1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:18,360 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. It is New Year's Day 4 00:00:18,560 --> 00:00:20,880 Speaker 1: if you're listening to this episode on a day that 5 00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:24,119 Speaker 1: it's coming out, So we're gonna talk about hangovers in history. 6 00:00:25,360 --> 00:00:30,480 Speaker 1: No reason, Happy New Year. It is likely that hangovers 7 00:00:30,520 --> 00:00:34,880 Speaker 1: pre date humanity. Alcoholic beverages start with yeast breaking down 8 00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:38,559 Speaker 1: sugar from foods like honey or fruit, producing ethanol and 9 00:00:38,600 --> 00:00:43,080 Speaker 1: carbon dioxide. The species of yeast most associated with this 10 00:00:43,200 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: fermentation is Sakraamici's saravizier, also called Brewer's yeast or Baker's yeast, 11 00:00:49,040 --> 00:00:53,120 Speaker 1: although there are others. Yeast has been around four hundreds 12 00:00:53,159 --> 00:00:56,480 Speaker 1: of millions of years, although it's less certain when these 13 00:00:56,600 --> 00:01:00,400 Speaker 1: particular yeasts developed, but fruit has been around for at 14 00:01:00,480 --> 00:01:04,960 Speaker 1: least eighty million years. Once fruit and these yeasts existed 15 00:01:05,200 --> 00:01:07,360 Speaker 1: at the same time and place, there would have been 16 00:01:07,400 --> 00:01:12,720 Speaker 1: opportunities for natural fermentation. People who lived near orchards or 17 00:01:12,800 --> 00:01:16,360 Speaker 1: vineyards or places with lots of fruit around often have 18 00:01:16,640 --> 00:01:22,760 Speaker 1: stories about animals becoming intoxicated after eating fermented fruit. Our 19 00:01:22,920 --> 00:01:26,640 Speaker 1: long ago. Ancestors may have witnessed this and decided to 20 00:01:26,680 --> 00:01:30,080 Speaker 1: try it for themselves, or they may have just happened 21 00:01:30,080 --> 00:01:32,800 Speaker 1: to eat fermented fruit and discovered that it had an 22 00:01:32,800 --> 00:01:37,520 Speaker 1: effect on them. But logically, if they ate enough of it, 23 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 1: they could have woken up the next day with symptoms 24 00:01:40,600 --> 00:01:45,400 Speaker 1: like a headache, nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, fatigue, 25 00:01:45,880 --> 00:01:49,960 Speaker 1: and anxiety, or a sense of dread, those symptoms that 26 00:01:50,040 --> 00:01:54,800 Speaker 1: together today are known as a hangover. Based on residues 27 00:01:54,880 --> 00:01:58,920 Speaker 1: on pottery fragments, humans had probably started fermenting things on 28 00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:02,960 Speaker 1: purpose by about ten thousand BCE, although there's some debate 29 00:02:03,040 --> 00:02:06,640 Speaker 1: about whether intentional fermentation started with fruit or honey to 30 00:02:06,680 --> 00:02:10,960 Speaker 1: make wine or mead. Archaeologists have also found a recurring 31 00:02:11,040 --> 00:02:13,520 Speaker 1: pattern in several parts of the world in which the 32 00:02:13,520 --> 00:02:17,520 Speaker 1: first evidence of people fermenting grains to make beer followed 33 00:02:17,560 --> 00:02:22,920 Speaker 1: those people transitioning from being nomadic to forming sedentary agricultural communities. 34 00:02:23,760 --> 00:02:26,360 Speaker 1: This has led to some debate on whether people turned 35 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:29,400 Speaker 1: to agriculture to get access to more grains so they 36 00:02:29,440 --> 00:02:33,480 Speaker 1: could brew beer, or if they discovered the alcoholic potential 37 00:02:33,520 --> 00:02:38,800 Speaker 1: of grains after first becoming an agricultural society. Regardless, though, 38 00:02:38,840 --> 00:02:42,000 Speaker 1: people from virtually every part of the world have been 39 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:46,440 Speaker 1: making some kind of alcoholic beverage for thousands of years, 40 00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:50,480 Speaker 1: so it seems likely that people have experienced hangovers for 41 00:02:50,560 --> 00:02:54,520 Speaker 1: all of that time. Distilling has also been around for 42 00:02:54,639 --> 00:02:58,240 Speaker 1: thousands of years, although it probably started out being used 43 00:02:58,240 --> 00:03:03,000 Speaker 1: to make medicines and perfume instead of spiritist liquors. There's 44 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:08,200 Speaker 1: documentation of wines being distilled into spirits in multiple parts 45 00:03:08,240 --> 00:03:12,720 Speaker 1: of the world by around the year eight hundred. Logically, 46 00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:16,880 Speaker 1: access to beverages with a higher concentration of alcohol may 47 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:21,760 Speaker 1: also have led to more hangovers. We keep saying things 48 00:03:21,840 --> 00:03:25,880 Speaker 1: like logically and probably because hangovers are tricky to study, 49 00:03:26,600 --> 00:03:29,640 Speaker 1: we don't actually know for sure if fermented fruit would 50 00:03:29,639 --> 00:03:33,640 Speaker 1: have caused hangovers in our early hominid ancestors, but if 51 00:03:33,639 --> 00:03:36,800 Speaker 1: their physiology was similar enough to ours and they ate 52 00:03:36,960 --> 00:03:41,160 Speaker 1: enough of it, it seems likely. The first medical descriptions 53 00:03:41,160 --> 00:03:44,280 Speaker 1: of a hangover may be in the Seshruda Samhita, which 54 00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:47,880 Speaker 1: was written in Sanskrit in the sixth century BCE, and 55 00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:51,360 Speaker 1: it's one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda. We talked 56 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: about the Sushruda Samhita in our episode on Seshruda in 57 00:03:54,840 --> 00:04:00,000 Speaker 1: twenty nineteen. In the Sushruda Samhita, the condition was called 58 00:04:00,160 --> 00:04:04,360 Speaker 1: paramatta and it was described as involving thirst, head and 59 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:07,400 Speaker 1: joint pain, a sense of heaviness in the body, and 60 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:11,320 Speaker 1: the loss of taste. The Ensinger Papyrus, which dates to 61 00:04:11,360 --> 00:04:15,520 Speaker 1: around the first century BCE in Egypt, describes someone who 62 00:04:15,520 --> 00:04:18,479 Speaker 1: has drunk too much wine as keeping to bed with 63 00:04:18,640 --> 00:04:24,160 Speaker 1: aching hair. Today, thousands of years later, there's still not 64 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:28,440 Speaker 1: an exact medical understanding of hangovers. A lot of things 65 00:04:28,480 --> 00:04:32,000 Speaker 1: seem like they're probably involved, like alcohol is a diuretic, 66 00:04:32,120 --> 00:04:37,480 Speaker 1: so people can become dehydrated after drinking. Alcohol also causes inflammation, 67 00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:42,000 Speaker 1: and with heavy alcohol use, this can be systemic. Alcohol 68 00:04:42,080 --> 00:04:45,120 Speaker 1: consumption can cause blood sugar to drop, and that can 69 00:04:45,160 --> 00:04:50,320 Speaker 1: cause symptoms like tiredness or shakiness. People often don't sleep 70 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:53,760 Speaker 1: as well if they've been drinking, and that interrupted sleep 71 00:04:53,800 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 1: can play a part too. Alcohol breaks down into a 72 00:04:57,400 --> 00:05:00,679 Speaker 1: number of metabolites, some of which are toxic, and those 73 00:05:00,760 --> 00:05:04,760 Speaker 1: metabolites have their own effects on the body's symptoms. There 74 00:05:04,800 --> 00:05:10,880 Speaker 1: are also some parallels between hangover symptoms and withdrawal symptoms, 75 00:05:10,920 --> 00:05:14,880 Speaker 1: and people who have a history of misusing alcohol, although 76 00:05:14,960 --> 00:05:19,000 Speaker 1: withdrawal can also include symptoms that are a lot more serious, 77 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: like seizures or hallucinations, so there is also an idea 78 00:05:24,040 --> 00:05:28,320 Speaker 1: that a hangover could be a very mild withdrawal, but 79 00:05:28,360 --> 00:05:32,240 Speaker 1: there's not much medical research into what specifically is going 80 00:05:32,279 --> 00:05:35,159 Speaker 1: on in the body or how a hangover impacts a 81 00:05:35,200 --> 00:05:39,960 Speaker 1: person's physical and cognitive functioning while it's going on. One 82 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:42,800 Speaker 1: reason is that it's possible for someone to develop a 83 00:05:42,800 --> 00:05:46,080 Speaker 1: hangover after drinking only a small amount of alcohol, but 84 00:05:46,760 --> 00:05:51,159 Speaker 1: hangovers are generally more likely with heavier consumption. There are 85 00:05:51,240 --> 00:05:54,160 Speaker 1: also a lot of factors that can affect a person's 86 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:58,919 Speaker 1: susceptibility to hangovers, including genetics, how often a person drinks, 87 00:05:59,279 --> 00:06:02,839 Speaker 1: various other habits. They may have, medications, they may be on, 88 00:06:03,160 --> 00:06:06,719 Speaker 1: the ingredients in their drinks, or the kinds