1 00:00:02,240 --> 00:00:06,559 Speaker 1: Welcome to Criminalia, a production of Shondaland Audio in partnership 2 00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:12,920 Speaker 1: with iHeartRadio. 3 00:00:14,080 --> 00:00:18,440 Speaker 2: Shall we play a game? Asks Whopper supercomputer aka Joshua 4 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:22,479 Speaker 2: in the nineteen eighty three movie Classic Wargames. Wouldn't you 5 00:00:22,560 --> 00:00:25,200 Speaker 2: prefer a good game of chess? Give us a moment 6 00:00:25,239 --> 00:00:28,920 Speaker 2: to think about that question. A decade later, when IBM's 7 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:34,040 Speaker 2: supercomputer Deep Blue beat chess champion and Grandmaster Gary Kasprov, 8 00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:37,240 Speaker 2: it became not only the first computer to win at chess, 9 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:40,000 Speaker 2: but also the first to win a match against a 10 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:45,360 Speaker 2: reigning world champion and under standard chess tournament time controls 11 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,520 Speaker 2: and rules. The Deep Blue algorithm was separated into three 12 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:54,480 Speaker 2: layers together capable of examining two hundred million moves per 13 00:00:54,680 --> 00:00:59,240 Speaker 2: second or fifty billion positions during the three minutes allocated 14 00:00:59,240 --> 00:01:02,560 Speaker 2: for each move and a chess game, and that's astounding. 15 00:01:03,080 --> 00:01:07,560 Speaker 2: Welcome to Criminalia. I'm Maria Tremarki and I'm Holly Frye. 16 00:01:07,800 --> 00:01:11,360 Speaker 2: The first time Deep Blue and Casparov played in Philadelphia 17 00:01:11,400 --> 00:01:14,959 Speaker 2: in nineteen ninety six, it was Casparov who won four 18 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:18,280 Speaker 2: to two, but in nineteen ninety seven, during a rematch 19 00:01:18,319 --> 00:01:22,160 Speaker 2: in New York City, Deep Blue was the winner. Casparov 20 00:01:22,200 --> 00:01:24,600 Speaker 2: had won the first game, but lost the second, and 21 00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:28,920 Speaker 2: then drawn three subsequent games, and then in the sixth game, 22 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:34,640 Speaker 2: Casparov resigned after nineteen moves. An average game takes around 23 00:01:34,680 --> 00:01:37,720 Speaker 2: forty moves to complete. This was a besting of a 24 00:01:37,800 --> 00:01:42,160 Speaker 2: human by artificial intelligence that had never occurred in more 25 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:47,480 Speaker 2: than fifteen hundred years of chess history, or had it Okay, 26 00:01:47,480 --> 00:01:50,760 Speaker 2: of course not. We're in the season of fakes and forgeries. 27 00:01:53,120 --> 00:01:57,400 Speaker 2: During the eighteenth century, early animatronics were hot. They were 28 00:01:57,400 --> 00:02:01,080 Speaker 2: a popular feature in magic shows, circuses, carnivals, and other 29 00:02:01,160 --> 00:02:05,520 Speaker 2: touring exhibitions, and were usually built and operated with various 30 00:02:05,720 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 2: parts like axles, chains, cogs, gears, levers, pulleys, wheels, wind 31 00:02:11,280 --> 00:02:15,040 Speaker 2: up keys. You get this point. But automata had been 32 00:02:15,080 --> 00:02:18,480 Speaker 2: around for centuries. You'll even find references to them in 33 00:02:18,560 --> 00:02:23,080 Speaker 2: ancient Greek mythology, and over the centuries we've seen inventions 34 00:02:23,120 --> 00:02:26,520 Speaker 2: such as Leonardo da Vinci's robotic night, which was capable 35 00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:31,600 Speaker 2: of mimicking human motion, including standing, sitting, crossing its arms, 36 00:02:31,639 --> 00:02:37,360 Speaker 2: turning its head, and lifting its visor. Jacques Devolkinson's digesting 37 00:02:37,480 --> 00:02:42,160 Speaker 2: duck could be fed pellets and was subsequently capable of 38 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:45,519 Speaker 2: well passing them. 39 00:02:46,320 --> 00:02:51,160 Speaker 1: Hungarian inventor of Vofgang von Kemplin's incredible invention, the Mechanical Turk, 40 00:02:51,680 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 1: was a chess playing machine that could be almost any 41 00:02:55,040 --> 00:02:59,280 Speaker 1: person who played against it. While previous automatons were capable 42 00:02:59,280 --> 00:03:03,480 Speaker 1: of a finite number of repetitive actions, the Turk appeared 43 00:03:03,560 --> 00:03:07,440 Speaker 1: to be a fully functional artificial intelligence to anyone who 44 00:03:07,480 --> 00:03:10,760 Speaker 1: saw and interacted with it, and for roughly eighty four 45 00:03:10,880 --> 00:03:14,440 Speaker 1: years on tours of Europe and North America, it defeated 46 00:03:14,880 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 1: many opponents, and it left audiences baffled as to how 47 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:19,400 Speaker 1: it worked. 