recruits from neighboring Virginia counties. They

432
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:57,400
Speaker 1: had a flag with six bars symbolizing the four Pennsylvania

433
00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:00,480
Speaker 1: counties and two from Virginia. But they don't have any

434
00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:03,240
Speaker 1: defined goals other than to just get rid of the tax.

435
00:25:03,840 --> 00:25:06,119
Speaker 1: But they also had no clear plan on how to

436
00:25:06,240 --> 00:25:10,680
Speaker 1: do that. At this point, the federal government simultaneously dispatched

437
00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:13,879
Speaker 1: negotiators to try to bring a peaceful end to things,

438
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:17,640
Speaker 1: with some of the negotiations actually happening at Redstone Old Fort,

439
00:25:17,680 --> 00:25:19,800
Speaker 1: which has been involved in the very start of this

440
00:25:19,840 --> 00:25:22,800
Speaker 1: whole thing. At this point, the federal government did two

441
00:25:22,840 --> 00:25:27,439
Speaker 1: things basically simultaneously. One was that it dispatched negotiators to

442
00:25:27,480 --> 00:25:29,679
Speaker 1: try to bring a peaceful end to things with some

443
00:25:29,720 --> 00:25:32,600
Speaker 1: of those negotiations happening at Redstone Old Fort, which had

444
00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:34,720
Speaker 1: been one of the meeting sites at the very start

445
00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:37,560
Speaker 1: of this whole thing. At the same time, it prepared

446
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:40,879
Speaker 1: a military strategy to bring a less peaceful end to things.

447
00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:44,120
Speaker 1: Under the authority of the Militia Act of seventy two,

448
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:47,720
Speaker 1: the government could respond to quote imminent danger with the militia,

449
00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:50,800
Speaker 1: provided it got a certification from a Supreme Court justice.

450
00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:54,280
Speaker 1: This the government got from Justice James Wilson, so it

451
00:25:54,359 --> 00:25:59,240
Speaker 1: was simultaneously negotiating and planning an assault at the same time,

452
00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:03,919
Speaker 1: and the result was a twelve thousand, nine man force

453
00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:07,320
Speaker 1: made up of militia from New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and

454
00:26:07,359 --> 00:26:12,080
Speaker 1: eastern Pennsylvania under the command of Governor Henry Lee of Virginia.

455
00:26:12,240 --> 00:26:15,080
Speaker 1: This force was large, but also made primarily of young,

456
00:26:15,160 --> 00:26:19,240
Speaker 1: inexperienced men who weren't particularly well provisioned. There was a

457
00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:22,640
Speaker 1: huge division between affluent volunteers who had joined the force

458
00:26:22,680 --> 00:26:25,919
Speaker 1: for various political and personal reasons, and the men who

459
00:26:25,960 --> 00:26:29,200
Speaker 1: had been drafted into it and were generally poor and uneducated.

460
00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:33,719
Speaker 1: The rebels consequently nicknamed it the Watermelon Army in spite

461
00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:35,800
Speaker 1: of the derision that it got from the rebels. This

462
00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,200
Speaker 1: huge force moved to the western frontier counties, rounding up rebels,

463
00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:43,879
Speaker 1: making examples of them through flogging and humiliation, and sending

464
00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:47,479
Speaker 1: them back east to stand trial. The militia force routed

465
00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:50,199
Speaker 1: people up through October and November, and then began of

466
00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:53,640
Speaker 1: march back to Philadelphia with lots of captives. On November.

467
00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:58,479
Speaker 1: They arrived on Christmas Day, when the militia flagged their

468
00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:01,080
Speaker 1: hats with white paper to set them apart. From the

469
00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:04,359
Speaker 1: men guarding them and marched through Philadelphia to the jail

470
00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:07,639
Speaker 1: in shame. That is actually the thing that made me

471
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:11,080
Speaker 1: go I'm gonna do a whole podcast on this, how

472
00:27:11,119 --> 00:27:13,760
Speaker 1: we got to the point of taking people through a

473
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:18,800
Speaker 1: shame march to the jail on Christmas Day. In the end,

474
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:21,399
Speaker 1: all but two of the men who were captured were

