1 00:00:04,920 --> 00:00:22,880 Speaker 1: Pushkin October thirty first, nineteen thirty five, Park Avenue, mid Taiminhattan. 2 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:25,440 Speaker 2: A great two friends from the Advertising Club of New 3 00:00:25,480 --> 00:00:29,720 Speaker 2: York City and present another interesting luncheon meeting of this organization. 4 00:00:30,760 --> 00:00:34,519 Speaker 1: The meal is served grilled Boston squad with Chris bacon 5 00:00:34,920 --> 00:00:40,600 Speaker 1: or breaded vealsteak Vienna style, followed by old fashioned strawberry shortcack. 6 00:00:41,240 --> 00:00:44,080 Speaker 1: The plates are cleared away. The president of the club 7 00:00:44,479 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: introduces the head table, a long row of distinguished gentleman, 8 00:00:48,560 --> 00:00:52,760 Speaker 1: and then the agenda of the day. 9 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:56,160 Speaker 2: The Olympics to be held in Germany in nineteen thirty six. 10 00:00:57,880 --> 00:01:04,920 Speaker 2: Forgetting the thought of every nation the world over, it 11 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:09,000 Speaker 2: seemed fitting then that we should go to our guest 12 00:01:09,040 --> 00:01:09,520 Speaker 2: of the day. 13 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:14,160 Speaker 1: He gestures to a man sitting next to him with 14 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:19,720 Speaker 1: a fabulous, thriving mustache, Charles Hitchcock Cheryl. 15 00:01:20,520 --> 00:01:24,479 Speaker 2: Why do we call on General Cheryl? First of all, 16 00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:32,640 Speaker 2: he's an athlete himself. He's probably the only man who 17 00:01:32,680 --> 00:01:37,600 Speaker 2: won seven intercillegiate championships while attending jail. 18 00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:42,640 Speaker 1: He lists Cheryl's many accomplishments, his time as a diplomat, 19 00:01:42,880 --> 00:01:46,000 Speaker 1: his training as a lawyer, his service in the New 20 00:01:46,080 --> 00:01:46,960 Speaker 1: York National guard. 21 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:51,279 Speaker 2: Probably, though I should emphasize above everything else, the fact 22 00:01:51,280 --> 00:01:56,920 Speaker 2: that for fifteen years he's been a member of the 23 00:01:56,960 --> 00:02:03,200 Speaker 2: American Olympic Committee, in a nice little Olympic committee, and 24 00:02:03,280 --> 00:02:06,880 Speaker 2: we've asked him to come here to clear up the 25 00:02:06,960 --> 00:02:13,160 Speaker 2: fall which some feel exists about this nineteen thirty six 26 00:02:13,320 --> 00:02:14,280 Speaker 2: Olympic situation. 27 00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:18,400 Speaker 1: And there is no better man to clear up this 28 00:02:18,600 --> 00:02:30,920 Speaker 1: Olympic situation than Charles Hitchcock. Cheryl, of course, he opens 29 00:02:30,960 --> 00:02:33,360 Speaker 1: his Advertising Club talk with a joke. 30 00:02:34,800 --> 00:02:39,000 Speaker 2: Your president has spoken as though I was dead and 31 00:02:39,160 --> 00:02:41,720 Speaker 2: in a coffin, and he was speaking at the funeral. 32 00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:48,240 Speaker 2: He left out what I think is the most important 33 00:02:48,280 --> 00:02:51,359 Speaker 2: thing that he put and that is that I have 34 00:02:51,520 --> 00:02:54,360 Speaker 2: led the happiest life of anybody you ever met in 35 00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:54,799 Speaker 2: your life. 36 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:59,640 Speaker 1: He beams, He looks around happily, his eyes twinkle. This 37 00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:03,040 Speaker 1: is his kind of room. He launches into a brief 38 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:06,880 Speaker 1: and modest account of his sprinting accomplishments at Yale. He 39 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:10,080 Speaker 1: speaks of his key role in the invention of the 40 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:13,040 Speaker 1: crouching start on how the press love to talk about it. 41 00:03:13,440 --> 00:03:16,640 Speaker 2: I have a wife at pome So, sir, you've getched 42 00:03:16,680 --> 00:03:20,320 Speaker 2: the myathletic path. She says, why is it that whenever 43 00:03:20,360 --> 00:03:25,440 Speaker 2: you achieve anything, they must sprint half naked pictures of you? 44 00:03:29,560 --> 00:03:32,960 Speaker 1: And then Charles Cheryl tells the assembled group the story 45 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:35,720 Speaker 1: of how he has rescued the Olympic Games from the 46 00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:44,000 Speaker 1: doubters and the naysayers, not once, but twice. Welcome to 47 00:03:44,080 --> 00:03:47,440 Speaker 1: episode three of Hitler's Olympics, our story about the nineteen 48 00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:51,200 Speaker 1: thirty six Games, the most important games in the history 49 00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:54,480 Speaker 1: of the Olympics. In the previous installment, we met our 50 00:03:54,600 --> 00:03:58,720 Speaker 1: would be hero, Charles Cheryl, who single handedly broken the 51 00:03:58,760 --> 00:04:02,680 Speaker 1: deal in Vienna, promise that he believed would save the 52 00:04:02,760 --> 00:04:06,720 Speaker 1: nineteen thirty six Olympics, a promise from the Nazis not 53 00:04:06,840 --> 00:04:11,240 Speaker 1: to exclude Jewish athletes from the Games. But now the 54 00:04:11,320 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: deal is imperiled, there are renewed calls for an Olympic boycott, 55 00:04:15,160 --> 00:04:19,560 Speaker 1: and our hero has been compelled once again to come 56 00:04:19,560 --> 00:04:30,680 Speaker 1: to the rescue. All human societies organize themselves into a pyramid, 57 00:04:30,760 --> 00:04:34,440 Speaker 1: with ordinary people at the bottom and elites at the top. 58 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:38,120 Speaker 1: And the crucial thing about the world Charles Cheryl grew 59 00:04:38,200 --> 00:04:41,520 Speaker 1: up in America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, 60 00:04:41,920 --> 00:04:45,520 Speaker 1: is at the top of the pyramid is really really small. 61 00:04:45,680 --> 00:04:50,000 Speaker 1: It's a pinprick. It's basically rich white men. And if 62 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:52,880 Speaker 1: you were all so handsome and a fraternity brother from Yale, 63 00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:57,120 Speaker 1: so much the better. Charles Cheryl was all those things. 