48 00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:23,480 Speaker 2: In the fall of seventeen sixty nine, von Kumplin was 49 00:03:23,520 --> 00:03:27,440 Speaker 2: invited by Austrian Empress Maria Theresa to give a scientific 50 00:03:27,480 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 2: perspective on a magician's performance. Von Cmplin, however, replied that 51 00:03:32,600 --> 00:03:35,880 Speaker 2: he couldn't just conjure up illusions like the magicians who 52 00:03:35,960 --> 00:03:40,440 Speaker 2: visited her court. He would, though, invent something that would 53 00:03:40,480 --> 00:03:46,160 Speaker 2: outperform any magician's illusory acts. Six months later, his debut 54 00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:49,880 Speaker 2: of the chess playing mechanical Turk blew the minds of 55 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:53,040 Speaker 2: the Viennese Royal court, including his patron, the Empress. 56 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:59,160 Speaker 1: In appearance the Turk was a life sized human like machine. 57 00:03:59,240 --> 00:04:02,520 Speaker 1: The figure was wood plated and dressed in traditional and 58 00:04:02,680 --> 00:04:07,360 Speaker 1: stereotypical Turkish attire that included an ermine lined ottoman robe 59 00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:10,800 Speaker 1: and an ornate turbin. It had a long stemmed pipe 60 00:04:11,040 --> 00:04:14,360 Speaker 1: a mustache in what was described as a quote sage 61 00:04:14,480 --> 00:04:18,920 Speaker 1: face that evoked an exotic sorcerer of the Orient. The 62 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:23,039 Speaker 1: Turk watched over an eighteen inch chessboard which sat upon 63 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:24,040 Speaker 1: a maple cabinet. 64 00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:30,120 Speaker 2: To his audience, Van Kemplin would begin by showing off 65 00:04:30,160 --> 00:04:34,720 Speaker 2: the machine. Before each match. He exposed the Turk. He'd 66 00:04:34,760 --> 00:04:37,159 Speaker 2: open the cabinet doors and lift its robe to show 67 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:40,920 Speaker 2: off its inner machinery. See no humans in there, He'd 68 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:43,640 Speaker 2: unlock three doors of the cabinet to reveal the Turk's 69 00:04:43,640 --> 00:04:49,320 Speaker 2: densely packed mysterious inner workings. The machinery was clocklike with 70 00:04:49,560 --> 00:04:56,039 Speaker 2: polished moving parts that included chains, cogs, gears, pin barrels, wheels, wires, 71 00:04:56,080 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 2: and other kinds of implements. The cabinet was also on 72 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:03,279 Speaker 2: which allowed the Turk to be rotated and viewed by 73 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:07,600 Speaker 2: everyone in the audience. The chessboard, ivory with red and 74 00:05:07,640 --> 00:05:11,120 Speaker 2: white chessmen, sat on a red velvet cushion, but the 75 00:05:11,200 --> 00:05:15,120 Speaker 2: turk was human like only from the waist up. Beneath 76 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:17,960 Speaker 2: its robes were several nooks which could be opened to 77 00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:21,119 Speaker 2: show off more of the complex machinery that made it work. 78 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:25,600 Speaker 1: After showing his audience that the Turk was one hundred 79 00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:30,599 Speaker 1: percent machine, the game would begin. Von Kemplin illuminated the 80 00:05:30,600 --> 00:05:34,119 Speaker 1: board with two candelabras. He would then turn a side 81 00:05:34,160 --> 00:05:36,840 Speaker 1: crank on the cabinet, setting off the whirling of its 82 00:05:36,880 --> 00:05:40,479 Speaker 1: inner mechanisms, and the turk would spring to life. And 83 00:05:40,640 --> 00:05:43,120 Speaker 1: here's how a chess game would then unfold. 84 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:47,920 Speaker 2: The figure moved in an obvious robotic manner, but it 85 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,360 Speaker 2: was fully animated. When beginning a game of chess, the 86 00:05:51,400 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 2: turk would move its head back and forth, shifting its 87 00:05:53,839 --> 00:05:56,159 Speaker 2: eyes from side to side, as if scanning the board. 88 00:05:56,720 --> 00:06:00,400 Speaker 2: The turk's left arm would then jerk forward and pick 89 00:06:00,480 --> 00:06:03,400 Speaker 2: up a chess piece, move it to another square, and 90 00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:07,240 Speaker 2: set it down. Its right arm extended parallel to the 91 00:06:07,320 --> 00:06:10,800 Speaker 2: chessboard during play, where its gloved hand would tap as 92 00:06:10,839 --> 00:06:14,520 Speaker 2: if impatiently when a human opponent took a long turn. 93 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:18,080 Speaker 2: If the Turk won the match, it became a little 94 00:06:18,080 --> 00:06:21,040 Speaker 2: bit sassy. It would shake its head and in mockery, 95 00:06:21,320 --> 00:06:24,120 Speaker 2: roll its eyes, and audiences were delighted. 96 00:06:25,560 --> 00:06:28,080 Speaker 1: We're gonna pause here for a word from our sponsor, 97 00:06:28,360 --> 00:06:31,160 Speaker 1: and when we meet you back here, we'll talk about 98 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:35,159 Speaker 1: how convincing the Turk was. From Emperor's to audiences in 99 00:06:35,240 --> 00:06:35,839 Speaker 1: New York. 100 00:06:35,720 --> 00:06:50,960 Speaker 3: City, Welcome back to Criminalia. 