1
00:00:00,160 --> 00:00:02,880
Speaker 1: This episode is brought to you by square Space. Start

2
00:00:02,920 --> 00:00:06,640
Speaker 1: building your website today at squarespace dot com. Enter offer

3
00:00:06,680 --> 00:00:09,440
Speaker 1: code History at check out to get ten percent off

4
00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:12,840
Speaker 1: square Space. Build it beautiful. I am Scott and I'm

5
00:00:12,880 --> 00:00:15,280
Speaker 1: Ben and we're from Car Stuff. We're the podcast that

6
00:00:15,280 --> 00:00:21,200
Speaker 1: covers everything that flutes, flies, swims, or drives, adventures, thrills, chills, literally, planes,

7
00:00:21,280 --> 00:00:24,400
Speaker 1: trains and automobils. That's right, and you can find all

8
00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:28,360
Speaker 1: of our episodes on Google Play, Spotify, iTunes, and really

9
00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:33,440
Speaker 1: anywhere else you get your podcast. Welcome to Stuff you

10
00:00:33,479 --> 00:00:43,000
Speaker 1: missed in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello,

11
00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:46,720
Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. Wilson and

12
00:00:46,800 --> 00:00:50,640
Speaker 1: I'm Holly Frye. When I was in Iceland back in

13
00:00:50,720 --> 00:00:53,320
Speaker 1: the spring, I learned a very tiny bit about the

14
00:00:53,360 --> 00:00:57,160
Speaker 1: Cod Wars. Uh. Long time listeners to the show will

15
00:00:57,200 --> 00:01:00,200
Speaker 1: probably notice some similarities between the thing that going to

16
00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:03,680
Speaker 1: talk about today and the Chesapeake Bay Oyster Wars, which

17
00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:07,199
Speaker 1: we talked about back in But while the Chesapeake Bay

18
00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:11,200
Speaker 1: Conflict was mostly confined to the states of Virginia and Maryland,

19
00:01:11,760 --> 00:01:16,000
Speaker 1: the Cod Wars were an international dispute that wound up

20
00:01:16,040 --> 00:01:19,400
Speaker 1: having a lot more long lasting ramifications in both the

21
00:01:19,480 --> 00:01:22,760
Speaker 1: United Kingdom and in Iceland. So after I got home

22
00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:24,839
Speaker 1: from the strip where I learned that the cod Wars

23
00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:28,520
Speaker 1: had happened, I put them on the potential episode list,

24
00:01:28,959 --> 00:01:31,240
Speaker 1: and then all of a sudden, over the last week

25
00:01:31,360 --> 00:01:34,840
Speaker 1: or so, multiple other people, sort of apropos of nothing,

26
00:01:35,080 --> 00:01:38,720
Speaker 1: said hey, would you talk about the cod wars um

27
00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:42,600
Speaker 1: and that included most recently Gemma and Steve. So I thought, Okay,

28
00:01:42,600 --> 00:01:44,360
Speaker 1: I guess I'll put cod Wars at the top of

29
00:01:44,360 --> 00:01:46,640
Speaker 1: the list. It had been kind of languishing there, and

30
00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:49,200
Speaker 1: now we're gonna do it. I do want to be

31
00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:52,720
Speaker 1: clear that this is definitely not the only fishing dispute

32
00:01:52,760 --> 00:01:56,880
Speaker 1: that has ever happened in these particular waters, but it's

33
00:01:56,920 --> 00:01:59,800
Speaker 1: definitely one of the most famous. Uh And in some

34
00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:02,840
Speaker 1: ways it's the weirdest and the most comical, even though

35
00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:06,280
Speaker 1: it was not actually funny to the people it was

36
00:02:06,360 --> 00:02:10,840
Speaker 1: happening to like it sounds funny, but a lot of

37
00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:14,840
Speaker 1: people's livelihoods were deeply at stake in the middle of

38
00:02:14,840 --> 00:02:19,720
Speaker 1: this thing that sounds sort of comedic. So to give

39
00:02:19,720 --> 00:02:22,919
Speaker 1: you the setup, Iceland and the United Kingdom are two

40
00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,520
Speaker 1: relatively small island nations. The UK is a little more

41
00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:29,799
Speaker 1: than ninety four thousand square miles and Iceland is a

42
00:02:29,840 --> 00:02:32,640
Speaker 1: little less than forty thousand square miles. That's about two

43
00:02:32,720 --> 00:02:36,080
Speaker 1: hundred and forty three thousand square kilometers and one hundred

44
00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:41,200
Speaker 1: three thousand square kilometers respectively. The UK, however, has much

45
00:02:41,280 --> 00:02:44,920
Speaker 1: more habitable land than Iceland does. The middle of Iceland

46
00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,040
Speaker 1: is mountainous, and it's covered in glaciers and also in

47
00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:52,120
Speaker 1: many places volcanic, so nearly all of its population lives

48
00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:57,600
Speaker 1: relatively close to the coast. It is completely unsurprising that

49
00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:01,480
Speaker 1: two relatively small island nations, one of which is only

50
00:03:01,560 --> 00:03:06,160
Speaker 1: really habitable along the coastline, have historically relied on fishing,

51
00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:10,079
Speaker 1: both as an industry and for the nation's cuisine. As

52
00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:13,480
Speaker 1: we discussed in our podcast about the volcanic eruption on

53
00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:19,960
Speaker 1: the island of Hamming, fishing is critically important to Iceland's economy. Today,

54
00:03:20,040 --> 00:03:23,639
Speaker 1: the fishing industry and Iceland employees about eleven thousand people,

55
00:03:23,760 --> 00:03:26,280
Speaker 1: which is a little more than four percent of Iceland's

56
00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:30,960
Speaker 1: total workforce, and the fishing industry directly contributes to about

57
00:03:31,040 --> 00:03:35,960
Speaker 1: eleven percent of Iceland of the icelandic GDP and indirectly

58
00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:42,240
Speaker 1: a full quarter of Iceland's GDP. About forty of Iceland's

59
00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:45,440
Speaker 1: export earnings come from fish today, with cod being a

60
00:03:45,480 --> 00:03:50,920
Speaker 1: primary export, and before the nineteen seventies almost nine of

61
00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:56,560
Speaker 1: Iceland's exports were fish. Meanwhile, Britain's fishing industry employs a

62
00:03:56,560 --> 00:04:00,000
Speaker 1: little under twelve thousand fishers today, so about the same

63
00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:04,440
Speaker 1: sizes Iceland's industry, but because the UK's population and economy

64
00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:07,400
Speaker 1: are so much larger, it's really a much smaller proportion

65
00:04:07,560 --> 00:04:11,000
Speaker 1: of the UK economy as a whole. The UK has

66
00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:14,240
Speaker 1: a population of sixty four million compared to three hundred

67
00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:18,320
Speaker 1: and twenty three thousand in Iceland. Marine fishing is about

68
00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:23,000
Speaker 1: zero point oh five percent of the British GDP, and

69
00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:26,479
Speaker 1: all forms of fishing together make up about zero point

70
00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:31,480
Speaker 1: zero seven percent of the British GDP. Prior to the

71
00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:35,640
Speaker 1: nineteen fifties, though, fishing was a much bigger part of

72
00:04:35,640 --> 00:04:39,400
Speaker 1: the British economy, especially in fishing ports cities like Hull,

73
00:04:39,560 --> 00:04:44,240
Speaker 1: Gramsby and Fleetwood. In these ports, fishing trawlers were the

74
00:04:44,320 --> 00:04:48,000
Speaker 1: primary employer, and most of the fishing fleet that sailed

75
00:04:48,080 --> 00:04:50,919
Speaker 1: from these ports did what's known as distant water fishing,

76
00:04:51,320 --> 00:04:53,760
Speaker 1: so boats would leave these ports in Britain and they

77
00:04:53,800 --> 00:04:57,320
Speaker 1: would travel hundreds of miles to fish in the waters

78
00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:01,839
Speaker 1: around Iceland. In addition to catching a lot of cod,

79
00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:05,599
Speaker 1: Brittain eight and continues to eat, for that matter, a

80
00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:09,159
Speaker 1: lot of cod. In the nineteen fifties and nineteen sixties,

81
00:05:09,600 --> 00:05:12,920
Speaker 1: four and thirty thousand tons of cod were being eaten

82
00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:16,760
Speaker 1: in Britain annually, overwhelmingly in the form of fish and chips.