of alcohol 89 00:06:06,720 --> 00:06:10,200 Speaker 1: they're drinking. The variables just go on and on, and 90 00:06:10,240 --> 00:06:13,880 Speaker 1: there are some ethical issues around intentionally having someone drink 91 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:17,120 Speaker 1: enough to try to give them a hangover, especially since 92 00:06:17,160 --> 00:06:21,320 Speaker 1: alcohol has very well known, very well established negative health effects, 93 00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:26,760 Speaker 1: including being a known carcinogen. The historical record on hangovers 94 00:06:26,839 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: can also be tricky to try to pick through alcoholic 95 00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:34,080 Speaker 1: beverages have existed in virtually all of the world for 96 00:06:34,200 --> 00:06:36,840 Speaker 1: pretty much all of recorded history, and in a lot 97 00:06:36,839 --> 00:06:42,000 Speaker 1: of places even before. Attitudes about alcohol are really all 98 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:45,919 Speaker 1: over the place, and these attitudes change and evolve over 99 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:49,760 Speaker 1: time by extension. The same is true about the after 100 00:06:49,839 --> 00:06:54,000 Speaker 1: effects of alcohol consumption. So as an example, in a 101 00:06:54,120 --> 00:06:58,760 Speaker 1: culture where there are strong taboos against alcohol consumption, there 102 00:06:58,839 --> 00:07:02,680 Speaker 1: might not be much documentation on people's drinking habits or 103 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:07,479 Speaker 1: their after effects beyond condemning people who drink, Or in 104 00:07:07,520 --> 00:07:12,000 Speaker 1: a culture in which most people routinely drink moderately, mild 105 00:07:12,040 --> 00:07:14,560 Speaker 1: hangovers might just be seen as a fact of life 106 00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:18,840 Speaker 1: and barely worth commenting on. Also, it may be possible 107 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:22,800 Speaker 1: to tell whether somebody drank heavily in their lifetime by 108 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:26,800 Speaker 1: examining their remains, so when we're studying burial sites or 109 00:07:26,920 --> 00:07:31,240 Speaker 1: archaeological areas, but we can't tell whether they experienced a 110 00:07:31,320 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: hangover from that, or if they did what they thought 111 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:38,640 Speaker 1: about that. Sometimes it's also not totally clear whether a 112 00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:44,080 Speaker 1: historical source is talking about hangovers or intoxication. For example, 113 00:07:44,240 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: seemingly every article on historical hangover cures includes a reference 114 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:51,440 Speaker 1: to Pliny, the elder who lived in the first century CE, 115 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: and his recommendation of the eggs of an outlet as 116 00:07:54,920 --> 00:07:58,840 Speaker 1: a hangover cure. But this remedy is in a section 117 00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:03,600 Speaker 1: of his Natural Hitty Street covering intoxication. It doesn't seem 118 00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:06,600 Speaker 1: like he's recommending this for hangovers, but for the state 119 00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,760 Speaker 1: of being inebriated. But this is also a work that's 120 00:08:10,800 --> 00:08:14,400 Speaker 1: being translated into English almost two thousand years after it 121 00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:18,360 Speaker 1: was written. I saw those aulet eggs so many times 122 00:08:18,640 --> 00:08:24,600 Speaker 1: working on this episode. Some of the language around hangovers 123 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:29,720 Speaker 1: is also really recent, especially compared to how long hangovers 124 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:33,080 Speaker 1: have probably been around. You can't just go look for 125 00:08:33,160 --> 00:08:36,840 Speaker 1: the word to hangover in historical text in English, because 126 00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 1: that word was not used in writing at all until 127 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:42,560 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety four, and at that point it had a 128 00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: more general meaning of just an after effect. According to 129 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:51,080 Speaker 1: the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known written use of 130 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: the word hangover in English to mean the symptoms that 131 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 1: can follow alcohol consumption was in nineteen oh four, and 132 00:08:58,800 --> 00:09:01,880 Speaker 1: that use was by get Words, which was a pseudonym 133 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:06,680 Speaker 1: for humorist Charles Wayland Town. It was in the Foolish Dictionary, 134 00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:10,600 Speaker 1: an exhausting work of reference to uncertain English words, their 135 00:09:10,640 --> 00:09:15,360 Speaker 1: origin meaning legitimate and illegitimate use confused by a few pictures. 136 00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:19,120 Speaker 1: One of the definitions in this humorous dictionary was for 137 00:09:19,200 --> 00:09:22,599 Speaker 1: the word brain quote the top floor apartment in the 138 00:09:22,679 --> 00:09:25,640 Speaker 1: human block known as the cranium and kept by the 139 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:30,800 Speaker 1: Sarah sisters, Sarah Brum and Sarah Bellum, assisted by medulla oblongata. 140 00:09:31,360 --> 00:09:34,600 Speaker 1: All three are nervous, but are always confined to their cells. 141 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:38,000 Speaker 1: The brain is done in gray and white and furnished 142 00:09:38,040 --> 00:09:41,520 Speaker 1: with light and heat, hot or cold water if desired, 143 00:09:41,720 --> 00:09:44,960 Speaker 1: with regular connections to the outside world by way of 144 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:49,840 Speaker 1: the spinal circuit, usually occupied by the intellect brothers thoughts 145 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:54,080 Speaker 1: and ideas, and Intelligence office, but sometimes sublet to jag 146 00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:58,080 Speaker 1: hangover and company. This passage is also one of the 147 00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:01,440 Speaker 1: examples in the Oxford English Dictionary entry on the word jag, 148 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:05,360 Speaker 1: meaning a drinking bout, the state of being drunk or 149 00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:10,079 Speaker 1: as much liquor as a man could carry. Language around 150 00:10:10,320 --> 00:10:15,120 Speaker 1: hangovers has also evolved outside of English as well. Like 151 00:10:15,480 --> 00:10:17,760 Speaker 1: when I was in French class in the nineteen nineties, 152 00:10:18,440 --> 00:10:21,960 Speaker 1: I learned that to say I have a hangover, you'd 153 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:26,840 Speaker 1: say je maloschevu, which means basically, my hair hurts. But 154 00:10:26,880 --> 00:10:29,600 Speaker 1: according to an article I read in Bonapotite while working 155 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:33,800 Speaker 1: on this episode, nobody says that anymore, and now people 156 00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:37,760 Speaker 1: call a hangover ungudu bois, which taken literally, would be 157 00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:42,560 Speaker 1: wooden mouth. I thought about including the word for hangover 158 00:10:42,679 --> 00:10:45,560 Speaker 1: in a bunch of different languages as part of this episode, 159 00:10:45,559 --> 00:10:49,560 Speaker 1: but after the whole Malo cheveu incident, I realized I 160 00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:52,040 Speaker 1: didn't really know whether any of this slang is still 161 00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:54,480 Speaker 1: being used. Also, we would need to figure out how 162 00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:57,560 Speaker 1: to pronounce it all. We have re recorded my bad 163 00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:01,200 Speaker 1: French pronunciation a number of times this point, and Casey 164 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:04,480 Speaker 1: has cut them all out for us. We will talk 165 00:11:04,480 --> 00:11:08,360 Speaker 1: about some references to hangovers in literature and art after 166 00:11:08,400 --> 00:11:21,000 Speaker 1: we pause for a sponsor break. Earlier, we mentioned that 167 00:11:21,040 --> 00:11:24,000 Speaker 1: some of the historical writing about hangovers can be tricky 168 00:11:24,040 --> 00:11:26,760 Speaker 1: because it might not really be about hangovers. It might 169 