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Speaker 1: Terms apply. Hey or Hey? Do you know the song

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Speaker 1: Twinkle Twinkle Little Star?

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Speaker 4: I do? Yeah? Are we taking song requests now on

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Speaker 4: the podcast?

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Speaker 1: No, I'm just trying to see something. How about the

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Speaker 1: alphabet song? Is that something you heard as a.

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Speaker 4: Kid, I've heard of the alphabet? Yeah, do you have

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Speaker 4: me to get my guitar?

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Speaker 1: Do you also know Bab Bab Black Sheep?

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Speaker 4: That one I'm not super familiar with, but it's another

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Speaker 4: kid song, right, mm hmmm?

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Speaker 1: Well did you ever realize these all have exactly the

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Speaker 1: same music?

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Speaker 4: What you just blew my mind? Are they all called

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Speaker 4: the same like Twinkle Twinkle, Little Alphabet black Cheap?

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Speaker 1: Yeah? They all end with three bags full of twinkling ABC's.

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Speaker 4: And a bunch of lawsuits, maybe apparently for copyright infringement.

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Speaker 4: I am Hoorehemdmay, cartoonists and the creator of PhD comics.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at U C Irvine, And like every other professor, I

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Speaker 1: also play the guitar.

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Speaker 4: Is that a requirement for professors?

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Speaker 1: I don't know, but I live in a neighborhood of professors,

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Speaker 1: and I feel like every single house I go into

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Speaker 1: has a guitar on the wall. I don't know if

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Speaker 1: they play it or if it's just like a demonstration object,

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Speaker 1: but there's lots of guitars in this neighborhood.

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Speaker 4: It's like when they were visiting some foreign country. They

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Speaker 4: picked up a guitar or something on a field trip

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Speaker 4: or a conference.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, or maybe it's just a conversation piece.

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Speaker 4: Nobody actually plays it.

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Speaker 1: Are you supposed to play guitar? Or you just have

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Speaker 1: one on your wall? Right?

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Speaker 4: To look cool, you get to ask something to look cool.

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Speaker 4: I guess if you're a professor.

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Speaker 1: But you're quite an accomplished guitar player, aren't you.

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Speaker 4: I don't know if I would say accomplished. But I

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Speaker 4: am in a band now.

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Speaker 1: Is there anyone else in your band?

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Speaker 4: No, I'm a one man band.

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Speaker 1: Now.

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Speaker 4: I'm in a rock band with some friends.

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Speaker 1: Oh wow, awesome.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, a bunch of middle aged men having middle aged crisis.

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Speaker 1: I've never heard of that happening before. That's amazing.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, we're called the Grateful Dads, So shout out to

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Speaker 4: my band members. But I don't think they listen to

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Speaker 4: this podcast. But anyways, Welcome to our podcast. Daniel and

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Speaker 4: Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which these two dads are grateful for our ability

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Speaker 1: to understand anything out there in the universe and dive

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Speaker 1: deep into all of the mysteries the crazy, bonkers weirdness

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Speaker 1: of our universe, the amazing quantum frothing foam, the incredible

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Speaker 1: cosmic conundrums, all of the stuff that you want to know,

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Speaker 1: the answers to the things that frame our existence, that

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Speaker 1: tell us how we got here and where the universe

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Speaker 1: is going. We explore all of these questions and more.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, because it is a pretty amazing and incredible universe,

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Speaker 4: full of exciting and crazy things happening, all at the

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Speaker 4: same time as a lot of sleepy things happening, a

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Speaker 4: lot of interesting tunes to put you to sleep.

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Speaker 1: I was wondering what you were talking about there, sleepy

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Speaker 1: things happening. It was like, as Jorgel, are we losing him?

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Speaker 1: Is he falling asleep over there? I don't think Twinkle Twinkle,

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Speaker 1: Little Star is supposed to put anybody to sleep, is it?

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Speaker 4: It's in it a bedtime song? Oh maybe not. Maybe

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Speaker 4: I didn't grow up here, so these were odd songs

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Speaker 4: that I was sung too.

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Speaker 1: I think it's more of a campfire song. You're sitting

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Speaker 1: there out in nature, looking up at the stars and wondering,

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Speaker 1: you know what they are. It's one of the oldest

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Speaker 1: questions humans have been asking about the nature of the cosmos.

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Speaker 1: What is out there? What is sending us those beams

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Speaker 1: of light?

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it's pretty incredible to think that, you know, the

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Speaker 4: earliest humans were looking up at the same sky we were,

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Speaker 4: and we're probably asking themselves the same questions, like what

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Speaker 4: is that shiny little dot there? And how far away

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Speaker 4: is it exactly?

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Speaker 1: And how many quarks are inside the heart of a

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Speaker 1: neutron star? I think that's a question people have been

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Speaker 1: asking for thousands of years, right.

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Speaker 4: If they were pretty smart caveman, I guess weren't caveman

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Speaker 4: the original particle colliders getting rocks.

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Speaker 1: Together exactly me make smaller rocks. But it's true, it's

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Speaker 1: an age old question, and there's a grand cosmic scale

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Speaker 1: to these questions because those photons departed those stars millions

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Speaker 1: of years or billionsions of years before even cavemen evolved.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it definitely starts have been around for billions, maybe

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Speaker 4: trillions of years, way before people were looking at them,

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Speaker 4: and they've been sending their light to us for all

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Speaker 4: that time, and some of that light is just now

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Speaker 4: getting to us right now.

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Speaker 1: And it's incredible to think about how that light actually

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Speaker 1: arrives here. A tiny little photon emitted by a star

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Speaker 1: billions and billions of miles away, has to fly through

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Speaker 1: an incredible amount of universe, dodging all sorts of kinds

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Speaker 1: of stuff just to land in your eyeball. It's an

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Speaker 1: incredible journey, and frankly, it's amazing to me that any

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Speaker 1: of the photons survive it.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, I mean, who knows what that photon has been through, right,

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Speaker 4: Like they could have maybe gone around a black hole

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Speaker 4: or barely dodged an asteroid or a comet, you know,

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Speaker 4: made it through an atmosphere, dodge all those boleykules of

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Speaker 4: air in our atmosphere, and just to go into your eyeball,

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Speaker 4: or just.

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Speaker 1: To hit a rock and nobody even observes it. That's

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Speaker 1: the thing that frustrates me is how many photons, caring

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Speaker 1: tiny little clues about the universe, just go totally unobserved.

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Speaker 4: They fade away like a bold rock star.

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Speaker 1: They're like little presents that nobody unwraps. You know, each

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Speaker 1: one has a clue at the kind of star that

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Speaker 1: it came from, the history of that star, what was

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Speaker 1: going on in that star at that moment, and then

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Speaker 1: just boom, nobody gathers it. It just goes like splat on

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Speaker 1: the sidewalk.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it's pretty cool to think that every star you see,

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Speaker 4: I mean, it was generated by a whole sun, right,

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Speaker 4: basically a giant ball of a fusion powered fire that

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Speaker 4: was shooting photons in every direction, and some of them

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Speaker 4: make it out to here.

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Speaker 1: It gives you a sense for the incredible size and

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Speaker 1: brightness of these stars that you can see them from

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Speaker 1: so far away. Imagine if your friend in Los Angeles

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Speaker 1: had a flashlight that you could see in New York,

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Speaker 1: you would think, oh my gosh, that must be a crazy,

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Speaker 1: crazy bright flashlight. Right. Well, these stars are so much

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Speaker 1: further away, and yet you can see them with your

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Speaker 1: naked eyes. It's incredible that these photons make it over

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Speaker 1: this distance.

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Speaker 4: I feel like something I realized only recently was the

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Speaker 4: fact that the reason why stars looked like the little

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Speaker 4: pinpoint in the sky. It's not that they are pinpoints,

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Speaker 4: or it's not that the sun is so far away

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Speaker 4: that the sun keeps getting smaller as it goes away.

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Speaker 4: It's literally just like one photoreceptor in my eyeball getting

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Speaker 4: activated by one photon.

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Speaker 1: You're saying that stars are like single eye pixels in

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Speaker 1: your mind.

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Speaker 4: Basically, right, Yeah, there's just well, what I think of

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Speaker 4: as a star, or what I see as a star

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Speaker 4: is really just one eyepixel, right, Like, it doesn't really

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Speaker 4: tell me anything about its shape or size.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's fascinating to think about how photons spread out

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Speaker 1: from that star and then sort of get more and

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Speaker 1: more distant from their neighbors. And to see a star

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Speaker 1: that's really far away, you only really just need one photon.

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Speaker 1: And even if that photon was created with billions of

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Speaker 1: other photons really near it, they all shoot out at

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Speaker 1: slightly different angles, and so by the time that it

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Speaker 1: arrives on Earth, it's basically alone. It's the only photon

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Speaker 1: that came from that star. Of course, there are more

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Speaker 1: coming behind it, but that's why the stars seem much dimmer,

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Speaker 1: of course, the further away they are, because the photons

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Speaker 1: are now spread out over a much larger area, and

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Speaker 1: so only a single coney your eye might register a

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Speaker 1: photon from that star. Yeah.

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Speaker 4: It kind of makes you wonder like if we had

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Speaker 4: bigger photoreceptors in our eyeballs, you know, like if our

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Speaker 4: pixels were bigger, the stars would look bigger, right, and

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Speaker 4: if they were smaller, they would look like smaller pinpoints.

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Speaker 1: I suppose if they were smaller, eventually we could even

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Speaker 1: resolve the size and the shape of the stars. You think,

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Speaker 1: so eventually eventually, right, because there is that information there.

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Speaker 1: I mean, if you have a large enough telescope for

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Speaker 1: close enough stars, you can definitely resolve the size of

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Speaker 1: the star.

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Speaker 4: You think, maybe like a hawk can see somehow the

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Speaker 4: contours of Alpha Centauri or something, or the Sagittarius.

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Speaker 1: We shouldn't be inviting eagles to astronomy conferences for sure.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, or at least on the podcast. I have questions

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Speaker 4: for them.

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Speaker 1: I want to interview the first hawks astronomer.

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Speaker 4: Now I hear they're just a bunch of hawks.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, astronomis for the birds.

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Speaker 4: But I hear they have a lot of feathers in

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Speaker 4: their polishing caps. But anyways, it is interesting to look

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Speaker 4: at a star in the night sky and see it twinkle, right.

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Speaker 4: It kind of makes you wonder, like, why is it twinkling?

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Speaker 4: Is it actually twinkling or is it does it just

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Speaker 4: look like it's twinkling.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, this is a question that people have been asking

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Speaker 1: for a long long time, not just what are the stars,

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Speaker 1: but what is the fact that they're twinkling, tell us

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Speaker 1: about them? Why do different stars seem to twinkle different amounts?

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Speaker 1: And it's a question with lots of different layers of answers,

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Speaker 1: because it turns out there's lots of different reasons that

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Speaker 1: stars can twinkle.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, And it's a question that apparently inspired a song

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Speaker 4: a long time.

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Speaker 1: Ago, three different songs.

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Speaker 4: Hmmm, have you dug into it? Which one came first?

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Speaker 4: Twinkle Tinkle lit a Star or the ABC song?

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Actually turns out the song for twinkle Twinkle is

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Speaker 1: derived from something composed by Mozart, which was inspired by

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Speaker 1: something even earlier, and then later an American music publisher

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Speaker 1: adapted the tune to fit the Alphabet song. So Twinkle

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Speaker 1: Twinkle came first, and then the alphabet.

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Speaker 4: Interesting, but even twinkle Twinkle was based on something else.

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Speaker 1: All music, of course, is inspired by previous music. Right.

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Speaker 4: It's all derivative, right, right, And we're all made out

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Speaker 4: of star to us, even the songs about stars.

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Speaker 1: Does your band play original music or only covers?

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Speaker 4: So far we're only covers.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I see, you got Twinkle Twinkle, you got Bob

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Speaker 1: about black Sheep, you got the Alphabet song, and a

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Speaker 1: huge variety.

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Speaker 4: That's right, we cover everything from bod to pink Floyd.

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Speaker 4: But anyways, this is an interesting question, and so today

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Speaker 4: on the podcast, we'll be asking what makes a star twinkle? Twinkle? Right,

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Speaker 4: not tinkle.

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Speaker 1: It's not that kind of podcast. We don't ask stars

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Speaker 1: about their personal.