64 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:01,040 Speaker 1: He was at the very apex of the pinbrick. And 65 00:05:01,160 --> 00:05:04,479 Speaker 1: right from the beginning what distinguished Charles Cheryl was his 66 00:05:04,680 --> 00:05:08,400 Speaker 1: intuitive understanding of the rules that governed the top of 67 00:05:08,440 --> 00:05:12,840 Speaker 1: the pyramid, like, for example, never say a discouraging word 68 00:05:13,040 --> 00:05:16,120 Speaker 1: about another person in that tiny group at the very 69 00:05:16,160 --> 00:05:21,279 Speaker 1: very top. I'm reading to you now from Cheryl's unpublished memoirs, 70 00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:23,920 Speaker 1: where he recounts the story of the time he was 71 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:26,920 Speaker 1: part of a group visiting the White House and presented 72 00:05:26,960 --> 00:05:30,520 Speaker 1: the first Lady, Grace Coolidge, with a bouquet of roses 73 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:33,800 Speaker 1: that had been named in her honor. I did this, 74 00:05:34,720 --> 00:05:38,520 Speaker 1: Cheryl writes, with the comment that the presentation of coolidge 75 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:42,360 Speaker 1: roses to missus Coolidge was but holding the mirror up 76 00:05:42,400 --> 00:05:47,480 Speaker 1: to nature. She replied, not exactly, because the roses are blondes, 77 00:05:47,920 --> 00:05:56,880 Speaker 1: and I am a brunette. Ernest cafalis all round. Rule 78 00:05:56,960 --> 00:05:59,920 Speaker 1: number two. If you are outside this type, little sir, 79 00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:03,800 Speaker 1: at the top of the pyramid, Charles Cheryl doesn't see you. 80 00:06:04,800 --> 00:06:07,240 Speaker 1: This is a crucial point. There is a certain kind 81 00:06:07,240 --> 00:06:10,240 Speaker 1: of racist who is racist because he or she harbors 82 00:06:10,279 --> 00:06:13,360 Speaker 1: an obsession with the other. In the Jim Crow South, 83 00:06:13,400 --> 00:06:17,320 Speaker 1: for example, swimming pools were segregated because white people didn't 84 00:06:17,360 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: want to share the same water as black people. The 85 00:06:20,320 --> 00:06:24,040 Speaker 1: idea that something might wash off black skin and linger 86 00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:27,200 Speaker 1: in the water gross them out. It kept them up 87 00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:32,000 Speaker 1: at night. It was visceral. That's not Charles Cheryl. He 88 00:06:32,080 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 1: has plenty of black people in his life. They work 89 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:37,320 Speaker 1: in the kitchen, they take his coat, but the thought 90 00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:40,279 Speaker 1: that he is sharing his Manhattan townhouse with them does 91 00:06:40,360 --> 00:06:43,040 Speaker 1: not keep him up at night. He has arranged his 92 00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,559 Speaker 1: life so that he doesn't have to think about them 93 00:06:45,800 --> 00:06:49,160 Speaker 1: at all. So when it comes to the nineteen thirty 94 00:06:49,160 --> 00:06:52,440 Speaker 1: six Olympics and Jews in Germany, you might be wondering, 95 00:06:52,839 --> 00:06:56,919 Speaker 1: is Cheryl a n anti Semite? Well not like Hitler 96 00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:00,560 Speaker 1: was an anti Semite. Hitler got all worked up about Jews. 97 00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:04,320 Speaker 1: People like Cheryl, on the other hand, kept their voices down. 98 00:07:05,800 --> 00:07:09,239 Speaker 1: What is the attitude of these this kind of person 99 00:07:10,040 --> 00:07:11,400 Speaker 1: in this era towards Jews. 100 00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:15,960 Speaker 3: Let's see where to begin. 101 00:07:16,480 --> 00:07:17,800 Speaker 1: Nick Lemon historian. 102 00:07:18,320 --> 00:07:22,720 Speaker 3: So you're really talking about these sort of upper patrician classes, right. 103 00:07:23,560 --> 00:07:31,000 Speaker 3: So typically these people lived inside a series of institutions 104 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:36,440 Speaker 3: that were quote unquote restricted, which meant, you know, in 105 00:07:36,480 --> 00:07:40,480 Speaker 3: the broadest sense, only gentlemen could be in them, and 106 00:07:40,520 --> 00:07:44,760 Speaker 3: in this specific sense usually meant no Jews. So this 107 00:07:44,800 --> 00:07:51,360 Speaker 3: would apply to you know, private clubs, neighborhoods that often 108 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:55,240 Speaker 3: had deed restrictions that you know, no Jews could live there. 109 00:07:55,440 --> 00:08:00,000 Speaker 3: You know, very very often workplaces had rules against Jews 110 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:04,400 Speaker 3: who's being hired. It was understood that Jews weren't allowed 111 00:08:04,960 --> 00:08:08,800 Speaker 3: in this world of sort of upper class gentlemen and ladies. 112 00:08:09,720 --> 00:08:13,800 Speaker 1: People in Cheryl's class arranged their lives so that they 113 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:15,200 Speaker 1: didn't have to deal with Jews. 114 00:08:15,720 --> 00:08:17,880 Speaker 3: And I think they would have thought, you know, Jews, 115 00:08:17,920 --> 00:08:24,280 Speaker 3: or course, they're vulgar, they're not gentlemanly, they think about 116 00:08:24,360 --> 00:08:26,520 Speaker 3: money all the time, things like that. 117 00:08:26,960 --> 00:08:29,160 Speaker 1: But they didn't think of Jews. To use one of 118 00:08:29,240 --> 00:08:36,600 Speaker 1: Hitler's favorite words, as Vermin. Cheryl's great friend on the 119 00:08:36,600 --> 00:08:40,680 Speaker 1: International Olympic Committee was the group's president, the Belgian count 120 00:08:40,920 --> 00:08:44,640 Speaker 1: unreaded by La Tour. Remember Latour's wife was the one 121 00:08:44,679 --> 00:08:47,840 Speaker 1: who wrote Hitler a thank you note when he invaded Belgium. 122 00:08:48,679 --> 00:08:52,800 Speaker 1: Now she wouldn't call herself a Nazi. She would say 123 00:08:52,960 --> 00:08:55,400 Speaker 1: that sending a thank you note to your invaders upon 124 00:08:55,440 --> 00:08:58,640 Speaker 1: the occasion of your country's invasion was just good manners, 125 00:08:59,160 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: like sending a bud cake to the family that moves 126 00:09:01,400 --> 00:09:05,280 Speaker 1: into the mansion across the street. The Count, meanwhile, once 127 00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:08,040 Speaker 1: said of Jews in a letter to a friend that 128 00:09:08,120 --> 00:09:11,960 Speaker 1: he wasn't fond of them. He wrote, the Jews usually 129 00:09:12,160 --> 00:09:16,440 Speaker 1: quote shout before there is reason to do so. The Jews, 130 00:09:16,920 --> 00:09:20,160 Speaker 1: in the view of the cultured men of the European aristocracy, 131 00:09:20,559 --> 00:09:27,240 Speaker 1: were annoying and vulgar and a little bit exasperating. But 132 00:09:27,320 --> 00:09:30,319 Speaker 1: the Count was quite clear that you couldn't ban Jews 133 00:09:30,360 --> 00:09:33,720 Speaker 1: from the Olympics. Just because a particular race was annoying 134 00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:36,800 Speaker 1: and vulgar didn't mean that they couldn't participate in say 135 00:09:37,280 --> 00:09:41,280 Speaker 1: the long Job. People like bay Latour and Charles Cheryl 136 00:09:41,960 --> 00:09:45,720 Speaker 1: liked Jews in theory, but just not in practice, in 137 00:09:45,760 --> 00:09:49,040 Speaker 1: contrast to the Nazis, who didn't like Jews in practice 138 00:09:49,480 --> 00:09:54,120 Speaker 1: or in theory. In nineteen thirty five, that distinction seemed important. 