101 00:06:51,640 --> 00:06:54,559 Speaker 2: Let's talk about what happened when the Turk went on tour. 102 00:06:55,200 --> 00:06:59,279 Speaker 2: Napoleon Bonaparte's reaction may by far be the best. 103 00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:03,640 Speaker 1: Von Kimberlin took the Turk on a two year cross 104 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:07,880 Speaker 1: continental exhibition through England and France, where it defeated American 105 00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:12,960 Speaker 1: ambassador and chess officionado Benjamin Franklin. The Turk also defeated 106 00:07:13,080 --> 00:07:17,280 Speaker 1: challengers including the Emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor 107 00:07:17,280 --> 00:07:20,760 Speaker 1: of Russia Paul the First, the Empress of Russia Catherine, 108 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:24,040 Speaker 1: and the King of Prussia Frederick the Great. The Turk 109 00:07:24,120 --> 00:07:27,520 Speaker 1: once faced Francoandre Dunakin Philidor, who was considered to be 110 00:07:27,560 --> 00:07:30,160 Speaker 1: the best chess player in the world at that time, 111 00:07:30,600 --> 00:07:34,000 Speaker 1: and although Philidor was victorious, he stated that it was 112 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:38,880 Speaker 1: one of his most difficult wins. The Turk was seldom defeated. 113 00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:43,720 Speaker 2: British author Philip Thicknass believed the Turk was a purely 114 00:07:43,840 --> 00:07:49,320 Speaker 2: mechanical creation that operated without any human influence. In seventeen 115 00:07:49,360 --> 00:07:52,560 Speaker 2: eighty four, he wrote of it, quote that an automaton 116 00:07:52,640 --> 00:07:55,400 Speaker 2: can be made to move the chessman properly as a 117 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:58,440 Speaker 2: pugnacious player in consequence of the preceding move of a 118 00:07:58,480 --> 00:08:02,360 Speaker 2: stranger who undertakes to play again against it is utterly impossible. 119 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:08,640 Speaker 1: The thing about the Turk, it wasn't just automatically executing 120 00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:12,120 Speaker 1: repetitive task pick up a piece, move it set it down, 121 00:08:12,760 --> 00:08:17,600 Speaker 1: as Thickness said marveled. The Turk responded to unpredictable behaviors 122 00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:22,600 Speaker 1: of its human opponents, and it recognized cheating. If and 123 00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:25,880 Speaker 1: when a human opponent attempted to cheat, the Turk would 124 00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:30,000 Speaker 1: move the chess piece back to its previous position. During 125 00:08:30,040 --> 00:08:32,800 Speaker 1: a match, in eighteen oh nine, Napoleon Bonaparte tried to 126 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:38,640 Speaker 1: fool the machine with knowingly wrong moves. After repeated cheating attempts, 127 00:08:38,640 --> 00:08:41,800 Speaker 1: the Turk decisively cleared the board by sweeping its arm 128 00:08:41,840 --> 00:08:46,360 Speaker 1: across it, scattering the pieces, and Napoleon had said found 129 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:48,960 Speaker 1: this to be most entertaining and went back for a 130 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:52,040 Speaker 1: second legit game, which he lost. 131 00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:56,800 Speaker 2: A young Charles Babbage also encountered and challenged the Turk 132 00:08:56,840 --> 00:09:00,719 Speaker 2: when it toured England in eighteen nineteen, which played two 133 00:09:00,800 --> 00:09:04,360 Speaker 2: games and was defeated in both. He believed that the 134 00:09:04,400 --> 00:09:07,160 Speaker 2: machine was controlled by a human, but that it was 135 00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:11,240 Speaker 2: designed so well he couldn't find any evidence to prove that. 136 00:09:11,960 --> 00:09:15,120 Speaker 2: Three years later, Babbage began working on the Difference Engine, 137 00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:19,560 Speaker 2: the first automatic mechanical calculator. You may recognize his name 138 00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:23,000 Speaker 2: as the guy who also designed the first automatic digital computer, 139 00:09:23,240 --> 00:09:26,679 Speaker 2: the Analytical Engine, written about in a paper translated by 140 00:09:26,679 --> 00:09:29,840 Speaker 2: Ada Lovelace to which she appended what is sometimes called 141 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:34,320 Speaker 2: the first computer program. Babbage's machines were never built, but 142 00:09:34,520 --> 00:09:37,920 Speaker 2: his detailed designs of them, like the Turk, raised the 143 00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:43,000 Speaker 2: possibility that machines might eventually replace humans. Though the Turk 144 00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:45,480 Speaker 2: was just an illusion, it was part of a larger 145 00:09:45,520 --> 00:09:49,959 Speaker 2: conversation about the future of machines, in particular machines that 146 00:09:50,040 --> 00:09:53,439 Speaker 2: can think for themselves, which sounds a lot like conversation 147 00:09:53,559 --> 00:09:56,680 Speaker 2: regarding AI and its pros and cons in our modern world. 