83
00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:20,159
Speaker 1: Britain continues to eat more cod than anywhere else in

84
00:05:20,200 --> 00:05:23,080
Speaker 1: the world, a third of the cod in the world,

85
00:05:23,240 --> 00:05:28,480
Speaker 1: and of the cod caught in European waters. So yeah,

86
00:05:28,520 --> 00:05:32,080
Speaker 1: the Iceland and Britain were united by the fact that

87
00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:35,920
Speaker 1: there's lots of cod around Iceland and Brittain was eating

88
00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:42,560
Speaker 1: almost all of it, almost all the cod because fish

89
00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:45,920
Speaker 1: and chips. I mean, it's it's delicious and also kind

90
00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:50,400
Speaker 1: of astounding just how much was being eaten. Another important

91
00:05:50,400 --> 00:05:53,240
Speaker 1: piece of background information in all of this story has

92
00:05:53,279 --> 00:05:56,039
Speaker 1: to do with the idea of international waters and how

93
00:05:56,120 --> 00:05:58,680
Speaker 1: nations get to decide which parts of the ocean are

94
00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:03,080
Speaker 1: There's the idea that a nation with the coastline has

95
00:06:03,200 --> 00:06:05,400
Speaker 1: rights to a certain amount of the ocean around it

96
00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:10,760
Speaker 1: has existed for centuries, and a nation's territorial waters extend

97
00:06:10,880 --> 00:06:13,680
Speaker 1: a certain distance past its coast and then beyond that

98
00:06:13,720 --> 00:06:18,159
Speaker 1: our international waters. Starting in the seventeen hundreds, in Europe

99
00:06:18,160 --> 00:06:23,400
Speaker 1: and the America's, a nation's territorial waters typically extended about

100
00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:27,560
Speaker 1: three miles past the coastline, although there were definitely exceptions,

101
00:06:27,600 --> 00:06:33,920
Speaker 1: with nations claiming more or less. Prior to its independence

102
00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:37,360
Speaker 1: in nineteen forty four, Iceland was a part of Denmark,

103
00:06:37,760 --> 00:06:40,880
Speaker 1: and according to the Anglo Danish Territorial Waters Agreement, it,

104
00:06:41,520 --> 00:06:44,440
Speaker 1: like so many other nations, followed that three mile limit.

105
00:06:45,080 --> 00:06:47,960
Speaker 1: That agreement was set to expire in nineteen fifty one.

106
00:06:48,320 --> 00:06:51,520
Speaker 1: But when Iceland became independent from Denmark, it got to

107
00:06:51,560 --> 00:06:54,560
Speaker 1: work setting its own terms for where other nations could

108
00:06:54,600 --> 00:07:01,520
Speaker 1: fish immediately. Iceland had two primary motivations for reevaluating its

109
00:07:01,520 --> 00:07:06,120
Speaker 1: fishing boundaries. One was that fishing was so enormously critical

110
00:07:06,160 --> 00:07:08,440
Speaker 1: to its own economy that it wanted to make sure

111
00:07:08,520 --> 00:07:12,240
Speaker 1: its own fishing fleet had the greatest advantage. Iceland sort

112
00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:15,920
Speaker 1: of viewed this situation as a zero sum game. Other

113
00:07:16,080 --> 00:07:18,640
Speaker 1: nations that were taking fish out of the waters around

114
00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:22,520
Speaker 1: Iceland were taking them from Iceland because Iceland had so

115
00:07:22,680 --> 00:07:26,920
Speaker 1: few other industries or national or natural resources to add

116
00:07:26,960 --> 00:07:30,440
Speaker 1: to its economy. The other was that Iceland was becoming

117
00:07:30,480 --> 00:07:33,840
Speaker 1: increasingly concerned about the health of the fish stocks around

118
00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:37,520
Speaker 1: it and the threat of overfishing, so banning other nations

119
00:07:37,600 --> 00:07:40,440
Speaker 1: from fishing closer to its shores was a way to

120
00:07:40,480 --> 00:07:45,960
Speaker 1: try to keep Icelandic fishers fishing while ideally lowering the

121
00:07:46,080 --> 00:07:50,840
Speaker 1: risk of depleting those fish populations. As a result, on

122
00:07:50,960 --> 00:07:55,720
Speaker 1: May fifteenth, ninety two, Iceland extended the line from three

123
00:07:55,760 --> 00:07:58,920
Speaker 1: miles to four And this wasn't the first push of

124
00:07:58,920 --> 00:08:02,440
Speaker 1: its territorial water or since becoming independent, but it was

125
00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:05,040
Speaker 1: the first extension that affected a part of the sea

126
00:08:05,240 --> 00:08:08,960
Speaker 1: that Britain had been using for its fishing. Yes, some

127
00:08:09,040 --> 00:08:11,680
Speaker 1: of the prior extension was more to the north, which

128
00:08:11,720 --> 00:08:15,520
Speaker 1: was not as much of a British fishing ground. Britain

129
00:08:15,600 --> 00:08:19,000
Speaker 1: was not happy about this change. There was more shelter

130
00:08:19,120 --> 00:08:22,080
Speaker 1: available in bad weather three miles out compared to four

131
00:08:22,080 --> 00:08:24,320
Speaker 1: miles out. Uh And then, of course there was just

132
00:08:24,360 --> 00:08:27,000
Speaker 1: the principle of the thing. Britain's who had been making

133
00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:30,600
Speaker 1: their livelihoods through fishing for generations and who lived in

134
00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:34,160
Speaker 1: port cities where fishing was the biggest industry. We're basically

135
00:08:34,200 --> 00:08:36,200
Speaker 1: being shut out of a strip of the sea that

136
00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:40,440
Speaker 1: they had historically had access to. When Iceland said its

137
00:08:40,440 --> 00:08:43,440
Speaker 1: new line at four miles, flags flew at half mast

138
00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:47,880
Speaker 1: in British distant water fishing ports. The Grimsby Evening Telegraph

139
00:08:47,960 --> 00:08:52,559
Speaker 1: called it black Thursday. In spite of this new law,

140
00:08:52,679 --> 00:08:55,720
Speaker 1: the four mile zone around Iceland did not make that

141
00:08:55,960 --> 00:08:59,880
Speaker 1: big of a difference to British distant distant water fishing boats.

