Speaker 1: This episode of Stuff You Should Know is sponsored by Squarespace.
Speaker 1: Whether you need a landing page, a beautiful gallery of
Speaker 1: professional blogger, an online store, it's all possible with the
Speaker 1: Squarespace website. Go to squarespace dot com and set your
Speaker 1: website apart. Welcome to you Stuff you Should Know from
Speaker 1: House Stuff Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast.
Speaker 1: I'm Josh Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant and Jerry.
Speaker 1: This is Stuff you Should Know. Okay, you sounded like
Speaker 1: Steve Rule. We were just talking about Steve Rule and
Speaker 1: that was very brulesque, brulesque. Not brulesque, right, brulesque brulesque.
Speaker 1: You're saying you we should do a movie. I'm surprised
Speaker 1: to I could watch a continuous loop of brules Rules
Speaker 1: over and over and over, and people thought, you're don't
Speaker 1: be done. Was an homage to that which omas are
Speaker 1: rip off depending and it was well, it was it
Speaker 1: was neither, but it it was reminiscent of it in
Speaker 1: good ways. But I don't think that that meant that
Speaker 1: ripped it off, or that you were paying tribute to
Speaker 1: It's definitely not intentional. It was just, you know, two
Speaker 1: two great things that go great together. Can't there be both?
Speaker 1: Like ESA scuts, Yeah, they go great with kit cats.
Speaker 1: Oh man, they'd be good. Just take two full kit
Speaker 1: cats and put two ESA's cups in the middle like
Speaker 1: a sandwich. I think you just came up with something
Speaker 1: the news more the reci cat, Um chuckers. Yes. Have
Speaker 1: you ever looked to the sky at night, seen some
Speaker 1: stars flying by and thought, why don't we live up there? Uh? Sure?
Speaker 1: Have you ever seen the I S S cruising? No?
Speaker 1: I used to, Um, apparently you can. I used, Yes,
Speaker 1: I used to get either text or emails. I can't
Speaker 1: remember that. Would you just put in your your zip
Speaker 1: code and UM it sends you texts alerts when the
Speaker 1: I S S is going to be flying overhead. I
Speaker 1: thought you're gonna say one of the lead astronauts would
Speaker 1: just text you be like, h are you doing? We're
Speaker 1: over your house right now. But I mean, basically it's
Speaker 1: not from the astronaut, but it's the same thing. It's saying, like,
Speaker 1: look up in this direction at this time and you
Speaker 1: you should be able to see the I S S
Speaker 1: pretty neat. Yeah. I don't think we actually ever went
Speaker 1: out and looked at it, because it was always at
Speaker 1: like three in the morning or something like that. Yeah,
Speaker 1: this really like thrills me to no end. Once I
Speaker 1: started looking into this, like I don't I never paid
Speaker 1: a lot of attention, and it really just dawned on me,
Speaker 1: like people are living in outer space continuous full time.
Speaker 1: The International Space Station has been continuously inhabited since it
Speaker 1: was launched. Yeah. In fact, they just took they're one
Speaker 1: hundred thousand orbit of Earth. That's really neat in May
Speaker 1: of this year and Expedition forty seven began in Mark.
Speaker 1: That's so cool, man, And like we just it's like
Speaker 1: you were saying, you you don't really stop and think
Speaker 1: about it, But we're living in space now. Humanity is
Speaker 1: extended at least into Earth's or of it, right, that's
Speaker 1: where we're living, um, And we just kind of seemed
Speaker 1: to take that for granted. But that wasn't always the
Speaker 1: cases actually, And I think the reason why we do
Speaker 1: kind of take it for granted is because the conception
Speaker 1: of living in space that we're at right now is
Speaker 1: remedial compared to where everyone expected it to be in
Speaker 1: like the mid seventies, when the idea of space colonization
Speaker 1: was at its peak. I mean NASA Aims Research Center
Speaker 1: was conducting summer studies is what they were called, where
Speaker 1: they would just get the public really jazzed about living
Speaker 1: in space. Um. And the best you can say, or
Speaker 1: the least you can say, is that it bore some
Speaker 1: pretty awesome artists surrenderings and space colonies will look like
Speaker 1: It seemed like every other issue of Popular Science was
Speaker 1: just some cool new uh pick of like, you know,
Speaker 1: one day we're gonna be living out here, right exactly,
Speaker 1: but the one day seemed a lot closer than than
Speaker 1: it does now right. Um. But at the at the
Speaker 1: most you can say that that space colony fever that
Speaker 1: was going on in the seventies definitely laid the groundwork
Speaker 1: paved the way for where we are now, which is
Speaker 1: living in space. We just don't have like Stanley Kubrick
Speaker 1: esque space hotels that are big rotating wheels at the moment.
Speaker 1: It doesn't mean we're not going to. It just didn't
Speaker 1: happen as fast as everybody thought it was going to.
Speaker 1: And I was trying to figure out why, and apparently
Speaker 1: it's because of the Shuttle program. Like the these the
Speaker 1: space colony fever was based on the idea that launching
Speaker 1: the Space Shuttle was going to be way cheaper than
Speaker 1: launching any of the rockets have been previously. That didn't
Speaker 1: pan out to be the case, and that there would
Speaker 1: be something like, um, it's gonna be word like at
Speaker 1: least sixty launches a year, which is which didn't pan
Speaker 1: out to be the case either. But they thought that, yeah,
Speaker 1: it was just gonna we're gonna be going back and
Speaker 1: forth to space for like next to nothing all the time,
Speaker 1: and that we would be colonizing space pretty quickly. That
Speaker 1: didn't pan out. Um. The Space Shuttle program didn't didn't
Speaker 1: pan out to be that as cheap or as frequent, um.
Speaker 1: And so this dream of space colony or this enthusiasm
Speaker 1: for space colonization was kind of lost, But luckily it
Speaker 1: wasn't lost by the actual engineers who were in charge
Speaker 1: of putting people in space and figuring out how to
Speaker 1: live in space. And that whole idea is probably still coming,
Speaker 1: it's just a little further down the road. Yeah, And
Speaker 1: there were there are many, many, many, hundreds and hundreds
Speaker 1: of people that helped make this reality over the years.