139 00:09:58,679 --> 00:10:02,480 Speaker 1: Oh Ru three from the top of the pyramid. Remember 140 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:05,240 Speaker 1: when we said in the last episode that another of 141 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:09,240 Speaker 1: the people Cheryl reminds us of is Candide's pangloss, the 142 00:10:09,280 --> 00:10:14,920 Speaker 1: man who believes that all is necessarily for the best end. Essentially, 143 00:10:15,600 --> 00:10:18,760 Speaker 1: everything happens for a reason, and a good reason at that. 144 00:10:19,520 --> 00:10:22,000 Speaker 1: I mean, how could it not when you're living a 145 00:10:22,040 --> 00:10:24,040 Speaker 1: life like Charles Hitchcock Cheryl. 146 00:10:24,679 --> 00:10:27,440 Speaker 2: I have led the happiest life of anybody you ever 147 00:10:27,559 --> 00:10:28,439 Speaker 2: met in your life. 148 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:33,240 Speaker 1: That's not just a statement of character and disposition, It's 149 00:10:33,280 --> 00:10:37,120 Speaker 1: an ideological belief. He looks around at those who would 150 00:10:37,200 --> 00:10:42,079 Speaker 1: question the status quo, radicals, communists, suffragette's Jews, and he says, 151 00:10:42,720 --> 00:10:46,520 Speaker 1: what are you complaining about? From where I sit at 152 00:10:46,520 --> 00:10:51,320 Speaker 1: the top of the pyramid, the view is pretty great, Okay, 153 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:55,960 Speaker 1: final rule of pyramids and maybe the most important. From 154 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:59,640 Speaker 1: his happy perch high up on the pyramid, Charles Cheryl 155 00:10:59,679 --> 00:11:04,040 Speaker 1: con trucks the following syllogism. If we are really happy 156 00:11:04,080 --> 00:11:06,560 Speaker 1: with things just as they are, then what do we 157 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:10,480 Speaker 1: make of those at the very top responsible for keeping 158 00:11:10,559 --> 00:11:13,520 Speaker 1: things just as they are? We like them a lot. 159 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:20,439 Speaker 1: Charles Cheryl's great literary accomplishment, Apart from the books he 160 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 1: wrote about Stained Glass was an ambitious work of history. 161 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:28,360 Speaker 1: He told the story of Otto von Bismarck, the nineteenth 162 00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:33,599 Speaker 1: century strong man who unified Germany. Bismarck was a master strategist, 163 00:11:33,960 --> 00:11:38,960 Speaker 1: steely character, enormous, bushy eyebrows, a furious mustache, a jaw 164 00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:42,840 Speaker 1: chiseled from the finest Bavarian granite, a row of medals 165 00:11:43,080 --> 00:11:47,880 Speaker 1: on his crisply starched tunic. They called him the Iron Chancellor, 166 00:11:48,880 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 1: and in his treatise Cheryl compared Bismarck with his other 167 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:59,080 Speaker 1: great man crush, the Italian strong man Benito Mussolini Ilduchack 168 00:12:00,040 --> 00:12:06,120 Speaker 1: vor of modern fascism. Cheryl admired Bismarck, but Mussolini, for 169 00:12:06,280 --> 00:12:09,400 Speaker 1: Il Ducce he had true passion. In the course of 170 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:12,959 Speaker 1: his research, he would visit Mussolini in his massive office. 171 00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:16,800 Speaker 1: As he would write, it is a fashion for writers 172 00:12:16,880 --> 00:12:21,400 Speaker 1: upon Mussolini to describe this lofty room, devoid of all decoration, 173 00:12:21,720 --> 00:12:27,280 Speaker 1: as an entirely appropriate background for this forthright statesman. Possibly 174 00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:30,360 Speaker 1: they are right, but I see a wider, bolder background 175 00:12:30,360 --> 00:12:34,720 Speaker 1: for him. Il Ducjay would come striding over, and Cheryl's 176 00:12:34,760 --> 00:12:40,480 Speaker 1: heart would go all a flutter looking back on the memory, 177 00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,920 Speaker 1: He wrote, if he has known you several years, the 178 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:48,520 Speaker 1: greeting is pleasingly cordial, his caesar like features lighting up, 179 00:12:49,040 --> 00:12:53,480 Speaker 1: and those piercing eyes softening into friendliness, and then a 180 00:12:53,480 --> 00:13:00,439 Speaker 1: good manly handscheck. Was Cheryl's Bismarck and Mussolini a good book? 181 00:13:01,559 --> 00:13:05,080 Speaker 1: Probably not. It got a three sentence review in the 182 00:13:05,080 --> 00:13:09,960 Speaker 1: American Journal of Sociology, ending with the line Cheryl's special 183 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:13,800 Speaker 1: field of competence would appear to be handling and assessing 184 00:13:13,880 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: columns of marching men. A lesser man would be crippled 185 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:23,120 Speaker 1: by a sentence like that, but not Charles Cheryl. Because 186 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:26,800 Speaker 1: when Cheryl sent Mussolini his book, Il Ducce liked it 187 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:29,679 Speaker 1: so much he gave Cheryl the highest of all Italian 188 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:34,280 Speaker 1: military and civilian honors. He made him a Knight Grand 189 00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:38,160 Speaker 1: Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy, a 190 00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:43,720 Speaker 1: gold star, plus a striking right shoulder sash. Mussolini sent 191 00:13:43,760 --> 00:13:46,200 Speaker 1: it in a box to New York, where it arrived 192 00:13:46,240 --> 00:13:50,240 Speaker 1: in time for Cheryl's twenty fifth wedding anniversary, a dinner 193 00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:53,400 Speaker 1: at the Pier Hotel with one hundred and forty two guests, 194 00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:57,240 Speaker 1: where the honor was pinned on Cheryl's chest by the 195 00:13:57,240 --> 00:14:01,760 Speaker 1: Italian Consul General in the presence of the French, Argentine, 196 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:08,800 Speaker 1: Spanish and Cuban ambassadors and Dutch, Swedish, Greek and Czechoslovak ministers. 