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Speaker 4: Habits, about their bodily functions. We do sort of ask

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Speaker 4: a lot about how the insights of stars though, right,

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Speaker 4: and the gases that are rupt from it.

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Speaker 1: That's true, And we do talk about the waste products

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Speaker 1: of stars and how they can be the compost that

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Speaker 1: nourishes the formation of a future solar system. They're all

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Speaker 1: part of the life cycle. Yeah.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it's all physics. And so maybe next time we

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Speaker 4: should ask what makes the start tinkle?

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Speaker 1: Welcome to our spinoff podcast, Inappropriate Physics. But it's a

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Speaker 1: fascinating question. I think a lot of people might have

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Speaker 1: some sense of the common answer to this question, but

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Speaker 1: if you dig deeper, it turns out there's lots of

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Speaker 1: different fascinating physics that might make stars twinkle.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it turns out there's not just one reason stars twinkle.

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Speaker 4: There are several reasons. But the basic effect is that

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Speaker 4: when you look at a star in the night sky,

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Speaker 4: it sort of doesn't look like a constant dot right,

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Speaker 4: or a constant dot shining. It looks sort of like

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Speaker 4: it's blinking on and off a little bit.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, stars look a little bit like they blink

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Speaker 1: like they're not just like a laser focused at your eyeball.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, it's almost like something is turning it on and

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Speaker 4: off a little.

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Speaker 1: Bit, or something is interfering with it, something's getting between

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Speaker 1: you and the star.

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Speaker 4: All right, So we'll dig into this question what makes

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Speaker 4: a star twinkle? But first we were wondering how many

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Speaker 4: people out there had thought about this question when they

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Speaker 4: were singing the song or otherwise, And so Daniel went

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Speaker 4: out there into the did you go into the internet

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Speaker 4: or to the UCI campus this time?

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Speaker 1: These are answers from the internet, So thank you to

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Speaker 1: everybody who participated. And if you like to put your

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Speaker 1: mind to the test for future episodes and let people

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Speaker 1: hear what you think about hard physical problems, please don't

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Speaker 1: be shy right to us. Do questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 4: That's right, and you can also go visit Daniel d

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Speaker 4: you see Irvine right and hope to run into him

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Speaker 4: in the middle of campus.

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Speaker 1: That's right, I'm on canvas at you see Irvine, and

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Speaker 1: I have office hours, so come on stop.

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Speaker 4: By to think about it for a second. Why do

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Speaker 4: you think stars twinkled? Here's what people had say.

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Speaker 1: I don't think stars twinkle.

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Speaker 5: I think their photons are disrupted by temperature and pressure

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Speaker 5: differentials in our atmosphere, giving us the appearance of twinkling.

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Speaker 5: I imagine it's the same phenomenon that one witnesses looking

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Speaker 5: over hot asphalt and seeing the horizon waggle. And I'd

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Speaker 5: venture to guess that they don't twinkle when observed from

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Speaker 5: the International Space Station.

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Speaker 6: Well, I guess it depends what we mean by blink.

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Speaker 6: The first thing that comes to mind is if we're

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Speaker 6: observing a star and something moves between us and the star,

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Speaker 6: like a planet, it's going to appear to have blinked,

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Speaker 6: I guess. But the star itself isn't actually doing anything.

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Speaker 6: It's just something's moved in front of it, so it

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Speaker 6: looks like something's happened to it. I think that might

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Speaker 6: be what the blink is.

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Speaker 7: In general. I don't think stars actually blink, but I

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Speaker 7: can envision dust clouds or particularly large planets moving between

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Speaker 7: us and that star. Making them appear to blink or

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Speaker 7: dim significantly.

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Speaker 1: It makes a star blink when the star is about

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Speaker 1: to explode.

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Speaker 8: That is one reason the atmosphere makes a star blink too, right.

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Speaker 8: And then a lot of stars are binary pairs actually,

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Speaker 8: and some of them I think can be rotating around

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Speaker 8: really quick, and that would make the star appear like

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Speaker 8: it's blinking.

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Speaker 9: Well, I know, the blinking that we see from here

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Speaker 9: on Earth, like the twinkling star, that's more to do

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Speaker 9: with our atmosphere than the star itself. But I do

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Speaker 9: know that stars all so blink over the course.

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Speaker 1: Of you know, weeks and months.

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Speaker 9: I know people just did recently. I'm not sure what

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Speaker 9: the cause was, though, so if I had to guess,

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Speaker 9: I would think it would be maybe gas clouds or

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Speaker 9: even transiting planets.

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Speaker 10: I don't know. I think that what makes us start

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Speaker 10: blink maybe some kind of interference with any object object

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Speaker 10: that may cross in the path between the star and

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Speaker 10: the person who observes the blinking.

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Speaker 11: I would say that what makes us star blink is

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Speaker 11: the disturbances in the atmosphere, similar to what we see

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Speaker 11: when looking at distant street lights. There are you know,

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Speaker 11: small air currents, pockets of warm and cold air that

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Speaker 11: are constantly moving that through refraction, cause distant, tiny light

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Speaker 11: sources such as stars to blink when viewed, although that

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Speaker 11: just might be my view as an amateur astronomer.

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Speaker 4: All right, people seem to have pretty strong opinions here.

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Speaker 4: I mean a few people didn't know, but a lot

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Speaker 4: of people seem to think what was going on.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there's a strong vein here of people thinking that

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Speaker 1: stars are interfered with by our atmosphere. Yeah.

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Speaker 4: A lot of people say that it's not that the

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Speaker 4: stars actually blink like at the source, like the star itself.

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Speaker 4: It's just that it just looks like it's blinking.

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Speaker 1: And that's a fascinating answer because it suggests that the

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Speaker 1: photons are like uninterrupted for billions and billions of years,

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Speaker 1: and then just like micro seconds before they hit your eyeball,

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Speaker 1: that's when they get twinkled.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, that's what we tell people who come listen to

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Speaker 4: our band. It's not that we sound bad. It's just

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Speaker 4: that the you know, our perfect sounds somehow, guess is

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Speaker 4: stored it on the way to your ear.

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Speaker 1: That's right, that's why you forced them to plug indirectly

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Speaker 1: to your instruments, right, so they can hear the unadulterated

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Speaker 1: intended version of your music.

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Speaker 4: That's right, Yes, the direct neural download, that's the next step.

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Speaker 1: Actually, I know somebody with hearing loss and they have

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Speaker 1: a new kind of hearing aid that allows for a

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Speaker 1: Bluetooth connection so that the sound doesn't have to go

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Speaker 1: through the air. They can just hear the original unadulterated sound. Wow,

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Speaker 1: that's really interesting. I wonder if it sounds better or different. Oh,

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Speaker 1: it's much clearer. They can go to presentations, they can

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Speaker 1: hear in church. Now, it's much better than just amplifying

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Speaker 1: the sound through the air.

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Speaker 4: Sounds great, And that means you can also hit the

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Speaker 4: mute button I imagine at church or at a professor lecture.

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Speaker 1: That's right. It probably also means that you can have

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Speaker 1: them and you can like pipe in the Grateful Dads

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Speaker 1: or something else.

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Speaker 4: Yeah, much better than a professor lecturer for sure, especially

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Speaker 4: if you're getting it at the source. But anyways, it's

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Speaker 4: some interesting ideas here. A lot of people say it's

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Speaker 4: not the stars that are actually blinking, it's somehow like

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Speaker 4: the atmosphere that's making them blink or somehow making them

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Speaker 4: look like they're blinking. So Daniel, maybe step us through.

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Speaker 4: What are some of the actual reasons why stars sprinkle?

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Speaker 1: Well, our atmosphere is the number one reason, and this

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Speaker 1: is basically why we have space telescopes, because it's not

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Speaker 1: very nice to look at distance stars through the atmosphere

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Speaker 1: because while the air seems clear to you, it actually

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Speaker 1: can make light zig and zag a little bit because

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Speaker 1: it's a slightly different temperatures and slightly different densities. And

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Speaker 1: that's sort of like looking through glass with impurities in it.

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Speaker 4: That's interesting. But I guess like if I look at

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Speaker 4: something through a glass or like a hazy glass, it

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Speaker 4: doesn't make this light source twinkle. It just makes it

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Speaker 4: look dimmer.

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Speaker 1: Well, what a glass does is it bends the light, right,

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Speaker 1: That's how a lens works. And so if you have

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Speaker 1: glass that has like varying densities and varying temperatures in it,

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Speaker 1: for example, then it will change the path of that light.

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Speaker 1: And so what happens to the photons is the hit

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere is not that they're like destroyed, is that

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Speaker 1: they're just changed direction. And so for you to see

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Speaker 1: a star, you need like a direct line of sight

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Speaker 1: between you and the star. But if some photons are deflected,

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Speaker 1: then you don't see them. Those photons might land to

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Speaker 1: your left, or to your right or somewhere else. They

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Speaker 1: still hit the earth, but they're not hitting your eye anymore.

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Speaker 1: So to your eye, it looks like the star is

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Speaker 1: twinkling because the stream of photons is interrupted.

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Speaker 4: Right. But I guess what I mean is that the

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Speaker 4: difference between like a glass and the atmosphere is the

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Speaker 4: atmosphere is sort of like always changing.

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Speaker 3: Right.

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Speaker 4: There is wind, and there's you know, variations and clouds,

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Speaker 4: and so it makes the stars twinkle because the air

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Speaker 4: is sort of like moving and waving around in front

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Speaker 4: of you, whereas it like a glass doesn't. Right, Like

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Speaker 4: a glass doesn't make a star twinkle.

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Speaker 1: That's right. A glass wouldn't make a star twinkle. It

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Speaker 1: might deflect the path, but if you find the right location,

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Speaker 1: you could see a constant stream of light flowing through

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Speaker 1: the glass. But as you say, air is constantly changing, right,

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Speaker 1: the wind, the atmospheric conditions are constantly changing, and so

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Speaker 1: the path of a photon through the air is not constant.

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Speaker 1: So if you're just standing there with your eyeball in

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Speaker 1: one location, you're not going to get all the photons

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Speaker 1: that come from that star.

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Speaker 4: Well, it's kind of interesting because the atmosphere makes the

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Speaker 4: stars twinkle, like it makes the photons sometimes reach your

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Speaker 4: eyeball and sometimes not. But you're saying that it can

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Speaker 4: also bend the photons, But it doesn't make the stars

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Speaker 4: kind of wavy? Does it? Right?

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Speaker 1: In principle, it does. If you could capture all of

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Speaker 1: those photons, like if you had a huge collection device,

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Speaker 1: then you would still see the star because the deflected

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Speaker 1: photons would land in your collection device, and then you

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Speaker 1: would think the star came from a different place. And

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Speaker 1: so because you have a small collection device just your eyeball,

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Speaker 1: you're missing some of those photons. So it looks like

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Speaker 1: the star twinkles rather than dances. There's actually another really

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Speaker 1: interesting effect called stellar aberration, which means that the stars

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Speaker 1: are not actually where they look like they are because

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Speaker 1: they have relative velocity to the Earth. So by the

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Speaker 1: time the light gets here, the stars have sort of

440
00:20:20,880 --> 00:20:23,320
Speaker 1: moved away from where they appear to be. But that's

441
00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:25,159
Speaker 1: a different thing. It doesn't cause the stars to twinkle,

442
00:20:25,160 --> 00:20:27,520
Speaker 1: It just causes them to be somewhere other than where

443
00:20:27,520 --> 00:20:28,240
Speaker 1: they appear to be.

444
00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:31,879
Speaker 4: I see that's a different song altogether. That's more like

445
00:20:31,880 --> 00:20:33,680
Speaker 4: a Baba Black stellar aberration.

446
00:20:34,320 --> 00:20:37,080
Speaker 1: Yeah. Historically, it's actually really important because it's one clue

447
00:20:37,080 --> 00:20:39,680
Speaker 1: that we use against the ether hypothesis. People are trying

448
00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:42,320
Speaker 1: to understand how light propagated through the universe, and they

449
00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:44,880
Speaker 1: thought maybe there's ether, but then Michael Sin and Morley

450
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:47,160
Speaker 1: showed that there couldn't be ether, so people thought, oh, well,

451
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,600
Speaker 1: maybe we are stuck in a blob of ether that

452
00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:52,520
Speaker 1: travels with the Earth, but then we wouldn't have stellar aberration.