475
00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:24,000
Speaker 1: either acquitted or had their charges dropped, and the two

476
00:27:24,080 --> 00:27:27,919
Speaker 1: who were convicted were John were John Mitchell and Philip Wigel,

477
00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:32,600
Speaker 1: and they were both later pardoned. This government response to

478
00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:36,560
Speaker 1: the rebellion changed very little. It's militia round up didn't

479
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:39,399
Speaker 1: make it possible to enforce the tax. Many of the

480
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:41,840
Speaker 1: people who had been angriest at the government about the

481
00:27:41,960 --> 00:27:44,639
Speaker 1: tax simply moved farther west, trying to get out from

482
00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:47,600
Speaker 1: under the thumb of the tax man. Having had to

483
00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:50,760
Speaker 1: provision such a large force in a relatively remote area

484
00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:54,960
Speaker 1: did add measurable but temporary boost to local economies, though

485
00:27:56,400 --> 00:28:00,399
Speaker 1: there's probably a valid argument to be made that like

486
00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:05,080
Speaker 1: it definitely did bring some cash into places that had

487
00:28:05,119 --> 00:28:07,280
Speaker 1: been cash strapped, thanks for needing to buy lots of

488
00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:11,480
Speaker 1: crops and things to to feed soldiers. But uh I

489
00:28:11,520 --> 00:28:13,159
Speaker 1: read a couple of things that were like, was that

490
00:28:13,240 --> 00:28:17,040
Speaker 1: really worth all of this trouble? Regardless? Then in a

491
00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:21,360
Speaker 1: ten o two Thomas Jefferson repealed all of the nation's

492
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:25,159
Speaker 1: interior taxes, including the whiskey tax, and as we spoke

493
00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:29,280
Speaker 1: about in uh in our episode on Moonshine, the government

494
00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:33,119
Speaker 1: sort of left the tax subject regarding distilling alone for

495
00:28:33,160 --> 00:28:42,480
Speaker 1: a while. That's the whiskey rebellion. It's it's um I

496
00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:44,960
Speaker 1: always envision in when I have heard about it in

497
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:50,520
Speaker 1: the past as involving more I'm embarrassed to admit wacky hijinks.

498
00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:54,160
Speaker 1: You know, it's a pretty direct violence kind of situation.

499
00:28:54,280 --> 00:28:58,040
Speaker 1: It's not so much like, Yeah, the closest thing to

500
00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:02,920
Speaker 1: wacky hijinks is some of the events in which a

501
00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:06,000
Speaker 1: mob of people would gang up on a tax collector,

502
00:29:06,760 --> 00:29:09,160
Speaker 1: like some of them you read the accounts of, and

503
00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:11,719
Speaker 1: then they went into the tax collector's home and forced

504
00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:14,000
Speaker 1: him to tear up his papers and jump up and

505
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:17,000
Speaker 1: down on them. And like, there's an element that comes

506
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:20,160
Speaker 1: off as kind of comedic, like that a mob was

507
00:29:20,240 --> 00:29:22,600
Speaker 1: literally forcing him to tear up his tax papers and

508
00:29:22,640 --> 00:29:25,760
Speaker 1: then jump up and down on them like that. That

509
00:29:26,920 --> 00:29:30,000
Speaker 1: there were hijinks like that was the closest thing to

510
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,360
Speaker 1: wacky hijinks. But at the same time, a lot of

511
00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:35,640
Speaker 1: times like that was just a person trying to do

512
00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:39,160
Speaker 1: his job. There were definitely people who were tax collectors

513
00:29:39,160 --> 00:29:40,960
Speaker 1: who were jerks about it, but you know a lot

514
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:44,920
Speaker 1: of them were just folks trying to get their lives

515
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:48,800
Speaker 1: together too, So yeah, yeah, and then all the towering

516
00:29:48,840 --> 00:29:52,160
Speaker 1: and feathering, that's a lot that's not nearly as wacky

517
00:29:52,240 --> 00:29:54,600
Speaker 1: as now you have to tear up your papers. Now

518
00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:56,200
Speaker 1: you have to jump up and down on them. That

519
00:29:56,280 --> 00:29:57,920
Speaker 1: was the one with one of the ones that I read,

