1 00:00:00,320 --> 00:00:04,760 Speaker 1: From UFOs to psychic powers and government conspiracies. History is 2 00:00:04,840 --> 00:00:09,160 Speaker 1: riddled with unexplained events. You can turn back now or 3 00:00:09,280 --> 00:00:19,760 Speaker 1: learn the stuff they don't want you to know. Hello, 4 00:00:19,960 --> 00:00:22,319 Speaker 1: welcome back to the show. My name is Matt, and 5 00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:26,079 Speaker 1: we're gonna pause just there for a second because our 6 00:00:26,280 --> 00:00:32,080 Speaker 1: super producer Nold Madman Brown is not in the studio 7 00:00:32,200 --> 00:00:35,919 Speaker 1: with us today. No, but he's doing something very important 8 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 1: that we cannot talk about yet, but we assure you 9 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:42,680 Speaker 1: it's a secret mission. And I'm Ben. You guys know me, 10 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:45,120 Speaker 1: you're you. This is stuff they don't want you to know. 11 00:00:45,280 --> 00:00:48,520 Speaker 1: But it's not just Matt and I in the studio today, 12 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:52,560 Speaker 1: ladies and gentlemen, we are thrilled to have a returning 13 00:00:52,680 --> 00:00:56,320 Speaker 1: guest friend of the show, the should we say famous 14 00:00:56,640 --> 00:01:00,360 Speaker 1: or infamous? Lauren vocal Ball, Yes, Hi, you know, whichever, 15 00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:02,720 Speaker 1: whichever one you want. Today it's a Wednesday, I'd say 16 00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:06,560 Speaker 1: just regular famous. On Wednesday's regular famous. Yeah, you may know. 17 00:01:06,680 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 1: Learn from all of the places around how stuff works, 18 00:01:09,400 --> 00:01:12,560 Speaker 1: everything from forward thinking to brain stuff, to how stuff 19 00:01:12,600 --> 00:01:14,840 Speaker 1: works now to what the stuff? I think there's seven 20 00:01:14,920 --> 00:01:18,200 Speaker 1: or eight more, yeah, essentially everything any time that I 21 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:22,800 Speaker 1: can move furniture for a show. That's basically what I do, yes, 22 00:01:22,959 --> 00:01:25,840 Speaker 1: because I'm also writing and editing and research and performance. 23 00:01:25,959 --> 00:01:30,680 Speaker 1: But yeah, your passion though, really is furniture moving related? Though? Right? 24 00:01:30,800 --> 00:01:32,959 Speaker 1: Absolutely it makes sense because you know anytime that you 25 00:01:32,959 --> 00:01:36,760 Speaker 1: can get the pound girl on the tab moving heavy things. 26 00:01:36,840 --> 00:01:39,080 Speaker 1: That's also it should also be noted that you have 27 00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:42,000 Speaker 1: mastered the art of the teleprompter. I have. I have 28 00:01:42,040 --> 00:01:45,440 Speaker 1: attempted to do this on several occasions, and uh, it's 29 00:01:45,480 --> 00:01:47,560 Speaker 1: way harder than it looks. You guys, it's a great 30 00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:51,880 Speaker 1: video game. It is. I'm gonna learn, I'm gonna become 31 00:01:51,920 --> 00:01:54,480 Speaker 1: an apprentice. A little a little bit of background before 32 00:01:54,480 --> 00:01:57,280 Speaker 1: we get in today's episode. This this might be interesting 33 00:01:57,320 --> 00:02:00,800 Speaker 1: to some of you. So midst the video writers here, 34 00:02:01,040 --> 00:02:03,800 Speaker 1: Laura and I are half of the video writing team. Uh, 35 00:02:03,960 --> 00:02:09,040 Speaker 1: we have this. Everybody in in a job, every group 36 00:02:09,120 --> 00:02:12,280 Speaker 1: has some has some task that is no one's favorite, right, 37 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:15,480 Speaker 1: whether it's taking out the garbage, move the furniture. For us, 38 00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:20,960 Speaker 1: it's that telepomper man. It's because depending upon the host 39 00:02:21,240 --> 00:02:24,360 Speaker 1: or whom you're you're operating this for, it can be 40 00:02:24,400 --> 00:02:27,040 Speaker 1: a real um where family show. It can be a 41 00:02:27,040 --> 00:02:33,280 Speaker 1: real pain in the pain in these is my favorite, 42 00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:37,960 Speaker 1: but substitute if you're trying to keep it clean, the 43 00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:41,600 Speaker 1: smell of the pain in the nose the favorite, but substitute. Okay, 44 00:02:41,639 --> 00:02:43,840 Speaker 1: so I'm gonna be collecting some of our choice quotes 45 00:02:43,880 --> 00:02:48,400 Speaker 1: from this Uh Lauren. Earlier before we got on the air, 46 00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:52,000 Speaker 1: you had said I might get angry about some things today. 47 00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:55,679 Speaker 1: Why do you guys only invite me to to talk 48 00:02:55,720 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: about topics that anger me? I'm paraphrasing a. Yeah, that's 49 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:00,880 Speaker 1: what I said, and I'm you didn't really give me 50 00:03:00,919 --> 00:03:04,400 Speaker 1: a satisfactory answer. Aside from its fun, it makes for 51 00:03:04,440 --> 00:03:07,480 Speaker 1: a better podcast, it really does. Is there a reason 52 00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:10,800 Speaker 1: that you get upset about this topic or should we 53 00:03:10,840 --> 00:03:13,320 Speaker 1: just bring that up later? First, we should do the 54 00:03:13,400 --> 00:03:17,240 Speaker 1: shout out corner. Oh, that's true, I don't get angry 55 00:03:17,240 --> 00:03:23,720 Speaker 1: about shoutout corners. Good shout up corners. That's right, ladies 56 00:03:23,720 --> 00:03:26,480 Speaker 1: and gentlemen, it is the return of our shout out corner. 57 00:03:26,560 --> 00:03:30,120 Speaker 1: For those of you unfamiliar with this. Recently, we have 58 00:03:30,360 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 1: resurrected the practice of shoutouts just a way to have 59 00:03:34,440 --> 00:03:38,600 Speaker 1: have some of your fellow listeners say hello to all 60 00:03:38,640 --> 00:03:42,120 Speaker 1: at once and it's pretty simple. We can't shout out everybody, 61 00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:43,440 Speaker 1: so we can try to keep it down to like 62 00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:46,000 Speaker 1: three people. But if you're one of the first three 63 00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:48,800 Speaker 1: to write to us on Facebook, Twitter, email, or find 64 00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:50,720 Speaker 1: me on the street or in the back of a bar, 65 00:03:51,240 --> 00:03:53,960 Speaker 1: then just ask for a shout on who knows you 66 00:03:54,040 --> 00:03:58,119 Speaker 1: may get one, just like Joshua Woolsey from Facebook wrote 67 00:03:58,160 --> 00:04:00,440 Speaker 1: to us and said, hey, can I have a shout out? 68 00:04:00,800 --> 00:04:03,480 Speaker 1: Huge shout out to you, Joshua. And another thing that 69 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: happens if we don't get enough people that want an 70 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:08,200 Speaker 1: actual shout out, what we're gonna do is call out 71 00:04:08,200 --> 00:04:11,280 Speaker 1: people who are just cool on our Twitter and Facebook. 72 00:04:11,560 --> 00:04:13,080 Speaker 1: So I'm doing around. I'm doing that right now. I'm 73 00:04:13,120 --> 00:04:17,640 Speaker 1: calling out Casper Parks and Hugh Lame trink Advice Yes 74 00:04:18,040 --> 00:04:22,720 Speaker 1: at Ostrak Swan for sending us those cattle mutilation little 75 00:04:22,760 --> 00:04:26,880 Speaker 1: images comic book excerpts that we were talking about with 76 00:04:27,040 --> 00:04:28,800 Speaker 1: cows doing fun things. I think one of them was 77 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:31,479 Speaker 1: saying it was the cow returning home to the ranch 78 00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:33,479 Speaker 1: and just saying, hey, man, it's okay, we're all we're 79 00:04:33,480 --> 00:04:35,720 Speaker 1: all back and we're all good. Don't have to worry 80 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:39,480 Speaker 1: to That was not the other one was Gary Larson 81 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:41,599 Speaker 1: and and this sounds like so much fun, I'll do 82 00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:45,440 Speaker 1: one too, so so shout out to Joe Dragoness that's 83 00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:48,919 Speaker 1: at J M D R A g U n A S. 84 00:04:48,920 --> 00:04:52,200 Speaker 1: I'm I apologize if I butchered your name for suggesting 85 00:04:52,279 --> 00:04:56,400 Speaker 1: the obvious and overlooked angle that perhaps cattle mutilation occurs 86 00:04:56,440 --> 00:05:00,080 Speaker 1: as a result of turf wars over grazing zones and 87 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:04,160 Speaker 1: uh that this is all ultimately cow on cow violence. Yeah, 88 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:06,479 Speaker 1: we completely missed that in the podcast we did. We 89 00:05:06,560 --> 00:05:09,039 Speaker 1: try our best, but we don't always get everything right. 90 00:05:09,080 --> 00:05:13,320 Speaker 1: We're only human, most of us. Uh, speaking of human things. 91 00:05:13,440 --> 00:05:19,400 Speaker 1: That's our shout out corner ladies and gentlemen, of course 92 00:05:19,480 --> 00:05:21,760 Speaker 1: right to us if you if you would like to participate, 93 00:05:22,320 --> 00:05:25,159 Speaker 1: We've got a question here. I wanted to check with 94 00:05:25,200 --> 00:05:29,200 Speaker 1: you guys before we get into today's topic, which also, 95 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:32,240 Speaker 1: oddly enough, has a run in with livestock. What is 96 00:05:32,279 --> 00:05:36,720 Speaker 1: the sickest you've ever been? Who ever? Ever? Like ever? 97 00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:40,080 Speaker 1: Oh man? Uh, the only one I can think of 98 00:05:40,240 --> 00:05:42,360 Speaker 1: is the most recent time that I was very sick 99 00:05:42,480 --> 00:05:45,800 Speaker 1: and I gotta I got some kind of bacterial infection 100 00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:48,039 Speaker 1: and it lasted for like a month, and it was 101 00:05:48,080 --> 00:05:50,560 Speaker 1: when I had just moved into a new place, so 102 00:05:50,600 --> 00:05:52,560 Speaker 1: I'm sure that I had all kinds of like new 103 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:55,360 Speaker 1: stuff floating around. I'm allergic to cats. My roommate has 104 00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:59,240 Speaker 1: two cats. Hilarious backstory, but so so you know, so 105 00:05:59,279 --> 00:06:01,359 Speaker 1: there was lots of stuff going on with my immune system. 