197 00:14:08,840 --> 00:14:11,120 Speaker 1: A guess list that all of us have dreamt about 198 00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:16,400 Speaker 1: for our twenty fifth wedding anniversary. Let the assistant professors 199 00:14:16,440 --> 00:14:19,880 Speaker 1: of sociology write what they choose about the book. Our 200 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:22,640 Speaker 1: hero was now a Knight of the Grand Cross of 201 00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:32,240 Speaker 1: the Order of the Crown of Italy. Now think back 202 00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:37,400 Speaker 1: to Dorothy Thompson, America's most celebrated foreign correspondent, who famously 203 00:14:37,440 --> 00:14:40,560 Speaker 1: interviews Hitler in nineteen thirty one when he is on 204 00:14:40,640 --> 00:14:44,320 Speaker 1: the cusp of power. Thompson's day job is not a 205 00:14:44,320 --> 00:14:47,840 Speaker 1: lot different from Cheryl's. As part of his diplomatic duties 206 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:51,280 Speaker 1: or his role at the IOC, Cheryl goes around Europe 207 00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:56,040 Speaker 1: meeting with heads of state and aristocrats. As a foreign correspondent, 208 00:14:56,600 --> 00:14:59,120 Speaker 1: Thompson does the same thing. I'm sure they meet some 209 00:14:59,160 --> 00:15:02,360 Speaker 1: of the same people, but she's not at the top 210 00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:05,360 Speaker 1: of the pyramid. She was raised by a struggling preacher. 211 00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:08,920 Speaker 1: Her mother died when Thompson was a child. Her life 212 00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:12,640 Speaker 1: experiences haven't made her comfortable with power or left her 213 00:15:12,680 --> 00:15:15,120 Speaker 1: thinking that the world is just fine the way it is. 214 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:19,120 Speaker 1: Quite the opposite. When Thompson got out of college, she 215 00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:23,480 Speaker 1: immediately threw herself into the suffrage movement. She spent three 216 00:15:23,560 --> 00:15:26,040 Speaker 1: years on that fight, and when it finally looked like 217 00:15:26,080 --> 00:15:29,000 Speaker 1: women might get the vote, she decides, I want to 218 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:32,280 Speaker 1: find the next fight, and she buys a ticket on 219 00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:34,120 Speaker 1: an ocean liner, and. 220 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:37,200 Speaker 4: Then she landed in Europe just as fascism was starting 221 00:15:37,280 --> 00:15:37,840 Speaker 4: to build. 222 00:15:38,400 --> 00:15:40,440 Speaker 1: The historian Sarah Church, well. 223 00:15:40,320 --> 00:15:43,080 Speaker 4: It's actually important that we all remember that that fascism 224 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,520 Speaker 4: was by no means a German phenomenon, especially in the 225 00:15:46,600 --> 00:15:50,040 Speaker 4: nineteen twenties, or uniquely certainly not a uniquely German phenomenon. 226 00:15:50,240 --> 00:15:53,160 Speaker 4: And in the twenties it's Mussolini. Well, of course gives 227 00:15:53,160 --> 00:15:57,200 Speaker 4: it its name. So Thompson traveled to Italy. She encountered 228 00:15:57,240 --> 00:16:02,840 Speaker 4: Italian fascists. She was educating herself about Italian and European fascism. 229 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:06,000 Speaker 1: She marries a Jew, a Hungarian writer, a radical. She 230 00:16:06,080 --> 00:16:09,040 Speaker 1: meets his crowd, artists, writers, outsiders. 231 00:16:09,840 --> 00:16:12,880 Speaker 4: This was an experience, a relationship that opened her eyes 232 00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:17,640 Speaker 4: and her understanding to political conversations in Eastern Europe around 233 00:16:18,400 --> 00:16:23,960 Speaker 4: the rising tensions and all of the volatility of the 234 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 4: European political situation at that time. So by the time 235 00:16:27,760 --> 00:16:29,960 Speaker 4: Hitler came into power in nineteen thirty three, she'd spent 236 00:16:30,040 --> 00:16:32,880 Speaker 4: a decade becoming an, you know, pretty expert. Certainly for 237 00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:36,360 Speaker 4: an American, she probably had a more nuanced understanding than 238 00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:39,440 Speaker 4: virtually any other American of her generation, because she'd spent 239 00:16:39,480 --> 00:16:43,400 Speaker 4: the best part of that decade living among Europeans who 240 00:16:43,480 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 4: were breathing and debating and arguing and figuring out what 241 00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:49,400 Speaker 4: these new fascist movements were going to mean. 242 00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:52,200 Speaker 1: But I was care, I want to go back to 243 00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:57,680 Speaker 1: the thing about she starts with the suffrage movement, and 244 00:16:57,760 --> 00:17:02,400 Speaker 1: I wondered whether that experience kind of permanently sensitizes you 245 00:17:03,440 --> 00:17:08,960 Speaker 1: to the kind of the plight of the powerless in 246 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:13,040 Speaker 1: a certain way, Like, I might be really hard to 247 00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:16,320 Speaker 1: be pro fascist if you spent your early twenties fighting 248 00:17:16,320 --> 00:17:17,760 Speaker 1: for women suffrage, don't you think? 249 00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:21,800 Speaker 4: Yeah? Absolutely so. She certainly she had a strong sense 250 00:17:21,880 --> 00:17:26,320 Speaker 4: of sympathy and identification with people who saw themselves as 251 00:17:26,359 --> 00:17:30,080 Speaker 4: being an oppressed class and oppressed minority. 