148 00:09:57,440 --> 00:10:01,200 Speaker 2: The Turk was a novelty, yes, but during the industrial age, 149 00:10:01,240 --> 00:10:03,480 Speaker 2: people had begun to question not only what kinds of 150 00:10:03,520 --> 00:10:06,280 Speaker 2: work machines could do, but in what capacities they could 151 00:10:06,320 --> 00:10:07,280 Speaker 2: replace humans. 152 00:10:08,600 --> 00:10:13,000 Speaker 1: Johann Meltzell succeeded von Kemplin after his death and continued 153 00:10:13,040 --> 00:10:16,120 Speaker 1: to tour with the Turk, including to the United States. 154 00:10:16,520 --> 00:10:19,880 Speaker 1: The act remained the same, but Meltzell added a bit 155 00:10:19,920 --> 00:10:23,560 Speaker 1: of flare. He installed a mechanical voice box that allowed 156 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:26,319 Speaker 1: the Turk to say check whenever there was a threat 157 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,840 Speaker 1: to its opponent's king. He also added yes, literally a 158 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:33,880 Speaker 1: feather in its cap. Well, he stuck a feather in 159 00:10:33,880 --> 00:10:34,800 Speaker 1: its turban. 160 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:37,600 Speaker 2: Hundreds of people at a time came out to see 161 00:10:37,640 --> 00:10:40,320 Speaker 2: the mechanical Turk when Meltzell took it to North America, 162 00:10:40,559 --> 00:10:43,760 Speaker 2: and it debuted at Broadway's National Hotel in New York 163 00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:47,280 Speaker 2: in April of eighteen twenty six, and there were rave 164 00:10:47,400 --> 00:10:51,560 Speaker 2: reviews in the press. The New York Evening Post reported quote, 165 00:10:51,640 --> 00:10:54,000 Speaker 2: nothing of a similar nature has ever been seen in 166 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:57,160 Speaker 2: this city that will bear the smallest comparison with it. 167 00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:01,120 Speaker 2: Crowds during the tour grew so long charge that hundreds 168 00:11:01,120 --> 00:11:01,880 Speaker 2: were turned away. 169 00:11:04,679 --> 00:11:09,319 Speaker 1: Many people were amazed by the man made chess playing machine. 170 00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:12,600 Speaker 1: Many also wanted to know the mystery of how it worked. 171 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:16,560 Speaker 1: With all the machinery housed inside the cabinet, there surely 172 00:11:16,720 --> 00:11:19,360 Speaker 1: couldn't be any room for a person to be hidden within. 173 00:11:20,320 --> 00:11:23,440 Speaker 1: The dimensions that we found suggest the cabinet measured four 174 00:11:23,480 --> 00:11:25,720 Speaker 1: feet long, two and a half feet deep, and three 175 00:11:25,760 --> 00:11:30,320 Speaker 1: feet high. That sounds pretty tight. There were many theories 176 00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:34,320 Speaker 1: from highly possible too highly unlikely, like maybe there was 177 00:11:34,360 --> 00:11:38,040 Speaker 1: a secret compartment for a child to sit in, maybe 178 00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:40,839 Speaker 1: an off stage assistant was at work, or maybe there 179 00:11:40,880 --> 00:11:43,440 Speaker 1: was a chess playing monkey that was creating the so 180 00:11:43,559 --> 00:11:47,960 Speaker 1: called magic. Some thought von Kemplin or Melzull, depending on 181 00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:51,040 Speaker 1: the year, was conducting, if you will, by controlling the 182 00:11:51,040 --> 00:11:56,199 Speaker 1: Turk's gameplay from several feet away using strong magnets, stealthy strings, 183 00:11:56,520 --> 00:12:01,120 Speaker 1: or maybe even a proto remote control. Others considered that 184 00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:06,000 Speaker 1: perhaps electromagnetism could explain how the Turk functioned. Some thought 185 00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:10,080 Speaker 1: it was the work of something evil or supernatural. One 186 00:12:10,120 --> 00:12:13,640 Speaker 1: of those curious people was a young Edgar Allan Poe, 187 00:12:13,679 --> 00:12:16,280 Speaker 1: who was skeptical about the Turk from the start. 188 00:12:17,320 --> 00:12:18,839 Speaker 2: We're going to take a break for a word from 189 00:12:18,840 --> 00:12:21,960 Speaker 2: our sponsors. And when we return, we'll talk about Poe 190 00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:26,400 Speaker 2: and his influence in uncovering the real inner workings. 191 00:12:25,800 --> 00:12:43,199 Speaker 1: Of the Turk. Welcome back to Criminalia. Let's talk about 192 00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:48,280 Speaker 1: how Poe wasn't only skeptical but also published convincing articles 193 00:12:48,320 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: about why the Turk could not be one hundred percent machine. 