453
00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:55,000
Speaker 1: But anyway, back to twinkling stars.

454
00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:56,160
Speaker 4: Yeah, I think what you're saying is that the star

455
00:20:56,240 --> 00:20:58,840
Speaker 4: is shooting this train of photons adds and they're all

456
00:20:58,880 --> 00:21:01,560
Speaker 4: coming sort of in a street line to our eyeballs.

457
00:21:01,880 --> 00:21:04,120
Speaker 4: But some of them, like hit a pocket of hot

458
00:21:04,160 --> 00:21:06,200
Speaker 4: air and get deflected, or they happen to hit a

459
00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:09,880
Speaker 4: molecule of nitrogen in the atmosphere and it doesn't make

460
00:21:09,920 --> 00:21:12,400
Speaker 4: it out to us, and so this train of photons

461
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:15,520
Speaker 4: is interrupted, and that is making it look like it's

462
00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:16,960
Speaker 4: turning on and off to our eyeballs.

463
00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:19,200
Speaker 1: That's exactly right. And then if you look at something

464
00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:22,800
Speaker 1: slightly bigger, like a planet, which is closer, you're getting

465
00:21:22,880 --> 00:21:25,639
Speaker 1: multiple streams of photons from that planet. It's not so

466
00:21:25,760 --> 00:21:27,720
Speaker 1: far away that it just looks like a point source.

467
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:29,959
Speaker 1: It's like a little disk in the sky. And so

468
00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:33,119
Speaker 1: while some of those photons may get scattered from one stream,

469
00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:35,760
Speaker 1: you're pretty much always getting them from another stream. And

470
00:21:35,800 --> 00:21:38,359
Speaker 1: so a planet looks like a little hazy because the

471
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:40,879
Speaker 1: atmosphere or its edges might wiggle a little bit. But

472
00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:43,440
Speaker 1: a planet doesn't twinkle because it doesn't get like all

473
00:21:43,480 --> 00:21:45,160
Speaker 1: of its streams interrupted at once.

474
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:49,280
Speaker 4: Interesting unless it's maybe like a super cloudy day, right,

475
00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:51,880
Speaker 4: or you know, a particularly kind of hazy night.

476
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, it could be. You know, if something passes between

477
00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:56,520
Speaker 1: you and a planet, like an eagle or something, it

478
00:21:56,520 --> 00:21:58,679
Speaker 1: can block the view, or if there's like a huge

479
00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:01,399
Speaker 1: blob of gas hot gas somewhere in the atmosphere, it

480
00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:03,760
Speaker 1: could distort it. But twinkling is not something you're going

481
00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:06,320
Speaker 1: to see regularly from a planet because it appears larger

482
00:22:06,359 --> 00:22:09,119
Speaker 1: in the sky and so it's not as often actually interrupted.

483
00:22:09,160 --> 00:22:11,880
Speaker 4: All right, Well, that's one source of twinkling of the stars,

484
00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:14,239
Speaker 4: and there are others, and there are things we can

485
00:22:14,280 --> 00:22:17,040
Speaker 4: do to correct that twinkling. So we can actually study stars,

486
00:22:17,560 --> 00:22:20,280
Speaker 4: but let's get into that after we take a quick break.

487
00:22:24,880 --> 00:22:27,800
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00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:05,359
Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about Twinkle twinkle, little stars or

556
00:26:05,359 --> 00:26:08,840
Speaker 4: big stars. I guess yeah. Technically stars are not little.

557
00:26:09,720 --> 00:26:12,080
Speaker 1: Some stars are little, you know, Neutron stars are only

558
00:26:12,119 --> 00:26:16,280
Speaker 1: like ten kilometers across. That's pretty little by star standards,

559
00:26:16,520 --> 00:26:19,080
Speaker 1: and some of them are enormous. We have an episode

560
00:26:19,119 --> 00:26:21,240
Speaker 1: about the biggest stars in the universe, and some of

561
00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:23,520
Speaker 1: them are bigger than our solar system.

562
00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:26,200
Speaker 4: So maybe it should be more like Twinkle Twinkle gigantic star.

563
00:26:26,440 --> 00:26:28,440
Speaker 1: You say it that way, it sounds flattering, like wow,

564
00:26:28,520 --> 00:26:30,720
Speaker 1: your swollen star. You've been working out.

565
00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:33,600
Speaker 4: Twinkle twinkle ripstar.

566
00:26:35,240 --> 00:26:37,040
Speaker 1: Stars always skip leg day.

567
00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:39,760
Speaker 4: So we were talking about how the twinkling, most of

568
00:26:39,760 --> 00:26:41,360
Speaker 4: the twinkling, or a lot of the twinkling we see

569
00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:43,399
Speaker 4: of the stars is due to our atmosphere. Like we

570
00:26:43,480 --> 00:26:46,960
Speaker 4: have this kind of hazy layer of air and gas

571
00:26:47,040 --> 00:26:50,119
Speaker 4: around the Earth which is constantly moving, maybe has pockets

572
00:26:50,119 --> 00:26:53,080
Speaker 4: of hot air, cold air, different you know, clouds and

573
00:26:53,119 --> 00:26:55,240
Speaker 4: things like that, and so that is what a lot

574
00:26:55,280 --> 00:26:58,080
Speaker 4: of what makes stars twinkle because they kind of obscure

575
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:01,600
Speaker 4: or interrupt the train of photons coming to our eyes

576
00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:02,840
Speaker 4: from the stars.

577
00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:06,119
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that's a big challenge for ground based astronomy

578
00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:07,760
Speaker 1: because we want to study the star and we want

579
00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:10,240
Speaker 1: to get great resolution. You know, this fuzzes out one

580
00:27:10,280 --> 00:27:12,840
Speaker 1: star that might be next to another one. It makes

581
00:27:12,840 --> 00:27:15,879
Speaker 1: it harder to observe things in space and get really

582
00:27:15,960 --> 00:27:17,320
Speaker 1: really crisp images.

583
00:27:17,560 --> 00:27:20,000
Speaker 4: Yeah, I guess you know, the way astronomy started is

584
00:27:20,040 --> 00:27:22,119
Speaker 4: that it was pretty good for like basic stuff of

585
00:27:22,480 --> 00:27:24,960
Speaker 4: star observing, but then as we wanted to get more

586
00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:27,879
Speaker 4: detailed or you know, look further out than the atmosphere,

587
00:27:27,880 --> 00:27:29,160
Speaker 4: and the twinkling became a problem.

588
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:31,439
Speaker 1: Yeah. Well until recently, we couldn't do anything about it.

589
00:27:31,480 --> 00:27:33,960
Speaker 1: We couldn't avoid the atmosphere. Now, of course we have

590
00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:37,480
Speaker 1: things like space based telescopes, which are awesome and it

591
00:27:37,480 --> 00:27:41,680
Speaker 1: can avoid atmospheric effects. But there are limitations on space telescopes, right.

592
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:44,640
Speaker 1: They're expensive, they're hard to fix, they have to fit

593
00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:47,440
Speaker 1: within a rocket. Sometimes they blow up. And so there's

594
00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:51,040
Speaker 1: sort of two very complementary paths for astronomy. One space

595
00:27:51,080 --> 00:27:53,360
Speaker 1: based where you get crisp clear pictures, and the other

596
00:27:53,720 --> 00:27:56,600
Speaker 1: ground based astronomy where they've come up with some really

597
00:27:56,640 --> 00:27:59,680
Speaker 1: really clever techniques to try to overcome some of the

598
00:27:59,720 --> 00:28:01,080
Speaker 1: app spherical limitations.

599
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:05,160
Speaker 4: Yeah, just called adaptive optics, Like they actually constantly move

600
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:06,680
Speaker 4: the mirrors to correct for the twinkling.

601
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:09,640
Speaker 1: It's totally bonkers and it sounds like it would never work,

602
00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:12,400
Speaker 1: but you're right. They have these mirrors that are deformable,

603
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:15,359
Speaker 1: meaning you can change the shape of the mirror so

604
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:17,199
Speaker 1: when the light hits it, it bounces off at a

605
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:19,960
Speaker 1: different angle. And if you know the effect of the

606
00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:23,960
Speaker 1: atmosphere on your light source, then you can calculate in

607
00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:27,600
Speaker 1: real time how to deform your mirror to undo it,

608
00:28:27,640 --> 00:28:31,040
Speaker 1: to like enhance to defog it to defuzz it, And

609
00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:33,800
Speaker 1: so they do these on really fancy telescopes on like

610
00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:38,160
Speaker 1: the millisecond time scale. It's like constantly varying in small

611
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:40,000
Speaker 1: amounts the shape of the mirrors.

612
00:28:40,440 --> 00:28:42,640
Speaker 4: But I guess I'm a little confused now because earlier

613
00:28:42,680 --> 00:28:45,040
Speaker 4: we said that, you know, the twinkling is sort of

614
00:28:45,120 --> 00:28:49,040
Speaker 4: not it's not making the star wavy or fuzzy. It's

615
00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:52,320
Speaker 4: actually just kind of interrupting the stream of photons. So

616
00:28:52,360 --> 00:28:55,960
Speaker 4: how can moving the mirrors correct for photons that didn't

617
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:56,360
Speaker 4: get to me?

618
00:28:56,480 --> 00:28:57,760
Speaker 1: Well, it doesn't get to you if you have a

619
00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:00,480
Speaker 1: tiny little collection device like an eyeball, But if you have,

620
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:03,400
Speaker 1: you know, like a thirty meter telescope, then it's more

621
00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:05,400
Speaker 1: likely that you are going to get that photon. And

622
00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:07,360
Speaker 1: the photon has just been deflected a little bit in

623
00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:09,920
Speaker 1: one direction. And now if you have a few objects

624
00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:13,200
Speaker 1: near each other, then when the atmosphere changes, it's changing

625
00:29:13,240 --> 00:29:15,560
Speaker 1: the path of all those photons, and those objects get

626
00:29:15,640 --> 00:29:18,400
Speaker 1: fuzzed together instead of getting a clear, crisp image. So

627
00:29:18,440 --> 00:29:20,720
Speaker 1: if you change the shape of your mirror, you can

628
00:29:20,760 --> 00:29:23,320
Speaker 1: sort of undo that and send the photons back as

629
00:29:23,320 --> 00:29:24,920
Speaker 1: if the atmosphere hadn't happened.

630
00:29:25,080 --> 00:29:27,360
Speaker 4: Oh, I see this is for a different song. I

631
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,160
Speaker 4: guess right, this would be for like Fuzzy Fuzzy Little Star.

632
00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:34,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. But it's a hard problem to solve. Like,

633
00:29:34,560 --> 00:29:36,560
Speaker 1: to do this, you have to know what the atmosphere

634
00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:39,240
Speaker 1: has done to your photons. You might wonder, like, well,

635
00:29:39,240 --> 00:29:41,600
Speaker 1: how could you possibly know? You're trying to get a

636
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:44,000
Speaker 1: crisp image. You don't know what the true image should

637
00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:47,200
Speaker 1: look like, so how can you like invert the atmosphere.

638
00:29:47,320 --> 00:29:48,560
Speaker 1: It's a really hard problem.

639
00:29:48,680 --> 00:29:51,040
Speaker 4: Yeah, and I hear they use lasers for that.

640
00:29:51,080 --> 00:29:54,440
Speaker 1: Right, Sometimes they use lasers. What you need, ideally, is

641
00:29:54,520 --> 00:29:57,520
Speaker 1: some point source near the thing you're looking at where

642
00:29:57,560 --> 00:29:59,720
Speaker 1: you know what it should look like like something else

643
00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:02,640
Speaker 1: you're buying the sky, where you know exactly how it

644
00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:05,200
Speaker 1: should look, and that lets you calculate what the atmosphere

645
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:07,360
Speaker 1: has done to it. You don't always have that, because

646
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:09,800
Speaker 1: you don't have like something we have a hubble image

647
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,240
Speaker 1: of it nearby your star. So sometimes they use lasers

648
00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:16,640
Speaker 1: and they create these artificial guide stars, like we know

649
00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:18,600
Speaker 1: what it should look like when you shoot a laser

650
00:30:18,640 --> 00:30:21,560
Speaker 1: into the upper atmosphere to like excite the gases and

651
00:30:21,640 --> 00:30:24,160
Speaker 1: create some emission. We know what that should look like,

652
00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:26,200
Speaker 1: and so we can sort of calculate what the atmosphere

653
00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:28,920
Speaker 1: has done to that light and then undo that to

654
00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:30,040
Speaker 1: the light from the stars.