252 00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:34,280 Speaker 1: The point is that when Dorothy Thompson thinks of Mussolini, 253 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:37,240 Speaker 1: it is not to remark on his manly handshake and 254 00:17:37,359 --> 00:17:40,560 Speaker 1: piercing eyes. And when she goes to see Hitler, she 255 00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,200 Speaker 1: doesn't defer to him just because he's on the cusp 256 00:17:43,240 --> 00:17:46,280 Speaker 1: of running Germany. She sees him for what he is, 257 00:17:46,840 --> 00:17:51,960 Speaker 1: an angry, vicious demagogue. But if you are Charles Cheryl 258 00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: looking at that same man, what do you see? You 259 00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:11,680 Speaker 1: see someone very different. In the summer of nineteen thirty five, 260 00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:14,560 Speaker 1: the deal to save the Games that Cheryl had hammered 261 00:18:14,560 --> 00:18:18,720 Speaker 1: out in Vienna two years before is imperiled. The Germans 262 00:18:18,960 --> 00:18:22,200 Speaker 1: had promised to keep their Olympic team open to Jewish athletes, 263 00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:27,199 Speaker 1: but Nazi anti Semitism is accelerating and people around the 264 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:31,879 Speaker 1: world are threatening again to boycott the games. Cheryl is 265 00:18:31,920 --> 00:18:35,639 Speaker 1: worried that his diplomatic master stroke will come to nothing. 266 00:18:36,160 --> 00:18:38,879 Speaker 1: He knows he has to act, and now he sees 267 00:18:38,920 --> 00:18:43,399 Speaker 1: the mistake he made back in Vienna he dealt with underlings. 268 00:18:43,960 --> 00:18:51,360 Speaker 1: He realizes it's time to confront Herr Hitler himself. Does 269 00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:55,680 Speaker 1: he go through Putsy Hitler's wagner playing Harvard trained pr men. 270 00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:59,560 Speaker 1: Probably Putsy was always the point of entry for Americans 271 00:18:59,560 --> 00:19:04,000 Speaker 1: want again audience with her Hitler. If Charles Cheryl had 272 00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:06,440 Speaker 1: lived to see how things turned out with the Nazis, 273 00:19:06,720 --> 00:19:10,680 Speaker 1: he would have edited his papers, particularly the Chief Offender 274 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:14,119 Speaker 1: scrap Book thirty five, that he would have buried in 275 00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:17,119 Speaker 1: the back yard of his estate in the Hamptons, along 276 00:19:17,160 --> 00:19:19,320 Speaker 1: with his Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the 277 00:19:19,359 --> 00:19:22,360 Speaker 1: Crown of Italy. That's what people like Charles Cheryl did 278 00:19:22,400 --> 00:19:26,680 Speaker 1: after the war, cleaned house. But Charles Cheryl died too soon, 279 00:19:27,280 --> 00:19:31,040 Speaker 1: and so there remains in the archives of the New 280 00:19:31,119 --> 00:19:35,879 Speaker 1: York Historical Society a love letter in seven doubles based 281 00:19:36,280 --> 00:19:43,320 Speaker 1: type pages. His Excellency, reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler received me 282 00:19:43,359 --> 00:19:47,119 Speaker 1: at noon August twenty fourth, nineteen thirty five in his 283 00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:51,680 Speaker 1: own private Munich residence. Let me, first of all, frankly 284 00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:55,399 Speaker 1: confess that this will not prove a journalistic interview with 285 00:19:55,520 --> 00:19:59,760 Speaker 1: Germany's chief of state. It merely narrates a foreigner's visit 286 00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:05,840 Speaker 1: to an undeniably great leader. As a gift, Cheryl brings 287 00:20:05,920 --> 00:20:09,560 Speaker 1: Hitler two of his books, his treatise on German Stained 288 00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:13,640 Speaker 1: Glass Windows, and of course his master work comparing Mussolini 289 00:20:13,960 --> 00:20:18,760 Speaker 1: and Bismarck. Then they talked man to man for an 290 00:20:18,880 --> 00:20:26,439 Speaker 1: hour and ten minutes. He wrote, I was immediately struck 291 00:20:26,480 --> 00:20:30,040 Speaker 1: by the fact that Hitler deliberately chose the seat facing 292 00:20:30,040 --> 00:20:33,320 Speaker 1: the window and its bright sunlight. When in nineteen twenty 293 00:20:33,320 --> 00:20:37,240 Speaker 1: one I talked with fifteen European prime ministers plus four 294 00:20:37,320 --> 00:20:40,840 Speaker 1: presidents and two years later nine kings, none of them 295 00:20:40,920 --> 00:20:44,760 Speaker 1: did this, nor have any leading statesman I have since 296 00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:48,840 Speaker 1: then met Charles Cheryl had nothing but respect for a 297 00:20:48,880 --> 00:20:55,359 Speaker 1: man unafraid to sit facing the window he goes on. 298 00:20:56,760 --> 00:21:01,000 Speaker 1: His photographers do him grave injustice in two Guards. They 299 00:21:01,040 --> 00:21:03,520 Speaker 1: do not show enough the strength of his upper head 300 00:21:03,960 --> 00:21:07,199 Speaker 1: above the expressive eyes, and give no hint of the 301 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:10,560 Speaker 1: engaging human being he can be when he wants to be. 302 00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 1: Dorothy Thompson, remember, looked into those same eyes and found 303 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:20,840 Speaker 1: the peculiar shine which often distinguishes Genius's alcoholics and hysterics. 304 00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:27,800 Speaker 1: It's like they're meeting a different man. Thompson found Hitler formless, cartilaginous, 305 00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:32,520 Speaker 1: ill poised, and insecure, but Cheryl finds himself drawn to 306 00:21:32,600 --> 00:21:37,480 Speaker 1: Hitler's famously short mustache. It's not like Cheryl's mustache, which 307 00:21:37,520 --> 00:21:40,320 Speaker 1: of course is full and luxuriant and suggestive of all 308 00:21:40,359 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: manner of daring and panash. But something this concise yet 309 00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:51,920 Speaker 1: emphatic for the fur totally works. It suits Hitler's face 310 00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:56,960 Speaker 1: while speaking, because revealing all of the expression around the mouth. 311 00:21:58,200 --> 00:22:02,040 Speaker 1: Welcome to the top of the pyramid, my little mustachioed friend. 312 00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:08,200 Speaker 1: So what do the two men talk about? Here's Cheryl again. 