106 00:06:01,400 --> 00:06:05,680 Speaker 1: But essentially I was just incapable of moving my own 107 00:06:05,800 --> 00:06:09,240 Speaker 1: objects for that entire month because I just couldn't. I 108 00:06:09,279 --> 00:06:11,640 Speaker 1: just couldn't. I couldn't get out of bed. The weakness 109 00:06:11,680 --> 00:06:14,440 Speaker 1: that you feel when you're going through that. Yeah, and 110 00:06:14,480 --> 00:06:17,680 Speaker 1: as someone as passionate as you are about moving furniture, 111 00:06:17,720 --> 00:06:20,520 Speaker 1: that has to be emotionally painful as well, right I 112 00:06:20,640 --> 00:06:23,640 Speaker 1: The the toll that it took on me metaphysically, I think, 113 00:06:23,760 --> 00:06:28,120 Speaker 1: is the one that cannot be ignored. Wow, that sonds crazy? 114 00:06:28,120 --> 00:06:29,800 Speaker 1: What what about you met? You want to go? You 115 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:32,600 Speaker 1: want to I have a story to talk about here, 116 00:06:32,600 --> 00:06:35,120 Speaker 1: but it's not necessarily about me. It's about my grandfather. 117 00:06:35,200 --> 00:06:38,800 Speaker 1: Would that would that be? Okay? Okay? So my grandfather 118 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:44,520 Speaker 1: back in I guess it was late. He was living 119 00:06:44,600 --> 00:06:47,280 Speaker 1: with my parents at their house and coming and he 120 00:06:47,320 --> 00:06:49,920 Speaker 1: fell and broke his hip just one night. He got 121 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:51,680 Speaker 1: up to go the bathroom and he fell. So he 122 00:06:51,720 --> 00:06:53,880 Speaker 1: had to go have surgery and they replaced his hip 123 00:06:54,520 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: and went really well. The doctors were worried about the 124 00:06:56,600 --> 00:06:59,560 Speaker 1: procedure itself, because you know, and almost ninety year old 125 00:06:59,560 --> 00:07:02,520 Speaker 1: man doing that kind of intensive surgery is a little dangerous. 126 00:07:03,240 --> 00:07:06,520 Speaker 1: But it turned out fine and and that went really well. 127 00:07:06,560 --> 00:07:10,920 Speaker 1: The problem was he needed rehabilitation, and our family couldn't afford, 128 00:07:10,960 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 1: you know, in home services stuff like that, the more 129 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:17,080 Speaker 1: expensive things that you can get for that. So we 130 00:07:17,120 --> 00:07:19,960 Speaker 1: had to go to a rehabilitation center. And while he 131 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:22,600 Speaker 1: was there, one of the things that he was having 132 00:07:22,760 --> 00:07:25,239 Speaker 1: a problem doing is getting up and going to the bathroom, 133 00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:29,400 Speaker 1: something we take for granted every day. So he required 134 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:34,800 Speaker 1: a catheter, and either through this catheter or through some 135 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:40,240 Speaker 1: other urine mitigation method, he developed an infection. And when 136 00:07:40,280 --> 00:07:43,040 Speaker 1: he got this infection, at first it was you know, 137 00:07:43,440 --> 00:07:46,840 Speaker 1: it's kind of standard when you're in a hospital like 138 00:07:46,920 --> 00:07:49,720 Speaker 1: that to get a small infection or something. It happens 139 00:07:49,760 --> 00:07:53,120 Speaker 1: all the time. The problem was it wasn't going away. 140 00:07:53,240 --> 00:07:58,440 Speaker 1: My mom spoke to the nurse and the nurse said, specifically, 141 00:07:58,880 --> 00:08:02,840 Speaker 1: we think this may be a superbug. We think it's 142 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:06,800 Speaker 1: not responding to any of the antibiotics that we're giving him, 143 00:08:06,880 --> 00:08:11,920 Speaker 1: and it may be resistant. Well, unfortunately, the infection did 144 00:08:11,960 --> 00:08:16,960 Speaker 1: take his life and he died on May. But it 145 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:20,920 Speaker 1: was my first run in personally with something like this, 146 00:08:21,120 --> 00:08:23,880 Speaker 1: and I didn't think that it was possible in the 147 00:08:23,960 --> 00:08:28,080 Speaker 1: United States, at a good facility where he was, that 148 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:31,400 Speaker 1: this could even occur. And uh, it really kind of 149 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:33,760 Speaker 1: opened my eyes to this topic and scared me a 150 00:08:33,800 --> 00:08:37,200 Speaker 1: little bit. It's it's a sobering thought that this is 151 00:08:37,280 --> 00:08:40,920 Speaker 1: our topic for today, ladies and gentlemen. We are going 152 00:08:40,960 --> 00:08:44,480 Speaker 1: to talk about something that you have probably heard of 153 00:08:44,559 --> 00:08:47,600 Speaker 1: in the news and probably wondered. Is that alarmism? Is 154 00:08:47,679 --> 00:08:51,319 Speaker 1: this just a ploy for more clicks or more viewers 155 00:08:51,440 --> 00:08:55,760 Speaker 1: on the part of mainstream media, And unfortunately it is not. 156 00:08:56,080 --> 00:08:58,760 Speaker 1: It's completely true. Yeah, this is two for two of 157 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: you guys inviting me on for something that is actually 158 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:04,800 Speaker 1: not a conspiracy at all. It's just it's just people 159 00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:08,480 Speaker 1: sucking well, it's not a conspiracy theory, but there are 160 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:12,000 Speaker 1: I will submit to you, Lauren Vogelbamba, that there are 161 00:09:12,040 --> 00:09:17,480 Speaker 1: a couple of conspiracies of foot involved in this. Oh 162 00:09:17,679 --> 00:09:21,920 Speaker 1: no spoilers let's talk about disease, you guys before we 163 00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:24,720 Speaker 1: die of one, and we'll start with a story about 164 00:09:25,040 --> 00:09:27,920 Speaker 1: the Black Death, the Black plague. You've heard of it before, 165 00:09:28,840 --> 00:09:32,880 Speaker 1: if you have ever, you've just heard of it is 166 00:09:32,960 --> 00:09:36,920 Speaker 1: not you have history, Yes, if you have history, that's perfect. 167 00:09:37,520 --> 00:09:39,960 Speaker 1: I want to go ahead and say that I'm going 168 00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:42,839 Speaker 1: to ignore any spoiler warnings on this. It happened a 169 00:09:42,840 --> 00:09:46,400 Speaker 1: while ago. I think around then we can we can 170 00:09:46,400 --> 00:09:49,520 Speaker 1: talk about Yeah, good, okay. I just wanted to gut 171 00:09:49,559 --> 00:09:52,600 Speaker 1: check with you guys. Boy, the ancient world was a 172 00:09:52,720 --> 00:09:56,679 Speaker 1: terrible and brutal place. Everything side, Yeah, aside from like 173 00:09:56,760 --> 00:10:00,080 Speaker 1: the clothes and maybe the millery. Um, I wouldn't not 174 00:10:00,240 --> 00:10:02,680 Speaker 1: have wanted to live in the past. Yeah, I think 175 00:10:02,720 --> 00:10:05,360 Speaker 1: it's I think we watch Bill and Ted sometime in 176 00:10:05,400 --> 00:10:08,960 Speaker 1: our childhood and then say, hey, time travel is fun. 177 00:10:09,120 --> 00:10:12,560 Speaker 1: It's probably not. We'll get into some statistics later, but 178 00:10:12,760 --> 00:10:16,520 Speaker 1: it is. It is difficult for the vast majority of 179 00:10:16,640 --> 00:10:20,720 Speaker 1: to us to imagine just how filthy living conditions were, 180 00:10:20,920 --> 00:10:24,760 Speaker 1: how poor and crude our understanding of quote unquote medicine was, 181 00:10:24,960 --> 00:10:29,240 Speaker 1: and just how much easier it was to die from 182 00:10:29,240 --> 00:10:32,319 Speaker 1: what these days would be a kind of trivial infection, 183 00:10:32,720 --> 00:10:36,319 Speaker 1: you know, small little things, because you may be walking 184 00:10:36,400 --> 00:10:38,959 Speaker 1: around in feces all day when you're trying to get 185 00:10:38,960 --> 00:10:40,800 Speaker 1: from one place to the other out in the streets, 186 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:44,720 Speaker 1: because you probably are. Yeah, yeah, and animal feces, human feces, 187 00:10:45,240 --> 00:10:50,079 Speaker 1: all kinds. So the Black Plague, as it's commonly called 188 00:10:50,080 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: an English describes, instead of a wave of three separate 189 00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:59,000 Speaker 1: incidences incidencies, I guess, moving from a plague reservoir somewhere 190 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:02,880 Speaker 1: in the cast being and see area central Asia westward. 191 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:06,120 Speaker 1: And it followed shipping routes. The Black Death is generally 192 00:11:06,120 --> 00:11:09,599 Speaker 1: thought to have arrived by ship in Europe in October 193 00:11:09,640 --> 00:11:13,720 Speaker 1: of seven, when twelve ships from Genoa docked at the 194 00:11:13,800 --> 00:11:17,360 Speaker 1: Sicilian port of Messina. And that's right after going through 195 00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:20,000 Speaker 1: the Black Seas. Oh, and this is a this is 196 00:11:20,040 --> 00:11:22,760 Speaker 1: a spooky story to tell in the dark, you know, 197 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:27,080 Speaker 1: because this ship, when it hits the docks, it's full 198 00:11:27,120 --> 00:11:31,080 Speaker 1: of dead people, people who are either dead or in 199 00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:34,880 Speaker 1: the process of and uh, those who were still alive 200 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:39,000 Speaker 1: or just overcome with fever. They're throwing up, they're hallucinating, 201 00:11:39,120 --> 00:11:43,800 Speaker 1: delirious from the pain. And that wasn't all, was it? Oh? No, 202 00:11:43,880 --> 00:11:47,720 Speaker 1: it gets grosser. Yeah, they were also covered in in 203 00:11:47,760 --> 00:11:53,160 Speaker 1: these black boils that used blood and puss and and 204 00:11:53,160 --> 00:11:55,319 Speaker 1: and that is where we get the name the Black 205 00:11:55,360 --> 00:11:58,960 Speaker 1: Death from. Yeah, in Sicily, the government of Sicily ordered 206 00:11:58,960 --> 00:12:01,280 Speaker 1: the fleet out of the harbor, you know, back to 207 00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:06,000 Speaker 1: Genoa with you or never mind, never mind. Well they 208 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:08,800 Speaker 1: probably thought they were safe, we got rid of this problem. 