Speaker 1: But a lot of this can be laid at the
Speaker 1: feet of Mr. Verna von Braun, who was the architect
Speaker 1: of the US space program, and he was the big
Speaker 1: champion of space stations early on, like in a real
Speaker 1: viable way. Well, he was like the Carl Sagan of
Speaker 1: his day. He realized that he had a quote he
Speaker 1: said that we can publish scientific papers and treatises till
Speaker 1: health freezes over. But if we don't get the attention
Speaker 1: of the taxpayer, we're going We're not going anywhere. And
Speaker 1: how do you do that? You start putting people in
Speaker 1: the moon and start building space stations. Well, even even
Speaker 1: more basic than that, he started he wrote like popular
Speaker 1: articles and popular magazines to get the public's imagination prime
Speaker 1: for that kind of thing. Yeah, and his idea was
Speaker 1: it was it was not just like, hey, look at
Speaker 1: a neat thing we can do. It's you know, you
Speaker 1: have an Antarctic outpost. You have back in the old days,
Speaker 1: he had an outwest outpost. He was like, we need
Speaker 1: an outpost. We need a place where people can live
Speaker 1: and work and as their base station. Essentially, sure, space
Speaker 1: is a frontier, but you watch the star trek knows
Speaker 1: that the final frontier, right, Well, that's what we think,
Speaker 1: that's what we thought back then. I'm sure there's other
Speaker 1: frontiers ner dimensions to explore that kind of thing. Right. Uh, well,
Speaker 1: let's just talk about why what What are some of
Speaker 1: the reasons we should do this. Um you mentioned um
Speaker 1: just capturing the public, and it certainly will would do
Speaker 1: a lot to rally people around spending funds on you know,
Speaker 1: space travel, NASA allocating funds towards this kind of thing, right,
Speaker 1: you mean space tourism. No, no, no, not space tourism.
Speaker 1: But just initially, you know, they needed the support of
Speaker 1: the popular American opinion, right, which is why Von Brown said,
Speaker 1: I'm gonna like reach out to the public directly through
Speaker 1: Collier's magazine. He did a three part he hosted a
Speaker 1: three part show UM on like the Wonderful World of
Speaker 1: Disney about living in space and we really got people
Speaker 1: jazzed about this back in the fifties. Then it peaked
Speaker 1: again in the seventies. Like I was saying, yeah, but
Speaker 1: one of the big reasons that you would want to
Speaker 1: have a working space station is, um, aside from the
Speaker 1: convenience of you know, having a having it up there
Speaker 1: and not having to go back and forth every time
Speaker 1: you want to do something, is to thinks are different
Speaker 1: up there, and you can do different things without gravity
Speaker 1: that you can't do here on Earth, like research. Yeah,
Speaker 1: like remarkable things. So it turns out gravity has a
Speaker 1: weird effect on crystals in the way they form, flaws
Speaker 1: them like inevitably. Um. But if you're out there in
Speaker 1: micro gravity, there are far fewer flaws, and the crystals
Speaker 1: tend to form more perfectly. So you can do things
Speaker 1: like make really good semiconductors right for microchips. Um. You
Speaker 1: can also crystallize drugs better to make them more potent.
Speaker 1: You can really knock your socks off. So research up
Speaker 1: there that can make things better here, right a point,
Speaker 1: not just research, but figure out how to do it there,
Speaker 1: and then build on that by building a manufacturing facility
Speaker 1: for semiconductors out in space and then bring them back
Speaker 1: to Earth and be like, watch how fast this baby goes.
Speaker 1: Another thing that uh, no gravity or microgravity does is
Speaker 1: it makes flames. Um, you know flames here on Earth
Speaker 1: with our stupid gravity pulling it in every direction, makes
Speaker 1: a flame very unsteady and unpredictable. Makes studying combustion more difficult.
Speaker 1: Remember when we talked about fire. Yeah, fire and space
Speaker 1: is very consistent and perfect. It's around. Yeah, it's so cool.
Speaker 1: So you could you could potentially with uh, with a
Speaker 1: perfect flame like that, that perfect flame that's got to
Speaker 1: be a song. Eternal flame is what you're thinking of. No,
Speaker 1: I'm saying perfect flame. Now you're thinking of eternal flame
Speaker 1: such a Josh is m It's one of my favorites. Uh.
Speaker 1: Micro gravity, though, you can have that eternal flame that
Speaker 1: is perfect and round and uh, you can study combustion
Speaker 1: in a more pure fashion, and you could build a
Speaker 1: better furnace maybe or find out how to reduce air
Speaker 1: pollution by making things more efficient. That's just like two
Speaker 1: things that you could do in space. I'm sure there
Speaker 1: are a thousand things we could list. Um. And as
Speaker 1: a matter of fact, some of the early ideas for
Speaker 1: space stations were these. There were concepts that were that
Speaker 1: used like moon mined minerals and materials and assembled in
Speaker 1: space so that you didn't have to launch them from Earth.
Speaker 1: So this whole idea of like creating things in space
Speaker 1: was even used to form the basis of these places
Speaker 1: where we would actually live while we were doing this stuff.
Speaker 1: It's pretty cool. Yeah, it also offers a unique perspective
Speaker 1: on the Earth, if we're talking about landforms and oceans,
Speaker 1: your atmosphere, uh speaking of which they can take uh
Speaker 1: much better pictures looking in the other direction into deep
Speaker 1: space because they don't have that pesky atmosphere in the way, right,
Speaker 1: So lots of great reasons to be up there, um,
Speaker 1: not the least of which is something you mentioned earlier,
Speaker 1: space tourism, which is going to happen at some point, right,
Speaker 1: Like people are looking into who is this one company?
Speaker 1: Um Galactic Suite. Yeah, they're they're still at it. Well,
Speaker 1: another that I saw there still says they're planning on
Speaker 1: launching in two thousand twelve. Oh, I thought that they
Speaker 1: thought they were still kind of I mean obviously not
Speaker 1: on that timeline. Somebody's still paying for the domain, but
Speaker 1: it still says like, um, they're gonna be They're gonna
Speaker 1: head for the star the stars in two thousand twelve.