313 00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:12,399 Speaker 1: Because I am a member of the International Olympic Committee, 314 00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:16,320 Speaker 1: we naturally spoke of our nineteen thirty six games schedule 315 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:22,520 Speaker 1: for Berlin. In these he expressed keen interest. Then Cheryl 316 00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:26,399 Speaker 1: brings up what he calls the unfortunate Jewish question. Not 317 00:22:26,480 --> 00:22:29,840 Speaker 1: the Nazis' anti Semitic policies writ large, of course, but 318 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:33,280 Speaker 1: the annoying controversy over Jews of the German Olympic team 319 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:38,600 Speaker 1: and how it's threatening to derail the games. Cheryl has 320 00:22:38,640 --> 00:22:42,159 Speaker 1: a proposal for Hitler, a simple way to calm the 321 00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:46,160 Speaker 1: waters back in the United States. Just put a Jew 322 00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:49,400 Speaker 1: on the Olympic team. One will do. Cheryl even has 323 00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:53,040 Speaker 1: someone in mind, a fencer named Helene Mayer. Mayor is 324 00:22:53,119 --> 00:22:55,840 Speaker 1: German and living in Los Angeles. She's one of the 325 00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: greatest fencers of all time. Technically she's only half Jewish 326 00:23:00,080 --> 00:23:02,919 Speaker 1: since her mom is a proper Arian. Cheryl thinks that 327 00:23:02,960 --> 00:23:06,960 Speaker 1: fact will help persuade Hitler. Plus mayor is blonde and 328 00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:11,560 Speaker 1: blue eyed and really looks the part. Hitler pushes back, 329 00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,919 Speaker 1: so Cheryl brings up the Vienna Declaration that it hammered 330 00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:19,120 Speaker 1: out two years previously at the Hotel Imperial Germany's agreement 331 00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:23,840 Speaker 1: in principle not to exclude Jews. Hitler says he's never 332 00:23:23,920 --> 00:23:28,080 Speaker 1: heard of the Vienna deal. Cheryl is shocked, what how 333 00:23:28,160 --> 00:23:32,679 Speaker 1: is that even possible? He doubles down. Hitler responds, German 334 00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:37,280 Speaker 1: sports are for arians only. Cheryl comes at him again. 335 00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:40,000 Speaker 1: It's back and forth, back and forth. Later, in a 336 00:23:40,040 --> 00:23:43,960 Speaker 1: note to Frank and Roosevelt's private secretary, Cheryl describes the 337 00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:49,320 Speaker 1: scene my book. Bismarck and Mussolini lay before him, and 338 00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:53,480 Speaker 1: he faced a fine limback portrait of Bismarck. It was 339 00:23:53,520 --> 00:23:55,919 Speaker 1: a last chance, so I went right at him with 340 00:23:55,960 --> 00:24:01,320 Speaker 1: a question, what would Bismarck, master of foreigner's psychology do today? 341 00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:07,040 Speaker 1: He was polite but showed nothing. Had My appeal won 342 00:24:08,040 --> 00:24:11,960 Speaker 1: no sign. Two titans duking it out at the top 343 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:17,840 Speaker 1: of the pyramid. Mustache to mustache. It was dreadful nerve 344 00:24:17,920 --> 00:24:20,320 Speaker 1: for me to tackle him in his own Munich home. 345 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,679 Speaker 1: But I am only a private citizen and he can't 346 00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:28,439 Speaker 1: eat me. Cheryl leaves the meeting, has his bold gambit worked, 347 00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:32,680 Speaker 1: daring her Hitler to put himself in autovon Bismarck's shoes 348 00:24:33,119 --> 00:24:37,760 Speaker 1: WWBD What would Bismarck do? Cheryl dashes off a letter 349 00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:42,520 Speaker 1: to his friend by latour. Prepare yourself, he says, for 350 00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:46,159 Speaker 1: the very real possibility that all of my brilliant diplomatic 351 00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:50,440 Speaker 1: stratagems in Vienna two years ago have come to Nod, 352 00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:55,159 Speaker 1: please speak to him. Cheryl pleads, we need Hitler to 353 00:24:55,200 --> 00:25:00,040 Speaker 1: compromise for the sake of the games. He writes, It 354 00:25:00,080 --> 00:25:03,800 Speaker 1: will be a trying test for even your remarkable tact 355 00:25:03,800 --> 00:25:06,520 Speaker 1: in Savo Affaire, and the sooner you meet the situation, 356 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,359 Speaker 1: the better the hope for your success instead of a 357 00:25:10,400 --> 00:25:20,840 Speaker 1: destructive explosion. Did our hero endure a sleepless night in 358 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:24,399 Speaker 1: his agonies? Did he turn the essential question on himself? 359 00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,320 Speaker 1: W w b D. What would Bismarck do if, say, 360 00:25:28,600 --> 00:25:32,720 Speaker 1: Mussolini renegged on an agreement, but then he gets a 361 00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:35,960 Speaker 1: note in the mail. It's there in the famous scrap 362 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:40,000 Speaker 1: book thirty five, a little embossed card inviting him to 363 00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:44,840 Speaker 1: the Nuremberg Rally in mid September, the annual propaganda festival 364 00:25:45,119 --> 00:25:47,920 Speaker 1: put on by the Nazi Party. I'm sure you've seen 365 00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:52,840 Speaker 1: film clips, thousands of soldiers marching in lockstep, chanting Hyle Hitler. 366 00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:58,280 Speaker 1: Cheryl lives for moments such as these. Remember, even the 367 00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:01,480 Speaker 1: American Journal of Sociology has noted his taste when it 368 00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:05,520 Speaker 1: comes to columns of marching men. So he accepts the 369 00:26:05,560 --> 00:26:09,320 Speaker 1: invitation from the Nazi Party. He packs an overnight bag. 370 00:26:09,520 --> 00:26:11,480 Speaker 1: They offer him a ride on Hitler's train. 371 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 5: He says yes, And then in his scrap book there 372 00:26:17,880 --> 00:26:24,280 Speaker 5: then follows many pages of press coverage Schwastika's Nazi propaganda 373 00:26:24,320 --> 00:26:25,000 Speaker 5: that he collected. 374 00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:28,399 Speaker 1: Mccullague bend Adaf Haffrey reporting on what he found in 375 00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:31,480 Speaker 1: Cheryl's papers at the New York Historical Society. 376 00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:35,119 Speaker 5: There's an amazing photo of him at the Nuremberg Rally 377 00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:39,640 Speaker 5: at some official events surrounding it, with all these medals 378 00:26:39,840 --> 00:26:43,919 Speaker 5: on his tuxedo jacket, sort of gazing up at the 379 00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:46,600 Speaker 5: ceiling in awe, because you imagine he's in some vast 380 00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:51,080 Speaker 5: hall surrounded by just they look, there's such prototypical Nazis. 