209 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:12,680 Speaker 1: We're okay now, Yeah, but that wasn't the truth. They were, 210 00:12:12,760 --> 00:12:15,520 Speaker 1: unfortunately very wrong, and over the next five years, this 211 00:12:15,600 --> 00:12:17,880 Speaker 1: thing that we come to know as the Black Death 212 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:20,960 Speaker 1: would kill more than twenty million people in Europe at 213 00:12:20,960 --> 00:12:24,800 Speaker 1: the time. That was almost one third of the continents populations. 214 00:12:24,840 --> 00:12:28,760 Speaker 1: So if we were Europe, the three of us in 215 00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:32,160 Speaker 1: this room right now, one of us would die, which 216 00:12:32,200 --> 00:12:35,080 Speaker 1: is which is a crazy thing. And people didn't know 217 00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:37,480 Speaker 1: what was going on. Was it a punishment from God? 218 00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:43,480 Speaker 1: Was it uh? Foreign hoards from the like literally hordes 219 00:12:43,520 --> 00:12:45,760 Speaker 1: from the Mongol horde? Yeah, yeah, I mean we wouldn't 220 00:12:45,800 --> 00:12:49,000 Speaker 1: have germ theory for the next few centuries, so people 221 00:12:49,080 --> 00:12:53,440 Speaker 1: had no concept of what disease transmission meant. Yeah, yeah, 222 00:12:53,440 --> 00:12:55,719 Speaker 1: how are you getting it? That's that's a crazy thing 223 00:12:55,720 --> 00:13:00,560 Speaker 1: to not know from living a wanton, sinful life. Maybe honestly, 224 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:02,440 Speaker 1: I mean at the time, maybe that one time I 225 00:13:02,520 --> 00:13:05,840 Speaker 1: danced too much, Yeah, the time that, Yes, the dancing 226 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:07,720 Speaker 1: in public, I think is where we could trace this 227 00:13:07,800 --> 00:13:12,600 Speaker 1: back to that or a bacteria that was that was 228 00:13:12,640 --> 00:13:15,240 Speaker 1: proven to be the cause of the plague. As recently 229 00:13:15,280 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: as two thousand ten, there were DNA studies that confirmed 230 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:20,880 Speaker 1: something that have been suspected for a while, a thing 231 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:26,360 Speaker 1: called your sinia pestis, and it is common to fleas 232 00:13:26,880 --> 00:13:30,720 Speaker 1: that live on rats or rodents excuse me, from central 233 00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:34,960 Speaker 1: Western Asia, Kurdistan, parts of India, and oddly enough Uganda. 234 00:13:35,320 --> 00:13:38,200 Speaker 1: The effects of this are seen today. According to the 235 00:13:38,240 --> 00:13:42,439 Speaker 1: historian Philip die Leader quote, forty five to fifty of 236 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:46,079 Speaker 1: the European population died during a four year period. Uh, 237 00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:49,839 Speaker 1: there's a fair amount of geographic variation. However, in Mediterranean 238 00:13:49,880 --> 00:13:53,080 Speaker 1: Europe areas such as Italy, the south of France and Spain, 239 00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:56,720 Speaker 1: where plague ran for about four years consecutively, it was 240 00:13:56,760 --> 00:14:01,040 Speaker 1: probably closer to eight of the popul relation. That's huge, 241 00:14:01,120 --> 00:14:04,520 Speaker 1: you guess. In Germany and England, though, it was probably 242 00:14:04,559 --> 00:14:09,080 Speaker 1: closer to only right and over you'll you'll notice, folks 243 00:14:09,080 --> 00:14:12,840 Speaker 1: that there are some differences in the statistics already, because 244 00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:16,600 Speaker 1: just above it said roughly a third of the population, 245 00:14:16,640 --> 00:14:21,120 Speaker 1: but then you hear forty We're still working out how 246 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:24,600 Speaker 1: many people actually died. That's how massive this was. In 247 00:14:24,680 --> 00:14:27,840 Speaker 1: many situations, there was no one there to count the dead. Yeah, 248 00:14:27,960 --> 00:14:30,040 Speaker 1: you had you had to know exactly how many people died, 249 00:14:30,080 --> 00:14:32,080 Speaker 1: but also who died of what? I mean, how are 250 00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:34,600 Speaker 1: you going to prove that they died of this and 251 00:14:34,640 --> 00:14:40,440 Speaker 1: not because there was no food left at the point. Yeah, 252 00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:44,760 Speaker 1: the I guess the side consequences or the ripple effects 253 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:47,720 Speaker 1: of that. Overall, you'll hear a number with a great range, right, 254 00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:51,120 Speaker 1: they'll say seventy five to two million people across Eurasia 255 00:14:51,560 --> 00:14:55,520 Speaker 1: died as a result of this. But there's one positive thing. 256 00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:57,720 Speaker 1: It looked really hard. There's one positive thing about the 257 00:14:57,760 --> 00:15:00,400 Speaker 1: black death Yeah, I know it sounds weird to say. Okay, 258 00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:03,800 Speaker 1: so silver black death lining. Yes, black death lining. So 259 00:15:04,120 --> 00:15:06,120 Speaker 1: there's a book that we've mentioned on the air before, 260 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:07,880 Speaker 1: I think, called In the Wake of the Plague by 261 00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:11,280 Speaker 1: an author named Norman Cantor, And this is where I 262 00:15:11,360 --> 00:15:15,840 Speaker 1: learned that the disease the plague may be responsible for 263 00:15:16,080 --> 00:15:21,400 Speaker 1: HIV resistance in some European populations, especially northern European. Oh 264 00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:24,040 Speaker 1: that's fascinating. Yeah, yeah, I was just reading the other 265 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:30,160 Speaker 1: day about how worm infestations and Viking populations were responsible 266 00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:34,280 Speaker 1: for a gene that now causes emphysema. So strange, how 267 00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:37,640 Speaker 1: like like like like like resistance to worm infestations lead 268 00:15:37,680 --> 00:15:41,040 Speaker 1: to a genetic variant that basically causes an emphasema. So 269 00:15:41,040 --> 00:15:43,280 Speaker 1: it's so it's great how these ripple effects less great 270 00:15:43,280 --> 00:15:46,440 Speaker 1: for people with emphasema obviously than people with HIV resistance, 271 00:15:46,520 --> 00:15:49,239 Speaker 1: Like that's the lot of you would rather have superpower 272 00:15:49,440 --> 00:15:53,120 Speaker 1: versus and affliction, yes, but but nonetheless, oh that that's 273 00:15:53,160 --> 00:15:57,520 Speaker 1: genetically great. Yeah, it's it's strange what happens when any 274 00:15:57,600 --> 00:16:03,080 Speaker 1: population of living things is put through uh an environmental ringer? 275 00:16:03,320 --> 00:16:05,960 Speaker 1: Now does some some of you may might be saying, 276 00:16:06,040 --> 00:16:09,560 Speaker 1: like Matt Lauren Ben also Nolan's spirit, why are you 277 00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:12,920 Speaker 1: guys talking about the Black Death that was so long ago? 278 00:16:13,720 --> 00:16:17,680 Speaker 1: Move on, guys, this is just a grizzly historical side note. 279 00:16:18,480 --> 00:16:21,120 Speaker 1: We'll sit tight for a second. Well, we'll get to that, 280 00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 1: and first let's talk about these bugs is back here? 281 00:16:25,840 --> 00:16:28,520 Speaker 1: What what do we mean when we say a bug 282 00:16:28,640 --> 00:16:30,640 Speaker 1: or a superbug. All right, you guys, here we go. 283 00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,840 Speaker 1: Travel with us for a moment. Close your eyes. I know, 284 00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:36,800 Speaker 1: Wait you're driving. Don't close your eyes. Sorry, sorry, Just 285 00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:41,400 Speaker 1: pretend there's an overlay on your windscreen. Okay, here we go. 286 00:16:41,720 --> 00:16:51,560 Speaker 1: Imagine your body, peaceful eyes, hopefully years. That's nice. Hopefully 287 00:16:51,560 --> 00:16:56,480 Speaker 1: there's an abdomen with guts down there. Now, imagine that 288 00:16:56,600 --> 00:17:01,640 Speaker 1: this body is an entire civilization, a city, perhaps even 289 00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:05,960 Speaker 1: a planet of its own, filled with bacteria in you, 290 00:17:06,480 --> 00:17:12,080 Speaker 1: around you, They're all living inside this city. Holy smokes, 291 00:17:12,119 --> 00:17:15,920 Speaker 1: it's crowded in there. Okay, so fun fact, here, there 292 00:17:15,960 --> 00:17:19,479 Speaker 1: are more bacterial cells that are inside of you than 293 00:17:19,520 --> 00:17:24,120 Speaker 1: there are your cells. Seriously. Here, here's the good thing. 