142
00:09:00,280 --> 00:09:03,360
Speaker 1: A lot of them had already been crossing the three

143
00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:06,560
Speaker 1: mile line when fish were scarce beyond it. A number

144
00:09:06,559 --> 00:09:09,720
Speaker 1: of captains and owners also thought that the fine that

145
00:09:09,840 --> 00:09:12,920
Speaker 1: came with crossing that four mile line was worth the

146
00:09:13,040 --> 00:09:16,079
Speaker 1: risk if it meant better fishing on the other side

147
00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:18,760
Speaker 1: of the line. All in all, even though there was

148
00:09:18,760 --> 00:09:22,160
Speaker 1: a bit of captain mouse darting around the line, British

149
00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:25,680
Speaker 1: captains and crews surrendered when they realized they were caught,

150
00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:29,360
Speaker 1: and Iceland a Coastguard personnel. We're always honest and faring

151
00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:33,920
Speaker 1: court cases over illegal fishing. Aside from some tomfoolery, people

152
00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:37,160
Speaker 1: on both sides of this dispute were generally respectful and

153
00:09:37,240 --> 00:09:40,400
Speaker 1: professional about it. Yeah, and in spite of all the

154
00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,040
Speaker 1: like the flying the flags that half mast and the

155
00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:47,079
Speaker 1: skittering back and forth across the line where people weren't

156
00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:49,600
Speaker 1: really supposed to be, like, you know, when the Coastguard

157
00:09:49,679 --> 00:09:51,520
Speaker 1: showed up and was like, you're not supposed to be here,

158
00:09:51,559 --> 00:09:57,840
Speaker 1: they would have been like, yeah, you're you gottus. The

159
00:09:57,960 --> 00:10:00,960
Speaker 1: UK also took the very reasonable of course of action

160
00:10:01,160 --> 00:10:05,240
Speaker 1: of taking their dispute with Iceland before the International Court

161
00:10:05,240 --> 00:10:09,520
Speaker 1: of Justice. When Iceland's four mile limit was upheld, Britain

162
00:10:09,600 --> 00:10:13,720
Speaker 1: responded by banning Icelandic fishing vessels from landing their fish

163
00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,720
Speaker 1: in Britain since Britain, as we said earlier, was buying

164
00:10:17,800 --> 00:10:22,080
Speaker 1: most of Iceland's cod and I mean British British cod

165
00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:25,440
Speaker 1: catches were not nearly enough to keep the nations supplied

166
00:10:25,480 --> 00:10:28,760
Speaker 1: in fish and chips. This basically was an economic santion

167
00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:33,360
Speaker 1: sanction against Iceland, but Iceland did not back down. And

168
00:10:33,400 --> 00:10:36,360
Speaker 1: this was only the first of several times that Iceland

169
00:10:36,480 --> 00:10:39,040
Speaker 1: would move its fishing boundary. And we're going to talk

170
00:10:39,080 --> 00:10:42,320
Speaker 1: about where things stopped being so sort of cordial and

171
00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:45,520
Speaker 1: respectful and started to really get ugly. After we have

172
00:10:46,160 --> 00:10:52,679
Speaker 1: a brief sponsor break. You know that great feeling when

173
00:10:52,679 --> 00:10:55,280
Speaker 1: you could like accomplish something just by clicking around with

174
00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:57,720
Speaker 1: your mouth. Oh I love market stuff off the list.

175
00:10:57,760 --> 00:10:59,600
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, me too, and I can get even more.

176
00:10:59,679 --> 00:11:01,880
Speaker 1: Can be union than that? You can get all your

177
00:11:01,880 --> 00:11:04,600
Speaker 1: mailing and shipping done without even leaving your desk thanks

178
00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:07,400
Speaker 1: to stamps dot Com. Stamps dot Com turns to your

179
00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:09,959
Speaker 1: PC or Mac into your very own personal post office

180
00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:12,640
Speaker 1: that never ever closes, so it is super convenient. You

181
00:11:12,679 --> 00:11:15,680
Speaker 1: can buy and print official US postage for any letter

182
00:11:15,720 --> 00:11:18,360
Speaker 1: or package using your computer in your printer, and then

183
00:11:18,400 --> 00:11:21,199
Speaker 1: just hand your mail over to the person who delivers

184
00:11:21,200 --> 00:11:23,440
Speaker 1: it to you, or you know, if you do want

185
00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:25,520
Speaker 1: to take a little walk, drop it in a mailbox.

186
00:11:26,120 --> 00:11:28,160
Speaker 1: You will never have to go to the post office again.

187
00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:30,880
Speaker 1: Right now, I'll sign up for stamps dot com and

188
00:11:30,960 --> 00:11:34,240
Speaker 1: use our promo code stuff for this special offer that

189
00:11:34,320 --> 00:11:37,800
Speaker 1: is a four week trial plus a one dollar bonus

190
00:11:37,840 --> 00:11:41,520
Speaker 1: offer which includes postage and a digital scale. Don't wait,

191
00:11:41,679 --> 00:11:44,360
Speaker 1: go to stamps dot com and before you do anything else,

192
00:11:44,400 --> 00:11:46,400
Speaker 1: click on the microphone at the top of the homepage

193
00:11:46,400 --> 00:11:49,839
Speaker 1: and type in stuff that is stamps dot com and

194
00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:53,680
Speaker 1: enter stuff, and now you will get back to our story.

195
00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:03,000
Speaker 1: In nineteen fifty eight, the international community participated in the

196
00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:06,760
Speaker 1: first international Conference on the Law of the Sea. The

197
00:12:06,880 --> 00:12:10,880
Speaker 1: u n's International Law Commission had been discussing and evaluating

198
00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:15,000
Speaker 1: maritime international law for nearly a decade, but this was

199
00:12:15,040 --> 00:12:19,560
Speaker 1: the first conference that was specifically devoted to international maritime law.

200
00:12:20,080 --> 00:12:25,680
Speaker 1: Eighties six states participated in this conference. Fishing, we should

201
00:12:25,679 --> 00:12:28,400
Speaker 1: point out, was certainly not the only thing being discussed

202
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,920
Speaker 1: at the conference. Resolutions were adopted regarding nuclear tests, radioactive

203
00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:37,680
Speaker 1: pollution of the oceans, and conservation, and various smaller nations

204
00:12:37,720 --> 00:12:41,080
Speaker 1: suggested a major expansion of the commonly used three mile

205
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:45,920
Speaker 1: limit between international and territorial waters. The new proposed limit

206
00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:50,520
Speaker 1: a twelve mile economic exclusion zone around a nation's coast.

207
00:12:51,360 --> 00:12:55,160
Speaker 1: Most larger nations resisted this idea for reasons ranging from

208
00:12:55,240 --> 00:12:59,319
Speaker 1: economic unfairness to concerns that their navies could not effectively

209
00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:04,720
Speaker 1: maneuver or patrol with that much of the sea off limits. However,

210
00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:08,800
Speaker 1: when Iceland then expanded its exclusionary zone to twelve miles,

211
00:13:10,200 --> 00:13:12,719
Speaker 1: part of its argument was that that twelve miles was

212
00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:16,760
Speaker 1: eventually going to be international law anyway, and while that

213
00:13:16,880 --> 00:13:19,760
Speaker 1: previous move from three miles to four miles had been

214
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:22,840
Speaker 1: met with flags at half masted in Britain's port towns,

215
00:13:23,480 --> 00:13:27,720
Speaker 1: the jump to twelve miles was genuinely alarming. The zone

216
00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:31,439
Speaker 1: between four and twelve miles from Iceland's coast was prime

217
00:13:31,559 --> 00:13:36,000
Speaker 1: fishing territory for Britain's distant water fishing fleet. Shutting Britain

218
00:13:36,040 --> 00:13:39,000
Speaker 1: out of twelve miles around Iceland had the potential to

219
00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:44,920
Speaker 1: completely disrupt the fishing industry. Aside from really genuine concerns

220
00:13:44,960 --> 00:13:49,000
Speaker 1: about the British economy, especially in these sports cities, Britain

221
00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:53,520
Speaker 1: was also really frustrated on principle. I understand this. I'm

222
00:13:53,559 --> 00:13:57,719
Speaker 1: a person who gets colossally frustrated on principle, as had

223
00:13:57,760 --> 00:14:01,199
Speaker 1: been the case with that four mile on the twelve

224
00:14:01,280 --> 00:14:04,040
Speaker 1: mile line was cutting Brittain out of waters that it