194 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:56,360 Speaker 2: Poe couldn't put his finger on its secret, but he 195 00:12:56,520 --> 00:13:00,080 Speaker 2: was certain the Turk had one. He believed there had 196 00:13:00,160 --> 00:13:03,920 Speaker 2: to be, as he put it, quote human agency. It 197 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,960 Speaker 2: is quite certain that the operations of the automaton are 198 00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:11,440 Speaker 2: regulated by mind and by nothing else. He continued, quote 199 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:15,720 Speaker 2: we find everywhere men of mechanical genius, of great general 200 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:20,520 Speaker 2: acuteness and discriminative understanding, who make no scruple in pronouncing 201 00:13:20,559 --> 00:13:24,600 Speaker 2: the automaton a pure machine, unconnected with human agency in 202 00:13:24,640 --> 00:13:29,960 Speaker 2: its movements, and consequently, beyond all comparison, the most astonishing 203 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,840 Speaker 2: of the inventions of mankind. Poe reasoned that a human 204 00:13:33,960 --> 00:13:37,880 Speaker 2: must must be hidden in the cabinet, peaking through the 205 00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,880 Speaker 2: Turk's robes, which he theorized became translucent under the candelabras, 206 00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:43,880 Speaker 2: so they could survey the tress board. 207 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:49,079 Speaker 1: Poe published the essay Melsell's chess player in eighteen thirty six, 208 00:13:49,240 --> 00:13:53,200 Speaker 1: in an attempt to debunk the Turk, he described it 209 00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:57,679 Speaker 1: as having an quote unlifelike appearance and as quote indifferent 210 00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:02,920 Speaker 1: imitations of life of the Turk's chess playing abilities, Poe continued, quote. 211 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:05,920 Speaker 1: Upon beating the game, he waves his head with an 212 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:10,360 Speaker 1: air of triumph, looks round complacently upon the spectators, and, 213 00:14:10,480 --> 00:14:14,319 Speaker 1: drawing his left arm farther back than usual, suffers his 214 00:14:14,360 --> 00:14:16,800 Speaker 1: fingers alone to rest upon the cushion. 215 00:14:18,080 --> 00:14:20,480 Speaker 2: Poe wasn't the first person to argue that the Turk 216 00:14:20,560 --> 00:14:24,000 Speaker 2: was a fraud. It had critics, but he's the one 217 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:27,800 Speaker 2: who laid out how he thought the hoax worked, and 218 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:31,720 Speaker 2: he was mostly right. He concluded that the Turk was 219 00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:35,120 Speaker 2: just a puppet controlled by a human, and he published 220 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:38,640 Speaker 2: a detailed analysis explaining how it was impossible for the 221 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:42,520 Speaker 2: Turk to function on its own. His four key findings 222 00:14:42,560 --> 00:14:48,360 Speaker 2: included these one regularity, an automaton works in a timely 223 00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:52,360 Speaker 2: automated fashion, meaning this chess machine should have made its 224 00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:56,680 Speaker 2: moves in a specific duration, but it did not to 225 00:14:57,160 --> 00:15:02,160 Speaker 2: the presenter because the presenter von Kemplin or Melsell always 226 00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:05,520 Speaker 2: kept his back toward the Turk's opponent, Poe concluded he 227 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:10,760 Speaker 2: couldn't be in control of the machine's movements three movement. 228 00:15:11,760 --> 00:15:14,680 Speaker 2: When observing the machine in motion, it seemed to really 229 00:15:14,920 --> 00:15:18,400 Speaker 2: only need a few clockwork components, Yet the cabinet was 230 00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:22,240 Speaker 2: crowded with all sorts of mechanical parts. Was in an 231 00:15:22,240 --> 00:15:28,080 Speaker 2: attempt at concealment and deception, Poe wondered, And for the scorecard, 232 00:15:28,360 --> 00:15:33,080 Speaker 2: if the Turk was a pure machine artificial intelligence, Poe considered, 233 00:15:33,280 --> 00:15:36,240 Speaker 2: it should be capable of winning every game it played. 234 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:40,080 Speaker 2: While the Turk beat all its opponents during its first exhibition, 235 00:15:40,560 --> 00:15:43,960 Speaker 2: it did not always win. While in America, for instance, 236 00:15:43,960 --> 00:15:46,320 Speaker 2: it was defeated by Charles Carroll, a name you may 237 00:15:46,360 --> 00:15:49,600 Speaker 2: recognize as a signer of America's Declaration of Independence. 238 00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:54,400 Speaker 1: Poe had valid points, and although some of his conclusions 239 00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:57,960 Speaker 1: were a bit debatable, he was one hundred percent right 240 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 1: that it was smoke and mirrors, or in this case, 241 00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:05,920 Speaker 1: foldable partitions and a reclining sliding seat. A human did 242 00:16:06,200 --> 00:16:09,200 Speaker 1: sit inside the cabinet. The Museum of Hoaxes has a 243 00:16:09,240 --> 00:16:11,760 Speaker 1: great description of how the Turk really worked. It was, 244 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:14,960 Speaker 1: like this quote, a series of sliding panels in a 245 00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:18,920 Speaker 1: rolling chair allowed the human operator to hide even while 246 00:16:18,960 --> 00:16:22,040 Speaker 1: the interior of the machine was being displayed to the audience. 