00:11:26,760 --> 00:11:30,800 Speaker 1: be more about drunkenness. The same is true of depictions 170 00:11:30,880 --> 00:11:36,839 Speaker 1: in artwork. It's extremely easy to find artwork depicting alcohol 171 00:11:36,960 --> 00:11:41,080 Speaker 1: and alcohol consumption. It can be trickier, though, to know 172 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:44,040 Speaker 1: for sure if a piece of art is supposed to 173 00:11:44,120 --> 00:11:49,080 Speaker 1: depict a hangover. For example, There is Dutch painter jon 174 00:11:49,160 --> 00:11:53,120 Speaker 1: Stein's sixteen twenty five The Effects of Intemperance, and this 175 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:56,120 Speaker 1: depicts a group of people, probably a family, sitting on 176 00:11:56,200 --> 00:11:59,720 Speaker 1: some stairs. One seems to be offering a glass of 177 00:11:59,760 --> 00:12:02,960 Speaker 1: wine to a parrot sitting on a little perch. Three 178 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:05,440 Speaker 1: children in the background are feeding a meat pie to 179 00:12:05,520 --> 00:12:08,480 Speaker 1: a kitten, and there are other children looking on, and 180 00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:12,000 Speaker 1: one woman, presumably the children's mother, is sitting on the 181 00:12:12,040 --> 00:12:15,480 Speaker 1: top step. She's in an iridescent pink and green skirt 182 00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:18,040 Speaker 1: and a pink bed jacket with fur around the hem 183 00:12:18,080 --> 00:12:20,760 Speaker 1: and cuffs, with her left arm resting on her bent 184 00:12:20,840 --> 00:12:23,720 Speaker 1: knees and her head resting in the crook of her elbow. 185 00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:27,079 Speaker 1: She has what looks like a hand rolled cigarette between 186 00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:29,320 Speaker 1: the first two fingers of her right hand, which is 187 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:33,920 Speaker 1: dangling over her other knee. She could be ineviated, or 188 00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:36,480 Speaker 1: she could be too hungover to put a stop to 189 00:12:36,559 --> 00:12:40,880 Speaker 1: the mayhem going on around her. The social and moral 190 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:45,440 Speaker 1: impacts of drinking are a common theme in Yonstein's artwork, 191 00:12:45,880 --> 00:12:47,840 Speaker 1: and the same is also true in some of the 192 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:52,000 Speaker 1: other works that might depict a hangover. Another example is 193 00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:56,920 Speaker 1: an eighteen seventy two wood block print by Shosaiike. This 194 00:12:57,000 --> 00:13:01,000 Speaker 1: work is called learn a Lesson from Drinking Sock. The 195 00:13:01,040 --> 00:13:04,120 Speaker 1: first panel shows somebody having a meal along with some sake. 196 00:13:05,320 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 1: He seems to be enjoying himself, but as he continues 197 00:13:08,080 --> 00:13:12,120 Speaker 1: to drink, his situation looks progressively less fun and more chaotic, 198 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,640 Speaker 1: and in the final frame he is on a futon 199 00:13:15,040 --> 00:13:20,199 Speaker 1: partly covered by a blanket vomiting while three almost ghostly 200 00:13:20,360 --> 00:13:24,680 Speaker 1: figures beat him with sticks. That feels like a hangover 201 00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:28,600 Speaker 1: to me, but he possibly could still just be intoxicated. 202 00:13:28,720 --> 00:13:31,040 Speaker 1: And then also some of this reminds me of some 203 00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:34,680 Speaker 1: of William Hogarth's works, like A Rake's Progress, which we 204 00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:39,400 Speaker 1: have talked about on the show before. Fortunately, sometimes the 205 00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:42,760 Speaker 1: title of the work can help clear things up. One 206 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:46,480 Speaker 1: example is French painter Enrie to LUs Latreux The Hangover 207 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:50,120 Speaker 1: Susanne Valadon, which he painted in the late eighteen eighties. 208 00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:53,600 Speaker 1: Valadon was a former circus performer who had been in 209 00:13:53,640 --> 00:13:57,360 Speaker 1: a relationship with Tellus Latreq for about two years, and 210 00:13:57,400 --> 00:14:01,000 Speaker 1: the painting shows Valadon in profile, with her elbows on 211 00:14:01,080 --> 00:14:03,800 Speaker 1: a table and her head resting on her left hand. 212 00:14:04,440 --> 00:14:07,360 Speaker 1: There's a half empty wine bottle and a mostly empty 213 00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:10,000 Speaker 1: glass on the table, and she's looking into the distance 214 00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:12,440 Speaker 1: with a scowl as though she might have a headache. 215 00:14:13,040 --> 00:14:15,320 Speaker 1: This painting has a lot of green and blue color 216 00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:18,360 Speaker 1: and very sketchy brushwork that makes it all look kind 217 00:14:18,360 --> 00:14:23,000 Speaker 1: of hazy. This has some similarities to the Day After 218 00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:27,600 Speaker 1: by Norwegian painter Edvard Munk, which was painted from eighteen 219 00:14:27,680 --> 00:14:31,480 Speaker 1: ninety four to eighteen ninety five. This time, the subject 220 00:14:31,560 --> 00:14:33,840 Speaker 1: is a woman lying on her back on a bed, 221 00:14:34,280 --> 00:14:37,160 Speaker 1: her left arm hanging off of it and her hair 222 00:14:37,280 --> 00:14:40,480 Speaker 1: spilling off the pillow toward the floor. She looks like 223 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:43,280 Speaker 1: she's probably asleep, and there is a table in one 224 00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,200 Speaker 1: corner that has two glasses and two bottles on it. 225 00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:50,520 Speaker 1: This painting is mostly in shades of white and brown, 226 00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:54,520 Speaker 1: and it just makes everything feel kind of subdued. In 227 00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:59,160 Speaker 1: eighteen eighty three, another Norwegian painter, Christian Kroug created a 228 00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:03,040 Speaker 1: self portrait called The Next Day. The artist is looking 229 00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:05,720 Speaker 1: out from the canvas, his hands on both sides of 230 00:15:05,760 --> 00:15:08,680 Speaker 1: his head as though he's trying to hold in a headache. 231 00:15:09,320 --> 00:15:11,880 Speaker 1: His nose is red and everything else in the painting 232 00:15:11,960 --> 00:15:14,040 Speaker 1: is in shades of tan and gray, and it looks 233 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,840 Speaker 1: kind of washed out and sickly. And the last pieces 234 00:15:17,880 --> 00:15:20,840 Speaker 1: of visual art we're talking about are not of human beings. 235 00:15:21,520 --> 00:15:26,680 Speaker 1: An Octoberfest postcard by German illustrator Arthur Thiel, who lived 236 00:15:26,720 --> 00:15:30,280 Speaker 1: from eighteen sixty to nineteen thirty six, says greetings from 237 00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:34,480 Speaker 1: Octoberfest in German, and then at the bottom all this cat, 238 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:39,200 Speaker 1: also in German. A German word for hangover is katter 239 00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:43,520 Speaker 1: or tomcat. And this cat looks miserable. He's wearing a 240 00:15:43,560 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 1: red kerchief with white polka dots knodded around his neck, 241 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:49,600 Speaker 1: almost like a little sailor's kerchief, but then he also 242 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: has a white bandage tied around his head below his ears. 243 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:56,680 Speaker 1: One of his eyes is completely closed and the other 244 00:15:56,880 --> 00:15:59,680 Speaker 1: is only a little bit open and looks very red 245 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:03,880 Speaker 1: around on the edges. Another German artwork is a nineteen 246 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:09,680 Speaker 1: thirteen painting by Lovis Corinth called Katterfushtuck or hangover Breakfast, 247 00:16:10,280 --> 00:16:13,280 Speaker 1: depicting a breakfast plate with a fish on it that's 248 00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:17,680 Speaker 1: probably pickled herring, which is part of what the German 249 00:16:18,880 --> 00:16:24,440 Speaker 1: hangover breakfast typically includes. People have also been writing about 250 00:16:24,440 --> 00:16:28,120 Speaker 1: hangovers for centuries before the word was coined. There is 251 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:31,480 Speaker 1: an entire book by Jonathan Shears called The Hangover a 252 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:35,040 