225
00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:08,320
Speaker 1: had historically had access to and felt entitled to. And

226
00:14:08,320 --> 00:14:10,360
Speaker 1: then there was an emotional way to all of it,

227
00:14:10,480 --> 00:14:13,000
Speaker 1: and the cities that were home to Britain's distant water

228
00:14:13,080 --> 00:14:16,120
Speaker 1: fishing fleets. Fishing was really at the heart of the

229
00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:20,440
Speaker 1: community and of people's identities, so pushing out distant water

230
00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:23,280
Speaker 1: fishing felt like it was stripping people of their way

231
00:14:23,280 --> 00:14:25,640
Speaker 1: of life and of something that they felt like was

232
00:14:25,680 --> 00:14:30,320
Speaker 1: a core part of who they were. Also, there's the

233
00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:34,280
Speaker 1: whole fish and chip thing again, which is also part

234
00:14:34,320 --> 00:14:38,760
Speaker 1: of like the identity issue. Yes, Like in the United States,

235
00:14:39,680 --> 00:14:42,280
Speaker 1: fish and chips and a lot of places they're just

236
00:14:42,320 --> 00:14:46,960
Speaker 1: like they're just sort of standard pub food, right, But

237
00:14:47,400 --> 00:14:50,600
Speaker 1: in the fifties and sixties and Britain, fish and chips

238
00:14:50,640 --> 00:14:55,720
Speaker 1: was really a working class staple and like chippies were

239
00:14:55,720 --> 00:14:58,640
Speaker 1: places that that sold fish and chips, and like there's

240
00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:03,920
Speaker 1: a whole cultural layer to the existence in the consumption

241
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:07,800
Speaker 1: of of fish and chips that um does not have

242
00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:11,480
Speaker 1: the quite the same weight. And most of the United States,

243
00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:15,240
Speaker 1: yeah uh. And the UK was not the only nation

244
00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:20,600
Speaker 1: affected by this expansion in Iceland's territorial waters. Belgium, West

245
00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:23,600
Speaker 1: Germany and the Faroe Islands were among the other nations

246
00:15:23,600 --> 00:15:26,760
Speaker 1: fishing in that same area, But it was the British

247
00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:29,200
Speaker 1: fishing fleet that was making the most use of it

248
00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:32,440
Speaker 1: among the international community, and it was Britain that became

249
00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:35,880
Speaker 1: the most vocal in wanting continued access to that four

250
00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:40,440
Speaker 1: to twelve mile zone. Those cat and mouse shenanigans that

251
00:15:40,480 --> 00:15:44,080
Speaker 1: had happened at the four mile line kicked up several

252
00:15:44,280 --> 00:15:48,080
Speaker 1: notches in the four to twelve mile zone around Iceland.

253
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:52,320
Speaker 1: As one might expect, Iceland deployed its Coast Guard to

254
00:15:52,360 --> 00:15:56,120
Speaker 1: try to enforce the policy, and it allowed officials to

255
00:15:56,280 --> 00:15:59,560
Speaker 1: board British ships and arrest their crews for fishing in

256
00:15:59,640 --> 00:16:03,360
Speaker 1: water where they were not supposed to be. In response,

257
00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:07,840
Speaker 1: Britain deployed ships from the Royal Navy to protect the trawlers,

258
00:16:07,960 --> 00:16:11,440
Speaker 1: essentially mandating that the trawlers fishing areas where the Royal

259
00:16:11,520 --> 00:16:15,080
Speaker 1: Navy was patrolling, and the trawlers used nets to try

260
00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:18,280
Speaker 1: to keep Icelandic inspectors from boarding, as well as spring

261
00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:22,240
Speaker 1: boarding parties with hoses and trying to use spears to

262
00:16:22,360 --> 00:16:25,520
Speaker 1: puncture the rubber digghis the coast Guard used for boarding.

263
00:16:26,680 --> 00:16:29,600
Speaker 1: When a trawler was boarded, they'd often call in the

264
00:16:29,680 --> 00:16:32,880
Speaker 1: Royal Navy to assist, and on at least one occasion,

265
00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:36,160
Speaker 1: the Royal Navy then refused to let the Icelandic Coast

266
00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:40,440
Speaker 1: Guard officials go back to their own vessel, instead kept

267
00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:44,720
Speaker 1: them on board as guests. In quotation marks of the Crown.

268
00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:48,160
Speaker 1: One boarding party was eventually put into a little boat

269
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:50,720
Speaker 1: off the coast of Keflavik and allowed to row back

270
00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:55,440
Speaker 1: to shore there. And that's really irritated the people that were, uh,

271
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,760
Speaker 1: we're working at the NATO base in Keflavik, because they

272
00:16:58,760 --> 00:17:00,680
Speaker 1: were like, what do you mean there is a British

273
00:17:00,720 --> 00:17:03,880
Speaker 1: warship right there that just dropped you off in the water.

274
00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:09,560
Speaker 1: Because Iceland had about six gunboats compared to the thirty

275
00:17:09,640 --> 00:17:13,560
Speaker 1: seven Royal Navy ships that Britain had deployed, Iceland didn't

276
00:17:13,600 --> 00:17:18,080
Speaker 1: really feel comfortable making a direct assault on the British force. Instead,

277
00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:21,800
Speaker 1: Iceland kept thorough records of the names and numbers of

278
00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:24,520
Speaker 1: all of the British ships that broke the twelve mile limit.

279
00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:27,320
Speaker 1: I kind of love fighting it with bureaucracy and I

280
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:33,840
Speaker 1: don't even understand why. Yeah, it Yeah. This distribute wound

281
00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:36,920
Speaker 1: up being settled with a compromise in nineteen sixty one.

282
00:17:37,720 --> 00:17:41,240
Speaker 1: Britain ultimately agreed to respect the twelve mile limit and

283
00:17:41,320 --> 00:17:44,439
Speaker 1: exchanged for a three year period to phase out the

284
00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:47,840
Speaker 1: distant water fishing in the twelve mile zone. Once this

285
00:17:47,880 --> 00:17:51,440
Speaker 1: agreement was reached, Iceland destroyed all those records of who

286
00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:54,160
Speaker 1: all had been illegally fishing in the twelve mile zone,

287
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:58,640
Speaker 1: which I also am kind of charmed by. Yes, it's

288
00:17:58,680 --> 00:18:01,119
Speaker 1: like this is going on your perman record. Okay, now

289
00:18:01,160 --> 00:18:05,800
Speaker 1: we're cool. We could get rid of that permanent record. Uh.

290
00:18:05,840 --> 00:18:09,000
Speaker 1: In the agreement, Iceland also acknowledged that it would continue

291
00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:12,520
Speaker 1: to consider extending the border even further, but would give

292
00:18:12,560 --> 00:18:16,239
Speaker 1: Britain advanced notice if this were to happen. Quote, the

293
00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:19,720
Speaker 1: Icelandic Government will continue to work for the implementation of

294
00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:23,119
Speaker 1: the al Thing Resolution of five May nineteen fifty nine

295
00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:28,000
Speaker 1: regarding the extension of fisheries jurisdiction around Iceland, but shall

296
00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:31,320
Speaker 1: give to the United Kingdom Government six months notice of

297
00:18:31,359 --> 00:18:35,040
Speaker 1: such extension, and in case of a dispute in relation

298
00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:38,159
Speaker 1: to such extension, the matter shall, at the request of

299
00:18:38,200 --> 00:18:43,440
Speaker 1: either party, be referred to the International Court of Justice. Yes,

300
00:18:43,560 --> 00:18:47,040
Speaker 1: that was basically referring to a resolution that had been

301
00:18:47,080 --> 00:18:49,880
Speaker 1: put out a couple of years before about possibly having

302
00:18:49,920 --> 00:18:53,360
Speaker 1: an even bigger exclusion zone. And then on July fourteenth

303
00:18:53,480 --> 00:18:56,679
Speaker 1: of nineteen seventy one, the government of Iceland released a

304
00:18:56,720 --> 00:19:00,280
Speaker 1: new policy statement which said, quote the fisheries agreement with

305
00:19:00,359 --> 00:19:03,199
Speaker 1: the United Kingdom and the Federal German Republic I'll be

306
00:19:03,320 --> 00:19:06,800
Speaker 1: terminated and a resolution be made about an extension of

307
00:19:06,920 --> 00:19:11,480
Speaker 1: fishery limit up to fifty nautical miles from the baselines,

308
00:19:11,560 --> 00:19:15,560
Speaker 1: effective not later than one September nineteen seventy two. So

309
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:18,199
Speaker 1: at this point we've gone from three miles to four miles,

310
00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:22,240
Speaker 1: to twelve miles to fifty miles. Yeah, it's a big jump.