655
00:30:30,920 --> 00:30:33,080
Speaker 4: I see you use the laser or the reference like

656
00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:35,200
Speaker 4: a control and it actually sort of tells you what

657
00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:37,640
Speaker 4: the atmosphere is doing. Oh, it's distorting your image.

658
00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:40,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's probing the atmosphere. That's why sometimes you see

659
00:30:40,360 --> 00:30:43,080
Speaker 1: these telescopes with these lasers shooting out of it. It's

660
00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:45,800
Speaker 1: not like we're defending the Earth from aliens or sending

661
00:30:45,880 --> 00:30:49,040
Speaker 1: messages or zapping eagles or anything like that. We're just

662
00:30:49,120 --> 00:30:51,880
Speaker 1: creating a reference image, so we know what the atmosphere

663
00:30:51,920 --> 00:30:53,160
Speaker 1: has done to our star light.

664
00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:55,840
Speaker 4: All right, Well, that's kind of what the atmosphere is doing.

665
00:30:55,880 --> 00:30:58,200
Speaker 4: It's doing a lot of the twinkling. So does that

666
00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:00,800
Speaker 4: mean that like a space telescope like the Whole or

667
00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:03,600
Speaker 4: the new James Webb that's out there in space doesn't

668
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:04,560
Speaker 4: get twinkling stars.

669
00:31:04,640 --> 00:31:07,080
Speaker 1: It doesn't get twinkling stars for that reason, right, there's

670
00:31:07,120 --> 00:31:10,080
Speaker 1: no atmosphere up there in space to interfere with the Hubble,

671
00:31:10,120 --> 00:31:12,200
Speaker 1: and that's one reason why its pictures can be so

672
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:15,480
Speaker 1: awesome and crisp and clear. So it's definitely an advantage

673
00:31:15,480 --> 00:31:18,000
Speaker 1: of space based telescopes. But when the hubble looks out

674
00:31:18,040 --> 00:31:21,320
Speaker 1: of stars, it still sometimes sees their light getting interrupted.

675
00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:25,920
Speaker 4: Interesting, it still sees twinkling stars. It still sees twinkling stars.

676
00:31:26,320 --> 00:31:29,400
Speaker 4: And because we can remove the atmosphere from the explanation,

677
00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:32,440
Speaker 4: that means there must be something else interfering with these

678
00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:37,600
Speaker 4: stars or something else going on at the actual star itself. Whoa,

679
00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:40,640
Speaker 4: So there are other sources of twinkling for a star,

680
00:31:40,880 --> 00:31:42,760
Speaker 4: like even if you get out of the atmosphere, you

681
00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:44,000
Speaker 4: might still see some twinkling.

682
00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:46,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's totally fascinating. There were a lot of

683
00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:49,160
Speaker 1: articles a few years ago about this star called Tabby's Star.

684
00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:53,080
Speaker 1: Were in twenty fifteen, some citizen scientists saw this dimming

685
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:55,520
Speaker 1: of this star that nobody could explain. And you might

686
00:31:55,560 --> 00:31:57,400
Speaker 1: remember there were a lot of articles written about how

687
00:31:57,480 --> 00:32:01,120
Speaker 1: like it might be an alien Dyson sphere, huge megastructure

688
00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:03,600
Speaker 1: built to gather all of the energy from the star

689
00:32:03,720 --> 00:32:06,360
Speaker 1: that might be explaining why it seemed to be eclipsed.

690
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,160
Speaker 4: WHOA, did you say a Tabby star like a cat?

691
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:13,520
Speaker 1: It's called Tabby's Star. I'm not sure if it's named

692
00:32:13,520 --> 00:32:16,600
Speaker 1: after a person named Tabby or a person's cat named Tabby,

693
00:32:16,880 --> 00:32:18,080
Speaker 1: it's called Tabby's Star.

694
00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:20,680
Speaker 4: I feel like we've hit the whole zoo here talked

695
00:32:20,680 --> 00:32:23,880
Speaker 4: about black sheep and hawks and now cats.

696
00:32:24,280 --> 00:32:28,480
Speaker 1: It's also sometimes called WTF star, though I won't speculate

697
00:32:28,520 --> 00:32:29,400
Speaker 1: on what that stands for.

698
00:32:29,640 --> 00:32:32,960
Speaker 4: MM why toroid formation.

699
00:32:33,520 --> 00:32:36,000
Speaker 1: Yes, I'm sure that's what they meant.

700
00:32:38,160 --> 00:32:40,040
Speaker 4: Or what the physics in Spanish.

701
00:32:40,120 --> 00:32:42,040
Speaker 1: But it turns out, of course that it's likely not

702
00:32:42,240 --> 00:32:44,720
Speaker 1: a dice in swarm. A dice in sworm would block

703
00:32:44,840 --> 00:32:47,920
Speaker 1: light at all wavelengths because it would basically be opaque.

704
00:32:47,920 --> 00:32:49,960
Speaker 1: But the light that's coming from Tabi Star has been

705
00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:54,560
Speaker 1: interfered with in some way that's not consistent across the spectrum,

706
00:32:54,560 --> 00:32:57,840
Speaker 1: like some frequencies of light can penetrate still from Tabi

707
00:32:57,920 --> 00:33:00,840
Speaker 1: Star and other frequencies can't. We don't have a great

708
00:33:00,840 --> 00:33:03,600
Speaker 1: idea for what it is that's interfering with the light.

709
00:33:03,840 --> 00:33:06,080
Speaker 1: People thought maybe it's a planet that blew up and

710
00:33:06,080 --> 00:33:08,840
Speaker 1: created a big ring of dust, but that's also not

711
00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:11,520
Speaker 1: creating the amount of infrared glowing people would see. So

712
00:33:11,560 --> 00:33:14,400
Speaker 1: it's really fascinating when a star twinkles when it dims

713
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:17,080
Speaker 1: because it lets us understand what might be going on

714
00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:19,200
Speaker 1: in that star's system.

715
00:33:18,920 --> 00:33:21,560
Speaker 4: Right, It tells us a little bit about its internal

716
00:33:21,680 --> 00:33:22,800
Speaker 4: body bowel movements.

717
00:33:22,880 --> 00:33:26,240
Speaker 1: Pratt I like to think about it as like telling

718
00:33:26,280 --> 00:33:28,880
Speaker 1: us about its neighborhood. Hey, what's going on over there,

719
00:33:28,920 --> 00:33:31,320
Speaker 1: tabby star? Who are your friends? Who you hanging out with?

720
00:33:31,480 --> 00:33:32,600
Speaker 1: Did you blow up a planet?

721
00:33:34,080 --> 00:33:36,360
Speaker 4: All right, so you're saying, that's kind of one example

722
00:33:36,440 --> 00:33:39,880
Speaker 4: of us seeing a star out in space sort of

723
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:42,720
Speaker 4: changing its brightness, but not due to the atmosphere.

724
00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:45,400
Speaker 1: And people who are interested in exoplanets, of course, know

725
00:33:45,720 --> 00:33:48,240
Speaker 1: that seeing a star's light dimmed by a tiny little

726
00:33:48,320 --> 00:33:51,680
Speaker 1: bit is an excellent way to observe exoplanets in that star.

727
00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:54,160
Speaker 1: Right When we get like eclipsed by a planet that

728
00:33:54,280 --> 00:33:56,480
Speaker 1: passes in front of the star, it can cause a

729
00:33:56,600 --> 00:34:00,120
Speaker 1: very slight dimming, and if you observe that carefully, you

730
00:34:00,120 --> 00:34:03,200
Speaker 1: can deduce the presence of that exoplanet. I wouldn't call

731
00:34:03,240 --> 00:34:05,840
Speaker 1: that exactly twinkling, but it's an example of a star

732
00:34:05,880 --> 00:34:09,280
Speaker 1: getting a small eclipse from an exoplanet.

733
00:34:08,800 --> 00:34:11,600
Speaker 4: Right, Because these planets, they don't come in front of

734
00:34:11,640 --> 00:34:14,120
Speaker 4: the Sun that often, right, Like maybe every couple of

735
00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:16,560
Speaker 4: most like a couple of hours, right, it'd be a

736
00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:19,800
Speaker 4: slow twinkle. A slow twinkle be more like a twinkle.

737
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:23,000
Speaker 1: And of course it depends on the exoplanet and what

738
00:34:23,040 --> 00:34:25,280
Speaker 1: its orbit is. Sometimes it's like once in a hundred

739
00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,160
Speaker 1: years it passes around, or maybe it's every few hours.

740
00:34:28,160 --> 00:34:30,200
Speaker 1: If it's zooming around really close to the star, it

741
00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:32,799
Speaker 1: really limits our ability to discover this kind of thing.

742
00:34:32,880 --> 00:34:36,680
Speaker 1: But sometimes we see stars with much more dramatic dimming

743
00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:40,400
Speaker 1: than we could ever explain with exoplanets, or even dust swarms.

744
00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:43,160
Speaker 4: Interesting. I guess my question is like how common are

745
00:34:43,200 --> 00:34:45,800
Speaker 4: these other phenomena? Like if I was at in space

746
00:34:45,880 --> 00:34:48,000
Speaker 4: in my spacesuit and I looked at the stars, would

747
00:34:48,040 --> 00:34:50,680
Speaker 4: I see the stars twinkling or would they look pretty

748
00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:52,200
Speaker 4: overall pretty constant?

749
00:34:52,239 --> 00:34:54,640
Speaker 1: To my eyeball, this is pretty unusual. Most of the

750
00:34:54,640 --> 00:34:57,920
Speaker 1: stars are pretty constant. Sometimes there are things that interfere

751
00:34:57,960 --> 00:35:00,320
Speaker 1: with the star light, and that's fascinating for astronomy, and

752
00:35:00,360 --> 00:35:02,919
Speaker 1: there's like a short list of these objects. But most

753
00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:05,239
Speaker 1: of the stars would look pretty bright and pretty even

754
00:35:05,320 --> 00:35:07,520
Speaker 1: if I was out in space. If you're out in space, yeah,

755
00:35:07,560 --> 00:35:09,879
Speaker 1: so if you're observing from the iss or you're living

756
00:35:09,920 --> 00:35:12,600
Speaker 1: on the Moon. If you're flying in Elon Musk's roadster,

757
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,959
Speaker 1: for example, then the stars are going to look pretty clear. Oh.

758
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:18,480
Speaker 4: Interesting, So this song Twinkle Twinkle Little Star kind of

759
00:35:18,520 --> 00:35:20,440
Speaker 4: doesn't apply in space.

760
00:35:20,560 --> 00:35:23,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, nobody's gonna be selling the galactic rights to that song.

761
00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:25,920
Speaker 1: It's really just the Earth territories or.

762
00:35:25,960 --> 00:35:30,040
Speaker 4: Any planet with atmosphere, right, that's right. Or maybe like

763
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:31,960
Speaker 4: if you're in the middle of a nebula, maybe like

764
00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:33,840
Speaker 4: a space cloud maybe.

765
00:35:34,040 --> 00:35:36,600
Speaker 1: But there is one star that's really interesting that astronomer

766
00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:39,399
Speaker 1: has been struggling to understand for like ten years now.

767
00:35:40,239 --> 00:35:44,839
Speaker 1: What is it. It's a star called vvv W zero eight

768
00:35:45,120 --> 00:35:48,440
Speaker 1: and it's in the Sagittarius constellation about twenty five thousand

769
00:35:48,520 --> 00:35:51,560
Speaker 1: light years away. This is a giant star. It's like

770
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:55,600
Speaker 1: one hundred times the size of the Sun. And about

771
00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:58,719
Speaker 1: ten years ago it seemed to be eclipsed and not

772
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,480
Speaker 1: just slightly dimmed. This light was reduced by ninety seven percent.

773
00:36:02,719 --> 00:36:05,480
Speaker 4: Whoa, it like it almost turned off completely.