381 00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:55,159 Speaker 5: So it's just this man kind of daphly wandering around 382 00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:59,119 Speaker 5: this grand hall, surrounded by these deeply evil people, and 383 00:26:59,200 --> 00:27:02,760 Speaker 5: completely unaware of the historical significance of what he's witnessing, 384 00:27:02,920 --> 00:27:05,600 Speaker 5: other than that it's a very important event and therefore 385 00:27:05,720 --> 00:27:07,399 Speaker 5: must be prepared for his scrapbook. 386 00:27:12,520 --> 00:27:16,000 Speaker 1: The nineteen thirty five Nuremberg rally is where Hitler announced 387 00:27:16,040 --> 00:27:19,680 Speaker 1: the so called Blood Laws, outlawing marriage between Arians and 388 00:27:19,760 --> 00:27:23,840 Speaker 1: Jews and stripping German Jews of their citizenship. It was 389 00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: the clearest articulation yet of the Nazis' murderous anti Semitism, 390 00:27:28,240 --> 00:27:31,119 Speaker 1: and for many Americans, Nuremberg put the conundrum of the 391 00:27:31,160 --> 00:27:34,840 Speaker 1: games into sharp focus. If that's who these people are, 392 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:38,520 Speaker 1: can we really go there? But that's not how Cheryl 393 00:27:38,600 --> 00:27:39,000 Speaker 1: sees it. 394 00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:44,520 Speaker 5: So what does he do at the Nuremberg rally? He 395 00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:50,360 Speaker 5: collects signatures he and his scrap book has autographs from 396 00:27:50,400 --> 00:27:54,320 Speaker 5: people he met at the Nuremberg rallies that are scrawled 397 00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:58,760 Speaker 5: on this one of the brochures from it, describing what's 398 00:27:58,760 --> 00:28:01,760 Speaker 5: going to happen on September in nineteen thirty five and 399 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:04,520 Speaker 5: then there's all these pencil signatures from what I can 400 00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:07,359 Speaker 5: only assume it's prominent members of the party. 401 00:28:07,720 --> 00:28:09,200 Speaker 1: He's fan blowing the Nazi Party. 402 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:11,560 Speaker 5: It's but it's like that, yeah, he's he was not 403 00:28:11,640 --> 00:28:14,880 Speaker 5: even Yeah. I don't think that Charles Cheryl would approve 404 00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:18,360 Speaker 5: of a campaign to exterminate the Jews. I think he 405 00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:23,000 Speaker 5: all he can recognize is force, wilfulness and power, and 406 00:28:23,040 --> 00:28:25,080 Speaker 5: so he understands that this will be a good one 407 00:28:25,119 --> 00:28:28,639 Speaker 5: for the scrap book or the after dinner toast. But 408 00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:33,440 Speaker 5: there's something about that the autographs thing I found very 409 00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:37,560 Speaker 5: It's it's really chilling, and there's like, is there has 410 00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:40,200 Speaker 5: to be a it's it feels like a different category 411 00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:43,480 Speaker 5: than the banality of evil. It's like the there there, 412 00:28:43,520 --> 00:28:46,680 Speaker 5: we have to invent a new term for the relationship. 413 00:28:46,760 --> 00:28:49,720 Speaker 5: Charles Cheryl bears to this evil. 414 00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:53,400 Speaker 1: I'm with you. He's so, he's he's got he's just 415 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:58,160 Speaker 1: he's just, he's he's just unbelievable. At the end, a 416 00:28:58,240 --> 00:29:02,360 Speaker 1: top Nazi official pulls him and tells him her, Cheryl, 417 00:29:02,840 --> 00:29:05,200 Speaker 1: we have good news for you. We are inviting the 418 00:29:05,240 --> 00:29:09,200 Speaker 1: half Jew Helene Mayer to join the German Olympic team. 419 00:29:09,880 --> 00:29:16,480 Speaker 1: Mission accomplished, he sails for home on the S S. Normandy, 420 00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:20,640 Speaker 1: the largest and fastest passenger ship of its day. He 421 00:29:20,720 --> 00:29:24,560 Speaker 1: steps off the boat and is mobbed by reporters. I 422 00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:27,600 Speaker 1: am more convinced than ever that America should take part 423 00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:30,960 Speaker 1: in the Olympics, he says, and I'm probably the best 424 00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:35,880 Speaker 1: friend the Jews have in America. Then he makes a threat. 425 00:29:37,240 --> 00:29:41,400 Speaker 1: I'm not here to stop any antisemitic waves, but I 426 00:29:41,560 --> 00:29:45,520 Speaker 1: warn of the danger of such a development. If five 427 00:29:46,120 --> 00:29:49,600 Speaker 1: million Jews in the United States can make one hundred 428 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:54,120 Speaker 1: and twenty five million Americans pull the chestnuts out of 429 00:29:54,160 --> 00:29:58,560 Speaker 1: the fire for the Jews in Germany, Jews Cheryl is 430 00:29:58,600 --> 00:30:02,800 Speaker 1: saying shouldn't complain about anti Semitism because that will cause 431 00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:08,320 Speaker 1: anti Semitism. Besides, having not given you exactly what she wanted. 432 00:30:08,760 --> 00:30:12,400 Speaker 1: Helene Mayer a brilliant fencer and a Jewish, or at 433 00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:14,640 Speaker 1: least the daughter of a Jew, which ought to count 434 00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:19,080 Speaker 1: for something. Right, aren't you happy now? Charles Cheryl chose 435 00:30:19,120 --> 00:30:22,520 Speaker 1: to resolve the dilemma of the pure competition in an 436 00:30:22,520 --> 00:30:27,360 Speaker 1: impure place by layering a flimsy piece of wallpaper over 437 00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:30,760 Speaker 1: the menace that was the Nazi regime and hoping no 438 00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:35,880 Speaker 1: one will look underneath. Remember Dorothy Thompson's taxonomy of who 439 00:30:35,920 --> 00:30:39,840 Speaker 1: goes Nazi? Mister b It's like she was writing with 440 00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:43,640 Speaker 1: Charles Cheryl in mind. His code is not his own, 441 00:30:43,840 --> 00:30:46,440 Speaker 1: it is that of his class. No worse, no better. 