Speaker 1: And then I found another Russian one that was looked
Speaker 1: pretty promising, but their site apparently was not updated since
Speaker 1: two thousand ten. But um, a company called Bigelow Industries
Speaker 1: very recently had SpaceX ferry capsule up to the I
Speaker 1: S S. It was an inflatable capsule that was a
Speaker 1: habitat module that was meant to be a prototype for
Speaker 1: a space hotel and they couldn't get it inflated. It
Speaker 1: was in Uh, they just aborted the mission. But um,
Speaker 1: like people are still working on the concept of of
Speaker 1: space tourism like today, well, I know, the Galactic Suite said, um,
Speaker 1: they're like, we we think it will cost a four
Speaker 1: million dollars for a weekend stay, and our data suggests
Speaker 1: that there are about forty people in the world that
Speaker 1: can and will pay for this. So um, maybe maybe
Speaker 1: their their site hasn't been updated because they got scared
Speaker 1: with the end of the world two thousand twelve things
Speaker 1: and while they were hiding in a cave somewhere, somebody
Speaker 1: played a prank on them and they're still too scared
Speaker 1: to come out and update the site. Maybe well Richard Branson,
Speaker 1: you know, he's trying to fly people into space. Still. Yeah.
Speaker 1: I looked at that. I was like, wait a minute,
Speaker 1: does this Alaskan Airlines merger? Did that kill Virgin Galactic?
Speaker 1: And apparently not, It was just Virgin America that that
Speaker 1: Alaskan Airlines took over. Apparently in a hostile takeover Um,
Speaker 1: but Virgin Galactics still at it. Okay, Well that's good.
Speaker 1: I guess if you're loaded and want to ride into space. Yeah,
Speaker 1: if you're Ashton Couture, they were on the list, right,
Speaker 1: Sure they have disposable income. Sure, send the cooch up there.
Speaker 1: All right, either one, I feel like I should take
Speaker 1: a break and regroup and then we'll start talking about
Speaker 1: space stations past. I'll take one with you, all right,
Speaker 1: let's talk about the first one, josh. Uh. We had
Speaker 1: a great episode on the space Race. It was pretty
Speaker 1: much a two I love that to nation race between
Speaker 1: the US and the Soviet Union, and they beat us
Speaker 1: in a lot of ways as far as first to
Speaker 1: the punch Man. They really did. You know, they don't
Speaker 1: get enough credit around these parts for the stuff that
Speaker 1: they did as far as space goes, because they definitely
Speaker 1: did beat us in a lot of ways, like we
Speaker 1: beat them to the moon basically, Yeah, which we pointed
Speaker 1: out in our show really got us going, sure and
Speaker 1: led to our advancements. Yeah. But also what was it? Um,
Speaker 1: there was another show we did recently, Sputnik led to
Speaker 1: Super Bowls. But do you remember we were talking about
Speaker 1: the Super Bowl In the Super Bowl episode how Sputnik
Speaker 1: like made America, post war America wake up and be like, hey,
Speaker 1: stuff being coddled in in lazy. We need to get
Speaker 1: back to innovation. Yeah, innovating again. And and it was
Speaker 1: spot Nick that did that. Yeah that's right. Um, nothing
Speaker 1: like the threat of Communist Russia or Soviet Union to
Speaker 1: get people going we're being left behind. Um. So back
Speaker 1: then they were the Soviet Union and they were the first,
Speaker 1: as we said with the saliott one station. Uh one?
Speaker 1: Do they have people living in space? Yeah? The year
Speaker 1: I was born. It's crazy. And it was actually a
Speaker 1: combination of a couple of different system one Mas and
Speaker 1: the soyas The Almas was a military system and the
Speaker 1: soyas Is was the actual spacecraft that ferried people to
Speaker 1: and fro. They're still using that thing, so American Astro
Speaker 1: not to get to the I S s is on
Speaker 1: Soya's um rockets. Yeah, what what number they had? I wonder? Oh,
Speaker 1: who knows? Who knows? A lot? A lot they launched
Speaker 1: them a lot from the Kazakhstan. I think very nice.
Speaker 1: Uh uhtt long um had three main compartments. Um, your
Speaker 1: your standard compartments, which are like dining in recreation, food
Speaker 1: and water storage. You gotta have your toilet exercise equipment,
Speaker 1: and then your science e stuff. Yeah, that's sciences stuff.
Speaker 1: That's a big deal because not only are they looking
Speaker 1: at how to make crystals better, they're also studying, um,
Speaker 1: the effects of micro gravity on the human body, which
Speaker 1: we're still getting a handle lot. Yeah, we should do
Speaker 1: an entire episode on how space affects your body. Okay,
Speaker 1: I think that would be like, I think I got
Speaker 1: three or four episode ideas of this one article. Well, yeah,
Speaker 1: we should do one just on the I S S too. Um.
Speaker 1: But well, just kind of briefly, one of the things
Speaker 1: that they found so far about living in space is
Speaker 1: that your bone mineral density decreases by one percent a month,
Speaker 1: which you're like one percent there's still left he cares
Speaker 1: here on Earth. If you're in a senior adult you
Speaker 1: lose about one percent of bone mass a year. So
Speaker 1: that's pretty significant. And another thing that they found out
Speaker 1: was that the living in microgravity. When you're here on Earth,
Speaker 1: your fluids and blood and stuff tend to accumulate in
Speaker 1: your lower extremities, right Uh, in microgravity, it tends to
Speaker 1: accumulate up in your upper body and your upper chest
Speaker 1: and in your head and your brains, like, oh, I'm
Speaker 1: I'm bathed in this stuff. I need to shut down
Speaker 1: production on fluids, including blood, so that when astronauts get
Speaker 1: back on Earth, they tend to be fainty because they
Speaker 1: don't have enough blood for a while until their bodies like, WHOA,
Speaker 1: something weird just happened. I need to start making blood.
Speaker 1: And they say, I'm fainting because of space. Somebody give
Speaker 1: me some tang My bloodcher is low. Uh. The other
Speaker 1: thing they found out was in space, no one can
Speaker 1: hear you scream. Yeah, they try it fifteen after every hour,
Speaker 1: all the astronauts scream as loud as they can and
Speaker 1: nobody can hear him. And that, of course, was the
Speaker 1: famous tagline from the first Alien movie. Oh really, yeah,
Speaker 1: I remember seeing the ad with the big egg space
Speaker 1: No can you scream? I know. I was just though,
Speaker 1: that's terrifying. I'm gonna watch it. Uh. Oh. One other
Speaker 1: thing that they're learning about affects and gravity. So Scott Kelly,
Speaker 1: the astronaut who famously just spent a year on the
Speaker 1: I S s um he has a twin who's also
Speaker 1: an astronaut, leave his name is Mike, and um, Mike
Speaker 1: has been studied here on Earth. You gotta slit those
Speaker 1: guys up over the same over the same year that
Speaker 1: Scott has, and now they're comparing Apparently Scott came down
Speaker 1: and he was like an inch or too shorter than
Speaker 1: his identical twin. That was just one thing, But they're
Speaker 1: they're examining them on a genetic level to see what
Speaker 1: differences of have happened, so you can get a better
Speaker 1: handle on what living in gravity does to the human body.