520
00:29:57,960 --> 00:30:00,280
Speaker 1: And then I was I said, seriously out out, you

521
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:02,560
Speaker 1: seriously made him tear up his papers and then jump

522
00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:06,120
Speaker 1: on them, Like yeah, Well, and anytime we get to

523
00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:10,120
Speaker 1: tarring and feathering in any sort of historical event, there's

524
00:30:10,160 --> 00:30:12,360
Speaker 1: just this part of me that's like, how do you

525
00:30:12,400 --> 00:30:14,800
Speaker 1: get that divorced from your humanity where you're like, this

526
00:30:14,880 --> 00:30:17,720
Speaker 1: is a thing we should absolutely do. It seems so

527
00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:21,080
Speaker 1: cruel and horrifying. But and that that came up again

528
00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:22,840
Speaker 1: and again as I was reading this, like then then

529
00:30:22,880 --> 00:30:25,320
Speaker 1: they would cut off their hair and tar and better

530
00:30:25,360 --> 00:30:32,040
Speaker 1: than feather them. Yeah, do you have less humanity stripping

531
00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:38,040
Speaker 1: listener mail for us I know exactly to listener Facebook

532
00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:42,760
Speaker 1: comments in response to our listener mail following our Gallipoli

533
00:30:42,800 --> 00:30:46,760
Speaker 1: episode in which we talked about segregation in Nevada, and

534
00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:48,800
Speaker 1: the letter writer had written in to say that the

535
00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:52,960
Speaker 1: mascot of of the of U n l V is

536
00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:56,160
Speaker 1: a rebel and so we had two different people on Facebook.

537
00:30:56,400 --> 00:30:59,040
Speaker 1: First person was Tony, and Tony said, hello you wonderful

538
00:30:59,120 --> 00:31:01,880
Speaker 1: ladies at Incredible Stuffy missed in History Class is a

539
00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:05,400
Speaker 1: great podcast. During your listener mail, a listener from Nevada

540
00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:07,959
Speaker 1: said that U n l v's mascot is a Confederate symbol.

541
00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:10,560
Speaker 1: As a proud Las Vegan, I am happy to say

542
00:31:10,640 --> 00:31:13,560
Speaker 1: that isn't true. Thank you once again for the expansive

543
00:31:13,840 --> 00:31:17,160
Speaker 1: knowledge every week. Um. He paced an end a link

544
00:31:17,280 --> 00:31:20,480
Speaker 1: to an article that was called U n l V

545
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:23,840
Speaker 1: Diversity Chief Hey red mascot rebel nickname not tied to

546
00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:27,440
Speaker 1: Confederacy uh. And then Chelsea replied on the same thread

547
00:31:27,480 --> 00:31:29,360
Speaker 1: and said, thank you for sharing the same article I

548
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:31,320
Speaker 1: was going to post. I was shocked to hear a

549
00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:34,600
Speaker 1: fellow Nevada and perpetuate an untruth. Un l V began

550
00:31:34,640 --> 00:31:36,960
Speaker 1: as a satellite campus of un R and later became

551
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:39,800
Speaker 1: a separate institution. There was a rivalry between the North

552
00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:42,160
Speaker 1: and South universities since the idea of being a rebel.

553
00:31:42,520 --> 00:31:45,280
Speaker 1: There is still a rivalry and many other arenas between

554
00:31:45,320 --> 00:31:50,000
Speaker 1: the North and South of Nevada politically, culturally, etcetera. Twenty

555
00:31:50,040 --> 00:31:52,640
Speaker 1: eight thousand, six hundred students call un l V home

556
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:57,080
Speaker 1: for the spall semester. The two hundred plus students demonstrating

557
00:31:57,120 --> 00:31:59,800
Speaker 1: constitute less than one percent of the student population that

558
00:32:00,040 --> 00:32:03,040
Speaker 1: the survey conducted campus wide in which folks could indicate

559
00:32:03,080 --> 00:32:07,480
Speaker 1: their perception of our mascot. So I read this article

560
00:32:08,240 --> 00:32:10,440
Speaker 1: and then I also looked into some things about the

561
00:32:10,520 --> 00:32:13,760
Speaker 1: UNLB mascot. So yeah, there's definitely an article from the

562
00:32:13,840 --> 00:32:17,120
Speaker 1: UNLB diversity chief saying that the hey red mascot and

563
00:32:17,120 --> 00:32:19,400
Speaker 1: the rebel nickname are not tied the Confederacy. But then

564
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:21,240
Speaker 1: if you go and look at the u n l

565
00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:25,160
Speaker 1: V website, the mascot of u n l V was

566
00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:30,480
Speaker 1: originally a wolf named Beauregard who was wearing a Confederate uniform.