Speaker 1: literary and cultural history which starts with the early modern 253 00:16:35,080 --> 00:16:39,120 Speaker 1: period and explores hangovers as both a sociocultural and a 254 00:16:39,120 --> 00:16:44,120 Speaker 1: psychological phenomenon. That book came out from Liverpool University Press 255 00:16:44,160 --> 00:16:47,880 Speaker 1: in twenty twenty. Rather than trying to give an overview 256 00:16:47,960 --> 00:16:50,960 Speaker 1: of writing about hangovers throughout history, we're going to have 257 00:16:51,080 --> 00:16:55,520 Speaker 1: just a couple of illustrative examples. There are a lot 258 00:16:55,680 --> 00:16:59,600 Speaker 1: of accounts of people's own experiences with hangovers in their 259 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:04,960 Speaker 1: letter and their diaries. Like past podcast subject Samuel Peeps, 260 00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:09,520 Speaker 1: his diary mentions a lot of them without the word hangover, 261 00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:13,080 Speaker 1: which didn't exist yet. Like his entry from September twenty second, 262 00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:17,600 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty ends, quote today not well of my last 263 00:17:17,680 --> 00:17:22,000 Speaker 1: night's drinking. Yet on April third, sixteen sixty one, his 264 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:26,040 Speaker 1: head was quote aching all day from last night's debauch. 265 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:30,320 Speaker 1: His diary entry for April twenty fourth, sixteen sixty one 266 00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:33,800 Speaker 1: begins quote, waked in the morning with my head in 267 00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:37,439 Speaker 1: a sad taking through the last night's drink, which I 268 00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:41,040 Speaker 1: am very sorry for. So rose and went out with 269 00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:44,240 Speaker 1: mister Creed to drink our morning draft, which he did 270 00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:48,359 Speaker 1: give me in chocolate to settle my stomach. As a 271 00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:52,760 Speaker 1: segue into a discussion of hangover cures, here's something from 272 00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:57,119 Speaker 1: The Contented Cuckold or Woman's Advocate by Reuben Bourne, written 273 00:17:57,160 --> 00:18:01,520 Speaker 1: in sixteen ninety two. According to a nineteenth century entry 274 00:18:01,520 --> 00:18:05,680 Speaker 1: in the Dictionary of National Biography, Bourne was a quote dramatist, 275 00:18:05,920 --> 00:18:08,760 Speaker 1: belonged to the Middle Temple, and left behind him a 276 00:18:08,760 --> 00:18:13,080 Speaker 1: solitary and feeble comedy which has never been acted. So 277 00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:17,040 Speaker 1: this snippet is a conversation between the characters of Sparkish 278 00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:19,399 Speaker 1: and Friendly, and we will be doing a dramatic reading 279 00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:22,439 Speaker 1: for you today. I am going to be sparkish, and 280 00:18:22,480 --> 00:18:26,159 Speaker 1: then Tracy will be friendly. So it opens 'tis the 281 00:18:26,200 --> 00:18:29,040 Speaker 1: wine I drank last night lies in my head. I 282 00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:31,280 Speaker 1: wonder how you rub through with it so well as 283 00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:34,040 Speaker 1: you do. I am as squeamish as a new married 284 00:18:34,080 --> 00:18:36,959 Speaker 1: woman that's breeding her first child. When she is in 285 00:18:36,960 --> 00:18:39,359 Speaker 1: one of her breeding fits, she resolves never to have 286 00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,720 Speaker 1: any more children, and I in one of my sick qualms, 287 00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:45,760 Speaker 1: never to drink any more wine. But you see how 288 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:49,600 Speaker 1: quickly we break our resolutions. The first kind proffer and 289 00:18:49,640 --> 00:18:52,119 Speaker 1: the first good company make us run the hazard of 290 00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:55,720 Speaker 1: a disorder, though we have experienced the sad effects before. 291 00:18:56,720 --> 00:19:00,159 Speaker 1: Bear up man, ne'er give way and part good company 292 00:19:00,160 --> 00:19:04,359 Speaker 1: for the headache or disaffected stomach tis so childish. I 293 00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:07,760 Speaker 1: am ashamed to hear the name it. One bottle sets 294 00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,120 Speaker 1: the right again and makes the sound as a rock. 295 00:19:10,480 --> 00:19:14,040 Speaker 1: There's no medicine, I know, like it tis beyond all 296 00:19:14,119 --> 00:19:17,560 Speaker 1: the pills in the world. We're gonna talk some more 297 00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:20,760 Speaker 1: about hangover cures after we first pause for a sponsor break, 298 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:32,800 Speaker 1: similarly to how I thought we would talk about how 299 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,679 Speaker 1: to say hangover in a bunch of different languages. I 300 00:19:35,720 --> 00:19:39,760 Speaker 1: thought this episode was going to include hangover cures throughout 301 00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:42,679 Speaker 1: history and all around the world. But the more I 302 00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:45,439 Speaker 1: looked at all the hangover cures, the more it started 303 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:50,000 Speaker 1: to just seem like every conceivable thing has been proposed 304 00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:52,560 Speaker 1: as a hangover cure at some point, and it just 305 00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:56,239 Speaker 1: started to feel like a very bizarre grocery list. So 306 00:19:57,080 --> 00:20:00,399 Speaker 1: we're gonna focus on a few specifics, starting with what 307 00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:04,640 Speaker 1: Friendly was recommending to Sparkish back before the break, which 308 00:20:04,680 --> 00:20:07,560 Speaker 1: is the hair of the dog. That's the shortening of 309 00:20:07,600 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: the hair of the dog that bit you, meaning another drink, 310 00:20:11,560 --> 00:20:14,960 Speaker 1: and some people take it to mean specifically another drink 311 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,840 Speaker 1: of what you were drinking the night before. The origin 312 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:22,800 Speaker 1: of this phrase is a little bit vague. Some sources 313 00:20:22,840 --> 00:20:25,360 Speaker 1: that Tracy used in this episode say that it started 314 00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:29,360 Speaker 1: in England, and others say Scotland, and still others say 315 00:20:29,359 --> 00:20:34,080 Speaker 1: it's Scandinavia. Regardless, the idea is that it supposedly comes 316 00:20:34,119 --> 00:20:38,879 Speaker 1: from folk medicine involving actual dog bites. If someone was 317 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:42,360 Speaker 1: bitten by a dog, their wound would heal, or maybe 318 00:20:42,440 --> 00:20:45,359 Speaker 1: they would not get rabies if they got a hair 319 00:20:45,440 --> 00:20:47,480 Speaker 1: from the dog that bit them and either put the 320 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:50,240 Speaker 1: hair right there in the wound or burned the hair 321 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:53,600 Speaker 1: and then put its ashes on the wound. That will 322 00:20:53,640 --> 00:20:57,160 Speaker 1: not cure a dog bite. That will absolutely not prevent rabies. 