294 00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:27,359 Speaker 1: They're much much smaller than your cells. Uh. And the 295 00:17:27,359 --> 00:17:31,720 Speaker 1: statistic has recently been contested and not in peer reviewed research, 296 00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:34,320 Speaker 1: so we can't take it for for certain yet. But 297 00:17:34,320 --> 00:17:36,840 Speaker 1: but suffice it to say that we host a lot 298 00:17:37,480 --> 00:17:41,080 Speaker 1: of my many more than you would think or want 299 00:17:41,119 --> 00:17:45,120 Speaker 1: to believe, and they're way smaller than the human cells 300 00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,199 Speaker 1: that make up your body. So it's not although we 301 00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:51,560 Speaker 1: are covered in living things and just inundated with them, 302 00:17:51,760 --> 00:17:55,840 Speaker 1: we're still you know by volume, there's more of us 303 00:17:55,840 --> 00:17:57,760 Speaker 1: than there are that. Yeah, there we go. That's how 304 00:17:57,800 --> 00:17:59,840 Speaker 1: you measure this that. Let's see, are they part of 305 00:18:00,040 --> 00:18:03,480 Speaker 1: snow now that we have created this ecosystem together? Oh? 306 00:18:03,520 --> 00:18:06,880 Speaker 1: Absolutely Yeah. A lot of them are are harmless, working 307 00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:10,440 Speaker 1: kind of you know, just alongside all of our normal 308 00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:13,639 Speaker 1: bodily processes, and a lot of them are even helpful. Yeah. 309 00:18:13,680 --> 00:18:17,200 Speaker 1: They digest food, they will fight off the bad bacteria 310 00:18:17,320 --> 00:18:20,199 Speaker 1: for you if it's a good day. We all have 311 00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:26,280 Speaker 1: these strange ecosystems or microbiomes and our guts, and you 312 00:18:26,320 --> 00:18:30,000 Speaker 1: can hear very interesting podcasts by some of our peers 313 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:33,280 Speaker 1: are colleagues about the so called fecal transplants, which are 314 00:18:33,400 --> 00:18:36,800 Speaker 1: real thing. Yeah. Yeah, As it turns out, the microbiomes 315 00:18:36,840 --> 00:18:39,160 Speaker 1: and our guts have a lot to do with our 316 00:18:39,200 --> 00:18:41,919 Speaker 1: mental health, with our immune systems, with all kinds of 317 00:18:41,920 --> 00:18:46,639 Speaker 1: systems that you wouldn't expect gut bacteria to be influencing. Guys. 318 00:18:46,640 --> 00:18:48,639 Speaker 1: Really quick, fun fact that I learned from having a baby. 319 00:18:48,640 --> 00:18:51,679 Speaker 1: I didn't have the baby, but from having a baby, 320 00:18:51,880 --> 00:18:55,560 Speaker 1: you were like you were like a producer surge of sorts. Yeah. 321 00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:59,040 Speaker 1: So when when you were a baby and you're being breastfed. 322 00:18:59,280 --> 00:19:02,960 Speaker 1: The substance that you are fed prior to actually getting 323 00:19:02,960 --> 00:19:06,600 Speaker 1: milk is is the stuff that creates and coats the 324 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:10,920 Speaker 1: inside of your lining. It creates your basically the little 325 00:19:10,920 --> 00:19:13,560 Speaker 1: biomes of bacteria that lives inside of you because you're 326 00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:15,960 Speaker 1: getting it from your parents, from your mother, which is 327 00:19:16,040 --> 00:19:19,280 Speaker 1: kind of cool. Isn't that weird to think about bacterial transfer? 328 00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,560 Speaker 1: Bacterial transferred and it's on purpose and we have to 329 00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:25,080 Speaker 1: do it or else there are issues, they're bad things 330 00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:28,720 Speaker 1: that happen. There's also research into how baby is born 331 00:19:28,840 --> 00:19:33,399 Speaker 1: via cesarean section are missing out on some vaginal microbiomes stuff, 332 00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:36,280 Speaker 1: and so so researchers are starting to just kind of 333 00:19:36,320 --> 00:19:39,520 Speaker 1: just kind of swab that right on the baby after 334 00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:42,960 Speaker 1: it's born by sarian section, therefore giving these amazing like 335 00:19:43,080 --> 00:19:50,000 Speaker 1: life saving, lifelong benefits benefits. Yeah, like the exterior bacterias 336 00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:51,919 Speaker 1: on your skin and stuff like that. Wow, that's crazy, 337 00:19:51,960 --> 00:19:56,240 Speaker 1: that's fascinating. So we are taking pains, of course, folks, 338 00:19:56,280 --> 00:19:59,960 Speaker 1: to show that bacteria is not all bad. It gets bad, 339 00:20:00,080 --> 00:20:04,040 Speaker 1: wrap it's not all bad, but uh, it is responsible 340 00:20:04,080 --> 00:20:07,040 Speaker 1: for your farts. So as we have a brain stuff 341 00:20:07,119 --> 00:20:10,720 Speaker 1: video about it, which ends on an oddly philosophical note 342 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:13,360 Speaker 1: where it's like, Oh, it's not really you farting, it's 343 00:20:13,359 --> 00:20:16,359 Speaker 1: all this stuff inside of you that's producing this, which 344 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:19,480 Speaker 1: makes you think, like, who are we farting inside of you? 345 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:22,720 Speaker 1: Know what I mean? If we're the bacteria. Anyway, check 346 00:20:22,760 --> 00:20:24,879 Speaker 1: it out if you want. It's free on YouTube. But 347 00:20:25,359 --> 00:20:28,280 Speaker 1: I say that because it's time for us to take 348 00:20:28,320 --> 00:20:32,080 Speaker 1: a turn. We've talked about the good bacteria. What about 349 00:20:32,119 --> 00:20:35,479 Speaker 1: the other side. Uh, Yeah, there's there's a lot of 350 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:40,399 Speaker 1: pathogenic a k A disease producing bacteria that can cause 351 00:20:40,480 --> 00:20:44,119 Speaker 1: infections anywhere in your body that you have body parts, 352 00:20:44,119 --> 00:20:47,040 Speaker 1: basically um and and and a note here which will 353 00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:49,960 Speaker 1: get more important as we go deeper into this conversation 354 00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:53,000 Speaker 1: about how tricky it is to fight off harmful bacteria. 355 00:20:53,240 --> 00:20:57,600 Speaker 1: UM species of bacteria don't fall into two simple binary 356 00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:01,639 Speaker 1: categories of pathogenic versus non pathogenic. And we know this 357 00:21:01,720 --> 00:21:05,600 Speaker 1: because we've seen bacteria species that were previously harmless turn 358 00:21:05,680 --> 00:21:09,200 Speaker 1: pathogenic inside of a host. So it's an on off 359 00:21:09,240 --> 00:21:13,280 Speaker 1: switch in each individual bacterium that depends on a number 360 00:21:13,320 --> 00:21:16,119 Speaker 1: of factors that the conditions in the host and the 361 00:21:16,119 --> 00:21:18,719 Speaker 1: health and welfare of the rest of the colony. Primarily, 362 00:21:19,240 --> 00:21:22,960 Speaker 1: to put it simply and also kind of scarily, bacteria 363 00:21:23,240 --> 00:21:26,400 Speaker 1: that have the capacity to be pathogenic can lie dormant. 364 00:21:27,040 --> 00:21:30,239 Speaker 1: What I imagined when when you're saying this is that 365 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:35,760 Speaker 1: there are these tiny little microscopic sleeper cells of of terrorists. 366 00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:40,199 Speaker 1: Think these these bacterium terrorists that are just waiting to 367 00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:42,520 Speaker 1: be activated, and when they get the call, they're they're 368 00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:47,359 Speaker 1: they're opportunistic. It's it's really incredible from a evolution standpoint, 369 00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,199 Speaker 1: and really terrifying from a human person walking around with 370 00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:53,600 Speaker 1: these like hypothetical ticking time bombs kind of standpoint. Oh 371 00:21:53,720 --> 00:21:57,240 Speaker 1: and in addition to a bacteria colonies pathogenic state, you've 372 00:21:57,280 --> 00:22:00,480 Speaker 1: also got another qualifier that you can apply here, and 373 00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:05,040 Speaker 1: that's the colonies virulence, which is like how revvd up 374 00:22:05,240 --> 00:22:08,760 Speaker 1: the colon. The colony is about making you sick. Um. So, 375 00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:12,280 Speaker 1: where pathogenicity is whether bacteria make you sick or not, 376 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:17,600 Speaker 1: virulence is how sick pathogenic bacteria make you. Okay, I see, 377 00:22:17,680 --> 00:22:21,040 Speaker 1: so like a sore throat or pneumonia. Sure, yeah, I'm 378 00:22:21,040 --> 00:22:23,720 Speaker 1: picking those throughout the air for the sake of argument. 379 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:28,080 Speaker 1: It's amazing that we have as a species survived long 380 00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:33,680 Speaker 1: enough to learn so much about this this ancient supervillain. 