567
00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:33,720
Speaker 1: And there there's a little cause and effects, Like there's

568
00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,000
Speaker 1: some arguments to be made that maybe they were calling

569
00:32:36,040 --> 00:32:40,560
Speaker 1: themselves the rebels before they applied Confederate imagery to the

570
00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:43,960
Speaker 1: idea of rebels. But then there was definitely a whole

571
00:32:44,160 --> 00:32:48,640
Speaker 1: period of years in which the rebel mascot was definitely

572
00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:53,200
Speaker 1: a Confederate soldier. There was literally a Confederate battle flag

573
00:32:53,480 --> 00:33:02,080
Speaker 1: on the masthead of the school newspaper, and people reasonably

574
00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:05,640
Speaker 1: uh in this like late sixties early seventies time frame,

575
00:33:05,720 --> 00:33:09,800
Speaker 1: said hey, this is not cool. This specifically, there were

576
00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:12,320
Speaker 1: several black athletes who were like, I don't think I'm

577
00:33:12,360 --> 00:33:16,600
Speaker 1: comfortable having this mascot that is the Confederate soldier. And

578
00:33:16,640 --> 00:33:21,840
Speaker 1: so the school reevaluated the uh the mascot that sort

579
00:33:21,840 --> 00:33:25,040
Speaker 1: of redesigned it to be a nevada um like a

580
00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:30,880
Speaker 1: pathfinder and not tied to Confederate imagery. Um and the

581
00:33:31,040 --> 00:33:33,720
Speaker 1: and like took the battle flag off of the school

582
00:33:33,720 --> 00:33:39,040
Speaker 1: newspaper mass head um and the actual wording on the

583
00:33:39,120 --> 00:33:41,680
Speaker 1: U n l V website says, well, it was a

584
00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:44,880
Speaker 1: decision based in rivalry and fun. The choice of a

585
00:33:44,880 --> 00:33:48,479
Speaker 1: Confederate themed mascot was nonetheless an unfortunate one. And then

586
00:33:48,560 --> 00:33:50,400
Speaker 1: later on the same page, which is a page about

587
00:33:50,440 --> 00:33:52,680
Speaker 1: the history of the mascot says V and l V

588
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:55,800
Speaker 1: and acknowledges that its first generation of students opted for

589
00:33:55,840 --> 00:33:58,840
Speaker 1: a great name in Rebels, but chose to surround it

590
00:33:58,880 --> 00:34:01,680
Speaker 1: with imagery and some als that fell short of giving

591
00:34:01,680 --> 00:34:04,760
Speaker 1: the name of giving that name the honor it deserved.

592
00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:10,439
Speaker 1: So yes, definitely today, the Hey reb character that's sort

593
00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:14,560
Speaker 1: of the mascot of U n l V is specifically

594
00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:18,920
Speaker 1: designed to not be tied to Confederate imagery. But there's

595
00:34:18,960 --> 00:34:24,680
Speaker 1: a multiple decade tradition in which it specifically was Confederate imagery.

596
00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:30,600
Speaker 1: So I don't think it is um invalid at all

597
00:34:31,200 --> 00:34:34,840
Speaker 1: for people to point that out. Uh. It kind of

598
00:34:34,880 --> 00:34:36,640
Speaker 1: reminds me of the conversations you and I had in

599
00:34:36,640 --> 00:34:41,839
Speaker 1: our recent episodes about about the holiday characters from other cultures, uh,

600
00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:45,400
Speaker 1: and the attempts to kind of walk back Varta Pete

601
00:34:45,760 --> 00:34:48,520
Speaker 1: so there so that he's not so tied to like