Speaker 1: He said, I'm shorter and more fainty for starters. He
Speaker 1: just felt dead away and they just slapped his face
Speaker 1: and poured tang down his throat. Well, I think what's
Speaker 1: lost on a lot of people is that these are real.
Speaker 1: I mean, human experimentation is going on, and who knows
Speaker 1: what the long term effect is going to be. These
Speaker 1: people are really like sacrificing potentially, you know right, I
Speaker 1: mean not just being away from family and stuff, but
Speaker 1: who knows, faint he might turn into something really bad. Well,
Speaker 1: not only that, they're also exposed to solar radiation and
Speaker 1: just space radiation that the Earth's atmosphere protects us from.
Speaker 1: They're exposed to it, and um, apparently there's a huge
Speaker 1: possibility of their lifetime risk of cancer just goes through
Speaker 1: the roof from moving out there. So yeah, there's a
Speaker 1: lot of questions we have that it's good that we're
Speaker 1: not all just living out in space because we can.
Speaker 1: We got a lot of stuff to figure out beforehand. Heroes, sir,
Speaker 1: That's what I say. So uh, the Sayas ten crew
Speaker 1: um for that very first uh Saliott space station that
Speaker 1: Russia had. They were they were supposed to live up there,
Speaker 1: but they couldn't dock correctly, so they could never enter
Speaker 1: the space station, so they never could even get in,
Speaker 1: big big disappointment. They just hung their heads and put
Speaker 1: in reverse in the little modulant. So the Saya's eleven
Speaker 1: crew actually successfully lived there for twenty four days in
Speaker 1: which is remarkable, but very sadly they all perished upon
Speaker 1: re entry coming back to Earth. Yeah, there um capsule
Speaker 1: depressurized and they there capsule at the time wasn't designed
Speaker 1: for them to wear suits, so they um, they were
Speaker 1: all asphyxiated just like died instantly, right pretty much. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they would have like lost consciousness almost immediately. So after
Speaker 1: the eleven soy is eleven they launched a different space
Speaker 1: station altogether, the Sliot two. That one didn't even get
Speaker 1: up into orbit, so they were like, uh yet uh
Speaker 1: went through three, four and five h and pretty quick succession,
Speaker 1: um and each one basically they got better at getting
Speaker 1: people to and from and they could stay up there
Speaker 1: longer and longer. Yeah. I think the last one was
Speaker 1: launched in two and it was up there until like
Speaker 1: nine two or ninety four, and they actually used it
Speaker 1: as like um, they they when they launched the Mirror,
Speaker 1: which we'll talk about and I think nineteen ninety six,
Speaker 1: so I guess it was up there then. They were
Speaker 1: going back and forth between Soliott seven and the Mirror.
Speaker 1: I guess probably going like, oh we can we can
Speaker 1: use this vodka over here. You gotta go get it
Speaker 1: from Salute and take it over to the Mirror. So
Speaker 1: it was up there for a while. They got there,
Speaker 1: they figured it out and one of the big differences
Speaker 1: between the early Solutes, Chuck in the later ones was
Speaker 1: that there was a docking a secondary docking module. Yeah.
Speaker 1: The first one's only had one parking space essentially, right,
Speaker 1: and so you had the parking space for the crew
Speaker 1: that was there, and if they needed supplies, well t s.
Speaker 1: But if you had a second docking port then you
Speaker 1: can use um. Well, they used an unmanned ship called
Speaker 1: Progress two ferry supplies from Earth to the Salute stations. Yeah.
Speaker 1: I'm surprised that it took them up to the Salute
Speaker 1: six to realize they needed another parking space. Yeah, because
Speaker 1: you know you're gonna forget something right, you left the
Speaker 1: iron on home. We're stuck up here. No one can
Speaker 1: visit us. Well, like you said that, they figured it out,
Speaker 1: which is wonderful. Uh. And that all led to the
Speaker 1: United States in nineteen seventy three launching their very famous
Speaker 1: guy Lab one space station, which says the best patch
Speaker 1: of any NASA related space based anything, Skylab one is
Speaker 1: the best. Yeah, sky Lab was awesome, but it um
Speaker 1: it got off on a very bad start, on a
Speaker 1: bad foot because upon launch, like just getting it out there,
Speaker 1: it had these two main solar panels. One of them
Speaker 1: was completely ripped off, the other one didn't extend out
Speaker 1: like it should have, and so this thing almost burned
Speaker 1: up completely initially because it had very little power and
Speaker 1: they couldn't control the heat, right, it couldn't cool it
Speaker 1: the interior the capsule went up to like a hundred
Speaker 1: and twenty six. So they said, hey, guys, we need
Speaker 1: you to go up there and fix this. And they
Speaker 1: actually there were three different crews that were that were
Speaker 1: sent to Skylab on Apollo capsules and um. The Skylab
Speaker 1: module itself was actually designed roughly initially by Warner von
Speaker 1: braun Um out of a Saturn five moon rocket. The
Speaker 1: third stage of it became sky Lab, and I think
Speaker 1: at the Air and Space Museum in Washington, not the
Speaker 1: one at Dullest, but the the one that's in like
Speaker 1: the like around the mall, and I think it has
Speaker 1: a replica of Skylab you can walk through. Oh cool,
Speaker 1: which is so awesome, dude, I would love to do that.
Speaker 1: But so the three crews that got sent up there, chuck.
Speaker 1: They managed to kind of like put Skylight back together
Speaker 1: with duck tape and bubblegum. Yeah, that first one, Skylab two.
Speaker 1: They just sent them up a week and a half
Speaker 1: after the fit, well not fail lunch, but problematic launch.
Speaker 1: And it's so funny how some of this NASA stuff
Speaker 1: is so simple. They said, go up there and essentially
Speaker 1: take this big sunshade like it looks like an umbrella
Speaker 1: and pop it open to cool it down. And then
Speaker 1: see that that solar panel that didn't stretch out far enough,
Speaker 1: stretch it out, and see that stretch it out. And
Speaker 1: they did. Uh, Commander Charles Pete, Conrad, Paul Whites, and
Speaker 1: Joseph Kerwin essentially saved sky Lab. Yeah, right off the bat,
Speaker 1: and not just then. There were again there were three
Speaker 1: crews that kind of did one after the other. They
Speaker 1: didn't overlap, UM, but they finally got the thing working.