311
00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:25,080
Speaker 1: I can imagine if you are part of the fishing industry,

312
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:30,320
Speaker 1: the knee jerk reaction could be irate at that point. Uh,

313
00:19:30,359 --> 00:19:32,720
Speaker 1: And that would explain why this is where things got

314
00:19:32,760 --> 00:19:36,280
Speaker 1: really really heated between the UK and Iceland. The United

315
00:19:36,359 --> 00:19:39,240
Speaker 1: Kingdom once again took its dispute to the International Court

316
00:19:39,280 --> 00:19:42,240
Speaker 1: of Justice in the Hague, which found in Britain's favor,

317
00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:46,040
Speaker 1: but Iceland argued that the court did not have jurisdiction.

318
00:19:47,280 --> 00:19:51,120
Speaker 1: Iceland was at this point incredibly frustrated and alarmed over

319
00:19:51,160 --> 00:19:55,120
Speaker 1: the condition of its fishing stocks. Stocks of the Icelandic

320
00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:59,560
Speaker 1: herring had dropped precipitously almost to nothing, and Iceland was

321
00:19:59,640 --> 00:20:02,720
Speaker 1: concerned learned that cod were headed for this same fate.

322
00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:07,399
Speaker 1: They had made repeated calls for international discussions on conservation

323
00:20:07,480 --> 00:20:10,679
Speaker 1: of fish stocks and sustainable fishing practices. And none of

324
00:20:10,680 --> 00:20:13,720
Speaker 1: that had gotten enough attention for Iceland to really feel

325
00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:18,280
Speaker 1: secure in the future of a nation that was basically

326
00:20:18,320 --> 00:20:21,240
Speaker 1: dependent on fishing like at this point and even still

327
00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:23,560
Speaker 1: today in a lot of ways, if the if the

328
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:27,160
Speaker 1: fishing industry in Iceland is gone, Iceland as a nation

329
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,879
Speaker 1: cannot survive. And so even though there were some nations

330
00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:35,119
Speaker 1: that were willing to talk about more conservation oriented fishing

331
00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:38,879
Speaker 1: practices at this point in the seventies, Iceland was like, no, really,

332
00:20:39,880 --> 00:20:41,800
Speaker 1: we will die as a nation if we don't look

333
00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:45,320
Speaker 1: after these fish. And to make matters worse from the

334
00:20:45,359 --> 00:20:48,560
Speaker 1: British point of view, also in nineteen seventy two, the

335
00:20:48,640 --> 00:20:52,000
Speaker 1: United Kingdom joined the Common Market, and this was basically

336
00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:55,160
Speaker 1: an approach by the European Economic Community that gave all

337
00:20:55,200 --> 00:20:58,240
Speaker 1: its members equal access to the territorial waters of all

338
00:20:58,280 --> 00:21:02,760
Speaker 1: the other members after a grace period. Iceland, not being

339
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:06,000
Speaker 1: a member of the European Economic Community, was not affected,

340
00:21:06,480 --> 00:21:08,600
Speaker 1: but the UK was concerned about what it would mean

341
00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:10,800
Speaker 1: for its own fishing industry to give the rest of

342
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:15,479
Speaker 1: the European Economic Community access to its fishing grounds. The

343
00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:19,000
Speaker 1: UK to the UK fishing fleet those waters off the

344
00:21:19,040 --> 00:21:24,200
Speaker 1: coast of Iceland became even more important, so the UK

345
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:27,800
Speaker 1: once again deployed the Royal Navy to protect its distant

346
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,560
Speaker 1: water trawlers. And during the previous dispute, the trawlers were

347
00:21:31,560 --> 00:21:34,119
Speaker 1: basically supposed to stick with the navy, and now they

348
00:21:34,119 --> 00:21:36,199
Speaker 1: were trying to do it the other way around. The

349
00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:39,159
Speaker 1: trawlers would go whether where they needed to fish, and

350
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:43,080
Speaker 1: the Navy would follow them to protect them. In other words,

351
00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:47,240
Speaker 1: the UK had decided not to respect that fifty mile line.

352
00:21:47,760 --> 00:21:49,560
Speaker 1: And we're going to talk about the fallout from that

353
00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:52,359
Speaker 1: a little bit more after we once again paused for

354
00:21:52,359 --> 00:21:59,000
Speaker 1: a word from a sponsor. This is a sponsor we

355
00:21:59,080 --> 00:22:00,880
Speaker 1: both use and love, and we talk about them all

356
00:22:00,880 --> 00:22:03,800
Speaker 1: the time because they're great. I literally talk about this

357
00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:06,840
Speaker 1: sponsor to my friends, not on the show. Yep. Yep

358
00:22:06,960 --> 00:22:09,520
Speaker 1: that is. I don't know if I really talk about

359
00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:11,240
Speaker 1: it to my friends, but I will say that I

360
00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:14,280
Speaker 1: was on vacation last week and I on purpose had

361
00:22:14,320 --> 00:22:17,840
Speaker 1: a pair of me Andy's for every day of vacation. Yep,

362
00:22:18,280 --> 00:22:21,280
Speaker 1: I do the same. Uh, it doesn't matter you know

363
00:22:21,359 --> 00:22:23,399
Speaker 1: how you dress. What if you tend to dress up

364
00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:27,399
Speaker 1: or dress down, probably you're wearing underwear underneath your clothes. Again,

365
00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:29,639
Speaker 1: we don't judge if you don't, but most people are,

366
00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:32,320
Speaker 1: and frankly, you want them to be the best and

367
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:35,800
Speaker 1: most comfortable underwear you can possibly manage. And that is

368
00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:39,520
Speaker 1: why me Andy's is here. Every pair of me Andy's

369
00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:42,320
Speaker 1: is made from sustainably sourced model. This is a fabric

370
00:22:42,359 --> 00:22:45,919
Speaker 1: that is twice as soft as cotton. It's amazingly soft,

371
00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:49,880
Speaker 1: has just the most beautiful hand I wish I could

372
00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:51,760
Speaker 1: just buy a bunch of their fabric and make clothes

373
00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:55,000
Speaker 1: with it. Nothing can quite describe the fit and feel

374
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:56,960
Speaker 1: of me Andy's, but once you try them on, you

375
00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,760
Speaker 1: will totally understand why they're called the world's most comfortable

376
00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:02,120
Speaker 1: under where and if you don't love your first pair

377
00:23:02,119 --> 00:23:05,320
Speaker 1: of meat Undy's, they are free, no questions asked. They

378
00:23:05,359 --> 00:23:08,679
Speaker 1: have dozens of styles and adorable limited edition prints to

379
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,560
Speaker 1: help you make a statement with your underwear. Whether anyone

380
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,399
Speaker 1: else can see them or not, you know if you

381
00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:15,440
Speaker 1: have fabulous underwear on, and it will make your whole

382
00:23:15,520 --> 00:23:18,680
Speaker 1: day better. So shipping is free in the U s.