323 00:20:57,560 --> 00:21:00,720 Speaker 1: Rabies is fatal one symptoms develop a bite from a 324 00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:06,000 Speaker 1: potentially rabbit animal requires prompt medical treatment, So don't use 325 00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:08,760 Speaker 1: these silly mythos. Go to a doctor. We did a 326 00:21:08,760 --> 00:21:12,480 Speaker 1: whole episode on this in May of twenty twenty two. Yeah, 327 00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:15,359 Speaker 1: every single time there's some kind of incident involving a 328 00:21:15,480 --> 00:21:18,399 Speaker 1: rabbit animal, it feels like the comments on the social 329 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:21,239 Speaker 1: media are full of people who do not understand the 330 00:21:21,240 --> 00:21:26,560 Speaker 1: seriousness of rabies. Some sources, though, point to something a 331 00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:29,800 Speaker 1: lot older, not necessarily as the origin of this, but 332 00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:33,160 Speaker 1: as an early example, and that is supposedly an ancient 333 00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,919 Speaker 1: Greek playwright. In some sources, it's Antiphanies, who lived in 334 00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:42,119 Speaker 1: the fourth century BCE, and other sources say it's the 335 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:46,159 Speaker 1: grammarian Athensius, who lived in the third century CE and 336 00:21:46,280 --> 00:21:50,280 Speaker 1: described it to Aristophanes, who lived in the fifth century BCE. 337 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:54,960 Speaker 1: Regardless of what Greek person is the supposed origin, the 338 00:21:55,040 --> 00:21:58,359 Speaker 1: lines are the same, which is quote, take the hair, 339 00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:01,360 Speaker 1: it is well written of the by which you're bitten, 340 00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:05,200 Speaker 1: work off one wine by his brother, and one labor 341 00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:09,119 Speaker 1: by another. That does not pass the sniff test for me. 342 00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:13,280 Speaker 1: We're gonna say, why no, it's because this source may 343 00:22:13,320 --> 00:22:17,080 Speaker 1: be apocryphal. It's found in an eighteen ninety four edition 344 00:22:17,240 --> 00:22:21,520 Speaker 1: of the Reverend Ebenezer Cobbam Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 345 00:22:21,640 --> 00:22:24,480 Speaker 1: As part of his definition of hair of the dog 346 00:22:24,560 --> 00:22:28,159 Speaker 1: that bit you, Brewer writes, quote, in Scotland, it is 347 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:30,560 Speaker 1: a popular belief that a few hairs of the dog 348 00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:33,600 Speaker 1: that bit you, applied to the wound will prevent evil 349 00:22:33,640 --> 00:22:37,919 Speaker 1: consequences applied to drinks. It means, if overnight you have 350 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:41,399 Speaker 1: indulged too freely, take a glass of the same wine 351 00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:45,080 Speaker 1: next morning to suit the nerves. If this dog do 352 00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:47,639 Speaker 1: you bite soon as out of your bed, take a 353 00:22:47,680 --> 00:22:51,680 Speaker 1: hair of the tail in the morning. Brewer also included 354 00:22:51,720 --> 00:22:55,280 Speaker 1: this dog bite cure under the section on superstitions in 355 00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:59,639 Speaker 1: his Reader's Handbook of Illusions references plots and stories with 356 00:22:59,680 --> 00:23:03,920 Speaker 1: two appendices, and it appears in a ton of nineteenth 357 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:09,000 Speaker 1: and early twentieth century books on homeopathy. Otherwise, these four 358 00:23:09,080 --> 00:23:13,120 Speaker 1: lines mostly seemed to show up in articles about hangovers. 359 00:23:13,960 --> 00:23:20,600 Speaker 1: It makes sense that this supposed Greek poem would be 360 00:23:20,760 --> 00:23:23,960 Speaker 1: used as an example in homeopathy books, since the idea 361 00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:28,439 Speaker 1: of like cures like is central to homeopathy, which was 362 00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:33,720 Speaker 1: at its peak of popularity in the nineteenth century. Also 363 00:23:33,880 --> 00:23:36,720 Speaker 1: say that there's the sort of appeal to ancient wisdom 364 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:41,560 Speaker 1: in there. Beyond that, though, in nineteen sixty seven, folklorist 365 00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:44,840 Speaker 1: Frank M. Paulson published a paper in the Journal of 366 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:48,600 Speaker 1: American Folklore in which he talked about first encountering the 367 00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:52,399 Speaker 1: hair of the dog folk belief about dog bites during 368 00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:56,760 Speaker 1: a seminar on Scandinavian folklore. After the discussion turned to 369 00:23:57,240 --> 00:24:01,920 Speaker 1: sympathetic magic. Here's how oh, Sir James George Fraser framed 370 00:24:01,920 --> 00:24:05,439 Speaker 1: the idea of sympathetic magic in The Golden Bough, a 371 00:24:05,480 --> 00:24:09,240 Speaker 1: Study of Magic and religion. Quote. If we analyze the 372 00:24:09,280 --> 00:24:12,160 Speaker 1: principles of thought on which magic is based, they will 373 00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:16,320 Speaker 1: probably be found to resolve themselves into two First, that 374 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:19,679 Speaker 1: like produces like, or that an effect resembles its cause. 375 00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,080 Speaker 1: And second, that things which have once been in contact 376 00:24:23,160 --> 00:24:26,160 Speaker 1: with each other continue to act on each other at 377 00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:30,400 Speaker 1: a distance after the physical contact has been severed. The 378 00:24:30,440 --> 00:24:33,560 Speaker 1: former principle may be called the law of similarity, the 379 00:24:33,680 --> 00:24:38,439 Speaker 1: latter the law of contact or contagion. So sympathetic magic 380 00:24:38,520 --> 00:24:43,160 Speaker 1: is its own fascinating topic. And I've had the seventeenth 381 00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:47,840 Speaker 1: century belief in weapon salve or powder of sympathy on 382 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:50,080 Speaker 1: my short list for a while. That was a salve 383 00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:52,800 Speaker 1: or a powder that would be applied to a weapon 384 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:55,720 Speaker 1: that had harmed somebody in order to cure the wounds 385 00:24:55,720 --> 00:24:58,840 Speaker 1: that the weapon had made. I am not sure that 386 00:24:58,880 --> 00:25:01,399 Speaker 1: can actually support a whole episode. This may be it 387 00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:04,439 Speaker 1: for the discussion of weapons have on our show, but 388 00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:08,960 Speaker 1: I am so fascinated by this connection of the idea 389 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:12,399 Speaker 1: of hair of the dog as a hangover cure to 390 00:25:12,520 --> 00:25:17,359 Speaker 1: both homeopathy and sympathetic magic. The term hair of the 391 00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:20,480 Speaker 1: dog as a hangover cure has been around in English 392 00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:23,720 Speaker 1: at least since fifteen forty six, according to the Oxford 393 00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,000 Speaker 1: English Dictionary, which can bring us back to Frank M. 394 00:25:27,080 --> 00:25:32,240 Speaker 1: Paulson's paper on hangover cures. Paulson's interest in hangover cures 395 00:25:32,320 --> 00:25:34,600 Speaker 1: was piqued by the hair of the dog conversation that 396 00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:38,000 Speaker 1: we mentioned a moment ago, followed by a random thing 397 00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:41,080 Speaker 1: he heard a bartender say about a year later, which 398 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:43,639 Speaker 1: was that another patron at the bar must have a 399 00:25:43,680 --> 00:25:47,760 Speaker 1: hangover because he was ordering a warm beer. So Paulson 400 00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:51,440 Speaker 1: started talking to people and collecting their hangover cures, mostly 401 00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:54,639 Speaker 1: in Detroit and Montreal, but in other places as well. 402 00:25:55,359 --> 00:25:58,280 Speaker 1: He talked to one hundred and forty nine total informants 403 00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:00,960 Speaker 1: and included more than two hundred fieve f cures in 404 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,680 Speaker 1: his book, ten of them being some variant on hair 405 00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:07,679 Speaker 1: of the dog. That was in addition to forty cures 406 00:26:07,680 --> 00:26:11,439 Speaker 1: involving liquor and beer, thirty one involving mixed drinks, and 407 00:26:11,520 --> 00:26:15,440 Speaker 1: eleven involving food combined with liquor, but not framed as 408 00:26:15,480 --> 00:26:18,520 Speaker 1: hair of the dog. I have read a lot of 409 00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:22,600 Speaker 1: papers in my life from an assortment of fields. I'm 410 00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:26,040 Speaker 1: usually reading multiple papers every week while I work on 411 00:26:26,080 --> 00:26:27,680 Speaker 1: this show, and I just want to take a minute 412 00:26:27,760 --> 00:26:31,040 Speaker 1: to say this was one of the most delightful papers 413 00:26:31,160 --> 00:26:35,120 Speaker 1: I have ever read in an academic journal. After relaying 414 00:26:35,119 --> 00:26:38,000 Speaker 1: this whole story about the bartender and the warm beer, 415 00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:42,080 Speaker 1: and the bartender apparently just keeping warm beer on hand 416 00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:45,960 