Speaker 1: And I think the last crew spent eighty four days
Speaker 1: in orbit. Yeah, the first one spent the next one
Speaker 1: fifty nine in the final one eighty four days in
Speaker 1: the seventies and I remember, UM, and this is a
Speaker 1: big deal, you know, this was the first time they
Speaker 1: were testing these long duration man missions UM to see, like,
Speaker 1: you know, can we go to the Moon because it
Speaker 1: takes a while to get there and back right, That
Speaker 1: was the thing, Like all the only data we had
Speaker 1: was on Moon missions, which is about a two week mission,
Speaker 1: so we didn't have any data on what happened to
Speaker 1: people longer than that. Can we can we set up
Speaker 1: a shop there colonize the moon? Even so they called
Speaker 1: anything over two weeks a long duration spaceflight. Uh. And
Speaker 1: I remember in nineteen seventy nine. I remember being an
Speaker 1: eight year old kid, and I remember hearing about because
Speaker 1: this is you know in the seventies when families would
Speaker 1: sit around and watch the news and it's like how
Speaker 1: you got all your information? And I remember sitting around
Speaker 1: and hearing that sky Lab is coming back down to
Speaker 1: Earth in a unpredictable way, and I remember being sort
Speaker 1: of scared and thinking like, wow, this is a little
Speaker 1: weird and kind of a big deal. Yeah, Like even
Speaker 1: little eight year old Chuck knew like something didn't seem
Speaker 1: quite right. There are a lot of people who are
Speaker 1: really anxious about it because NASA very famously said that, um,
Speaker 1: everybody calmed down. There's there's a one in one hundred
Speaker 1: and fifty two chants that somebody will be killed by
Speaker 1: sky Lab. Well, yeah, they like one in one fifty two.
Speaker 1: You want to hear numbers from NASA like one in
Speaker 1: a million or one in a billion, not one in
Speaker 1: a hundred and fifty two. You're like, I know two
Speaker 1: hundred people, I know a hundred and fifty three people. Uh.
Speaker 1: It also forced NASSA to admit UM, we were so
Speaker 1: excited about getting this thing up there, we didn't really
Speaker 1: think a lot about how to control its descent UM,
Speaker 1: because that was essentially the story. They They were like,
Speaker 1: we can't, we don't really know how to guide this
Speaker 1: thing back down. They said it would quote cost too
Speaker 1: much to have UM designed in a way to bring
Speaker 1: it down safely. Yeah, and I think they were there
Speaker 1: in a hurry. Well. Also, the problem is they thought
Speaker 1: that it would just it's orbit would decay a little
Speaker 1: bit and then fall into basically that orbit of space
Speaker 1: chunk circling the Earth and would just stay there indefinitely.
Speaker 1: But it's orbit decayed more than expected because there was
Speaker 1: solar flare activity that NASA hadn't anticipated, and so all
Speaker 1: of a sudden, sky Labs on a collision course with Earth.
Speaker 1: NASA saying it'll it'll probably enter somewhere over this thousand
Speaker 1: kilometer stretch of Earth that includes Australia. So heads up
Speaker 1: Australia and UM. There were lots of like sky Lab parties, UM.
Speaker 1: Because it's America in the seventies, people went like Skylab
Speaker 1: crazy disco parties UM, and the San Francisco Examiner actually
Speaker 1: UM offered ten thousand dollars to anybody who could bring
Speaker 1: in a legitimate piece of sky Lab within seventy two
Speaker 1: hours of it crashing. And some kid actually collected Yeah
Speaker 1: in Australian. Yeah, he got on a plane. He had
Speaker 1: a little piece of sky Lab. Because where to end
Speaker 1: up crashing and the esperance Australia when you're perth, Yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean mostly in the ocean. Yeah, but they did
Speaker 1: get a pretty good amount of debris in Australia. Yeah,
Speaker 1: like the sizeable parts. But it's Australia. They're tough, they're
Speaker 1: like everything tries to kill us. You're silly. Space Station
Speaker 1: can't do it right. So yeah, this kid flew over
Speaker 1: in San Francisco and said here sky Lab. His name
Speaker 1: was Stanthorpe and he was seventeen, and like, without even
Speaker 1: thinking twice about it, he grabbed it, hopped on a
Speaker 1: plane and went to San Francisco, like you said, and
Speaker 1: they examined or paid him, which I did the West
Speaker 1: Aig inflation calculator. That's about thirty three thou dollars in
Speaker 1: today's money. Not bad, No, I'd do that, hop on
Speaker 1: a plane for that. That's a salary of as your teacher,
Speaker 1: right badly. Yeah. Uh, you can also buy pieces of
Speaker 1: sky Lab today if you've got some dough and an
Speaker 1: Internet connection. Alleged pieces of sky Lab. Well, sure, just
Speaker 1: like anything, it should be uh not verified, what do
Speaker 1: you call it? Verified? Authenticated? Supposedly NASA's instead of exerting
Speaker 1: its domain over pieces of sky Lab, the debris that
Speaker 1: was found in saying you give a back that some
Speaker 1: people sent their pieces to NASA, NASA authenticated them and
Speaker 1: send them back mounted saying this is an official piece
Speaker 1: of sky Lab to the people who mailed it in.
Speaker 1: Good peeps, Good peeps wearing brown polyester pants up to
Speaker 1: their chests. All right, buddy, let's take a break in um,
Speaker 1: let's go for a little jog around our gravity office,
Speaker 1: and then we'll talk about mirror and I s all right,
Speaker 1: all right. We talked about the Soviet which was the
Speaker 1: Soviet Union's big first success and some failures, but overall,
Speaker 1: I think they saw it as a success. Right And
Speaker 1: at the same time, a couple of years later, America
Speaker 1: had sky LAMB and then the Soviets said, we can
Speaker 1: do better than than what we're doing. We can do
Speaker 1: better than anybody else. We're going to create the mirror. Yeah.
Speaker 1: And by the way, Skyla was not supposed to be permanent. No,
Speaker 1: that was never the intention, but mirror was. Was it
Speaker 1: supposed to be permanent? Yeah, okay, so were the later
Speaker 1: um soliots Okay, so the mirror definitely was meant to
Speaker 1: be a permanent one. All right. Well, the first crew
Speaker 1: cosmonauts Leonid Kasim Vladimir solely off off nice it's a
Speaker 1: great name. Um. I think it was just those two dudes. Uh.