383
00:23:18,720 --> 00:23:21,080
Speaker 1: And Canada, and you can save up to eight dollars

384
00:23:21,080 --> 00:23:24,320
Speaker 1: a pair with the meat Undy Subscription plan. Get the

385
00:23:24,359 --> 00:23:28,120
Speaker 1: subscription or a single pair. Get off your first order

386
00:23:28,119 --> 00:23:31,520
Speaker 1: when you go to meet Andy's dot com slash history.

387
00:23:31,560 --> 00:23:34,800
Speaker 1: That's me Undy's m e U N d i e

388
00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:39,919
Speaker 1: s dot com slash history. For off your first order again,

389
00:23:40,320 --> 00:23:51,679
Speaker 1: me Undy's dot com slash history. The first day that

390
00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:55,439
Speaker 1: British ships made their way across the newly established fifty

391
00:23:55,440 --> 00:23:58,600
Speaker 1: mile line around Iceland, they covered up their names and

392
00:23:58,680 --> 00:24:03,760
Speaker 1: numbers on their ships and hoisted pirate flags. Iceland's coast

393
00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:07,439
Speaker 1: Guard was mostly amused at this course of action because

394
00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:09,879
Speaker 1: at this point they had been patrolling these waters with

395
00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,199
Speaker 1: these British trawlers for years, and they were sort of like,

396
00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:15,840
Speaker 1: do you think we really can't recognize your ship without

397
00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:17,800
Speaker 1: the name on it? Like, we know what your ship

398
00:24:17,840 --> 00:24:20,680
Speaker 1: looks like, we know who you are. It's the clark

399
00:24:20,760 --> 00:24:24,560
Speaker 1: can't glasses disguise of the sea. It was absolutely the

400
00:24:24,640 --> 00:24:27,119
Speaker 1: clark can't glasses to sect the skies of the sea.

401
00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:32,439
Speaker 1: And this time around things really did start, though, as

402
00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,439
Speaker 1: much as we're laughing now, they became very serious and

403
00:24:35,480 --> 00:24:38,760
Speaker 1: physical between Iceland and the UK. Towards the end of

404
00:24:38,760 --> 00:24:42,280
Speaker 1: the previous dispute, Iceland had developed a trawling net cutter,

405
00:24:42,840 --> 00:24:46,320
Speaker 1: and this was essentially a minesweeper modified with a road

406
00:24:46,400 --> 00:24:49,760
Speaker 1: grading blade that was dragged through the water behind a boat,

407
00:24:50,320 --> 00:24:52,879
Speaker 1: so when it hit the high tension trawling wires, it

408
00:24:52,920 --> 00:24:56,359
Speaker 1: would cut right through them. This was the part I

409
00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:58,640
Speaker 1: learned at a museum in Iceland, where I was like,

410
00:24:58,680 --> 00:25:02,200
Speaker 1: who the ice Slandic Coast Guard was just cutting through

411
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:07,960
Speaker 1: trawling nets. That's fascinating. However, the cruise of the British

412
00:25:08,040 --> 00:25:13,000
Speaker 1: trawlers were horrified and alarmed at this invention. The wires

413
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,000
Speaker 1: of these trawling ups. I mean, these are enormous nets

414
00:25:16,040 --> 00:25:18,359
Speaker 1: that are under the water and they fill up with fish.

415
00:25:18,440 --> 00:25:21,840
Speaker 1: They are under a whole lot of tension, so it

416
00:25:21,880 --> 00:25:25,119
Speaker 1: was within the realm of possibility that a wire that

417
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:29,000
Speaker 1: had been cut could rebound and literally cut someone in half.

418
00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:33,920
Speaker 1: Iceland insisted that this cutting was happening far enough below

419
00:25:33,960 --> 00:25:36,359
Speaker 1: the surface of the water that this was not a risk,

420
00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:39,120
Speaker 1: and there wasn't a risk to human life because all

421
00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:41,840
Speaker 1: of this energy that was being dissipated when the wire

422
00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:45,840
Speaker 1: was cut, basically was was dissipated in the traveling through

423
00:25:45,880 --> 00:25:50,840
Speaker 1: the water. Um Even so, even if if there wasn't

424
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:53,040
Speaker 1: a risk, and I think you can argue that either way,

425
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,640
Speaker 1: the loss of the trawling net itself and of the

426
00:25:56,640 --> 00:25:59,800
Speaker 1: time and energy that you had put into putting it,

427
00:25:59,840 --> 00:26:02,800
Speaker 1: to gathering, deploying it, and whatever time you had spent

428
00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:06,760
Speaker 1: fishing with it basically meant that people were losing a

429
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:12,320
Speaker 1: lot of work and equipment in this process. The Icelandic

430
00:26:12,359 --> 00:26:17,200
Speaker 1: Coastguard was vastly outnumbered. It had six Coastguard vessels plus

431
00:26:17,240 --> 00:26:21,359
Speaker 1: two Polish built trawlers retrofitted for the purpose. Britain, on

432
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:23,760
Speaker 1: the other hand, had a total of twenty nine ships

433
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:26,600
Speaker 1: earmarked for the purpose, with six to nine of them

434
00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:30,520
Speaker 1: in Icelandic water at any given time. In addition to

435
00:26:30,560 --> 00:26:34,680
Speaker 1: those frigates were seven supply ships, nine tugboats and three

436
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:40,439
Speaker 1: artillery ships to protect its forty trawlers. Soon, in spite

437
00:26:40,440 --> 00:26:46,720
Speaker 1: of being so heavily outnumbered, Icelandic vessels started intentionally ramming

438
00:26:46,920 --> 00:26:50,480
Speaker 1: British Royal Navy ships and trawlers. That's actually there was

439
00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:53,040
Speaker 1: one collision that did lead to the death of an

440
00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:58,040
Speaker 1: Icelandic officer. Britain responded by trying to update its trawler

441
00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:02,080
Speaker 1: fleet by radio about the position of Iceland's vessels, So

442
00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:07,000
Speaker 1: the Icelandic Coastguards started recording Britain's transmissions on the positions

443
00:27:07,040 --> 00:27:10,320
Speaker 1: of where the Icelandic vessels were and then replaying them

444
00:27:10,359 --> 00:27:14,080
Speaker 1: at a later date. That's so confusion. When Britain realized

445
00:27:14,119 --> 00:27:16,480
Speaker 1: that that was happening, their ships began to spread the

446
00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:20,119
Speaker 1: word by radio to disregard the prior message. So the

447
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:24,000
Speaker 1: Icelandic Coastguard recorded that too to replay it later on.

448
00:27:25,760 --> 00:27:28,400
Speaker 1: It's a little ghost Army esque at that point where

449
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:35,400
Speaker 1: they're doing like these false sounds escapes and Icelandic ship

450
00:27:35,640 --> 00:27:40,080
Speaker 1: shelled a British trawler. Also in May, Iceland banned British

451
00:27:40,119 --> 00:27:44,280
Speaker 1: planes from landing at Kevlavik air Base. That October, the

452
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,480
Speaker 1: UK and Iceland finally agreed to limit the number of

453
00:27:47,520 --> 00:27:51,359
Speaker 1: British ships in Icelandic waters, limit the size of the catch,

454
00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:57,400
Speaker 1: and thankfully stop ramming each other. So this is kind

455
00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:00,320
Speaker 1: of an uneasy piece that lasted for a couple of years.