247 00:16:22,720 --> 00:16:26,160 Speaker 1: The operator controlled the turk's chess game by means of 248 00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:29,520 Speaker 1: a pantograph device, which was used to synchronize his human 249 00:16:29,640 --> 00:16:34,800 Speaker 1: arm movements with those of the mechanical turk through mechanical linkage. 250 00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:38,000 Speaker 1: For example, when the operator moved his right hand, so 251 00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:42,480 Speaker 1: did the turk. Those guesses at the involvement of electromagnetism 252 00:16:42,560 --> 00:16:47,280 Speaker 1: were a little right. The chessboard atop the cabinet was magnetized, 253 00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,160 Speaker 1: allowing for the operator to mirror the movement of the 254 00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:54,000 Speaker 1: pieces while keeping track of the game by candlelight inside 255 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:58,640 Speaker 1: the cabinet. That description we just started goes on quote. 256 00:16:58,680 --> 00:17:03,360 Speaker 1: The operator tracked the chess moves, worked the pantograph armor apparatus, 257 00:17:03,360 --> 00:17:06,320 Speaker 1: and also carried out all the little things people loved 258 00:17:06,359 --> 00:17:09,560 Speaker 1: about the turk, such as nodding its head and rolling 259 00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:13,360 Speaker 1: its eyes. Essentially, this is an amazing puppeteer with chess skills. 260 00:17:15,440 --> 00:17:17,960 Speaker 2: All that machinery in the cabinet helped to conceal the 261 00:17:18,040 --> 00:17:22,840 Speaker 2: human inside, controlling each movement by candlelight. Von Kemplin and 262 00:17:22,880 --> 00:17:27,800 Speaker 2: his Turk touring successor, Meltzell always intended on using chess 263 00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:31,880 Speaker 2: players as Turk operators. They picked up new players across 264 00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:35,600 Speaker 2: their travels, gave them a how to orientation lesson, and 265 00:17:35,640 --> 00:17:39,680 Speaker 2: then close them into the cabinet. During Meltzll's North American 266 00:17:39,760 --> 00:17:42,879 Speaker 2: tour with the Turk, he hired European chess master William 267 00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:48,720 Speaker 2: Schlamberget as the operator slash puppeteer, who posed as Meltzell's 268 00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:51,280 Speaker 2: personal assistant when he was outside of the cabinet. 269 00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:56,000 Speaker 1: Poe's arguments were so convincing that it wasn't long before 270 00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:59,040 Speaker 1: people began to lose interest in the Turk, but there 271 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:04,920 Speaker 1: were numerouscats, including Ajieb the Egyptian and Mefisto. Chess playing 272 00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:08,520 Speaker 1: automatons went the way of automated fortune tellers like Zoltar. 273 00:18:09,280 --> 00:18:13,840 Speaker 1: Building on Babbage's ideas, In nineteen twelve, Spanish mathematician Leonardo 274 00:18:13,920 --> 00:18:19,120 Speaker 1: Torres Ekeveda created El a Hedrisista, the first hoaxless automaton 275 00:18:19,119 --> 00:18:22,720 Speaker 1: that could really play chess without human assistance. It is 276 00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:26,000 Speaker 1: considered the first computer game, and it paved the way 277 00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:29,920 Speaker 1: for modern day AI chess masters like Deep Blue. 278 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:32,919 Speaker 2: After Melsll's death, The Turk eventually found its home at 279 00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:36,280 Speaker 2: the Peel Museum, but was destroyed in an accidental fire 280 00:18:36,359 --> 00:18:39,960 Speaker 2: in eighteen fifty four. An expose on the Turk was 281 00:18:39,960 --> 00:18:43,160 Speaker 2: published in eighteen thirty seven, spilling its secrets, and some 282 00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,080 Speaker 2: say it was written by one of the hidden chess masters, 283 00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:50,520 Speaker 2: but it's more widely agreed that the expose came from 284 00:18:50,560 --> 00:18:54,000 Speaker 2: Silas Mitchell, the son of the Turk's final owner, John Mitchell. 