Speaker 1: for the hangover patrons, Paulson says, quote, by the time 417 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,920 Speaker 1: my wife and I left an hour later, I had 418 00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:53,000 Speaker 1: collected no less than eight different hangover cures, all as 419 00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:56,639 Speaker 1: I to discover a part of that gigantic vortex of 420 00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:01,920 Speaker 1: folklore almost fanatically believed by the general drinking public. And 421 00:27:02,040 --> 00:27:06,760 Speaker 1: so the patorition of this collection, the hangover cures that 422 00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:09,879 Speaker 1: he lists out are presented as they were told to 423 00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:14,040 Speaker 1: him by bartenders, bussers, and bar patrons from a range 424 00:27:14,080 --> 00:27:17,440 Speaker 1: of occupations, like if they were willing to tell him 425 00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:20,600 Speaker 1: what they did for a living at least, so it 426 00:27:20,720 --> 00:27:23,560 Speaker 1: just reads like people talking to him like quote, rare 427 00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:25,600 Speaker 1: beef as rare as you can get it. Is the 428 00:27:25,640 --> 00:27:29,360 Speaker 1: only thing that really helps. It works every time. Or 429 00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:32,480 Speaker 1: quote I'm sixty three years old come Sunday, and I've 430 00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:34,919 Speaker 1: had my share of hangovers. But if you want to 431 00:27:34,920 --> 00:27:38,200 Speaker 1: know the truth, there's no cure except time. Of course, 432 00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:40,439 Speaker 1: you have to do what you can, and the best 433 00:27:40,520 --> 00:27:44,040 Speaker 1: thing is to eat raw cabbage. That does help. Or 434 00:27:44,280 --> 00:27:47,720 Speaker 1: quote I've never had a hangover, but if I had one, 435 00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,560 Speaker 1: I guess I'd drink glass of tomato juice. Isn't that 436 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:54,880 Speaker 1: what people do? In addition to all the various cures 437 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:59,880 Speaker 1: involving alcohol, this paper also has sections listing out foods, juices, 438 00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:05,560 Speaker 1: milk and ice cream, sex, patent medicine, preventatives and avoidance, 439 00:28:05,680 --> 00:28:10,000 Speaker 1: and miscellaneous. Patent medicine, in this case is not what 440 00:28:10,040 --> 00:28:13,280 Speaker 1: we might think of as patent medicines, with old timey 441 00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:16,959 Speaker 1: hucksters selling a bottle of mostly alcohol out of a wagon. 442 00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:22,440 Speaker 1: Those cures include baking soda in water, various amounts of aspirin, 443 00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:24,920 Speaker 1: and a couple of people who said that they knew 444 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:27,919 Speaker 1: there was a pill to cure hangovers, but that that 445 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:31,600 Speaker 1: pill is being kept a secret. Nobody said the words 446 00:28:31,640 --> 00:28:34,879 Speaker 1: big pharma, but that was the vibe that, like the 447 00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:39,840 Speaker 1: pharmaceutical companies or the doctors know, but they're not telling us. Uh. 448 00:28:40,040 --> 00:28:43,880 Speaker 1: Both within and beyond this paper, there are some running 449 00:28:44,080 --> 00:28:46,320 Speaker 1: themes and a lot of the things that people have 450 00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:50,520 Speaker 1: proposed as hangover cures throughout history, especially in what we 451 00:28:50,560 --> 00:28:54,520 Speaker 1: think of as like the West. Raw eggs come up 452 00:28:54,520 --> 00:28:57,400 Speaker 1: a lot, and hot sauce and things that are salty 453 00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:00,800 Speaker 1: or fried. One thing that come by a lot of 454 00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:04,480 Speaker 1: that is a prairie oyster, which contains a raw egg 455 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:08,840 Speaker 1: or egg yolk, worcesterter, sauce, hot sauce, and salt pepper. 456 00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:14,000 Speaker 1: And then you'd drink that like a shot. No, thank you, No, 457 00:29:14,120 --> 00:29:16,040 Speaker 1: I don't want it, do there. The origins of the 458 00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:19,240 Speaker 1: prairie oyster aren't well documented, but it might have gotten 459 00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:23,720 Speaker 1: its star intentionally as a hangover cure. A number of 460 00:29:23,760 --> 00:29:27,520 Speaker 1: other foods and beverages have origin stories focused on hangovers 461 00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:30,440 Speaker 1: as well. One of them we talked about in our 462 00:29:30,480 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 1: third installment on eponymous foods Eggs Benedict, named for Lemuel Benedict, 463 00:29:35,440 --> 00:29:38,000 Speaker 1: who allegedly asked for poached eggs and a picture of 464 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:41,440 Speaker 1: hollandaise sauce after a night of over indulgence in eighteen 465 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:46,959 Speaker 1: ninety four. The Italian spirit furnet was also originally a 466 00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:51,640 Speaker 1: hangover cure and a more general cure. All Bernardino Branca 467 00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:54,840 Speaker 1: developed this in eighteen ninety five, and at the time, 468 00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:59,440 Speaker 1: in addition to ingredients like camomeal, peppermint, cardamom, and merr 469 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:05,640 Speaker 1: it included grape infused spirits and opiates. It is still 470 00:30:05,720 --> 00:30:11,120 Speaker 1: around today minus the opiates, as a type of amorrow. Another, 471 00:30:11,280 --> 00:30:13,920 Speaker 1: of course, is the bloody Mary, which combines the hair 472 00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:17,880 Speaker 1: of the dog with multiple other frequently proposed hangover cures, 473 00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:23,120 Speaker 1: including tomato juice, hot sauce, and Worcestershire sauce. This drink 474 00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:27,360 Speaker 1: was reportedly the invention of Fernand Petiot, bartender at Harry's 475 00:30:27,360 --> 00:30:31,320 Speaker 1: Bar in Paris in nineteen twenty one. Harry's Bar was 476 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:35,240 Speaker 1: owned by Harry McElhoney, who published Harry's Abc of Cocktails 477 00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:39,120 Speaker 1: that same year. A later edition of this cocktail book 478 00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:42,800 Speaker 1: calls it a red Mary, writing quote in shaker ice, 479 00:30:43,240 --> 00:30:47,479 Speaker 1: three dashes of lemon juice, one dash of Worcestershire sauce, salt, 480 00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:51,959 Speaker 1: cayenne pepper, one jigger of vodka filled with tomato juice, 481 00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:55,640 Speaker 1: shake well and strain in a large tumbler. Yeah, I 482 00:30:55,640 --> 00:30:58,840 Speaker 1: could not find the original nineteen twenty one, but I thought, 483 00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:03,160 Speaker 1: you know who probably has this book, Harry's ABC of 484 00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,280 Speaker 1: Cocktails as Holly. So the one Holly sent me was 485 00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:08,960 Speaker 1: called something like the Revised Edition or new Edition or 486 00:31:08,960 --> 00:31:13,320 Speaker 1: something like that. There are multiple contradictory stories about who 487 00:31:13,560 --> 00:31:17,360 Speaker 1: Mary is supposed to be in the drink Bloody Mary. One, 488 00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:20,560 Speaker 1: of course, is Mary Tudor, Queen of England and Ireland, 489 00:31:20,560 --> 00:31:23,920 Speaker 1: who was known as Bloody Mary. Another is just some 490 00:31:24,080 --> 00:31:27,320 Speaker 1: other patron at the bar who was muttering under their 491 00:31:27,360 --> 00:31:30,920 Speaker 1: breath about somebody named Mary. The story that I heard 492 00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:33,880 Speaker 1: in college was that it was Ernest Hemingway and that 493 00:31:33,920 --> 00:31:36,680 Speaker 1: it was about his wife Mary, because he was trying 494 00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:39,040 Speaker 1: to find a way that he could drink without her 495 00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:43,320 Speaker 1: smelling it on his breath. They did not meet until 496 00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:47,040 Speaker 1: a couple of decades after the Bloody Mary was invented. 