442 00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:50,800 Speaker 1: He fits easily into whatever pattern is successful. That is 443 00:30:50,880 --> 00:30:56,720 Speaker 1: his sole measure of value. Success. Nazism as a minority 444 00:30:56,760 --> 00:31:00,040 Speaker 1: movement would not attract him. As a movement likely to 445 00:31:00,160 --> 00:31:05,840 Speaker 1: attain power, it would. He goes home to his Manhattan townhouse, 446 00:31:06,320 --> 00:31:09,160 Speaker 1: rests his weary head in triumph, and a week later 447 00:31:09,680 --> 00:31:12,640 Speaker 1: takes the stage at the Advertising Club of New York City, 448 00:31:13,120 --> 00:31:14,320 Speaker 1: where he will say. 449 00:31:15,840 --> 00:31:18,600 Speaker 2: I have led the happiest life of anybody you ever 450 00:31:18,680 --> 00:31:37,840 Speaker 2: met in your life. 451 00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:40,680 Speaker 1: Charles Cheryl will not live to see the Berlin Olympics. 452 00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:43,000 Speaker 1: He will die of a heart attack at his Paris 453 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:46,600 Speaker 1: townhouse the following June, a few weeks before the spectacle 454 00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:50,080 Speaker 1: of the opening ceremonies in Berlin. That is a shame. 455 00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:54,360 Speaker 1: Few would have enjoyed that bit of fascist pageantry more 456 00:31:54,400 --> 00:31:59,480 Speaker 1: than Charles Hitchcock Cheryl. So the Advertising Club speech is 457 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:02,440 Speaker 1: really the last time we will see him in his element, 458 00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:05,520 Speaker 1: and he has a message for the world that day. 459 00:32:06,160 --> 00:32:10,680 Speaker 1: It's about the Jews. They are violating the rules of 460 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:14,080 Speaker 1: the pyramid. People are supposed to be nice to each other. 461 00:32:14,440 --> 00:32:16,960 Speaker 1: People are supposed to accept the world as it is, 462 00:32:17,360 --> 00:32:20,520 Speaker 1: be glad for it. People at the bottom are supposed 463 00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:24,440 Speaker 1: to stay out of sight, and everyone should revere the 464 00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,240 Speaker 1: people at the top. But ever since he stepped off 465 00:32:27,280 --> 00:32:30,440 Speaker 1: the normandy and said that bit about how Jews shouldn't 466 00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:34,640 Speaker 1: really complain about antisemitism because that will cause antisemitism, people 467 00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:39,640 Speaker 1: had been mean to him. This is what he wanted 468 00:32:39,680 --> 00:32:42,560 Speaker 1: to tell the August members of the Advertising Club of 469 00:32:42,600 --> 00:32:45,600 Speaker 1: New York. He has been wronged. 470 00:32:47,840 --> 00:32:51,400 Speaker 2: After all my years of arding a square deal for Jews. 471 00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:58,080 Speaker 2: They called me andy Jewish. Many questions have been asked 472 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:03,920 Speaker 2: me by telephone a letter about the type of communication 473 00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:08,960 Speaker 2: that have been coming in since my arrival from abroad 474 00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:14,800 Speaker 2: ten days ago. In the first place, almost all the 475 00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:19,480 Speaker 2: Jewish letters, I'm sorry to say, have been either abusive 476 00:33:20,240 --> 00:33:20,840 Speaker 2: or threatening. 477 00:33:21,320 --> 00:33:26,000 Speaker 1: He goes on and on. He is aggrieved, heavy hangs 478 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:27,920 Speaker 1: the head, the worse the crown. 479 00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,400 Speaker 2: This force is me, and I say it with deef emotion. 480 00:33:33,840 --> 00:33:36,400 Speaker 2: So there's this from those friendly efforts in the future. 481 00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:41,400 Speaker 2: But neither that incident nor the torrent of Jewish abuse 482 00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:46,600 Speaker 2: recently poured upon me can succeed in making me Auntie Jules. 483 00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:50,000 Speaker 1: He doesn't hate the Jews, he's trying to say, but 484 00:33:50,040 --> 00:33:53,040 Speaker 1: he will not stand with them again because his feelings 485 00:33:53,080 --> 00:33:57,680 Speaker 1: have been hurt. And then our wounded lion raises his 486 00:33:57,760 --> 00:33:59,400 Speaker 1: heavy head and says. 487 00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:05,200 Speaker 2: Enough, everybody has a perfect right to have an opinion 488 00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:09,759 Speaker 2: on this much discussed question. But now that decision to 489 00:34:09,880 --> 00:34:13,600 Speaker 2: go to Berlin has been definitely made by the only 490 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:16,680 Speaker 2: American group having the right of decision. 491 00:34:17,520 --> 00:34:20,920 Speaker 1: That would be people like Charles Hitchcock Cheryl, the people 492 00:34:21,280 --> 00:34:22,400 Speaker 1: at the top of the pyramid. 493 00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:26,759 Speaker 2: It would be well to remember General Grant saying the 494 00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:31,960 Speaker 2: close of our civil war, let us have tea. 495 00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:35,960 Speaker 1: And with that the room rises in loud agreement on 496 00:34:36,480 --> 00:34:37,040 Speaker 1: to Berlin. 497 00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:42,000 Speaker 6: General cherfls, you have quickened our democratic faith by telling 498 00:34:42,080 --> 00:34:46,279 Speaker 6: us of that global international democracy, the Olympic Gay and 499 00:34:46,440 --> 00:34:49,920 Speaker 6: let us run with patients. The race that is set. 500 00:34:49,719 --> 00:35:07,520 Speaker 1: Before religion's history is produced by ben Na daph Haffrey, 501 00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:12,200 Speaker 1: Tolly Emlin and Nina Bird Lawrence. Our editor is Sarah Nix. 502 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:18,160 Speaker 1: Fact checking by Arthur Gomperts and JAYL Goldfein. Original scoring 503 00:35:18,440 --> 00:35:22,400 Speaker 1: by Luis Garra, mastering by Flawan Williams, Sarah Buger and 504 00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:27,560 Speaker 1: Jake Gorsky. Engineering by Nina Bird Lawrence. Our executive producer 505 00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:33,280 Speaker 1: is Jacob Smith. Special thanks to Karen Chakerji. I'm Malcolm 506 00:35:33,280 --> 00:35:40,720 Speaker 1: Gladwell