774
00:36:05,560 --> 00:36:08,560
Speaker 1: It almost turned off exactly. And they've been observing this

775
00:36:08,640 --> 00:36:11,080
Speaker 1: star for like seventeen years since. This is the only

776
00:36:11,160 --> 00:36:13,959
Speaker 1: time it ever happened. And it dimmed by ninety seven

777
00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:16,719
Speaker 1: percent for a few hundred days and then came back

778
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:17,760
Speaker 1: up to full brightness.

779
00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:20,960
Speaker 4: Wait what like in like the space of a few months.

780
00:36:21,160 --> 00:36:24,200
Speaker 1: Yeah, they watched this star for years and nothing happens,

781
00:36:24,239 --> 00:36:26,799
Speaker 1: and then all of a sudden, boom, it's knocked down

782
00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:29,520
Speaker 1: by a factor of thirty and then it stays pretty

783
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:31,799
Speaker 1: dark for a few months, and then it goes back

784
00:36:31,880 --> 00:36:32,840
Speaker 1: up to full brightness.

785
00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:36,480
Speaker 4: Whoa like all of a sudden or was this a

786
00:36:36,520 --> 00:36:37,160
Speaker 4: gradual thing?

787
00:36:37,320 --> 00:36:39,600
Speaker 1: It happened very quickly once it began, and then it

788
00:36:39,680 --> 00:36:42,960
Speaker 1: stayed dark for months, right, And so this is fascinating

789
00:36:42,960 --> 00:36:45,239
Speaker 1: because this is a huge star, right, this is not

790
00:36:45,280 --> 00:36:48,680
Speaker 1: an eclipse from a small object. No planet passing in

791
00:36:48,719 --> 00:36:51,520
Speaker 1: front of this giant star could reduce its light by

792
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:52,800
Speaker 1: ninety seven percent.

793
00:36:53,040 --> 00:36:54,720
Speaker 4: Yeah, it's a big twinkle.

794
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,280
Speaker 1: I guess it's one big twunk.

795
00:36:57,440 --> 00:37:01,799
Speaker 4: Really, you know, it made all this tournumer tinkle after

796
00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:02,920
Speaker 4: observing it.

797
00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,640
Speaker 1: They were so excited, exactly, And so people are wondering

798
00:37:05,680 --> 00:37:08,200
Speaker 1: what could this thing be and they've done some calculations.

799
00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:10,520
Speaker 1: You know, if this thing is going to eclipse such

800
00:37:10,560 --> 00:37:12,680
Speaker 1: a big star, it has to be huge, it has

801
00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:15,480
Speaker 1: to be The minimum size of this thing would be

802
00:37:15,560 --> 00:37:19,040
Speaker 1: zero point two five au, like a quarter of the

803
00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:22,080
Speaker 1: distance between the Earth and the Sun. We're talking about

804
00:37:22,120 --> 00:37:24,280
Speaker 1: a single object that size.

805
00:37:24,360 --> 00:37:27,520
Speaker 4: Wait, the thing that blocked the star, because you're saying

806
00:37:27,520 --> 00:37:29,200
Speaker 4: the star is so big, it would have to be

807
00:37:29,239 --> 00:37:31,520
Speaker 4: that something really big to block it. But that's only

808
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:33,360
Speaker 4: if we assume that the thing that blocked it is

809
00:37:33,360 --> 00:37:35,600
Speaker 4: close to the star, Like it could have maybe been

810
00:37:35,640 --> 00:37:37,239
Speaker 4: something closer that blocked it.

811
00:37:37,320 --> 00:37:39,480
Speaker 1: Yeah, it could have been something in between us and

812
00:37:39,520 --> 00:37:41,640
Speaker 1: the star, right, because you can block an entire star

813
00:37:41,719 --> 00:37:43,680
Speaker 1: with the tip of your finger, which is not a

814
00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:46,480
Speaker 1: quarter au wide if your finger is really close. But

815
00:37:46,560 --> 00:37:48,880
Speaker 1: that would require like a bunch of just dark objects

816
00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:51,920
Speaker 1: floating through the universe passing between us and these stars.

817
00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,239
Speaker 1: And they did a calculation to see, like how many

818
00:37:54,239 --> 00:37:56,600
Speaker 1: of those dark objects would have to be randomly floating

819
00:37:56,600 --> 00:37:58,759
Speaker 1: around the galaxy in order to block stars like this,

820
00:37:58,960 --> 00:38:02,200
Speaker 1: and it would be a huge number. So that's an explanation.

821
00:38:02,239 --> 00:38:05,279
Speaker 1: But it's less likely than some huge object closer to

822
00:38:05,360 --> 00:38:07,600
Speaker 1: the star, some remnant of the stellar formation.

823
00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:11,120
Speaker 4: WHOA, but this doesn't happen that often, right, does it?

824
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:13,279
Speaker 1: This does not happen that often, But for it to

825
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:16,680
Speaker 1: ever happen, space would basically have to be filled with

826
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:20,200
Speaker 1: these big dark objects because it's very hard to cross

827
00:38:20,239 --> 00:38:22,880
Speaker 1: the line of sight between a star and us unless

828
00:38:22,920 --> 00:38:24,719
Speaker 1: you have a lot of stuff out there in space.

829
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,640
Speaker 1: Space is really really really big.

830
00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:31,040
Speaker 4: Interesting, So they think it's maybe something in the orbit

831
00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:32,680
Speaker 4: of the star and it's something huge.

832
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:35,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, But they don't really understand it because we don't

833
00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 1: have models for solar system formation that include stuff like this, Like,

834
00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:41,520
Speaker 1: what could it be? We have ideas of planets and

835
00:38:41,560 --> 00:38:44,600
Speaker 1: maybe even rings around stars. People have this theory that

836
00:38:44,640 --> 00:38:46,960
Speaker 1: maybe it's like a huge ring with a big blob

837
00:38:47,080 --> 00:38:50,320
Speaker 1: in it that got exploded or torn apart by tidal forces,

838
00:38:50,440 --> 00:38:54,000
Speaker 1: something like a circumstellar disc with a huge object in it,

839
00:38:54,080 --> 00:38:56,440
Speaker 1: but it's much bigger than any model can predict.

840
00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:59,200
Speaker 4: Interesting. Could it be like a giant cloud of something

841
00:38:59,280 --> 00:39:00,360
Speaker 4: like an asteroid cloud?

842
00:39:00,360 --> 00:39:03,080
Speaker 1: Maybe it certainly could be. And perhaps, for example, another

843
00:39:03,160 --> 00:39:06,280
Speaker 1: solar system passed by and lost some of its stuff

844
00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:08,200
Speaker 1: to this solar system, So it could be something that

845
00:39:08,200 --> 00:39:12,200
Speaker 1: happened fairly recently, because these things wouldn't last for very long.

846
00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:14,600
Speaker 1: If you have like a huge cloud of stuff in

847
00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:17,360
Speaker 1: your solar system, eventually gravity is going to pull it together.

848
00:39:17,440 --> 00:39:19,759
Speaker 1: After a few million years and form it into like

849
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:23,320
Speaker 1: a planet or into something else. And so like huge

850
00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:25,719
Speaker 1: clouds of gas and dust around a star and to

851
00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:28,600
Speaker 1: be short lived objects on astronomical time scales.

852
00:39:28,880 --> 00:39:32,680
Speaker 4: WHOA, all right, so that's one. I guess twinkling that

853
00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:37,600
Speaker 4: puzzled signed. It's like a big blunkle that caused this

854
00:39:37,680 --> 00:39:40,640
Speaker 4: one start to twinkle. What are some other famous examples

855
00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:41,520
Speaker 4: of twinkling stars.

856
00:39:41,600 --> 00:39:43,399
Speaker 1: Yeah, so we have a short list of them. There's

857
00:39:43,440 --> 00:39:48,280
Speaker 1: another one called Epsilon ORJ, and this one is eclipped

858
00:39:48,360 --> 00:39:52,560
Speaker 1: every twenty seven years by some giant dust cloud which

859
00:39:52,680 --> 00:39:55,160
Speaker 1: orbits it, and it's eclipsed by fifty percent.

860
00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:58,680
Speaker 4: Well meaning like we see the star called Epsilon RJ,

861
00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:01,719
Speaker 4: and it dim every twenty seven years. We've been looking

862
00:40:01,760 --> 00:40:04,000
Speaker 4: at it that long to notice this pattern.

863
00:40:04,080 --> 00:40:07,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, it was first observed in eighteen twenty one, so

864
00:40:07,640 --> 00:40:10,040
Speaker 1: we've been looking at this thing for like hundreds of years,

865
00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:11,640
Speaker 1: which is why we have a handle on like a

866
00:40:11,719 --> 00:40:13,040
Speaker 1: twenty seven year cycle.

867
00:40:13,120 --> 00:40:16,440
Speaker 4: So it's like a twinkle, but on a hundred year scale.

868
00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:19,839
Speaker 1: Exactly. If you fast forward at the universe, this one

869
00:40:19,840 --> 00:40:24,440
Speaker 1: would seem to twinkle. It's like a very slow motion twinkle.

870
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:27,880
Speaker 4: You have to play the song one note per year.

871
00:40:28,040 --> 00:40:31,320
Speaker 1: Exactly, and the dimming here lasts for like two years,

872
00:40:31,760 --> 00:40:34,120
Speaker 1: and then it happens every twenty seven years. So it's

873
00:40:34,120 --> 00:40:36,360
Speaker 1: like a giant, slow moving dust cloud.

874
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:38,400
Speaker 4: And this when we do know what causes how do

875
00:40:38,440 --> 00:40:39,920
Speaker 4: we know what causes this eclipse?

876
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:42,520
Speaker 1: Mostly we can study these things by looking at the spectrum,

877
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:45,759
Speaker 1: like we can study the kind of light that can penetrate,

878
00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:48,560
Speaker 1: and that tells us why this thing is transparent and

879
00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:51,480
Speaker 1: why this thing is opaque, because remember every object is

880
00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:54,880
Speaker 1: either transparent or opaque to light at different frequencies depending

881
00:40:54,960 --> 00:40:57,880
Speaker 1: on what it is, because the atoms that make things

882
00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:02,200
Speaker 1: up can only absorb photons specific frequencies. And so by

883
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:04,600
Speaker 1: looking at the light that passes through, for example, a

884
00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:07,000
Speaker 1: cloud of gas, you can tell, oh, this hydrogen, or

885
00:41:07,040 --> 00:41:10,120
Speaker 1: there's helium, or there's sodium, or its gas or its

886
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:13,640
Speaker 1: dust or whatever. You can tell by seeing which frequencies

887
00:41:13,640 --> 00:41:17,000
Speaker 1: of light are filtered out by that object. And so

888
00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:18,960
Speaker 1: by studying it we can tell, oh, this is probably

889
00:41:18,960 --> 00:41:20,120
Speaker 1: a big cloud of dust.

890
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:22,919
Speaker 4: I say, like the shade of the light that comes

891
00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:25,120
Speaker 4: through tells you kind of what it went.

892
00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:27,480
Speaker 1: Through exactly, just like you know, you can throw things

893
00:41:27,520 --> 00:41:30,120
Speaker 1: into flames and they make different colors. That's because different

894
00:41:30,160 --> 00:41:34,080
Speaker 1: elements emit at different frequencies. They also absorb at those

895
00:41:34,120 --> 00:41:37,279
Speaker 1: same frequencies. And so if you shine white light through

896
00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:39,920
Speaker 1: a cloud of random gas, an astronomer can tell you

897
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:43,279
Speaker 1: what was in that gas based on whether green was

898
00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:46,440
Speaker 1: removed or red was removed, or the infrared was removed

899
00:41:46,520 --> 00:41:48,040
Speaker 1: or something. It's like a fingerprint.

900
00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:51,759
Speaker 4: All right, that's another twinkling star in space. What are

901
00:41:51,760 --> 00:41:53,080
Speaker 4: some other examples, So.

902
00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:56,560
Speaker 1: This is a short list of them. VIV fourteen hundred centauri,

903
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:59,880
Speaker 1: which is also called Mama Jet's object, is also eclipsed

904
00:41:59,880 --> 00:42:03,000
Speaker 1: by something we don't really understand, but astronomers suspect that

905
00:42:03,040 --> 00:42:06,440
Speaker 1: it's something that's point four au wide. That's an object

906
00:42:06,480 --> 00:42:08,720
Speaker 1: that's like forty million miles wide.