497 00:31:47,120 --> 00:31:51,400 Speaker 1: Though the entire meal of brunch also has some ties 498 00:31:51,440 --> 00:31:54,600 Speaker 1: to hangovers. One of the first written uses of the 499 00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:57,800 Speaker 1: word brunch was in Brunch a Plea by Guy Barringer 500 00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:02,840 Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety five. He doesn't specifically mention hangovers. Again, 501 00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:06,520 Speaker 1: that word wasn't really coined yet, but he frames brunch 502 00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:08,960 Speaker 1: as a good meal for after a night of drinking. 503 00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:12,640 Speaker 1: He writes of it as a Sunday meal served around noon, 504 00:32:12,760 --> 00:32:17,160 Speaker 1: saying quote, you are therefore able to prolong your Saturday nights, 505 00:32:17,320 --> 00:32:20,880 Speaker 1: heedless of that moral last train the fear of the 506 00:32:20,920 --> 00:32:24,800 Speaker 1: next morning's reaction. It leaves the station with your usual 507 00:32:24,880 --> 00:32:30,160 Speaker 1: seat vacant, and many others unoccupied brunch. A plea also 508 00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:34,640 Speaker 1: ends quote ps Beer and whiskey are admitted as substitutes 509 00:32:34,680 --> 00:32:39,120 Speaker 1: for tea and coffee. So do any of these cures, 510 00:32:39,320 --> 00:32:43,479 Speaker 1: or any of the innumerable other cures proposed throughout recorded history, 511 00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:48,840 Speaker 1: actually work for curing hangovers? Probably not. A lot of 512 00:32:48,960 --> 00:32:52,200 Speaker 1: articles say that the hair of the dogs specifically could 513 00:32:52,320 --> 00:32:56,640 Speaker 1: potentially lean toward alcohol misuse. A December twenty twenty one 514 00:32:56,680 --> 00:33:00,200 Speaker 1: study was published in the journal Addiction that Evalue Weight 515 00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:06,360 Speaker 1: twenty one placebo controlled randomized trials of purported hangover cures. 516 00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:12,640 Speaker 1: These cures included curcumin extracted from turmeric, probiotics, supplements containing 517 00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:17,600 Speaker 1: amino acids like el sistein, cloven all extracted from cloth buds, 518 00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:22,760 Speaker 1: red Gensen, Korean pair juice, prickly pair, and artichoke some 519 00:33:22,840 --> 00:33:27,400 Speaker 1: of these cures did show some statistically significant improvement in 520 00:33:27,480 --> 00:33:31,640 Speaker 1: people's symptoms, but all of the evidence was very low quality. 521 00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:36,040 Speaker 1: Eight of the studies included only male participants, so it's like, 522 00:33:36,080 --> 00:33:38,320 Speaker 1: even in the ones that did show some improvement, the 523 00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:42,800 Speaker 1: study itself wasn't robust enough to actually make that conclusion. 524 00:33:44,400 --> 00:33:47,680 Speaker 1: The press release for this study ran with the headline quote, 525 00:33:47,720 --> 00:33:51,560 Speaker 1: no convincing scientific evidence that hangover cures work, according to 526 00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:55,440 Speaker 1: new research. An earlier paper in the British Medical Journal 527 00:33:55,480 --> 00:33:58,239 Speaker 1: in two thousand and five came to similar conclusions and 528 00:33:58,480 --> 00:34:01,400 Speaker 1: also analyzed some of the studies that had already been 529 00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:05,440 Speaker 1: published by that point. Both of these papers commented on 530 00:34:05,480 --> 00:34:08,000 Speaker 1: the fact that there's just not a lot of high 531 00:34:08,040 --> 00:34:13,240 Speaker 1: quality research into this area. Obviously that's not evaluating all 532 00:34:13,280 --> 00:34:17,200 Speaker 1: of the hangover cures in the world, but it's enough 533 00:34:17,320 --> 00:34:21,040 Speaker 1: research saying there's not a lot of evidence to broadly 534 00:34:21,120 --> 00:34:27,120 Speaker 1: say eh, probably not. Yeah. Also, people aren't reporting their hangovers, 535 00:34:27,200 --> 00:34:30,400 Speaker 1: and everybody's body is different and reacting to different things, 536 00:34:30,480 --> 00:34:34,080 Speaker 1: so it's you can't go off of anything except trying 537 00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:37,440 Speaker 1: to get people drunk, which we discussed earlier has problems ethically. 538 00:34:38,560 --> 00:34:41,120 Speaker 1: There is general agreement though, that the best treatment for 539 00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:44,120 Speaker 1: a hangover is to avoid getting one in the first place, 540 00:34:44,320 --> 00:34:49,359 Speaker 1: by either not drinking alcohol or drinking in moderation, staying hydrated, 541 00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:52,520 Speaker 1: and possibly taking an over the counter pain reliever and 542 00:34:52,560 --> 00:34:56,440 Speaker 1: a multi vitamin before bed, but not one containing a 543 00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:59,839 Speaker 1: seed of minifin, which, like alcohol, is processed in the liver. 544 00:35:00,840 --> 00:35:03,560 Speaker 1: None of this is medical advice, by the way. Yeah, 545 00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:06,839 Speaker 1: we're not doctors. That's just what came up repeatedly in 546 00:35:06,880 --> 00:35:09,560 Speaker 1: a lot of articles as I was working on this episode, 547 00:35:09,640 --> 00:35:17,400 Speaker 1: which feels to me like some stuff about hangovers. Do 548 00:35:17,440 --> 00:35:21,120 Speaker 1: you have listener mail? I do. Our listener mail is 549 00:35:21,160 --> 00:35:25,799 Speaker 1: from Yuan. The email says Holly and Tracy Sarah, Winnemaca. 550 00:35:26,320 --> 00:35:30,160 Speaker 1: The subject sent me a jolt. Could this be related 551 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:33,480 Speaker 1: to the town of Winnemaca, Nevada? Could it? On a 552 00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:37,120 Speaker 1: long drive to winter vacation in tri state Bear Lake, Utah? 553 00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:40,319 Speaker 1: In twenty eighteen, I chose Winnemacca for an overnight state, 554 00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:43,480 Speaker 1: largely because of a flyer about the one hundred and 555 00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:48,719 Speaker 1: fiftieth anniversary of Transcontinental Railroad from San Jose's Chinese Historical 556 00:35:48,760 --> 00:35:51,759 Speaker 1: and Cultural Project, in which my daughter joined its youth 557 00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:56,680 Speaker 1: docent program, Winnamaca was a site of celebration. The flyer 558 00:35:56,920 --> 00:36:00,680 Speaker 1: noted that doctor Sonnetson made a stop and it's then 559 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:05,760 Speaker 1: Chinatown to raise funds for his eminent resolution. Our stop 560 00:36:05,840 --> 00:36:08,720 Speaker 1: turned out to be mainly we were here. We arrived 561 00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:10,880 Speaker 1: late in the afternoon. I had hoped to find nearby 562 00:36:11,040 --> 00:36:13,600 Speaker 1: historical marks in the morning before heading back on the road, 563 00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:16,839 Speaker 1: but Google was of little help. Chinatown was long gone 564 00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:20,440 Speaker 1: and there's hardly a roadway landmark. The only object of 565 00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:22,840 Speaker 1: interest I found in the brief driving around was a 566 00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:25,920 Speaker 1: Ten Commandments cast on stone in front of a courthouse. 567 00:36:26,280 --> 00:36:30,080 Speaker 1: So much for separation of church and state all these years, 568 00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,719 Speaker 1: when Amaca has remained a mere waypoint on that memorable 569 00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:36,479 Speaker 1: trip and a talking point when my teen daughter wants 570 00:36:36,480 --> 00:36:38,959 Speaker 1: to complain to her friends about how her dad chose 571 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:42,919 Speaker 1: a waypoint until you're two parter, that is, even though 572 00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:45,920 Speaker 1: you did not explicitly mention the town, your talk brings 573 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:48,600 Speaker 1: the name and the territory to life. And yes, Google 574 00:36:48,680 --> 00:36:52,480 Speaker 1: helped this time, rather Wikipedia did. But even Wikipedia couldn't 575 00:36:52,480 --> 00:36:55,640 Speaker 1: answer my question about incorporation and naming of the town. 576 00:36:55,800 --> 00:37:01,480 Speaker 1: Given this much battle, bloodshed and betrayal suffered by Winnemacca's people. 