381 00:22:33,760 --> 00:22:37,359 Speaker 1: Really that our species has been in a war. Uh 382 00:22:37,480 --> 00:22:40,159 Speaker 1: And now we know that bacteria have also pulled a 383 00:22:40,240 --> 00:22:43,520 Speaker 1: Benedict Arnold at times and switch sides. Well, it doesn't 384 00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:46,000 Speaker 1: benefit them to kill us off, so it's it's really 385 00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:49,040 Speaker 1: it's really a genetic flaw in bacteria. If they're killing us, well, 386 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:52,320 Speaker 1: they probably don't need us all though, because they tread 387 00:22:52,440 --> 00:22:55,919 Speaker 1: live in other animals as well, right, especially if there 388 00:22:55,920 --> 00:22:59,399 Speaker 1: are other bacteria that it is helpful when the host 389 00:22:59,560 --> 00:23:02,320 Speaker 1: dies of that there can be movement or something. And 390 00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:04,440 Speaker 1: then that's wow, that doesn't make any sense when I 391 00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:06,280 Speaker 1: think about But there are so many other things that 392 00:23:06,320 --> 00:23:09,360 Speaker 1: take advantage of a being when it dies and it's 393 00:23:09,359 --> 00:23:11,920 Speaker 1: being broken down and how much food is created. Their 394 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:15,800 Speaker 1: opportunistic is probably the word of the week for our 395 00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:19,160 Speaker 1: podcasts here. So let's we we talked about the good, 396 00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:21,840 Speaker 1: we talked about the bad, let's talk about the ugly. 397 00:23:22,560 --> 00:23:27,160 Speaker 1: In the early nine we didn't really have any any 398 00:23:27,240 --> 00:23:33,720 Speaker 1: efficacious or effective medicines against things like common germs. So 399 00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:36,840 Speaker 1: there were traditional treatments that we can talk about, but 400 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:41,960 Speaker 1: there their efficiency was not It was nowhere near the 401 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:44,880 Speaker 1: pills that your doctor will give you today, even though 402 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:47,520 Speaker 1: the body has this great immune system that can fight 403 00:23:47,560 --> 00:23:52,800 Speaker 1: off infections. Sometimes the germs there's some serious heavyweights. Right. 404 00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:57,160 Speaker 1: We've got some uh frightening statistics here too, Right. Yeah, 405 00:23:57,240 --> 00:24:01,000 Speaker 1: before antibiotics, you had a very good chance of dying 406 00:24:01,119 --> 00:24:05,920 Speaker 1: if you got something like bacterial meningitis. Of the children 407 00:24:05,960 --> 00:24:09,040 Speaker 1: who got it died, and among those children who lived, 408 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:11,720 Speaker 1: most of them had some kind of long lasting effects, 409 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:17,639 Speaker 1: anything from different disabilities to deafness to even mental mental retardation, 410 00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:20,200 Speaker 1: which to me would be a fate worse than death. Honestly, 411 00:24:20,680 --> 00:24:24,679 Speaker 1: you know, I I can't imagine having a kid and 412 00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:28,520 Speaker 1: having a disease where they say your child survived, will 413 00:24:28,560 --> 00:24:31,360 Speaker 1: no longer be able to hear you, maybe even understand 414 00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:35,040 Speaker 1: who you are? Is that living? I don't know. Strep throat. 415 00:24:35,119 --> 00:24:36,720 Speaker 1: I used to get strepped throat all the time when 416 00:24:36,720 --> 00:24:38,960 Speaker 1: I was a kid. It was a time of fatal disease. 417 00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:41,480 Speaker 1: Did you guys ever have strepped throat or ear infections? 418 00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:45,400 Speaker 1: Stuff like infections I had about like once a year. Yeah. 419 00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,960 Speaker 1: We are not suited for time travel, my friends, unless 420 00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:51,119 Speaker 1: we have some sort of protective gear. I think the 421 00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:54,240 Speaker 1: bubble boy, yeah, or a space suit from NASA, but 422 00:24:54,280 --> 00:24:57,159 Speaker 1: they won't sell those. Two civilians they gave it. They 423 00:24:57,200 --> 00:24:59,679 Speaker 1: gave one. They gave one kid who actually did have 424 00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:02,360 Speaker 1: to of in a bubble because of this terrible immune disorder. 425 00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:05,199 Speaker 1: They gave him a kind of a space suit, but 426 00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:07,840 Speaker 1: they won't. You can email them if you want. Have 427 00:25:07,960 --> 00:25:11,280 Speaker 1: you been emailing them? I did email them before and asked, 428 00:25:11,560 --> 00:25:15,480 Speaker 1: uh they they said no, But there's nothing wrong with trying. 429 00:25:15,760 --> 00:25:17,880 Speaker 1: Here's the thing though, these ear infections. If we were 430 00:25:17,920 --> 00:25:21,560 Speaker 1: to travel back into the past, um you, Lauren, you, 431 00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:24,760 Speaker 1: Matt Noel, you listeners. If we all went back in 432 00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:26,720 Speaker 1: the past for some kind of time travel party and 433 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:29,040 Speaker 1: we got an ear infection and we didn't have any 434 00:25:29,200 --> 00:25:31,760 Speaker 1: treatment for it, it could spread from the ear to 435 00:25:31,960 --> 00:25:37,280 Speaker 1: your brain. Yeah, well that's that's terrible. And then other 436 00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:40,120 Speaker 1: and let's not forget the serious infections are still around. 437 00:25:40,119 --> 00:25:43,639 Speaker 1: They're still too virgin losis, pneumonia, whooping cough, and they 438 00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:47,840 Speaker 1: are caused by these bacteria that are like Lauren said earlierly, 439 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:52,720 Speaker 1: they're virulent, they reproduce at an extraordinary pace, and they 440 00:25:52,760 --> 00:25:56,520 Speaker 1: can easily well, they'll make you very sick, but they 441 00:25:56,560 --> 00:26:01,280 Speaker 1: could also plausibly just cause you to die. Game for men. Okay, 442 00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:03,600 Speaker 1: so let's talk about bacteria for a little bit. Guys, 443 00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:06,080 Speaker 1: let's get to know them. These people that were kind 444 00:26:06,080 --> 00:26:09,600 Speaker 1: of vilifying here, what are they like? Well, you can 445 00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:13,280 Speaker 1: if you look at a bacteria, ben let's imagine that 446 00:26:13,320 --> 00:26:19,040 Speaker 1: their real estate agents. For them. It's all about location, location, location. 447 00:26:19,720 --> 00:26:22,160 Speaker 1: They just need to find a place where they can 448 00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:27,359 Speaker 1: that they can eat, where they can reproduce. And guess what, uh, 449 00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:31,680 Speaker 1: they're not doing any kind of the They reproduce a sexually. 450 00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:34,600 Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah, so your your gut is not full 451 00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:37,960 Speaker 1: of a bunch of tiny creatures that are just sexual 452 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,719 Speaker 1: congress inside of you making load. No, well, not bacteria anyway, 453 00:26:41,760 --> 00:26:45,960 Speaker 1: not bacteria anyway. Yeah, that's true. They can reproduce very 454 00:26:46,119 --> 00:26:48,880 Speaker 1: very quickly though the bacteria cat in in the right 455 00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:52,879 Speaker 1: conditions a warm, moist place, bacteria can reproduce like every 456 00:26:52,920 --> 00:26:56,040 Speaker 1: twenty minutes, which means you start with one and in 457 00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,879 Speaker 1: an hour you could have eight. Scale that across the 458 00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:03,680 Speaker 1: thousands and millions of creatures and bacteria can of course 459 00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:05,960 Speaker 1: damage you in a number of ways, poisoning your food, 460 00:27:06,160 --> 00:27:09,960 Speaker 1: entering your body through the air, and animal bite an 461 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:13,600 Speaker 1: awkward high five, you know, seriously, skin to skin contact, 462 00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:18,000 Speaker 1: doorknob sometimes well, well, touching a door knob and having 463 00:27:18,160 --> 00:27:22,600 Speaker 1: either a cut on your skin or immediately putting your dirty, 464 00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:26,840 Speaker 1: dirty hand against one of your mucus membranes. Don't do that. 465 00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:31,159 Speaker 1: Don't do that. Do people do that? Uh? Probably more 466 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,240 Speaker 1: than you would think. Actually, yeah, I always judge people 467 00:27:34,240 --> 00:27:36,840 Speaker 1: if I'm in the restroom and I hear them leave 468 00:27:36,880 --> 00:27:39,880 Speaker 1: without washing their hands. I know to some degree, it's 469 00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:42,879 Speaker 1: just this ritualized thing that we have. All we have 470 00:27:42,920 --> 00:27:46,920 Speaker 1: all as a society convinced ourselves will make people safer, 471 00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:50,159 Speaker 1: and it's better than nothing. But still I judge you 472 00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:53,399 Speaker 1: if I, if I, if I don't hear just at 473 00:27:53,480 --> 00:27:55,840 Speaker 1: least like run your hands. Yes, if I don't even 474 00:27:55,920 --> 00:27:59,520 Speaker 1: hear the water turn on, then judgment is coming your way. Luckily, 475 00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:02,159 Speaker 1: even if you don't wash your hands because you have 476 00:28:02,280 --> 00:28:05,480 Speaker 1: some I don't know, weird thing in your past. We 477 00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:07,639 Speaker 1: have something else that can help you. It's a nifty 478 00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:14,880 Speaker 1: group of substances called antibiotics, the Michael Jordan's medicine do yes, perfect? 