907
00:42:08,840 --> 00:42:11,479
Speaker 4: Well, it's not maybe one object it's at that scale.

908
00:42:11,520 --> 00:42:14,120
Speaker 4: It's probably like a cloud of something or a cluster

909
00:42:14,160 --> 00:42:14,560
Speaker 4: of something.

910
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:16,799
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, it's probably like a big cloud of gas

911
00:42:16,920 --> 00:42:19,080
Speaker 1: or dust, or a huge rain of rocks.

912
00:42:19,120 --> 00:42:19,200
Speaker 11: Right.

913
00:42:19,239 --> 00:42:21,919
Speaker 1: It's probably not a single solid object that big, because

914
00:42:21,920 --> 00:42:24,000
Speaker 1: if it was like a huge block of iron that

915
00:42:24,080 --> 00:42:27,120
Speaker 1: big and gravitationally would probably collapse into a black hole.

916
00:42:27,239 --> 00:42:29,440
Speaker 4: All right, well, those are different things that could make

917
00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:32,920
Speaker 4: a star twinkle out in space that is not our atmosphere.

918
00:42:33,040 --> 00:42:34,960
Speaker 4: But it turns out there are other reasons why a

919
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:36,840
Speaker 4: star might twinkle, and it might have to do with

920
00:42:36,880 --> 00:42:39,959
Speaker 4: their inner bowel movement. So let's get into that. But first,

921
00:42:40,040 --> 00:42:41,440
Speaker 4: let's take another quick break.

922
00:42:45,719 --> 00:42:47,520
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

923
00:42:47,640 --> 00:42:50,760
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

924
00:42:50,840 --> 00:42:54,840
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite,

925
00:42:54,880 --> 00:42:57,520
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US dairy

926
00:42:57,560 --> 00:43:02,080
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability, including being greenhouse gas

927
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:04,719
Speaker 1: neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working hard

928
00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:07,240
Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve

929
00:43:07,360 --> 00:43:11,120
Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

930
00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:14,760
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four times.

931
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:18,160
Speaker 1: The same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes the barn,

932
00:43:18,280 --> 00:43:21,920
Speaker 1: and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy tackling greenhouse gases?

933
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:25,000
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934
00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:28,440
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935
00:43:28,480 --> 00:43:30,719
Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

936
00:43:30,719 --> 00:43:32,600
Speaker 1: of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know that

937
00:43:32,680 --> 00:43:35,320
Speaker 1: dairy farmers and processors around the country are using the

938
00:43:35,440 --> 00:43:39,160
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939
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:41,879
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940
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941
00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:47,560
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968
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986
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Speaker 4: All right, we're talking about twinkling and twinkling stars, both

987
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:15,040
Speaker 4: big and little, and also babba black chips that might

988
00:46:15,040 --> 00:46:18,320
Speaker 4: be eclipsing stars out there in space. So Daniel, we

989
00:46:18,360 --> 00:46:20,160
Speaker 4: talked about how, like most of the stars we see

990
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:22,879
Speaker 4: twinkle here on Earth, it's because of the atmosphere. It's

991
00:46:23,080 --> 00:46:25,560
Speaker 4: the air around us is making the light kind of

992
00:46:25,640 --> 00:46:27,839
Speaker 4: dim on and off. But you can also see them

993
00:46:27,880 --> 00:46:30,640
Speaker 4: out twinkling in space because there are other things in

994
00:46:30,719 --> 00:46:32,680
Speaker 4: space that might be blocking our view. But it turns

995
00:46:32,719 --> 00:46:34,720
Speaker 4: out that even if you are sort of standing next

996
00:46:34,760 --> 00:46:37,720
Speaker 4: to the star, you might even then see a twinkle.

997
00:46:37,880 --> 00:46:40,480
Speaker 1: This is one of my favorite explanations for twinkling stars

998
00:46:40,680 --> 00:46:42,799
Speaker 1: because it really goes to the heart of like your

999
00:46:42,880 --> 00:46:45,520
Speaker 1: original idea. When you're looking up at the night sky

1000
00:46:45,640 --> 00:46:48,799
Speaker 1: and you're looking at the star and it's twinkling, you're wondering, like, hmm,

1001
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:51,239
Speaker 1: is it getting brighter and dimmer or is the light

1002
00:46:51,280 --> 00:46:54,400
Speaker 1: getting blocked? Well, it turns out that stars can actually

1003
00:46:54,440 --> 00:46:57,120
Speaker 1: get brighter and dimmer. That's something that a bunch of

1004
00:46:57,120 --> 00:46:59,719
Speaker 1: stars can do. And I was surprised to learn that

1005
00:46:59,760 --> 00:47:03,560
Speaker 1: the Sun does this as well. The Sun varies its brightness.

1006
00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:06,919
Speaker 1: It's not just like a constant stream of photons every year.

1007
00:47:07,120 --> 00:47:09,480
Speaker 4: Wait, what like our sun that the one that provides

1008
00:47:09,520 --> 00:47:12,200
Speaker 4: our daylight is not constant. It's twinkling.

1009
00:47:12,200 --> 00:47:15,000
Speaker 1: Also, Yeah, it turns out all stars are variable. Some

1010
00:47:15,040 --> 00:47:17,239
Speaker 1: of them are much more variable than others, and we'll

1011
00:47:17,239 --> 00:47:20,600
Speaker 1: talk about those, but every single star has some variability

1012
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:22,440
Speaker 1: to it. You know, our sun has like an eleven

1013
00:47:22,520 --> 00:47:25,640
Speaker 1: year cycle where something mysterious is going on at the

1014
00:47:25,680 --> 00:47:30,360
Speaker 1: heart of this swirling, crazy plasmas with these enormous tubes

1015
00:47:30,400 --> 00:47:33,359
Speaker 1: and magnetic fields that flip every eleven years. And so

1016
00:47:33,400 --> 00:47:36,280
Speaker 1: the brightness of our sun varies, but only a small amount.

1017
00:47:36,360 --> 00:47:40,240
Speaker 1: It's like zero point one percent over the eleven year cycle.

1018
00:47:40,440 --> 00:47:40,760
Speaker 13: Whoa.

1019
00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:43,040
Speaker 4: Meaning like, if you took a film of the Sun

1020
00:47:43,239 --> 00:47:45,799
Speaker 4: and you fast forwarded it, you would see it kind

1021
00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:48,400
Speaker 4: of like twinkle, right, you'd see it kind of blinking

1022
00:47:48,440 --> 00:47:50,520
Speaker 4: on and off abou zero point one percent, but still

1023
00:47:50,640 --> 00:47:51,440
Speaker 4: you might notice it.

1024
00:47:51,560 --> 00:47:53,719
Speaker 1: Yeah, you have a good camera, you could definitely detect that,

1025
00:47:53,760 --> 00:47:55,919
Speaker 1: and people have and people who study the sun see

1026
00:47:55,960 --> 00:47:58,879
Speaker 1: this kind of cycle. You know, there's another longer term trend,

1027
00:47:58,920 --> 00:48:01,080
Speaker 1: which is the sun is over. We're all getting brighter

1028
00:48:01,120 --> 00:48:03,520
Speaker 1: and brighter as it gets older and over like a

1029
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,480
Speaker 1: billion years, it's going to get maybe ten percent brighter.

1030
00:48:06,640 --> 00:48:09,120
Speaker 1: That's not something we can observe with our telescopes today.

1031
00:48:09,120 --> 00:48:12,920
Speaker 1: But this kind of gentle twinkling is something that the sun.

1032
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:16,480
Speaker 4: Does and that I guess that's because the Sun. I mean,

1033
00:48:16,520 --> 00:48:19,160
Speaker 4: it's not like a machine, right, It's like a process.

1034
00:48:19,480 --> 00:48:22,520
Speaker 4: It's like a giant nuclear chemical reaction, right, Like there's

1035
00:48:22,560 --> 00:48:25,239
Speaker 4: stuff going on inside of it that maybe causes it

1036
00:48:25,480 --> 00:48:27,680
Speaker 4: to kind of grow brighter or dimmer.

1037
00:48:27,760 --> 00:48:29,960
Speaker 1: Sometimes you're suggesting that if it was a machine, like

1038
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:32,920
Speaker 1: designed by a stellar engineer or something, it would be

1039
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:33,680
Speaker 1: more reliable.

1040
00:48:34,160 --> 00:48:37,920
Speaker 4: Well, all engineers are stars than all engineers are stellar.

1041
00:48:38,160 --> 00:48:39,400
Speaker 4: We're all stellar engineers.

1042
00:48:39,480 --> 00:48:41,960
Speaker 1: I mean, the sun has been burning for five billion

1043
00:48:42,040 --> 00:48:44,759
Speaker 1: years without a breakdown, so you know, I think it's

1044
00:48:44,920 --> 00:48:45,640
Speaker 1: pretty effective.

1045
00:48:45,719 --> 00:48:47,880
Speaker 4: Well, I guess what I mean is it's kind of

1046
00:48:47,920 --> 00:48:51,799
Speaker 4: like it's an organic process, right, Like it's not perfectly imbalanced.

1047
00:48:51,800 --> 00:48:54,600
Speaker 4: Maybe sometimes it gets a little overexcited and sometimes a

1048
00:48:54,640 --> 00:48:55,520
Speaker 4: little under excited.

1049
00:48:55,560 --> 00:48:58,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a different process than combustion. But it's sort

1050
00:48:58,280 --> 00:49:00,239
Speaker 1: of like a fire. You know, it has fuel, it

1051
00:49:00,360 --> 00:49:03,680
Speaker 1: keeps burning, and that flame fluctuates and so it's not

1052
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:06,440
Speaker 1: like designed or orchestrated in order to provide a certain

1053
00:49:06,440 --> 00:49:08,319
Speaker 1: amount of light. It's just a thing that is there

1054
00:49:08,360 --> 00:49:10,759
Speaker 1: and does what it's doing. And that means that it

1055
00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:13,839
Speaker 1: has cycles because of the internal workings of the sun

1056
00:49:14,320 --> 00:49:17,440
Speaker 1: vary and it's incredible that it's so regular too. It's

1057
00:49:17,520 --> 00:49:20,120
Speaker 1: not something that we understand the source of this eleven

1058
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:21,279
Speaker 1: year cycle for the sun.

1059
00:49:21,600 --> 00:49:23,680
Speaker 4: WHOA So I wonder like if we were a different

1060
00:49:23,760 --> 00:49:26,520
Speaker 4: species of animal and we had like a thought process

1061
00:49:26,560 --> 00:49:29,080
Speaker 4: that was a lot slower like to us, maybe the

1062
00:49:29,120 --> 00:49:31,319
Speaker 4: sun would look like a stroke light almost if we

1063
00:49:31,360 --> 00:49:34,000
Speaker 4: thought about things in the scale of like centuries, it

1064
00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:36,160
Speaker 4: would look like it was blinking on and off, kind.

1065
00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:39,200
Speaker 1: Of Yeah, that's fun to think about. Or another idea is,

1066
00:49:39,280 --> 00:49:42,160
Speaker 1: what if we were species that was extraordinarily sensitive is

1067
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:44,680
Speaker 1: the amount of sunlight, so that we could like observe

1068
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:47,839
Speaker 1: and notice this eleven year cycle, and it affected our

1069
00:49:47,880 --> 00:49:50,360
Speaker 1: evolution the way like the day night cycle and the

1070
00:49:50,360 --> 00:49:53,000
Speaker 1: winters have affected the evolution of light on Earth. If

1071
00:49:53,000 --> 00:49:55,000
Speaker 1: you're interesting, if you had species that were sensitive to

1072
00:49:55,040 --> 00:49:56,720
Speaker 1: these eleven year cycles.

1073
00:49:56,560 --> 00:50:01,000
Speaker 4: Whoa like, maybe you're sleepier for eleven years and then

1074
00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:03,319
Speaker 4: you're less sleepy. Maybe that's why I've been late this

1075
00:50:03,320 --> 00:50:04,399
Speaker 4: past eleven.

1076
00:50:04,080 --> 00:50:06,200
Speaker 1: Years, Dan, Yeah, all right, well, then how do you

1077
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:07,760
Speaker 1: explained the previous eleven years?

1078
00:50:09,160 --> 00:50:10,919
Speaker 4: I was a lot more on time eleven years ago.