285 00:18:54,760 --> 00:18:57,520 Speaker 2: After the Turk was burned, Silas wrote a series of 286 00:18:57,640 --> 00:19:01,760 Speaker 2: articles published in the American magazine Chess Monthly, which not 287 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:05,920 Speaker 2: only exposed the Turk's inner secrets and confirmed theories Poh, 288 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:09,359 Speaker 2: you were so close. He also shared that as the 289 00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:13,760 Speaker 2: machine burned, he imagined it saying check over and over 290 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:15,479 Speaker 2: as the fire engulfed it. 291 00:19:19,840 --> 00:19:23,600 Speaker 1: I love that final decam. I do too. I'll drink 292 00:19:23,680 --> 00:19:25,280 Speaker 1: to that. Do you want to have a bogus bevy 293 00:19:25,320 --> 00:19:25,560 Speaker 1: with me? 294 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:28,680 Speaker 2: I would love to. Let's not sit in a small 295 00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:30,240 Speaker 2: cabinet while we drink it, though. 296 00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:33,840 Speaker 1: No, absolutely not, but you will want to put your 297 00:19:34,040 --> 00:19:37,359 Speaker 1: Martini glass in a small chilled cabinet. I eat a 298 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:39,840 Speaker 1: refrigerator while we make the drink because she want it 299 00:19:39,840 --> 00:19:42,760 Speaker 1: pre chilled you are going to put into your shaking 300 00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:46,080 Speaker 1: tin with some ice. First, you're gonna want to get 301 00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:53,640 Speaker 1: a can of peeled, pitted leechy in syrup. Oh yeah, 302 00:19:53,640 --> 00:19:57,200 Speaker 1: it's gonna get yummy. I sometimes have difficulty finding them locally, 303 00:19:57,280 --> 00:19:59,080 Speaker 1: so sometimes I have to order them, but they can 304 00:19:59,119 --> 00:20:03,000 Speaker 1: be gotten, I promise. And you're gonna take two ounces 305 00:20:03,119 --> 00:20:05,520 Speaker 1: of that juice, that syrup from it and pour it 306 00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:08,399 Speaker 1: into your tin, and then you are going to add 307 00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:12,080 Speaker 1: a splash of orgeas just a splash, an ounce and 308 00:20:12,119 --> 00:20:15,400 Speaker 1: a half of vodka, like a neutral, neutral vodka, and 309 00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:19,679 Speaker 1: then three quarters of an ounce of banana liqueur, and 310 00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:21,960 Speaker 1: you're gonna give this a good shake. You're gonna double 311 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:25,000 Speaker 1: strain it because sometimes that leachy syrup will have kind 312 00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:27,040 Speaker 1: of some bits of fruit in it, and you just 313 00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:29,920 Speaker 1: want this to be really smooth and as clear as possible. 314 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:32,959 Speaker 1: For a reason, you're gonna strain this into your pre 315 00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:36,960 Speaker 1: chilled martini glass. You're gonna spear one of your peeled 316 00:20:37,040 --> 00:20:40,680 Speaker 1: cord leaches and you're gonna put that in as a garnish, 317 00:20:40,720 --> 00:20:44,400 Speaker 1: because this looks like a dirty martini and it's gonna 318 00:20:44,400 --> 00:20:45,679 Speaker 1: geast like this. 319 00:20:45,840 --> 00:20:48,160 Speaker 2: Bananas be one of the first ones that I think 320 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:51,080 Speaker 2: I could guess the old fashioned because I'm a fan 321 00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:53,960 Speaker 2: and I think that this one, but otherwise I'm generally 322 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,600 Speaker 2: not able to pick them out this season for some reason. 323 00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:59,520 Speaker 1: And this one is called the chess playing Monkey because 324 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:01,800 Speaker 1: there was no other phrase that was gonna come in 325 00:21:01,800 --> 00:21:05,280 Speaker 1: to the cocktail part. And also it's like a nice 326 00:21:05,280 --> 00:21:09,480 Speaker 1: opportunity to play really opposites because a dirty martini and 327 00:21:09,560 --> 00:21:14,160 Speaker 1: a banana drink are not in the same continent at all. 328 00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 2: To me, They're not in the same universe. 329 00:21:15,640 --> 00:21:18,320 Speaker 1: No, they are not for the same drinkers. Generally speaking. 330 00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:22,120 Speaker 1: This was so delicious that I drank the whole thing. 331 00:21:22,359 --> 00:21:27,119 Speaker 1: It's delightful, even though it's spirit forward, the sweetness of it, 332 00:21:27,160 --> 00:21:29,080 Speaker 1: which is why you only use a splash of war 333 00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:31,360 Speaker 1: job because by the time you have that juice from 334 00:21:31,359 --> 00:21:34,640 Speaker 1: the leachy cayn and the banana liqueur, you don't need 335 00:21:34,760 --> 00:21:38,119 Speaker 1: a lot of other sweetener. The vodka cuts it quite nicely, 336 00:21:38,359 --> 00:21:41,560 Speaker 1: so it doesn't taste like hyper sweet. It's sweet, but 337 00:21:41,720 --> 00:21:45,040 Speaker 1: doesn't taste like a sugary drink. To make the mocktail version, 338 00:21:45,080 --> 00:21:47,560 Speaker 1: here's what we're gonna do in lieu of vodka you 339 00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:50,840 Speaker 1: have options you can do if you