479 00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:17,720 Speaker 1: So So what are these what? What what's the deal 480 00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:21,480 Speaker 1: with antibiotics? Well, these are chemical substances. You may have 481 00:28:21,560 --> 00:28:24,960 Speaker 1: heard of one of the most popular, penicillin, which is 482 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:28,720 Speaker 1: derived from fungus or some other micro organism. And when 483 00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:32,560 Speaker 1: they're administered in dilute solutions. You, guys, these things are 484 00:28:32,560 --> 00:28:37,080 Speaker 1: able to destroy other micro organisms, which is extremely helpful 485 00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:40,640 Speaker 1: our targets in this case bacteria. Um. And if we're 486 00:28:40,640 --> 00:28:43,720 Speaker 1: gonna be technical, guys, the best group description for these 487 00:28:43,760 --> 00:28:47,840 Speaker 1: things would be anti microbials, though the term antibiotic is 488 00:28:47,960 --> 00:28:51,320 Speaker 1: used most often. Hey, what's the difference, you might be asking, 489 00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:55,000 Speaker 1: great question, Well, anti microbials can describe a variety of things. 490 00:28:55,280 --> 00:28:58,640 Speaker 1: There are anti septics that's applied to living tissue to 491 00:28:58,760 --> 00:29:02,440 Speaker 1: prevent infection, often during a surgery. Right, Uh, there's this. 492 00:29:02,720 --> 00:29:07,000 Speaker 1: Their disinfectants like bleach oh yeah, which just non selectively 493 00:29:07,160 --> 00:29:11,800 Speaker 1: kill all the things. Yeah, use on non living substances 494 00:29:11,840 --> 00:29:16,040 Speaker 1: to prevent the spread of infection. And finally, the heroes 495 00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:20,920 Speaker 1: of our story, uh, antibiotics, which kill the nasty micro 496 00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:24,200 Speaker 1: organisms inside your body. Once upon a time, this term 497 00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:27,080 Speaker 1: was only used to describe, you know, the natural stuff, 498 00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:30,640 Speaker 1: the moldy bread things like that. Nowadays, it's also used 499 00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:35,120 Speaker 1: to describe synthetic antibiotics. Um, let's say about the discovery 500 00:29:35,120 --> 00:29:38,320 Speaker 1: of antibiotics. We have some myths to bust. Well, yes, 501 00:29:38,520 --> 00:29:41,240 Speaker 1: depending on your age and the country of your origin, 502 00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:44,040 Speaker 1: you've probably heard all kinds of fun myths about how 503 00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,880 Speaker 1: antibiotics came about, especially from when you're in school, especially 504 00:29:47,920 --> 00:29:51,640 Speaker 1: young age school. Western Europeans were for a long time 505 00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:57,600 Speaker 1: thought to be credited with the discovery of antibiotics. However, yeah, well, 506 00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:00,960 Speaker 1: it may be true that various civilizations, include areas of 507 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:06,640 Speaker 1: Western Europe, discovered these substances independently. It is incredibly difficult. 508 00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:09,240 Speaker 1: I'm gonna double down actually and say that is impossible 509 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:14,080 Speaker 1: to really nail down who discovered what first why, Because 510 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:17,640 Speaker 1: not only are antibiotics one of the most effective medicines 511 00:30:17,680 --> 00:30:20,719 Speaker 1: in human history, they're also one of the oldest. Like 512 00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:24,360 Speaker 1: super ol. We have no idea. Traces of stuff like 513 00:30:24,400 --> 00:30:28,400 Speaker 1: tetracycling have been found in human skeletal remains in the 514 00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:32,280 Speaker 1: ancient Sudanese Nubia dating back to three hundred fifty to 515 00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:37,680 Speaker 1: fifty c e. What. Yeah, and just before penicillin. That 516 00:30:37,840 --> 00:30:41,720 Speaker 1: is so far before penicilla, that's before there was even 517 00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:46,320 Speaker 1: really a calendar that would apply to something we could 518 00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:49,440 Speaker 1: understand you know what I mean. Yeah, And traces of 519 00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:52,560 Speaker 1: the same substance were found in bones from the Docta 520 00:30:52,680 --> 00:30:56,720 Speaker 1: Oasis in Egypt. And we we know that we can 521 00:30:56,760 --> 00:31:01,600 Speaker 1: find this substance tetracycling easier than any other ancient biotics 522 00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:05,040 Speaker 1: because it has a unique structure. But despite the fact 523 00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:08,120 Speaker 1: that that's our um, you know, that's our smoking gun, 524 00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:11,840 Speaker 1: that's our solid proof, there's so much other stuff there. 525 00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:15,720 Speaker 1: There's strong evidence the ancient civilizations across the world independently 526 00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:18,880 Speaker 1: discovered some sort of local antibiotics. Yeah. I heard something 527 00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:22,040 Speaker 1: about the red soil in Jordan's Yeah, still in use today. 528 00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:25,640 Speaker 1: It's a cheaper alternative than a pharmacy trip. And and 529 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:28,800 Speaker 1: some kind of herb that was used in ancient China. Yeah, yeah, 530 00:31:28,880 --> 00:31:32,160 Speaker 1: art amiss and it's I'm not gonna try to butcher 531 00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:35,840 Speaker 1: the Mandarin for it, but it was used for thousands 532 00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:39,479 Speaker 1: of years. It also has antibiotic properties, and we know 533 00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:43,520 Speaker 1: that ancient antibiotic use has affected the genetic structure of 534 00:31:43,640 --> 00:31:48,960 Speaker 1: human beings. That sounds crazy. I know, you, me, everyone, 535 00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:52,440 Speaker 1: we know you listening. Everyone you know probably in some 536 00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:57,160 Speaker 1: way affected our Our genes are like um. Our genes 537 00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:01,240 Speaker 1: are yeah, yeah, that's the perfect word. So we usually 538 00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:05,520 Speaker 1: associate we live now and in the later part of 539 00:32:05,560 --> 00:32:09,880 Speaker 1: the age of antibiotics currently, and we usually associate the 540 00:32:09,920 --> 00:32:14,800 Speaker 1: beginning of this with two people, primarily Paul Airlick and 541 00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:18,560 Speaker 1: Alexander Fleming. Now this was also before penicillin, but not 542 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:21,880 Speaker 1: so much before penicilla not so much before. So Hairlick's 543 00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:26,200 Speaker 1: idea of this magic bullet that selectively targets only these 544 00:32:26,240 --> 00:32:29,880 Speaker 1: disease causing microbes and not the host itself was based 545 00:32:29,920 --> 00:32:33,920 Speaker 1: on this observation that anneline and other synthetic dies, which 546 00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,400 Speaker 1: first became available around that time, could stain specific microbes 547 00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:41,320 Speaker 1: but not some of the others. And that's that's a 548 00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:44,400 Speaker 1: pretty huge discovery. And he said, well, what about these 549 00:32:44,480 --> 00:32:47,520 Speaker 1: chemical compounds, could we synthesize something that would be able 550 00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:52,160 Speaker 1: to exert that this full action exclusively on a parasite 551 00:32:52,520 --> 00:32:56,200 Speaker 1: harboring within an organism. So they did this large scale 552 00:32:56,280 --> 00:33:00,280 Speaker 1: screen program in nineteen o four and it was so gross. 553 00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:02,720 Speaker 1: They were trying to find a cure for syphilis, which 554 00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,560 Speaker 1: was a big deal. I mean, it's the problem. It's 555 00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:08,200 Speaker 1: still like not a vacation, I'm sure sure, but it 556 00:33:08,280 --> 00:33:11,240 Speaker 1: was a much bigger problem at that time, certainly, and 557 00:33:11,280 --> 00:33:14,760 Speaker 1: the treatment for it at the time was pretty crummy. 