1079
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:13,040
Speaker 1: May I believe that I've known you for more than

1080
00:50:13,040 --> 00:50:15,439
Speaker 1: eleven years, so I can contest that data.

1081
00:50:15,920 --> 00:50:18,279
Speaker 4: Well, you just don't have enough data points. You need

1082
00:50:18,320 --> 00:50:21,239
Speaker 4: at least what's the NCIS frequency that you need at

1083
00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:23,000
Speaker 4: least twice the periosity.

1084
00:50:23,160 --> 00:50:25,400
Speaker 1: All right, I'll get back to you in ten years.

1085
00:50:25,760 --> 00:50:28,959
Speaker 4: Yeah, wait another thirty years and then we'll talk about

1086
00:50:28,960 --> 00:50:29,400
Speaker 4: my nags.

1087
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:31,760
Speaker 1: All right, I'm putting it on my calendar series schedule

1088
00:50:31,760 --> 00:50:33,400
Speaker 1: appointment for thirty years from today.

1089
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:37,520
Speaker 4: But anyways, I think what you're saying, is that, Like,

1090
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:39,680
Speaker 4: maybe I wonder if there are things on Earth that

1091
00:50:39,760 --> 00:50:42,520
Speaker 4: are sensitive to that cycle, right, Like, maybe it might

1092
00:50:42,520 --> 00:50:45,279
Speaker 4: affect our atmosphere too, Right, every eleven years, maybe things

1093
00:50:45,320 --> 00:50:46,760
Speaker 4: get a little bit warmer or colder.

1094
00:50:46,920 --> 00:50:49,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, Well, the brightness of the Sun definitely affects the

1095
00:50:49,440 --> 00:50:51,680
Speaker 1: atmosphere and the climate here on Earth. But there are

1096
00:50:51,760 --> 00:50:54,520
Speaker 1: larger effects. The Earth goes through these cycles that affect

1097
00:50:54,560 --> 00:50:57,959
Speaker 1: like the ice ages and glaciation, because the Earth's orbit

1098
00:50:58,080 --> 00:51:00,000
Speaker 1: changes a little bit, and the tilt changes a little

1099
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:02,160
Speaker 1: little bit. Is it's tweaked by like Jupiter. So I

1100
00:51:02,160 --> 00:51:04,880
Speaker 1: think those effects are larger than the variability of the

1101
00:51:04,920 --> 00:51:05,560
Speaker 1: Sun itself.

1102
00:51:05,680 --> 00:51:08,840
Speaker 4: So the Sun is a twinkling star. It's pretty interesting.

1103
00:51:08,920 --> 00:51:10,560
Speaker 4: But then then there are other ways in which a

1104
00:51:10,640 --> 00:51:12,239
Speaker 4: star can change.

1105
00:51:12,040 --> 00:51:14,759
Speaker 1: To Yeah, so all stars vary, and some of them

1106
00:51:14,840 --> 00:51:17,120
Speaker 1: vary a lot. They are these stars that are called

1107
00:51:17,200 --> 00:51:20,760
Speaker 1: pulsating stars, and they get brighter and dimmer and brighter

1108
00:51:20,760 --> 00:51:24,160
Speaker 1: and dimmer, sometimes by huge amount. A classic example of

1109
00:51:24,200 --> 00:51:26,440
Speaker 1: these are the cephids. These are the ones that Hubble

1110
00:51:26,520 --> 00:51:29,399
Speaker 1: use to discover that the universe is expanding. These aren't

1111
00:51:29,440 --> 00:51:31,600
Speaker 1: like pulsars, which shoot out a beam of light which

1112
00:51:31,640 --> 00:51:34,319
Speaker 1: spins around and sweeps over the earth. These are like

1113
00:51:34,600 --> 00:51:38,160
Speaker 1: radially shrinking and growing. They get bigger and brighter and

1114
00:51:38,200 --> 00:51:39,960
Speaker 1: then smaller and dimmer.

1115
00:51:40,120 --> 00:51:42,959
Speaker 4: Whoa, they're like a beating heart almost like the star

1116
00:51:43,040 --> 00:51:44,000
Speaker 4: is growing and shrinking.

1117
00:51:44,239 --> 00:51:46,400
Speaker 1: Yeah, they pulse with a regular frequency.

1118
00:51:46,440 --> 00:51:48,120
Speaker 4: Well what kind of frequency are we talking about.

1119
00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:50,440
Speaker 1: There's a big range in the periods, but it's on

1120
00:51:50,480 --> 00:51:52,759
Speaker 1: the order of days. Some of these things have a

1121
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:56,400
Speaker 1: period of like ten days or eighty days or ninety days.

1122
00:51:56,840 --> 00:51:59,400
Speaker 1: So this is not like a pulsar that can be

1123
00:51:59,440 --> 00:52:02,399
Speaker 1: spinning in life, like millisecond frequencies or something. It's more

1124
00:52:02,480 --> 00:52:04,880
Speaker 1: like on the order of days. But sometimes they have

1125
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:08,120
Speaker 1: like multiple frequencies. They can have like a major frequency,

1126
00:52:08,160 --> 00:52:10,120
Speaker 1: and then they have like another cycle that's going on

1127
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:14,040
Speaker 1: inside of that that can constructively or destructively interfere.

1128
00:52:14,200 --> 00:52:18,120
Speaker 4: Whoa, but even a period of days seems a lot right,

1129
00:52:18,200 --> 00:52:21,000
Speaker 4: Like can you imagine a start changing that quickly, like

1130
00:52:21,040 --> 00:52:23,359
Speaker 4: a star size of our sun changing that quickly every

1131
00:52:23,400 --> 00:52:25,280
Speaker 4: couple of days. That would be pretty dramatic.

1132
00:52:25,440 --> 00:52:27,400
Speaker 1: It would be crazy to be in a system like

1133
00:52:27,440 --> 00:52:29,359
Speaker 1: that where things got a lot brighter and then a

1134
00:52:29,360 --> 00:52:32,600
Speaker 1: lot dimmer, and also the star itself is getting bigger. Right,

1135
00:52:32,640 --> 00:52:35,319
Speaker 1: This is like an astrophysical thing you can observe, Like

1136
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:38,359
Speaker 1: the star is expanding and now it's shrinking. It has

1137
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:41,239
Speaker 1: to do with what's going on inside the star, you know,

1138
00:52:41,320 --> 00:52:44,560
Speaker 1: like is the star opaque to its own energy, so

1139
00:52:44,560 --> 00:52:47,680
Speaker 1: that there's all this pressure from the radiation being generated

1140
00:52:47,680 --> 00:52:50,279
Speaker 1: at the core that's pushing out the outer layers, or

1141
00:52:50,320 --> 00:52:52,560
Speaker 1: it does a cool down and then become like transparent

1142
00:52:52,719 --> 00:52:54,879
Speaker 1: to that energy and it can collapse a little bit.

1143
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:57,479
Speaker 1: So this this cycle that's going on inside every star,

1144
00:52:57,560 --> 00:52:59,720
Speaker 1: but in some stars it's very dramatic.

1145
00:52:59,480 --> 00:53:02,040
Speaker 4: Right, because is we've talked about it are kind of

1146
00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:06,080
Speaker 4: a balance between gravity squishing everything in and the fusion

1147
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:08,960
Speaker 4: exploding everything out. And like our star is pretty steady,

1148
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:11,160
Speaker 4: like it's pretty well balanced, but maybe there are stars

1149
00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:13,080
Speaker 4: out there that are not as well balanced, and so

1150
00:53:13,120 --> 00:53:16,120
Speaker 4: they kind of swing back and forth more wildly between

1151
00:53:16,200 --> 00:53:17,440
Speaker 4: squishing and exploding.

1152
00:53:17,520 --> 00:53:20,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it's something we're still trying to understand in detail.

1153
00:53:20,280 --> 00:53:22,640
Speaker 1: People are building models to try to explain this kind

1154
00:53:22,680 --> 00:53:25,200
Speaker 1: of thing, and it's a great way to probe what's

1155
00:53:25,239 --> 00:53:28,440
Speaker 1: going on inside the star. Also because for Cephades, at

1156
00:53:28,520 --> 00:53:32,359
Speaker 1: least there's this close connection between the period, how long

1157
00:53:32,440 --> 00:53:34,319
Speaker 1: it takes to go from like bright to dim and

1158
00:53:34,360 --> 00:53:36,960
Speaker 1: bright to dim, and how bright it is at its

1159
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:39,840
Speaker 1: brightest point, which of course is super helpful if you

1160
00:53:39,840 --> 00:53:42,200
Speaker 1: want to understand how far away the star is, but

1161
00:53:42,280 --> 00:53:44,319
Speaker 1: also helpful if you want to understand what's going on

1162
00:53:44,480 --> 00:53:48,680
Speaker 1: inside the star, what crazy processes are driving these things.

1163
00:53:48,840 --> 00:53:52,239
Speaker 4: Uh, it's got like a lot of turmoil inside of it,

1164
00:53:52,280 --> 00:53:53,600
Speaker 4: but predictable turmoil.

1165
00:53:53,680 --> 00:53:56,279
Speaker 1: Anes yeah, precisely, okay, cool.

1166
00:53:56,320 --> 00:53:59,560
Speaker 4: And then there are also erupting stars or farting stars.

1167
00:53:59,640 --> 00:54:02,200
Speaker 1: There are some stars that are even more dramatic than

1168
00:54:02,239 --> 00:54:07,000
Speaker 1: these pulsating stars. They are called erupting stars. These stars

1169
00:54:07,040 --> 00:54:10,920
Speaker 1: like blow out material. They're like puff away material, and

1170
00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:13,240
Speaker 1: then they lose it. You know, it's like gone out

1171
00:54:13,280 --> 00:54:16,799
Speaker 1: into space. These are not like explosive events. It's not like,

1172
00:54:16,920 --> 00:54:19,680
Speaker 1: you know, the star has exploded. It's not like a supernova.

1173
00:54:19,760 --> 00:54:22,480
Speaker 1: It's more just like the star has very rapidly grown

1174
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:24,360
Speaker 1: and then loses some of its material.

1175
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:27,200
Speaker 4: It's not like a gas pocket. It's more like it

1176
00:54:27,200 --> 00:54:29,400
Speaker 4: has one of these flour ups and in the process

1177
00:54:29,440 --> 00:54:31,760
Speaker 4: that shoots out a big bunch of stuff.

1178
00:54:31,760 --> 00:54:33,360
Speaker 1: It shoots out a big bunch of stuff, and it

1179
00:54:33,360 --> 00:54:36,120
Speaker 1: can also accreate a big bunch of stuff, like sometimes

1180
00:54:36,120 --> 00:54:39,240
Speaker 1: they're near a source and so they're gathering more fuel

1181
00:54:39,560 --> 00:54:42,160
Speaker 1: and that can make the star brighter. In extreme cases,

1182
00:54:42,200 --> 00:54:44,759
Speaker 1: it can be really dramatic. One example is called a

1183
00:54:44,880 --> 00:54:48,040
Speaker 1: flare star. These kind of stars can grow in brightness

1184
00:54:48,120 --> 00:54:50,839
Speaker 1: by a factor of six and then fade back down.

1185
00:54:50,920 --> 00:54:53,239
Speaker 1: And this whole thing happens in like half an hour.

1186
00:54:53,480 --> 00:54:56,080
Speaker 4: That's huge, But it's not is it constant or is

1187
00:54:56,120 --> 00:54:57,800
Speaker 4: it just happens every once in a while.

1188
00:54:58,000 --> 00:55:01,120
Speaker 1: These things are not regular the way like pulsating stars are,

1189
00:55:01,520 --> 00:55:04,319
Speaker 1: and it's not something that we understand, you know, we

1190
00:55:04,360 --> 00:55:06,799
Speaker 1: don't even understand it as well as we understand like

1191
00:55:06,880 --> 00:55:09,600
Speaker 1: solar flares on the surface of our sun, which have

1192
00:55:09,640 --> 00:55:12,440
Speaker 1: to do with like magnetic field lines snapping and reconnecting.

1193
00:55:12,560 --> 00:55:14,640
Speaker 1: So it's something we observe by, something we still don't

1194
00:55:14,680 --> 00:55:16,879
Speaker 1: understand the process of Oh icee.