Speaker 1: They shuttled between the sally At seven which is being
Speaker 1: retired in mirror, and there was some like you said that,
Speaker 1: there was some cross over there, right and overlap. They
Speaker 1: had to get the vodka. Yeah, they had to get
Speaker 1: the vodka. And they spent seventy five days on the
Speaker 1: mirror and it was continually manned over the next ten years.
Speaker 1: And you know, manned and built. It's not they they
Speaker 1: build these things out there or assemble them out there. Um,
Speaker 1: I guess we should say. But they don't just launch
Speaker 1: a space station right like ready to go. They carry
Speaker 1: pieces of it out there just like I S S.
Speaker 1: And they put them together. Although I think it was
Speaker 1: we'll see you later on. I think the Chinese launched
Speaker 1: a full space station. Of course they did. I think
Speaker 1: they did, um, but we're talking. Come on. So the
Speaker 1: Mirror had twelve twelve main parts, which we won't go
Speaker 1: over all those because we don't like to just read lists.
Speaker 1: But you know, it's something you would expect. It was
Speaker 1: a ge whiz space station, a lot of everything, a
Speaker 1: lot of a lot of modules, living quarters, transfer compartments,
Speaker 1: docking places, had more than one parking space. They figured
Speaker 1: the old mess out. Yeah, you know, I was like,
Speaker 1: you know, we should have guests, and they did have guests.
Speaker 1: They had American guests actually, which was pretty cool. It
Speaker 1: wasn't until the nineties after the Soviet Union dissolved, and
Speaker 1: actually there was a cosmonaut aboard Mirror when the Soviet
Speaker 1: Union dissolved in December. Um. His name was Sergey Kirkov
Speaker 1: Keev Kirkakv, it started to say, and you would think, yeah, uh,
Speaker 1: And he was known as the last Soviet citizen because
Speaker 1: apparently being in space made him immune from the dissolving
Speaker 1: in the Soviet Union. Oh really yeah, not really, but
Speaker 1: that's what everybody said about him, whether he liked it
Speaker 1: or not. Well, the Mirror, they had some problems kind
Speaker 1: of later in its life. There was a fire one
Speaker 1: year uh and then that pro the supply ship was
Speaker 1: called the Progress I think you mentioned. It actually crashed
Speaker 1: into the mirror trying to park and it's a little
Speaker 1: parking space, which damaged it. And at that point they said,
Speaker 1: you know what, Uh, we should just make this thing
Speaker 1: space junk, even though you thought it was going to
Speaker 1: be permanent. Uh. The US is talking about this I. S.
Speaker 1: S Station. They want us to come help them with uh.
Speaker 1: And there was a big campaign to keep the Mirror
Speaker 1: alive called Keep Mirror Alive uh. And private corporation stepped
Speaker 1: in and said, no, let us take it over. Let's
Speaker 1: privatize this thing. And they said, yet, I'm not gonna
Speaker 1: do it. Yeah, We're not gonna just hand over space station. Okay, No,
Speaker 1: we're gonna crash it into the Earth. If I can't
Speaker 1: have you, no one can't. Pretty much, so um, they
Speaker 1: had a little bit uh more advanced capabilities in Skylab
Speaker 1: had as far as directionally um. And in February two
Speaker 1: thousand one, it uh. They slowed those engines down and
Speaker 1: it re entered the atmosphere. On March two one burned
Speaker 1: up broke up and again, uh, tried to kill Australia.
Speaker 1: I know, Australia is like, what the eight Why is
Speaker 1: everyone trying to land their space junk on us? But
Speaker 1: it was about a thousand miles east of Australia in
Speaker 1: the ocean. Um has anyone found these things? That's what
Speaker 1: I was wondering, mire at the bottom of the ocean.
Speaker 1: I'm sure somebody's found some parts of it. Pretty neat. Yeah,
Speaker 1: talk about like space records at bottom the ocean. That's
Speaker 1: a movie. Who was it? Was it Jeff Bezos that
Speaker 1: went and got like, uh one of the Apollo really
Speaker 1: stages that had been scuttled in the ocean recently? Probably?
Speaker 1: I think it was yep Asos or James Cameron. We
Speaker 1: talked about him too much though. Uh So that brings
Speaker 1: us to I S S. Ronald Reagan. I said, you
Speaker 1: know what, I was about to do a Reagan, but
Speaker 1: I thought the better. I think everybody wants to hear
Speaker 1: your Reagan. I don't want to do it. He said,
Speaker 1: let's let's he said, hey, man, let's get an A S.
Speaker 1: S station going. Is that good? We'll call it the
Speaker 1: International Space Station and it's gonna be super expensive, so
Speaker 1: we need some help. Um, let's partner up with with
Speaker 1: fourteen other countries, Canada, Japan, Brazil and then the European
Speaker 1: Space Agency, which is the UK, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands,
Speaker 1: did Mark, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden. And he said, as
Speaker 1: a good faith measure, let's invite the Soviets. M hm,
Speaker 1: I don't know if that was all Russia by then,
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, you're right, Yeah, you're right. And the Russian said, sure,
Speaker 1: why not, we don't doing anything and not just being friendly,
Speaker 1: but you know, they they were probably the second leading
Speaker 1: uh uh well, I don't know by that point there
Speaker 1: were other players in space science. Yeah, but they were
Speaker 1: still pretty highly regarded yeah big time. Yeah, yeah, probably
Speaker 1: more than they get credit for again over here. So
Speaker 1: they started putting the I S S in orbit, and um,
Speaker 1: the first people showed up from it was launched for
Speaker 1: They were launched from Russia in two thousand and they
Speaker 1: spent about five months. They're like basically getting everything up
Speaker 1: and running, taking um all of the uh the little
Speaker 1: descant packets out of everything, like they do not eat
Speaker 1: things that keep stuff dry silica jel yeah, um, and um,
Speaker 1: pulling off all of the cellophane from everything. Well they
Speaker 1: left it on the lamp shades, which I thought was tasteless.
Speaker 1: It's shiny. Yeah. Um, so they've been living up there.
Speaker 1: Like I said, they just launched the one I'm sorry,
Speaker 1: but one orbit of Earth and um, we do one
Speaker 1: on the I S. But I did look a little
Speaker 1: bit into their day to day life. Um. They work
Speaker 1: about ten hours a day, uh money through Friday, about
Speaker 1: half that on a Saturday, and then they take Sunday
Speaker 1: off and then the rest of the time is you know, relaxation,
Speaker 1: emailing your family, hanging out pool side, face timing. Um.