558 00:33:14,840 --> 00:33:17,920 Speaker 1: It would they would treat you with inorganic mercury salts 559 00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:21,920 Speaker 1: and had terrible side effects, and it didn't work that well. 560 00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:25,840 Speaker 1: It was just you'ld still probably go insane and then 561 00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:29,360 Speaker 1: die right, yes, you were. Was it was it Nietzsche 562 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:32,320 Speaker 1: who had syphilis? I mean probably there are a lot 563 00:33:32,360 --> 00:33:36,240 Speaker 1: of historical figures that either on the surface or under 564 00:33:36,240 --> 00:33:40,040 Speaker 1: the table, had syphilis. So in his laboratory, together with 565 00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:44,200 Speaker 1: some other chemists, uh Arl synthesized hundreds of derivatives of 566 00:33:44,240 --> 00:33:47,360 Speaker 1: this highly toxic drug called a toxical and a burst 567 00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:51,040 Speaker 1: of creativity, and tested it in rabbits that were infected 568 00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:55,960 Speaker 1: with syphilis over go over over again, hundreds and hundreds 569 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,240 Speaker 1: of times. I don't think I realized until right this 570 00:33:58,360 --> 00:34:00,880 Speaker 1: very moment that rabbits could get philist and I'm so 571 00:34:01,040 --> 00:34:02,960 Speaker 1: I don't even like rabbits, and I'm so sad for 572 00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:06,040 Speaker 1: rabbits right now. It's strange that there's some animals that 573 00:34:06,120 --> 00:34:09,839 Speaker 1: can get diseases that humans have, like leprosy is big 574 00:34:09,880 --> 00:34:13,759 Speaker 1: for humans, and armadillos that always I know they have 575 00:34:13,880 --> 00:34:16,480 Speaker 1: enough of a tough time. I always thought it was 576 00:34:16,480 --> 00:34:19,440 Speaker 1: strange that humans use rabbits for testing, but yeah, it 577 00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:21,600 Speaker 1: makes a lot of sense when you look at what 578 00:34:21,640 --> 00:34:24,319 Speaker 1: they can and cannot get compared to humans. Yeah, there's 579 00:34:24,360 --> 00:34:28,160 Speaker 1: similarities that are good for testing, if not, if not ethical, 580 00:34:28,320 --> 00:34:30,160 Speaker 1: I guess he goes to a question, you know how 581 00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:34,320 Speaker 1: many rabbits you're willing to kill to save? Well, in 582 00:34:34,560 --> 00:34:37,359 Speaker 1: this case, it was hundreds. Yes, yes, yes, in this 583 00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:40,520 Speaker 1: case it was hundreds. Right now, let's go to nineteen 584 00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:44,359 Speaker 1: o nine. Thank you, Ben. It's not the same without 585 00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:47,480 Speaker 1: no I know where is he. I hope he gets 586 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:50,960 Speaker 1: back from that secret mission soon. Maybe he'll like find 587 00:34:51,080 --> 00:34:56,400 Speaker 1: this that we're recording and then put in some the 588 00:34:57,800 --> 00:35:01,880 Speaker 1: d and we won't even know that's true. I guess 589 00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:05,120 Speaker 1: we are kind of time traveling, aren't we. Yes, Okay, everybody, 590 00:35:05,239 --> 00:35:08,239 Speaker 1: let's uh, let's right now in the middle of the podcast. 591 00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:12,160 Speaker 1: Let's everyone clap their hands. No, don't do that, snap her, no, 592 00:35:12,360 --> 00:35:15,719 Speaker 1: don't do that. Um close your eyes again, no, they 593 00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:23,880 Speaker 1: don't a single simultaneously on three, everybody wink a single 594 00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:27,239 Speaker 1: eye and hopefully that will make Noel put something right here. 595 00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:38,880 Speaker 1: One two, Oh, he did it. I didn't even have 596 00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:43,680 Speaker 1: to say three. Okay. So now that we're in N nine, 597 00:35:43,719 --> 00:35:47,399 Speaker 1: you guys, these guys came across this compound in the 598 00:35:47,640 --> 00:35:52,560 Speaker 1: six hundred series of testing on these rabbits, thus numbered 599 00:35:52,719 --> 00:35:56,960 Speaker 1: six oh six, which cured syphilis infected rabbits, and showed 600 00:35:57,040 --> 00:36:00,680 Speaker 1: significant promise promise for the treatment of patients with this 601 00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:04,880 Speaker 1: venereal disease syphilis in limited trials on humans. So not 602 00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,120 Speaker 1: only did the rabbits go, hey, this worked on me, 603 00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,680 Speaker 1: thanks guys, rab rabbits noises, and then the humans. I mean, 604 00:36:12,719 --> 00:36:15,440 Speaker 1: it's incredible. It worked on rabbits and it's working on humans. 605 00:36:15,520 --> 00:36:18,120 Speaker 1: And despite the despite the fact that it was a 606 00:36:18,160 --> 00:36:22,600 Speaker 1: pain in the tuckus uh, there was a there was 607 00:36:22,719 --> 00:36:25,400 Speaker 1: a tremendous need for this drug and it became the 608 00:36:25,440 --> 00:36:29,719 Speaker 1: most frequently prescribed drug under the name salver san just 609 00:36:29,760 --> 00:36:32,920 Speaker 1: way better than a tonsil uh. And it was the 610 00:36:33,120 --> 00:36:34,759 Speaker 1: it was the number one. It was the king of 611 00:36:34,840 --> 00:36:38,759 Speaker 1: the hill drug cells wise, until the arrival of penicillin 612 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:43,719 Speaker 1: in the nineteen forties. Weirdly enough, with salver san uh, 613 00:36:43,719 --> 00:36:46,000 Speaker 1: people still don't know what they call the mode of action. 614 00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:50,920 Speaker 1: We're not a hundred million percent sure how it works. 615 00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:55,680 Speaker 1: It just it just yeah, so talked about a lucky 616 00:36:55,800 --> 00:37:00,480 Speaker 1: lucky break um. Penicillin though is now penicilla is like 617 00:37:00,560 --> 00:37:03,600 Speaker 1: the main it's the beyond that, the destiny. I mean 618 00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:05,239 Speaker 1: it's pretty I mean it's pretty big. I mean you 619 00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:09,480 Speaker 1: probably heard of it. Yeah. So still in the nineteen 620 00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:13,239 Speaker 1: twenties British scientists named Alexander Fleming, which we've done some 621 00:37:13,320 --> 00:37:17,680 Speaker 1: shows on for Stuff of Genius. Maybe maybe we've you've 622 00:37:17,719 --> 00:37:20,200 Speaker 1: heard about it on a few of our other Pure podcasts. 623 00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:23,520 Speaker 1: He was working at a lab in St. Mary's when 624 00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:29,360 Speaker 1: he discovered a naturally growing substance that could attack certain bacteria. 625 00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:34,360 Speaker 1: So there was mold growing on the same plate or 626 00:37:34,480 --> 00:37:39,480 Speaker 1: peach tree dish as a colony of something called Staphylococcus 627 00:37:39,640 --> 00:37:45,480 Speaker 1: aureus bacteria. And this is these guys are jerks, super jerks, 628 00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:47,759 Speaker 1: not nice at all. Uh. Do you have pimples? Might 629 00:37:47,800 --> 00:37:51,040 Speaker 1: be them, You've got boils might be, then pneumonia, meningitis 630 00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:55,399 Speaker 1: might be. Then the rap sheet is yes, exactly. So 631 00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:58,600 Speaker 1: he he found that this mold made a substance that 632 00:37:58,640 --> 00:38:01,560 Speaker 1: could dissolve this back to area and he called it penicillin, 633 00:38:01,640 --> 00:38:05,439 Speaker 1: named after the Penicillium mold that made this substance. Over 634 00:38:05,480 --> 00:38:08,799 Speaker 1: the next two decades, they experimented with this penicillin and 635 00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:13,360 Speaker 1: tried to get it in the most efficient form, and 636 00:38:13,360 --> 00:38:16,600 Speaker 1: and they did. And it works essentially by creating holes 637 00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:20,080 Speaker 1: in the bacterium's outer membrane, kind of letting all of 638 00:38:20,080 --> 00:38:23,600 Speaker 1: its insides leak out and thereby killing it dead. Um. 639 00:38:23,719 --> 00:38:28,960 Speaker 1: It's not quite microstabbing, though it The penicillin prevents bacteria 640 00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:33,080 Speaker 1: from replenishing their cells, so as they're breaking down, they 641 00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:36,719 Speaker 1: just don't get any more membrane, right, Yeah, and then 642 00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:39,400 Speaker 1: and then all of a sudden, it's like that's the 643 00:38:39,440 --> 00:38:42,160 Speaker 1: noise that it makes. I'm pretty sure that a very 644 00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:45,600 Speaker 1: small Yeah, other antibiotics can can work similar to that, 645 00:38:45,920 --> 00:38:49,440 Speaker 1: or they can interfere with bacterium's production of other necessary 646 00:38:49,520 --> 00:38:54,600 Speaker 1: subcellular structures, or can even prevent bacteria from multiplying. So you, guys, 647 00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:57,120 Speaker 1: we we have conquered, at least in theory, we have 648 00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:01,120 Speaker 1: the substance now that can attack and anchor these bacterium 649 00:39:01,160 --> 00:39:04,720 Speaker 1: that have just been ravaging humanity and other animal life 650 00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:09,120 Speaker 1: for years, decades and centuries, perfect millennium. We're good to go, right, Yeah, 651 00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:12,000 Speaker 1: let's count everything in it all the time. So let's 652 00:39:12,080 --> 00:39:14,319 Speaker 1: also that's what we're doing. So here we are the 653 00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:17,960 Speaker 1: modern world. Let's talk about some statistics. Uh, you've probably 654 00:39:17,960 --> 00:39:20,920 Speaker 1: heard of the outfit called the c d C Center 655 00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:24,480 Speaker 1: for Disease Control here in Atlanta, Georgia, where we record 656 00:39:24,520 --> 00:39:27,719 Speaker 1: the show. They've got some sobering statistics for US. In 657 00:39:27,840 --> 00:39:32,840 Speaker 1: one year, two hundred sixty two point five million courses 658 00:39:32,840 --> 00:39:36,560 Speaker 1: of antibiotics are written in the outpatient setting. What that 659 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,600 