want to make 340 00:21:50,880 --> 00:21:54,680 Speaker 1: it to these same measurements, which is not what I 341 00:21:54,720 --> 00:21:57,000 Speaker 1: would recommend. But if you like to keep the measurements 342 00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:01,240 Speaker 1: the same, you can use like a water if you 343 00:22:01,280 --> 00:22:03,600 Speaker 1: want a season of water and use that for it. 344 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:06,520 Speaker 1: You can use camomeal tea. That's also great, and it 345 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:09,399 Speaker 1: makes it a really soft beverage in terms of like 346 00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:12,320 Speaker 1: the flavor is very soft and nice. And then just 347 00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:16,000 Speaker 1: use three quarters of an ounce of banana syrup. And 348 00:22:16,119 --> 00:22:18,119 Speaker 1: I would actually skip the oor ja because at that 349 00:22:18,160 --> 00:22:19,800 Speaker 1: point you're going to be too sweet if you keep 350 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:22,480 Speaker 1: going and then still use your leachy juice and everything 351 00:22:22,480 --> 00:22:24,920 Speaker 1: else is the same. However, here is what I would 352 00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:28,919 Speaker 1: do instead. That's what my preferred mocktail version is. To 353 00:22:29,119 --> 00:22:32,800 Speaker 1: bump up your leachy juice to more like three ounces, 354 00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:35,880 Speaker 1: dilute that a little bit with water, so you want 355 00:22:35,920 --> 00:22:39,400 Speaker 1: your last ounce to be just a water, and then 356 00:22:39,560 --> 00:22:41,439 Speaker 1: you'll do your three quarters of an ounce of bin 357 00:22:41,480 --> 00:22:43,760 Speaker 1: in a okur. At that point, you can still drop 358 00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,080 Speaker 1: in a little orja. It's taster's choice, but again you 359 00:22:47,119 --> 00:22:48,880 Speaker 1: do want to double strain it because you want any 360 00:22:48,960 --> 00:22:50,760 Speaker 1: of the little bits to come out of your leachy 361 00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:52,480 Speaker 1: syrup and for it to be as clear as possible. 362 00:22:53,040 --> 00:22:57,000 Speaker 1: It's a very very yummy mocktail. The jury was out 363 00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:58,760 Speaker 1: at our house on which version was better, which is 364 00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:01,800 Speaker 1: why I gave them both. I preferred that one, other 365 00:23:01,880 --> 00:23:04,200 Speaker 1: parties preferred the other one, I think because it did 366 00:23:04,200 --> 00:23:07,120 Speaker 1: have a much softer flavor. That's one that like if 367 00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:11,919 Speaker 1: you wanted to make it in a more simpable, not 368 00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:15,960 Speaker 1: in a cocktail glass, kind of bigger drink, you could 369 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:19,080 Speaker 1: throw that into a Collins or even a pint glass 370 00:23:19,119 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 1: and top it with club soda or even a ginger 371 00:23:22,240 --> 00:23:24,879 Speaker 1: ale and have this fun, light banana drink and be 372 00:23:24,960 --> 00:23:27,400 Speaker 1: sipping that all day long. Who doesn't want to sit 373 00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:28,960 Speaker 1: bananas all day long? I do? 374 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:30,400 Speaker 2: I do. 375 00:23:31,320 --> 00:23:33,359 Speaker 1: But yes, this was super delicious and fun, so I 376 00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:35,920 Speaker 1: hope if anybody makes it they enjoy it. Obviously, if 377 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:38,760 Speaker 1: you don't like fruit flavored or sweet drinks and a 378 00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:41,720 Speaker 1: dirty martini is your jam, you may not love this one. 379 00:23:41,760 --> 00:23:43,600 Speaker 1: We'll see how it goes. But I sure loved it. 380 00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:46,800 Speaker 1: But you might, but you might. We always love when 381 00:23:46,840 --> 00:23:49,920 Speaker 1: you try new things. Speaking of trying new things, we 382 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:52,080 Speaker 1: are happy that you spent this time with us today 383 00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:56,119 Speaker 1: and then maybe you learned some new things about automaton history. 384 00:23:56,440 --> 00:23:59,000 Speaker 1: We will be right back here next week with more surprises. 385 00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:02,440 Speaker 1: We're gonna talk about drinks and stories again, right here 386 00:24:02,440 --> 00:24:14,600 Speaker 1: on Criminalia. Criminalia is a production of Shondaland Audio in 387 00:24:14,680 --> 00:24:19,399 Speaker 1: partnership with iHeartRadio. For more podcasts from Shondaland Audio, please 388 00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:23,040 Speaker 1: visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 389 00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:24,920 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.