1195
00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:20,360
Speaker 4: It's more like one twinkle like it twinkles ones sometimes.

1196
00:55:20,480 --> 00:55:23,839
Speaker 1: No, it's regular and it's unpredictable, but it does seem

1197
00:55:23,880 --> 00:55:27,120
Speaker 1: to happen much more often to red dwarfs, like these

1198
00:55:27,200 --> 00:55:30,000
Speaker 1: dim red dwarfs that are all over the galaxy. One

1199
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:32,120
Speaker 1: of the most common types of star. These are the

1200
00:55:32,120 --> 00:55:33,720
Speaker 1: ones that turn into flare stars.

1201
00:55:33,920 --> 00:55:38,120
Speaker 4: Hmm, interesting, regular and unpredictable. I feel like it's a

1202
00:55:38,160 --> 00:55:40,840
Speaker 4: good description of myself as well.

1203
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:45,200
Speaker 1: Maybe I should have said not uncommon and unpredictable. It's

1204
00:55:45,200 --> 00:55:48,080
Speaker 1: sort of cool because the galaxy is filled with these unassuming,

1205
00:55:48,160 --> 00:55:50,920
Speaker 1: sort of generic, dim red dwarfs, but occasionally one of

1206
00:55:50,960 --> 00:55:53,879
Speaker 1: them becomes like ridiculously bright for just like a half

1207
00:55:53,920 --> 00:55:56,399
Speaker 1: an hour and then goes back to being a boring star.

1208
00:55:56,600 --> 00:56:00,799
Speaker 4: So these are examples of stars kind of twinkling by themselves.

1209
00:56:00,880 --> 00:56:03,200
Speaker 4: Like you said, like, it's not something that's blocking it.

1210
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:05,160
Speaker 4: It's not the atmosphere that's the storty. It's like the

1211
00:56:05,200 --> 00:56:08,040
Speaker 4: star itself kind of twinkles, even if it's on a

1212
00:56:08,080 --> 00:56:09,640
Speaker 4: pretty big timescale.

1213
00:56:09,160 --> 00:56:12,120
Speaker 1: Exactly, and it's sort of across the whole spectrum, you know,

1214
00:56:12,160 --> 00:56:15,600
Speaker 1: the whole star lights up in many different frequencies, and

1215
00:56:15,640 --> 00:56:17,600
Speaker 1: so it's pretty cool because that means that the twinkling

1216
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:20,560
Speaker 1: you're seeing is not just something local, not just your atmosphere,

1217
00:56:20,640 --> 00:56:24,600
Speaker 1: but it's actually information about what's going on inside the stars.

1218
00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:26,720
Speaker 1: So it's like there's science there. It's like it's sending

1219
00:56:26,760 --> 00:56:27,520
Speaker 1: you a message.

1220
00:56:27,760 --> 00:56:31,879
Speaker 4: Oh interesting, It's like there's, yeah, there's hidden mechanics going

1221
00:56:31,880 --> 00:56:33,600
Speaker 4: on that you could maybe figure out if you could

1222
00:56:33,640 --> 00:56:35,200
Speaker 4: study this, this twinkling Yeah.

1223
00:56:35,239 --> 00:56:36,879
Speaker 1: And I think about this kind of thing every time

1224
00:56:36,920 --> 00:56:39,719
Speaker 1: I'm out in nature enjoying a dark sky night, which

1225
00:56:39,960 --> 00:56:41,840
Speaker 1: you know is harder and harder to get these days.

1226
00:56:41,960 --> 00:56:44,279
Speaker 4: Right, But you go camping a lot, right, is that

1227
00:56:44,320 --> 00:56:45,720
Speaker 4: when you look at stars mostly.

1228
00:56:45,800 --> 00:56:47,800
Speaker 1: Yeah, when you go camping is when you're far away

1229
00:56:47,880 --> 00:56:50,400
Speaker 1: from the city and all the light pollution, and hopefully

1230
00:56:50,520 --> 00:56:51,840
Speaker 1: you don't see too many clouds.

1231
00:56:51,880 --> 00:56:54,160
Speaker 4: That's when you break out the guitar and you start

1232
00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:58,760
Speaker 4: lecturing to your kids about the twinkling stars in music.

1233
00:56:59,320 --> 00:57:01,120
Speaker 1: I try not to force them to listen to it,

1234
00:57:01,160 --> 00:57:02,760
Speaker 1: but you know. By the way, we got a comment

1235
00:57:02,840 --> 00:57:05,720
Speaker 1: from a listener about something you said about the weather

1236
00:57:05,960 --> 00:57:08,840
Speaker 1: in Spokane, Washington and how likely they are to have

1237
00:57:08,920 --> 00:57:09,520
Speaker 1: clear skies.

1238
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:11,480
Speaker 4: Wait, what happened? What did I say? And what did

1239
00:57:11,520 --> 00:57:11,839
Speaker 4: they say?

1240
00:57:11,920 --> 00:57:14,600
Speaker 1: Apparently you said that it rains eleven months per year

1241
00:57:14,920 --> 00:57:18,200
Speaker 1: in Spokane, Washington, and this listener, Jeremy wrote in it said,

1242
00:57:18,480 --> 00:57:20,760
Speaker 1: I just want you to know that Spokane is basically

1243
00:57:20,760 --> 00:57:24,760
Speaker 1: a desert and it's pronounced Spokane. So thanks Jeremy for

1244
00:57:24,800 --> 00:57:25,480
Speaker 1: the fact checking.

1245
00:57:25,640 --> 00:57:27,560
Speaker 4: So I was wrong on many many counts.

1246
00:57:27,640 --> 00:57:29,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, and actually I looked it up and it rains

1247
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,960
Speaker 1: seventeen inches a year in Spokane and twenty inches a

1248
00:57:33,040 --> 00:57:36,240
Speaker 1: year in your hometown of Pasadena. So it's even drier

1249
00:57:36,240 --> 00:57:37,760
Speaker 1: in Spokane than it is where you live.

1250
00:57:38,000 --> 00:57:40,480
Speaker 4: Interesting. Wow, Well I was wrong.

1251
00:57:40,400 --> 00:57:42,800
Speaker 1: But it means that observing the night sky in Pasadena

1252
00:57:42,840 --> 00:57:45,200
Speaker 1: and in Spokane, you won't get blocked by a lot

1253
00:57:45,240 --> 00:57:45,800
Speaker 1: of clouds.

1254
00:57:46,920 --> 00:57:50,040
Speaker 4: I am wrong. Every eleven years it does happen due

1255
00:57:50,080 --> 00:57:51,240
Speaker 4: to the sun variations.

1256
00:57:51,320 --> 00:57:51,440
Speaker 1: You know.

1257
00:57:51,480 --> 00:57:52,560
Speaker 4: It's not something I can help.

1258
00:57:52,640 --> 00:57:55,360
Speaker 1: That's right. Every star has their variability, and this is yours.

1259
00:57:56,120 --> 00:58:00,840
Speaker 4: That's right. Every stellar engineer has a cycle. All right. Well,

1260
00:58:00,880 --> 00:58:02,880
Speaker 4: it's interesting that, you know, something as simple as a

1261
00:58:02,960 --> 00:58:05,760
Speaker 4: kid song like Twinkle Twinkle Little Star has so much

1262
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:09,240
Speaker 4: signs behind it. You know, it tells us it's inspired by,

1263
00:58:09,680 --> 00:58:12,040
Speaker 4: you know, the effects of our atmosphere that we have,

1264
00:58:12,160 --> 00:58:14,080
Speaker 4: how it blocks our view of the universe. And it

1265
00:58:14,120 --> 00:58:16,840
Speaker 4: also maybe has something to do with the mechanics of

1266
00:58:17,080 --> 00:58:20,880
Speaker 4: stellar you know, fusion and processes inside of these incredible

1267
00:58:21,680 --> 00:58:22,960
Speaker 4: exploding machines.

1268
00:58:23,080 --> 00:58:25,280
Speaker 1: Yeah, It's really an outstanding way to think about the

1269
00:58:25,360 --> 00:58:28,600
Speaker 1: universe and the journey that these photons make across it,

1270
00:58:28,640 --> 00:58:31,080
Speaker 1: from when they're born in this hot ball of plasma

1271
00:58:31,200 --> 00:58:34,320
Speaker 1: billions and billions of miles away to finally landing on

1272
00:58:34,360 --> 00:58:36,920
Speaker 1: your eyeball. The fact that they get there tells you

1273
00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:39,640
Speaker 1: something about the universe between here and there, and the

1274
00:58:39,720 --> 00:58:42,160
Speaker 1: fact that some of their brothers and sisters didn't get

1275
00:58:42,160 --> 00:58:45,760
Speaker 1: there also tells you something about what's between us and

1276
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:46,240
Speaker 1: that star.

1277
00:58:46,520 --> 00:58:48,720
Speaker 4: Yeah, only the lucky ones make it through Spokane.

1278
00:58:49,080 --> 00:58:53,320
Speaker 1: Question, the unlucky ones make it to Pasadena or Irvine?

1279
00:58:53,360 --> 00:58:54,280
Speaker 1: Is that that's right?

1280
00:58:54,640 --> 00:58:56,479
Speaker 4: The lucky ones get here and they have to listen

1281
00:58:56,480 --> 00:58:57,440
Speaker 4: to my band planes.

1282
00:58:59,080 --> 00:59:02,000
Speaker 1: I'm going to file a noise complain the.

1283
00:59:02,040 --> 00:59:05,120
Speaker 4: Universe already did it all right? Well, the next time

1284
00:59:05,160 --> 00:59:07,240
Speaker 4: you hit listen to the song, think about the stars

1285
00:59:07,280 --> 00:59:10,320
Speaker 4: and think about how our view of the universe is

1286
00:59:10,360 --> 00:59:13,400
Speaker 4: still not completely clear. We hope you enjoyed that. Thanks

1287
00:59:13,400 --> 00:59:14,840
Speaker 4: for joining us, See you next time.

1288
00:59:22,680 --> 00:59:25,480
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that. Daniel and Jorge Explain

1289
00:59:25,560 --> 00:59:29,520
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1290
00:59:29,560 --> 00:59:34,200
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app Apple podcasts or wherever

1291
00:59:34,280 --> 00:59:47,840
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1292
00:59:47,840 --> 00:59:50,160
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1294
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1301
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Speaker 2: I recently discovered biosonce, an incredible science backskincare brand that

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Speaker 2: has been a game changer for my skin. My number

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Speaker 2: one must have the Biosance Omega repair cream, the Holy

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Speaker 2: Grail moisturizer EA transform my giant sensitive skin into something

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Speaker 2: I'm proud to show off. What are you waiting for?

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Speaker 2: Head to biosance dot com and discover your next skincare obsession. And,

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Speaker 2: by the way, use codepod That's pod at checkout to

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Speaker 2: score an exclusive gift with any order.

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01:00:48,800 --> 01:00:52,520
Speaker 14: The all electric Chevy Equinoxy EV combines everything you need

1311
01:00:52,560 --> 01:00:53,760
Speaker 14: when you're ready to go EV.

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01:00:54,120 --> 01:00:56,600
Speaker 3: Starting at thirty four nine ninety five, That twenty twenty

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01:00:56,640 --> 01:01:00,160
Speaker 3: five equinox evlt gives you an impressive balance of all

1314
01:01:00,240 --> 01:01:04,800
Speaker 3: electric range, safety features for peace of mind, and effortless technology.

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01:01:04,320 --> 01:01:07,600
Speaker 14: Including the seventeen point seven inch diagonal display screen, all

1316
01:01:07,640 --> 01:01:08,680
Speaker 14: at a price you'll love.

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01:01:08,840 --> 01:01:10,400
Speaker 1: The Chevy Equinox EV is the.

1318
01:01:10,320 --> 01:01:13,040
Speaker 12: Fund to drive all electric SUV that gives you what

1319
01:01:13,160 --> 01:01:15,240
Speaker 12: you need to do exactly what you want.

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01:01:15,360 --> 01:01:18,160
Speaker 14: The manufacturer suggested retail price excludes tax, title, licensed dealer

1321
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Speaker 14: freest optional equipment dealer set's final price.

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01:01:20,120 --> 01:01:23,160
Speaker 4: To learn more, visit Chevy dot com slash EQUINOXEV