456
00:28:00,440 --> 00:28:04,760
Speaker 1: But in nineteen seventy five, Iceland extended its maritime border

457
00:28:04,840 --> 00:28:09,520
Speaker 1: again to two hundred miles, so now we've gone three

458
00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:16,200
Speaker 1: four twelve fifty two hundred. Once again Britain refused to

459
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:20,720
Speaker 1: to respect yet another expansion in the exclusionary zone around Iceland.

460
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:26,160
Speaker 1: Negotiating negotiations really quickly broke down. Iceland threatened to close

461
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:30,840
Speaker 1: the NATO Basic Kevlevik entirely and to end diplomatic relations

462
00:28:30,840 --> 00:28:35,080
Speaker 1: with Britain. The international community became really alarmed. All of

463
00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:38,080
Speaker 1: these conflicts were running parallel to the Cold War, and

464
00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:41,200
Speaker 1: there were some concerns that Iceland, which was strategically placed

465
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,640
Speaker 1: between Russia and North America, might, under all of this

466
00:28:44,720 --> 00:28:48,840
Speaker 1: pressure and resistance from Britain just abandoned its other diplomatic

467
00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:54,360
Speaker 1: ties in favor of allying with Russia. Eventually, after numerous

468
00:28:54,480 --> 00:28:57,840
Speaker 1: rammings and even some shelling caused damage to ships on

469
00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:01,400
Speaker 1: both sides of the conflict, the Criteria General of NATO

470
00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:05,640
Speaker 1: Dr Joseph Lunz had to mediate an agreement between Iceland

471
00:29:05,680 --> 00:29:08,480
Speaker 1: and the UK, and that was signed in June of

472
00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:13,200
Speaker 1: nineteen seventy six. It upheld Iceland's two hundred mile exclusion

473
00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:16,480
Speaker 1: zone and it specified that Britain could have a maximum

474
00:29:16,560 --> 00:29:19,760
Speaker 1: of twenty four trawlers in that zone at any given time.

475
00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:23,920
Speaker 1: Conservation zones were established where no fishing would be allowed.

476
00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:27,280
Speaker 1: After six months, there would be no more fishing in

477
00:29:27,280 --> 00:29:30,640
Speaker 1: the two hundred mile zone. When those six months were up,

478
00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:34,280
Speaker 1: Britain's distant water fishing fleet was effectively put out of business.

479
00:29:34,520 --> 00:29:37,480
Speaker 1: Trawler owners were given some restitution for the loss of

480
00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:41,280
Speaker 1: their businesses, and the government had reassured the distant water

481
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:45,000
Speaker 1: fishing industry to expect retraining for other work as well

482
00:29:45,040 --> 00:29:49,160
Speaker 1: as compensation for basically having been made redundant. However, that

483
00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:54,520
Speaker 1: support did not actually materialize. In three Britain's Fishermen's Association

484
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:57,400
Speaker 1: was formed to start fighting for compensation, and this was

485
00:29:57,440 --> 00:30:00,560
Speaker 1: a battle that went on until July of two thousand,

486
00:30:00,920 --> 00:30:04,160
Speaker 1: when a settlement of twenty six billion pounds was was

487
00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:06,720
Speaker 1: earmarked for people who had been put out of work.

488
00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:12,640
Speaker 1: As a consequence of this international agreement, fish stocks began

489
00:30:12,680 --> 00:30:15,880
Speaker 1: to be depleted anyway, with Iceland needing to send boats

490
00:30:15,880 --> 00:30:19,920
Speaker 1: farther afield, which turned into conflict with other nations as well,

491
00:30:20,040 --> 00:30:24,280
Speaker 1: particularly Russia and Norway. Yeah, there's stocks have rebounded a

492
00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:27,440
Speaker 1: lot now, but if if you look at charts of

493
00:30:27,480 --> 00:30:31,960
Speaker 1: the fish populations around Iceland, there's like a decline over

494
00:30:32,040 --> 00:30:35,040
Speaker 1: the sixties and then a cliff and then they are

495
00:30:35,760 --> 00:30:39,240
Speaker 1: very alarmingly low and then they start to recover. Uh.

496
00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:43,000
Speaker 1: There's also a documentary it was actually an Icelandic documentary,

497
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:45,080
Speaker 1: but it aired on the BBC and one of the

498
00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:48,040
Speaker 1: Icelandic officials that was interviewed for it talked about going

499
00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,800
Speaker 1: to Britain visiting some of these ports that had been

500
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,880
Speaker 1: the distant water fishing ports, seeing all of these decommissioned

501
00:30:54,880 --> 00:30:58,280
Speaker 1: ships just sort of derelict there in the port, and

502
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:02,200
Speaker 1: it reconfirming for him, Okay, seriously, we have got to

503
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:04,840
Speaker 1: we have got to conserve our fishing stocks because as

504
00:31:04,840 --> 00:31:07,240
Speaker 1: a result of our trying to do that, all of

505
00:31:07,280 --> 00:31:09,320
Speaker 1: these people were put out of work and lost their

506
00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:13,840
Speaker 1: livelihoods um which I like, I thought was a an

507
00:31:13,920 --> 00:31:18,080
Speaker 1: interesting sentiment to come back to you because at that

508
00:31:18,120 --> 00:31:20,640
Speaker 1: point it was years after the decisions had all been made.

509
00:31:21,480 --> 00:31:24,120
Speaker 1: I like the part with the pirate flags, that's my

510
00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:27,520
Speaker 1: favorite part well, and there's also there were things about

511
00:31:27,560 --> 00:31:32,360
Speaker 1: like the British ships basically throwing potatoes at people, uh,

512
00:31:32,760 --> 00:31:35,440
Speaker 1: I mean at the at the Icelandic ships. So this

513
00:31:35,560 --> 00:31:39,160
Speaker 1: documentary documentary is really super interesting because you hear from

514
00:31:39,160 --> 00:31:43,160
Speaker 1: people who were who were on these ships and we're uh,

515
00:31:43,280 --> 00:31:47,120
Speaker 1: we're making living, making their living fishing, and it really

516
00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:51,200
Speaker 1: does seem like, especially through the first the first couple

517
00:31:51,240 --> 00:31:53,800
Speaker 1: of incidents where it moved from three miles to four

518
00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:56,440
Speaker 1: and from four to twelve that there was kind of

519
00:31:56,480 --> 00:32:02,840
Speaker 1: a weird spirit of camaraderie where where the British, the

520
00:32:02,880 --> 00:32:05,560
Speaker 1: British fishermen would be like, uh, yeah, we're gonna do

521
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:08,320
Speaker 1: this anyway, and I also throw potatoes at you, and

522
00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:12,040
Speaker 1: Iceland was like, that's not cool, but we're gonna totally

523
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:14,920
Speaker 1: be fair when we arrest you and take you to

524
00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:21,080
Speaker 1: court for your unsanctioned fishing activities. UM. It definitely though,

525
00:32:21,320 --> 00:32:25,640
Speaker 1: just just ruined the economy of some particular ports cities.

526
00:32:25,680 --> 00:32:28,400
Speaker 1: And then when you look at Britain's fishing industry today,

527
00:32:28,880 --> 00:32:33,560
Speaker 1: it is completely different than it was up through nineteen seventy.

528
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:35,840
Speaker 1: And also a lot of the fish that used to

529
00:32:35,840 --> 00:32:38,920
Speaker 1: be uh used to be fished through distant water fishing

530
00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:43,520
Speaker 1: fleets are instead now uh raised through aquacultures that are

531
00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:48,520
Speaker 1: basically farmed, instead of um having this whole international agreement

532
00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:58,440
Speaker 1: to send trawlers to other international waters to try to fish. Yeah. Yeah,

533
00:32:58,880 --> 00:33:01,560
Speaker 1: do you have some listener ale that is less grown

534
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:06,040
Speaker 1: up talk kind of? It's another thing about food. I

535
00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:10,480
Speaker 1: mean we kept saying fish and chips. Yeah, some some

536
00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:13,920
Speaker 1: fish and chips. I do love fish and chips. Um.