602
00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:53,880
Speaker 1: racist black face and slavery. Um. I think it's personally,

603
00:34:53,920 --> 00:34:55,640
Speaker 1: I think it's awesome for U n LV to have

604
00:34:55,840 --> 00:34:58,920
Speaker 1: reevaluated their mascot and not have it be specifically a

605
00:34:58,920 --> 00:35:02,520
Speaker 1: Confederate soldier. It's specially since black student athletes found it

606
00:35:02,560 --> 00:35:05,680
Speaker 1: offensive to be on a team whose mascot was somebody

607
00:35:05,719 --> 00:35:09,160
Speaker 1: who fought on behalf of slavery. But that, like that

608
00:35:09,200 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 1: doesn't then erase all of those decades of time when

609
00:35:13,360 --> 00:35:18,560
Speaker 1: the mascot was literally a Confederate soldier. Yeah. So you know,

610
00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:20,600
Speaker 1: it's one of those things that evolved. I mean, the

611
00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:23,279
Speaker 1: history is evolving, like our we talked about all the

612
00:35:23,320 --> 00:35:27,200
Speaker 1: time how views evolved, and they change things and you

613
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:30,120
Speaker 1: still have to acknowledge what came before even when you

614
00:35:30,160 --> 00:35:35,160
Speaker 1: have evolved. Yeah. Well, the well, the article that was

615
00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:36,960
Speaker 1: that was linked on our Facebook and I'll put a

616
00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:39,400
Speaker 1: link to it in our show notes. UM includes this

617
00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:42,840
Speaker 1: sixty page analysis of the history and the like the

618
00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:45,520
Speaker 1: diversity officer. Officer has come to the conclusion that in

619
00:35:45,560 --> 00:35:50,680
Speaker 1: its current iteration it is not a Confederate image, but

620
00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:52,480
Speaker 1: at the same time, like, at the same time, it

621
00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:56,520
Speaker 1: calls out specifically all of these other aspects from previous

622
00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:59,319
Speaker 1: years and not even that long ago previous years when

623
00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:05,600
Speaker 1: it definitely was in better imagery. So to clarify all that. Uh,

624
00:36:05,640 --> 00:36:06,960
Speaker 1: if you would like to write to us, we're a

625
00:36:07,040 --> 00:36:09,160
Speaker 1: history podcast at how Stuff Works dot com. We're also

626
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:11,640
Speaker 1: on Facebook at Facebook dot com. Slash miss in history

627
00:36:11,719 --> 00:36:14,000
Speaker 1: and on Twitter at miss in History, are tumbler is

628
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:16,240
Speaker 1: missed in History dot tumbler dot com, or on pinterest

629
00:36:16,320 --> 00:36:19,279
Speaker 1: at pentest dot com slash missed in History. If you

630
00:36:19,320 --> 00:36:21,320
Speaker 1: want to learn more about what we talked about today,

631
00:36:21,360 --> 00:36:23,520
Speaker 1: come to our parent company's website, which is how stuff

632
00:36:23,520 --> 00:36:25,440
Speaker 1: Works dot com and put the word moonshine in the

633
00:36:25,440 --> 00:36:29,160
Speaker 1: search bar. You will find an article about how moonshine works.

634
00:36:29,920 --> 00:36:31,839
Speaker 1: You can also come to our website, which is missed

635
00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:33,960
Speaker 1: in History dot com, or we have show notes. We

636
00:36:33,960 --> 00:36:36,399
Speaker 1: have an archive of everything that we've ever talked about

637
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:38,279
Speaker 1: on the podcast. I'm gonna put in our show notes

638
00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:40,160
Speaker 1: a link to this article about un l V and

639
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:43,080
Speaker 1: the other stuff from the u n LB website that

640
00:36:43,120 --> 00:36:45,600
Speaker 1: I've referred to, so you can see that for yourself.

641
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:47,200
Speaker 1: You can do all that in a whole lot more

642
00:36:47,320 --> 00:36:49,520
Speaker 1: at how stuff works dot com or missed in History

643
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:55,920
Speaker 1: dot com. For more on this and thousands of other topics.

644
00:36:56,160 --> 00:37:01,480
Speaker 1: Is that how stuff works dot com. In Jen