Speaker 1: They have sixteen sunrises and sunsets today, which is decidedly
Speaker 1: weird on your body. So they generally just keep those
Speaker 1: windows closed so they can get on a reg sketch.
Speaker 1: And um, apparently the food isn't great. They don't love
Speaker 1: the food. Um, and they have to overspice it. I
Speaker 1: didn't know that one of the things space does is
Speaker 1: reduce your sense of taste. I've heard that in microgravity
Speaker 1: tastes like styrofun. Yeah, so apparently they like really over
Speaker 1: everything to try and make it palatable. Um, and they
Speaker 1: have to be really careful of crumbs because oh yeah,
Speaker 1: remember Homer Simpson, do you remember one of the great
Speaker 1: all time scenes when you opened the bag of chips
Speaker 1: in space? Great great scene. Um, and then pooping and
Speaker 1: pp I gotta go somewhere. They have two toilets, only
Speaker 1: two and um oh there's usually only three or four
Speaker 1: people up there. There's six right now? Yeah, with two toilets. Yeah,
Speaker 1: how many hair dryers? Who knows? They keep their hair
Speaker 1: short though, because because there's very few hair dryers in space. Well,
Speaker 1: there's no showers. I mean they can wash themselves. They
Speaker 1: have like water jets, but not the same. Yeah, not
Speaker 1: the same, man. I'll bet that first shower when they
Speaker 1: get back down on Earth feels so good. Yeah. But
Speaker 1: there's two toilets. They use a fan driven suction system
Speaker 1: and you have to latch yourself to the toilet. Oh
Speaker 1: yeah for that too. And there are restraining bars to
Speaker 1: ensure there's a good seal, because you know what happens
Speaker 1: if there's not a good seal and microgravity, things will
Speaker 1: float away. Uh. And then there's a lever that they
Speaker 1: hit a suction whole slides open and a big stream
Speaker 1: of air carries the waste away. The solids are collected
Speaker 1: actually into an aluminum container and the they are then
Speaker 1: transferred to the Progress to take away the little shuttle
Speaker 1: ship like, here's all our poop. Progress is like, yeah,
Speaker 1: I wonder what they calls progress. And then the pp
Speaker 1: UH is evacuated by a hose that's attached to the
Speaker 1: front of the toilet. Uh they do. I was getting there,
Speaker 1: but sure, I'm sorry. Now it's recycled. It's a recovery
Speaker 1: system and they eventually recycle it back into drinking waters.
Speaker 1: UM and the toilets UH for PPR anatomically correct. They
Speaker 1: have these funnel adapters. So men and women have different
Speaker 1: adapters because you know, they have different parts. Yes they do,
Speaker 1: they do have different parts that like a second grader,
Speaker 1: I just you don't think about this stuff. Like that's
Speaker 1: the first thing I thought. I was like, oh, man,
Speaker 1: how they eat, how they poop? But what do they
Speaker 1: watch movies? Do they watch movies? Yeah? That the they
Speaker 1: just sit back. I think it was the Atlantic had
Speaker 1: a great photos spread of photos that this new mission
Speaker 1: is taking of uh space and the Earth and you know,
Speaker 1: all that stuff. But then pictures on board and um
Speaker 1: one of them they were that this huge flat screen
Speaker 1: watching The Revenant watching the Revenue. Huh, that's what it
Speaker 1: looked like. I could see the two guys on a horse.
Speaker 1: It was hard to tell because it was in the background,
Speaker 1: but I think it was a Revenant that are cloudy
Speaker 1: with the chance of meat pall. Probably not the movie Gravity.
Speaker 1: So yeah, no, they were probably like that could never happen.
Speaker 1: When Neil Degrass Tyson lost his mo about gravity, hey
Speaker 1: he's your pal, he went on a Twitter ran about it. Um,
Speaker 1: then then we should talk about the Chinese, because I
Speaker 1: think it's been unfair not to. The Chinese launched something
Speaker 1: called Tangong one UM back in two thousand three. They
Speaker 1: became the third nation on the planet to launch human
Speaker 1: into space UM and they launched their space There's space
Speaker 1: station in two thousand eleven, and there's been two UM
Speaker 1: two missions to to the space station. I think it's
Speaker 1: it's it's no longer active, but it's still up there.
Speaker 1: But the Chinese admitted this year that they've lost contact
Speaker 1: with the space station. It's no longer under their control,
Speaker 1: so it may end up coming back down to Earth
Speaker 1: and we'll have a new Skylab party for it. But
Speaker 1: the um. The two missions included China's first two women astronauts,
Speaker 1: Liu Yang and Wang Yaping, and um, they were in
Speaker 1: two twelve and two thousand thirteen, and they did I mean,
Speaker 1: they lived in space for a while, just like everybody
Speaker 1: else had. But the Chinese don't participate in the I
Speaker 1: S S. I don't know if they've not been invited
Speaker 1: or if they decline an invitation, but they're doing their
Speaker 1: own parallel thing, UM, which I would get the impression
Speaker 1: that's making people nervous. Interesting. Well, I know it's important
Speaker 1: that they've had uh, women astronauts, female astronauts on the
Speaker 1: I S S because you know, you you need to
Speaker 1: see what space does to them. And I just wonder
Speaker 1: if they're gonna like get to the point where like,
Speaker 1: well we need to if we really want to call
Speaker 1: an ize space, we need to see what happens when
Speaker 1: a baby is up there, or give birth in outer space,
Speaker 1: or have a ten year old or a seventy five
Speaker 1: year old man a ten year old aboard a space
Speaker 1: station for like a year. Yeah, oh man, no, thank you. Um.
Speaker 1: There's one other thing I wanted to mention, Chuck. There's
Speaker 1: the there's talk about out UM saving a lot a
Speaker 1: lot of money with the space station by putting it
Speaker 1: what's called lagrange point And there's La grange point, L
Speaker 1: four and L five and they are these um, these
Speaker 1: little the spots between the Earth and the Moon to
Speaker 1: where the gravity between the Earth and the Moon is counterbalanced.