537
00:33:13,960 --> 00:33:17,240
Speaker 1: So uh, this is for Mindy. And every time I

538
00:33:17,280 --> 00:33:20,080
Speaker 1: think we've gotten the best email about Marjarine, we get

539
00:33:20,080 --> 00:33:23,840
Speaker 1: another email about Margarine and Mendy's email is titled the

540
00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:27,360
Speaker 1: real Jewish Aspect of OLEO Margarine. She sold it and

541
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:31,080
Speaker 1: we're excommunicated for doing so. And it says, Dear Tracy

542
00:33:31,120 --> 00:33:33,720
Speaker 1: and Holly, I've been debating whether or not to write

543
00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:37,160
Speaker 1: you after your Butter Versus Marjarine podcast, but hearing you

544
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:39,800
Speaker 1: read to listener emails about the Jewish aspect of this

545
00:33:39,840 --> 00:33:43,800
Speaker 1: story really clenched it. One of my friends genealogists, named

546
00:33:43,840 --> 00:33:46,800
Speaker 1: Tracy Hepps, has given a number of lectures on her

547
00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:51,840
Speaker 1: quote Jewish Margarine crime family. In her talk the Marjarine

548
00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:55,760
Speaker 1: Moonshiners from Minsk, she pointed out how this substance, which

549
00:33:55,880 --> 00:33:58,160
Speaker 1: was made from beef tallow mixed with milk, was being

550
00:33:58,240 --> 00:34:03,640
Speaker 1: sold as re butter to Kosher households. Needless to say,

551
00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:07,520
Speaker 1: the Jewish community was extremely upset with her ancestors, some

552
00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:10,880
Speaker 1: of whom ended up in Leavenworth. In fact, a brother

553
00:34:10,920 --> 00:34:14,120
Speaker 1: in law had even been excommunicated for selling Marjorine made

554
00:34:14,160 --> 00:34:16,359
Speaker 1: out of pig fat mixed with milk and claiming it

555
00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:20,040
Speaker 1: was butter. While Marjorine is now loved by practically every

556
00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:23,160
Speaker 1: Kosher household, it definitely wasn't at the time. If you

557
00:34:23,160 --> 00:34:25,440
Speaker 1: ever want to do a Marjorine follow up podcast, your

558
00:34:25,480 --> 00:34:28,400
Speaker 1: take on the Wassaki Jewish Marjorine crime Family would be

559
00:34:28,440 --> 00:34:30,719
Speaker 1: a lot of fun. And later lectures, she updates the

560
00:34:30,719 --> 00:34:33,319
Speaker 1: story to include more members than the original three she

561
00:34:33,360 --> 00:34:36,200
Speaker 1: had uncovered. By the time of her first lecture, her

562
00:34:36,239 --> 00:34:39,480
Speaker 1: Marjorine crime family spanned several states and included a large

563
00:34:39,560 --> 00:34:42,040
Speaker 1: number of her ancestors. And then she has links to

564
00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:46,960
Speaker 1: all of these lectures and UH and other information. It

565
00:34:47,120 --> 00:34:53,400
Speaker 1: is fascinating. Another thing I didn't think of, Like I

566
00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:57,040
Speaker 1: didn't think of the part about about Marjorine's place in

567
00:34:57,120 --> 00:35:00,920
Speaker 1: kosher cooking today. Also, when we talked about margarine fraud,

568
00:35:01,280 --> 00:35:05,480
Speaker 1: it did not occur to me that anyone was selling margarine,

569
00:35:06,719 --> 00:35:08,920
Speaker 1: which at the time was made out of beef, tallow

570
00:35:09,040 --> 00:35:13,600
Speaker 1: and dairy, which is like just by definition not koshert

571
00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:18,359
Speaker 1: correct to Jewish families right, And that this was specifically

572
00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:23,399
Speaker 1: uh like a Jewish crime family selling it to other

573
00:35:24,160 --> 00:35:26,640
Speaker 1: Jewish people, and then that of course people were outraged

574
00:35:26,680 --> 00:35:28,600
Speaker 1: when they learned about what was going on. It reminded

575
00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,640
Speaker 1: me a little bit of when Fast Food Nation came

576
00:35:31,680 --> 00:35:36,160
Speaker 1: out and it was revealed that McDonald's was flavoring their

577
00:35:36,160 --> 00:35:41,520
Speaker 1: French fries with beef. H And at that point the

578
00:35:41,640 --> 00:35:46,840
Speaker 1: state of available vegetarian options and restaurants was dramatically different

579
00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,759
Speaker 1: than it is today, and many vegetarian people were like,

580
00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:55,080
Speaker 1: I've been eating that and it's flavored with beef. I

581
00:35:55,239 --> 00:35:58,840
Speaker 1: was one of those people. I don't think my outrage

582
00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:01,040
Speaker 1: was nearly as the same as if I had had

583
00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:04,600
Speaker 1: a religious prohibition against eating uh meat. It was just

584
00:36:04,640 --> 00:36:09,279
Speaker 1: a personal prohibition. But still, that's fascinating, man, these emails fascinating.

585
00:36:09,680 --> 00:36:12,719
Speaker 1: I did not get to watch the longer of the lectures,

586
00:36:12,719 --> 00:36:15,640
Speaker 1: but I did watch the shorter one, and that was fascinating.

587
00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:18,640
Speaker 1: We will link to them in the show notes. Once again,

588
00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:22,320
Speaker 1: just because I was not raised in a kosher household,

589
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,239
Speaker 1: it did not occur to me that anybody would be

590
00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:30,680
Speaker 1: selling margarine as butter to Jewish people. That's awful. Don't

591
00:36:30,719 --> 00:36:34,399
Speaker 1: do that. If your margarine is made out of non

592
00:36:34,480 --> 00:36:38,919
Speaker 1: kosher ingredients, that's wrong. If you would like to write

593
00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:40,759
Speaker 1: to us about this or any other podcast where a

594
00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:43,399
Speaker 1: history podcast at how stuff works dot com. We're also

595
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:45,920
Speaker 1: on Facebook at facebook dot com slash miss in history

596
00:36:45,920 --> 00:36:48,520
Speaker 1: and on Twitter at miss in History. Are tumbler is

597
00:36:48,560 --> 00:36:51,000
Speaker 1: missing history dot tumbler dot com or also on panterest

598
00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:53,160
Speaker 1: at pantherest dot com slash miss in History and our

599
00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:55,920
Speaker 1: instagram as at miss in History. You can come to

600
00:36:55,920 --> 00:36:58,520
Speaker 1: our parent company's website, which is how stuff works dot

601
00:36:58,560 --> 00:37:03,360
Speaker 1: com and find lots of information about all kinds of stuff.

602
00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:05,960
Speaker 1: And then you can come to our website, which is

603
00:37:06,480 --> 00:37:09,880
Speaker 1: missed in History dot com. You will find show notes

604
00:37:09,920 --> 00:37:11,520
Speaker 1: for all the episodes Holly and I have done. You

605
00:37:11,560 --> 00:37:13,839
Speaker 1: will find an archive of every episode ever, so all

606
00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:16,040
Speaker 1: kinds of cool stuff at how stuff works dot com

607
00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:23,719
Speaker 1: or missed in History dot com for more onness and

608
00:37:23,760 --> 00:37:26,319
Speaker 1: thousands of other topics. Does it how stuff works dot

609
00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:38,640
Speaker 1: com