577 00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:04,600 Speaker 1: This American Life's miniseries on a road Trip down the 578 00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:07,759 Speaker 1: Trail of Tears doesn't specifically mention Winne Mecca, the chief 579 00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:10,880 Speaker 1: for Winnemecca, the town. As I have no pet to 580 00:37:10,880 --> 00:37:13,400 Speaker 1: pay the pet tax, I hope you will accept pictures 581 00:37:13,440 --> 00:37:17,319 Speaker 1: of Pig, the restaurant we dined at in Winnemacca, on 582 00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:21,040 Speaker 1: the ceiling, our dollar bills patrons signed, plus the courthouse. 583 00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:23,239 Speaker 1: If you zoom in you will see the inscription on 584 00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:26,560 Speaker 1: the stone from the south. You must have seen lots 585 00:37:26,560 --> 00:37:29,640 Speaker 1: of these, But Winnemacca, being the only incorporated town in 586 00:37:29,719 --> 00:37:32,560 Speaker 1: Humboldt County and all of that, I cannot say that 587 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,760 Speaker 1: I visited many courthouses in California, where I live either, 588 00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:40,360 Speaker 1: So the novelty might just be my ignorance. Belated Happy 589 00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:46,040 Speaker 1: Thanksgiving you on so thank you for this email is 590 00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:50,680 Speaker 1: a regular correspondent with us. We've gotten lots of emails, 591 00:37:50,680 --> 00:37:54,440 Speaker 1: and I wanted to read this one for a couple reasons. One, yes, 592 00:37:54,760 --> 00:38:01,160 Speaker 1: the town of Winnemaca, Nevada, probably named after Sarah Winnemaca's father, 593 00:38:01,360 --> 00:38:04,279 Speaker 1: Winni Mecca, But it also gives us a chance to 594 00:38:04,360 --> 00:38:09,840 Speaker 1: kind of talk about Sarah Winnemucca's experiences with Chinese immigrants 595 00:38:09,880 --> 00:38:13,040 Speaker 1: to the United States, which is also related to this email. 596 00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:15,799 Speaker 1: So there was a big influx of Chinese immigrants into 597 00:38:15,800 --> 00:38:17,600 Speaker 1: the US starting with the gold Rush, which was when 598 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:20,560 Speaker 1: she was a child, and then also a major part 599 00:38:20,600 --> 00:38:23,279 Speaker 1: of the labor force in the trans Continental Railroad, which 600 00:38:23,320 --> 00:38:27,440 Speaker 1: came up in the email. And at various points in 601 00:38:27,520 --> 00:38:32,200 Speaker 1: her work, Sarah Winnemucca talked and spoke about Chinese people, 602 00:38:32,360 --> 00:38:36,960 Speaker 1: and she would kind of frame Chinese immigrants as foreigners 603 00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:40,520 Speaker 1: who were being welcomed into the United States, which was 604 00:38:40,560 --> 00:38:43,560 Speaker 1: in comparison to her own people who were native to 605 00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,960 Speaker 1: North America and were being oppressed. This was sort of 606 00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:51,360 Speaker 1: a tool of rhetoric. It doesn't reflect the realities of 607 00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:55,160 Speaker 1: Chinese immigrants treatment by or in the United States. We 608 00:38:55,280 --> 00:38:58,560 Speaker 1: talked about in so many previous episodes of the show, 609 00:38:58,680 --> 00:39:00,839 Speaker 1: and this is something that she will have been aware of, 610 00:39:01,280 --> 00:39:04,400 Speaker 1: especially because there were times that Chinese people faced some 611 00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:08,360 Speaker 1: violence in the areas near where she lived. So it 612 00:39:08,440 --> 00:39:10,840 Speaker 1: was like she had this thing in her rhetoric that 613 00:39:10,960 --> 00:39:14,960 Speaker 1: was about her perceptions of her people versus Chinese people. 614 00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:18,799 Speaker 1: Doesn't quite align with like the reality, but at the 615 00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:21,080 Speaker 1: same time she also would do things like try to 616 00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:25,839 Speaker 1: de escalate conflicts between indigenous communities and Chinese communities when 617 00:39:25,840 --> 00:39:27,720 Speaker 1: they were in some kind of dispute with one another. 618 00:39:28,640 --> 00:39:34,560 Speaker 1: The town of Winnemaca, Britannica says that railroad officials renamed 619 00:39:34,600 --> 00:39:38,359 Speaker 1: what had been french Ford after Winnemacca in eighteen sixty eight, 620 00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:43,239 Speaker 1: but I found other references to possibly other people being 621 00:39:43,280 --> 00:39:46,279 Speaker 1: the source of naming the town for Winnemacca. There are 622 00:39:46,320 --> 00:39:49,800 Speaker 1: lots of places in the United States that are named 623 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:55,399 Speaker 1: with indigenous words or four indigenous peoples, and sometimes it's 624 00:39:55,480 --> 00:40:00,239 Speaker 1: because somebody was a respected leader that the people who 625 00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:02,880 Speaker 1: were like the white communities that were settling the area, 626 00:40:02,920 --> 00:40:05,680 Speaker 1: had a positive relationship with Sometimes it has like a 627 00:40:05,680 --> 00:40:11,200 Speaker 1: more complicated nuance where it was like the like the 628 00:40:11,320 --> 00:40:20,440 Speaker 1: United States was explicitly trying to remove Indigenous people from life, 629 00:40:20,560 --> 00:40:26,320 Speaker 1: but also saw the indigenous history of North America as 630 00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:30,759 Speaker 1: like something unique that needed to be preserved and kind 631 00:40:30,760 --> 00:40:35,919 Speaker 1: of celebrated, and so I guess a little weird. I 632 00:40:35,960 --> 00:40:40,080 Speaker 1: always think of that in a similar way that I 633 00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:44,560 Speaker 1: think about the way Victorian England became obsessed with a 634 00:40:44,600 --> 00:40:48,719 Speaker 1: lot of other global cultures, but they wanted them to 635 00:40:48,760 --> 00:40:53,000 Speaker 1: be represented and preserved in a way that was palatable 636 00:40:53,080 --> 00:40:57,239 Speaker 1: to them, and I kind of liken it a little 637 00:40:57,280 --> 00:41:00,000 Speaker 1: bit to that. Yeah, there's I don't know if it's 638 00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:01,440 Speaker 1: still there. I'm not sure if it's part of the 639 00:41:01,480 --> 00:41:05,600 Speaker 1: permanent collection or if it is was a temporary exhibit. 640 00:41:05,680 --> 00:41:08,160 Speaker 1: But at the Museum of the Museum of the American 641 00:41:08,160 --> 00:41:12,319 Speaker 1: Indian in Washington, d C. There's a huge or was 642 00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:16,440 Speaker 1: a huge exhibit that was on Indigenous names and imagery 643 00:41:16,520 --> 00:41:19,799 Speaker 1: and advertising that is kind of on that same kind 644 00:41:19,840 --> 00:41:24,000 Speaker 1: of theme of like indigenous people facing racism and oppression 645 00:41:24,520 --> 00:41:31,400 Speaker 1: and genocide, but then also brands adopting indigenous imagery for 646 00:41:31,480 --> 00:41:37,880 Speaker 1: their products. One last little point of clarity on this 647 00:41:38,040 --> 00:41:40,680 Speaker 1: is that the trail of Tears is usually used to 648 00:41:40,719 --> 00:41:44,120 Speaker 1: describe the force removal from the southeastern US to what's 649 00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:47,799 Speaker 1: now Oklahoma, and so the road trip that was on 650 00:41:47,840 --> 00:41:49,600 Speaker 1: This American Life, which to be clear, I have not 651 00:41:49,640 --> 00:41:51,560 Speaker 1: listened to those episodes. It would not have gone as 652 00:41:51,560 --> 00:41:55,040 Speaker 1: far west as Nevada. So anyway, thank you so so 653 00:41:55,200 --> 00:41:57,680 Speaker 1: much for this email and all of your other emails. 654 00:41:58,560 --> 00:42:01,160 Speaker 1: Yuan has sent a number of emails and they're always 655 00:42:01,160 --> 00:42:04,960 Speaker 1: really great And if you would like to send us 656 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:08,480 Speaker 1: a note about this or any other podcast where History 657 00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:12,359 Speaker 1: podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com and you can subscribe to 658 00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:15,080 Speaker 1: the show on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you like 659 00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:23,440 Speaker 1: to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed in History Class 660 00:42:23,520 --> 00:42:27,520 Speaker 1: is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, 661 00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:31,280 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 662 00:42:31,320 --> 00:42:32,320 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.