Speaker 1: So all it does is just go in orbit around
Speaker 1: the Earth and the Moon and it will stay in
Speaker 1: that orbit forever because gravity is not pulling on it
Speaker 1: one way or the other, so you don't have to
Speaker 1: use fuel to keep it in that orbit forever. Right,
Speaker 1: And this is actually like an early idea that that
Speaker 1: I think Arthur C. Clark was the first to put
Speaker 1: it out there in nineteen one. And these lagrange points
Speaker 1: are like orbits like ninety miles across. You can put
Speaker 1: a bunch of space stations in these things and just
Speaker 1: leave them out there. And there's actually something called the
Speaker 1: L five Society that came about UM that is all
Speaker 1: about this kind of thing. Crazy. Well, they they plan
Speaker 1: to disband on a space station in the L five
Speaker 1: band at some point in the future when they all
Speaker 1: come together there for the first time. Sound wonderful. Yeah,
Speaker 1: one more thing. Valerie Polyakov, record holder right, four hundred
Speaker 1: and thirty eight days he did aboard mirror in n
Speaker 1: and he had done like two d and thirty eight
Speaker 1: days before then. Crazy. I bet he's super fainty, you know,
Speaker 1: all the time he's rushing though he can take it.
Speaker 1: Do you got anything else? I got nothing else? All right, Well,
Speaker 1: let's say for space stations for now. If you want
Speaker 1: to learn more about him, you can type those words
Speaker 1: in the search part how stuff works. And uh, since
Speaker 1: I said search parts, time for listener mail. I'm gonna
Speaker 1: call this um oh Chuck's graduation post. So I put
Speaker 1: out a post about my nephew graduating high school. Oh yeah,
Speaker 1: did he really is? Grad way from high school? And
Speaker 1: also the same year, my niece Reagan graduated college Premiorwood College,
Speaker 1: moving to New York City like a good girl, and
Speaker 1: my other niece Abby moved on matriculated into high school
Speaker 1: from middle school. Nothing better than matriculation, nothing better. So
Speaker 1: I went to know his graduation and it really like
Speaker 1: affected me much more than I thought it would, because
Speaker 1: I haven't been to a graduation since my own, like,
Speaker 1: and I didn't walk into college one, so I literally
Speaker 1: have not been to a ceremony and it just stirred
Speaker 1: up all these amazing feelings. No, it was really really
Speaker 1: neat just to hear these kids and their speeches, and
Speaker 1: and I put a Facebook post. I was like, you
Speaker 1: know what, we're great, don't people. Millennials get a lot
Speaker 1: of crap, But like, talked to a seventeen year old
Speaker 1: for a little while, who's doing it right and and
Speaker 1: we're headed in the right direction like this very empathetic, carrying,
Speaker 1: like forward thinking generation. So it was it was really
Speaker 1: neat things. So I just congratulations to all the graduates,
Speaker 1: especially um, well, if you're listening, then I guess you
Speaker 1: are a listener. But all the stuff you should know,
Speaker 1: listeners that have been with us, like throughout high school,
Speaker 1: we appreciate. Um. A girl named Hannah, I want to say,
Speaker 1: rode in and asked for any advice for graduation. That's right,
Speaker 1: and she mentioned you in this speech. Yeah yeah, so
Speaker 1: pretty to her as well. Pretty great stuff. But you're right,
Speaker 1: all stuff you should know listeners who are graduating or matriculating. Congratulation, Yes,
Speaker 1: very big accomplishment. So this from Brandy and Kansas. Hey, guys,
Speaker 1: want to thank you so much for that Facebook post
Speaker 1: about now it's graduation. How you have so much hope
Speaker 1: for the up and coming generation. I'm really excited about
Speaker 1: the world changers coming up and so rare to hear
Speaker 1: someone come out and say how awesome they are on
Speaker 1: that thread. Have you considered it doing a show on
Speaker 1: Kids Today, Fallacy. That's a well documented phenomenon where each
Speaker 1: generation downplays the bad things our own generation didn't believe.
Speaker 1: The ones that follow are lazy, spoiled, entitled. Uh. There
Speaker 1: are quotes literally dating back two thousands of years ago
Speaker 1: of this very thing. Uh. And the music stinks too.
Speaker 1: I'm sure that's the other part of that. Yeah, yeah,
Speaker 1: oh no, no, no, yeah, the music today stinks our
Speaker 1: rights better. I would love to hear you explain this nonsense,
Speaker 1: how people stop being so crotchety and instead recognize their
Speaker 1: role in helping to shape the future generations. Second request,
Speaker 1: come to Kansas. You guys make fun of us enough
Speaker 1: and it's time to pace a visit. We topped some
Speaker 1: lists for the most beautiful sunsets and landscapes and also
Speaker 1: have cities on national lists the places to Live. It
Speaker 1: takes more than a beautiful sunset to get us to
Speaker 1: do a live show. Analystic goals. We make fun of
Speaker 1: Kansas because of our good friend to Aaron Cooper and
Speaker 1: our buddy Isaac McNary is really the two people that
Speaker 1: we're targeting when we make fun of Kansas and the governor,
Speaker 1: And it's all out of love because Isaaca and Aaron
Speaker 1: are great. And we met Aaron at our show in
Speaker 1: Denver and he's just as nice and cool as I
Speaker 1: thought he was gonna be. And we met our pal
Speaker 1: Tyler Murphy too, and met Tyler and his friends Timothy
Speaker 1: and Sarah, and our friend Jane Jenabel was in the audience,
Speaker 1: and our old buddy Greg Storkin was in the audience.
Speaker 1: It was something else. Yeah, Denver was like these some
Speaker 1: of our oldest, oldest fans were in attendance, so that
Speaker 1: was wonderful. Anyway, we're not coming to Kansas. Thanks for
Speaker 1: a great show, guys, only have a few episodes left
Speaker 1: to go from got up and then I will enter
Speaker 1: the pit of despair, so at least satisfy one of
Speaker 1: my requests who can help pull me out? And as
Speaker 1: Brandy in Manhattan, Kansas, thank you Brandy. Good luck in
Speaker 1: the pit of despair. Uh, if you want to get
Speaker 1: in touch of this. You can hang out with us
Speaker 1: on social media. We're on Instagram and Twitter, s y
Speaker 1: s K podcast and on Facebook at Facebook dot com
Speaker 1: slash stuff you Should Know. You can send us an
Speaker 1: email to Stuff Podcast at how stuff Works dot com
Speaker 1: and as always, joined us at our him on the web,
Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know dot com. For more on this
Speaker 1: and thousands of other topics, is it how stuff Works
Speaker 1: dot com