Speaker 1: means is that you go see a doctor, you say, hey, 660 00:39:39,719 --> 00:39:42,480 Speaker 1: I'm feeling weird. They say, I don't know what your 661 00:39:42,520 --> 00:39:46,400 Speaker 1: symptoms are. Here's some penicillin, and you know, God be 662 00:39:46,480 --> 00:39:50,480 Speaker 1: with you. This number, two sixty two point five million 663 00:39:50,760 --> 00:39:54,440 Speaker 1: equates to more than five prescriptions written each year for 664 00:39:54,520 --> 00:39:57,920 Speaker 1: every six people in the US. So did you guys 665 00:39:58,080 --> 00:40:03,719 Speaker 1: get an antibiotic prescription? Did you? I don't know, man, 666 00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:06,120 Speaker 1: I did not pass this kind of a blur. I 667 00:40:06,120 --> 00:40:07,920 Speaker 1: actually did not. It was the first year in a 668 00:40:07,920 --> 00:40:10,160 Speaker 1: long time where I did not have a dos of 669 00:40:10,239 --> 00:40:13,880 Speaker 1: antibiotics on on week like three of that infection. I 670 00:40:13,960 --> 00:40:15,279 Speaker 1: was like, you know, I think I'm going to see 671 00:40:15,280 --> 00:40:18,200 Speaker 1: a doctor about this. And that's the great thing about 672 00:40:18,239 --> 00:40:21,239 Speaker 1: antibox when you are like that sick. Yeah, when you're 673 00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:24,120 Speaker 1: like my ears might explode right out of my head. 674 00:40:24,680 --> 00:40:26,839 Speaker 1: Let's let's go see a doctor about this thing. Right, 675 00:40:26,880 --> 00:40:29,880 Speaker 1: it's a it's a good drug, and it's not just uh, 676 00:40:29,920 --> 00:40:33,880 Speaker 1: it's not just for people either write an antibiotic and 677 00:40:33,960 --> 00:40:38,040 Speaker 1: outfit with the totally legitimate name of Union of Concerned 678 00:40:38,160 --> 00:40:41,480 Speaker 1: Scientists and being somewhat sarcastic, I leave it to you 679 00:40:41,520 --> 00:40:45,640 Speaker 1: to check the sources. Of course, they they had some 680 00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:49,200 Speaker 1: of the highest estimates for these numbers. So I'm about 681 00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:52,080 Speaker 1: to um and we're about to explore together. So every 682 00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:55,200 Speaker 1: year they say livestock producers in the US used twenty 683 00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:59,440 Speaker 1: four point six million pounds of anti microbials. Get this, 684 00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:03,160 Speaker 1: in the absence of disease for non therapeutic purposes. That's 685 00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:06,279 Speaker 1: ten point three million pounds and pigs, ten point five 686 00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:09,359 Speaker 1: million pounds in the chickens and poultry, and three point 687 00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:12,480 Speaker 1: seven million pounds in cattle. And it would be even 688 00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:17,560 Speaker 1: higher if they measured the anti microobials used therapeutically, the 689 00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:20,279 Speaker 1: ones that are actually medicine for these animals. Right, And 690 00:41:20,480 --> 00:41:25,160 Speaker 1: the distinction here is really important because the non therapeutic purposes, 691 00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:29,840 Speaker 1: includes just like low level pre treatment of animals that 692 00:41:29,920 --> 00:41:33,280 Speaker 1: aren't sick at all, that could be sick, that could 693 00:41:33,360 --> 00:41:37,560 Speaker 1: get sick, uh someday. Um. But because of a few 694 00:41:37,560 --> 00:41:40,440 Speaker 1: studies that were done which will go into later. But yeah, 695 00:41:40,520 --> 00:41:42,720 Speaker 1: so so it's a huge number of of our food 696 00:41:43,120 --> 00:41:45,480 Speaker 1: animals that are being treated with the stuff. And this 697 00:41:45,560 --> 00:41:48,600 Speaker 1: means that, according to some of the higher estimates, you'll 698 00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:52,560 Speaker 1: see anywhere from forty percent to nine of antibiotics used 699 00:41:52,560 --> 00:41:55,600 Speaker 1: in the US are actually for livestock and not for people. 700 00:41:55,840 --> 00:41:57,759 Speaker 1: And even if it is super low, even if it 701 00:41:57,920 --> 00:42:01,480 Speaker 1: is which is still pretty high, that's still a lot. 702 00:42:01,520 --> 00:42:04,480 Speaker 1: I mean, we're talking about life forms that reproduce every 703 00:42:04,520 --> 00:42:11,960 Speaker 1: twenty minutes. Yes, and these bacteria reproduce every twenty minutes. 704 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:16,759 Speaker 1: It's evolution and fast forward. Luckily we have antibiotics on 705 00:42:16,800 --> 00:42:19,480 Speaker 1: our side. Em blowyer, they swell. Are you're feeling sick? 706 00:42:19,960 --> 00:42:22,279 Speaker 1: Do you do you have a sore throat? Do you 707 00:42:22,320 --> 00:42:25,640 Speaker 1: have an earache? Do you have bulbous black craps sprouting 708 00:42:25,680 --> 00:42:30,480 Speaker 1: from your skin? We'll take a pill and boom, you're cured. Right, 709 00:42:32,080 --> 00:42:38,440 Speaker 1: here's where it gets crazy. Antibiotics are less effective in 710 00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:41,640 Speaker 1: the present day than they were in the past. We 711 00:42:41,719 --> 00:42:46,400 Speaker 1: are losing our species ancient war against these micro organisms, 712 00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:48,880 Speaker 1: you guys. And and this is the part that is 713 00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:52,319 Speaker 1: not a conspiracy theory. This is a conspiracy fact of 714 00:42:52,320 --> 00:42:56,200 Speaker 1: of of microbes versus us. Right. Yeah. Over the past decades, 715 00:42:56,239 --> 00:42:58,920 Speaker 1: scientists across the world have noted the rise of bacteria 716 00:42:59,040 --> 00:43:03,960 Speaker 1: resistant to one or multiple common antibiotic treatments. This is 717 00:43:04,280 --> 00:43:08,120 Speaker 1: scary stuff. Two thousand thirteen, our folks at the CDC 718 00:43:08,320 --> 00:43:12,720 Speaker 1: announced the antibiotic resistant pathogens in the US alone sick 719 00:43:12,719 --> 00:43:15,680 Speaker 1: in two million people a year and play a role 720 00:43:15,760 --> 00:43:20,520 Speaker 1: in twenty three thousand deaths annually. At least twenty five 721 00:43:20,600 --> 00:43:23,879 Speaker 1: thousand people die each year in Europe from infections due 722 00:43:23,960 --> 00:43:29,160 Speaker 1: to five specific antibiotic resistant bacteria. Also in the US, 723 00:43:29,680 --> 00:43:33,840 Speaker 1: there's the methless and resistance Staphylococcus that Ben said earlier. 724 00:43:33,880 --> 00:43:37,720 Speaker 1: You remember that one. Yes, that those infections kill nearly 725 00:43:37,840 --> 00:43:41,520 Speaker 1: nineteen thousand people a year, which is more than the 726 00:43:41,640 --> 00:43:45,680 Speaker 1: number of people who die from AIDS in this country. Ah. Yeah, 727 00:43:45,719 --> 00:43:50,120 Speaker 1: Another fun stat. In ten, UK scientists announced the discovery 728 00:43:50,120 --> 00:43:54,160 Speaker 1: of bacteria bearing a gene known as mcr one that 729 00:43:54,280 --> 00:43:58,960 Speaker 1: gives bacteria resistance to Colliston, which is often used by 730 00:43:59,120 --> 00:44:03,040 Speaker 1: doctors when other or antibiotics fail. Yeah, that's the high 731 00:44:03,239 --> 00:44:06,239 Speaker 1: like the heavy, heavy stuff, right right, Yeah, it's one 732 00:44:06,280 --> 00:44:08,640 Speaker 1: of the last lines of defense. Yeah. It was discovered 733 00:44:08,680 --> 00:44:12,520 Speaker 1: in China and then Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and 734 00:44:12,960 --> 00:44:17,120 Speaker 1: several other Asian and African countries. So we know that 735 00:44:17,239 --> 00:44:22,160 Speaker 1: this resistance gene is spreading. And again I cannot emphasize 736 00:44:22,200 --> 00:44:27,720 Speaker 1: this enough. Bacteria evolve more quickly than animals of our size, 737 00:44:27,800 --> 00:44:30,200 Speaker 1: ever will one of the big problems. One of the 738 00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:34,759 Speaker 1: big factors contributing to this is over prescription. Millions of 739 00:44:34,800 --> 00:44:38,200 Speaker 1: these antibiotics are consumed annually in the US. However, it's 740 00:44:38,320 --> 00:44:42,680 Speaker 1: estimated that as many as half are unnecessary. And I 741 00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:45,680 Speaker 1: don't know if you guys have ever been in a situation, um, 742 00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:50,439 Speaker 1: Matt Lauren no listeners where you have um where you've 743 00:44:50,480 --> 00:44:53,280 Speaker 1: come in to the doctor's office and you have something 744 00:44:53,719 --> 00:44:58,720 Speaker 1: that maybe is a virus, but you're still prescribed an antibiotic. 745 00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:03,280 Speaker 1: You know, this happens with respiratory tract infections. The majority 746 00:45:03,320 --> 00:45:05,960 Speaker 1: of the time those are caused by something viral, not 747 00:45:06,040 --> 00:45:10,399 Speaker 1: a not a bacterial infection of them, and the antibiotics 748 00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:13,839 Speaker 1: do absolutely nothing to combat that type of infection. Yeah yeah, 749 00:45:13,880 --> 00:45:16,400 Speaker 1: they just wave at viruses on the on the highway. 750 00:45:16,440 --> 00:45:19,200 Speaker 1: That's all that's going on in the in the city 751 00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:22,360 Speaker 1: of our bodies. Right. For a long time this happened 752 00:45:22,480 --> 00:45:25,640 Speaker 1: because for a long time, we as a species, we 753 00:45:25,719 --> 00:45:29,720 Speaker 1: as a civilization, thought it was harmless to prescribe antibiotics 754 00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:34,759 Speaker 1: because you know, what's the what's the harm if if 755 00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:37,960 Speaker 1: it's not helping, it's certainly not gonna hurt you. Yeah. Sure. So, 756 00:45:37,960 --> 00:45:41,560 Speaker 1: so if someone came in and demanded a pill for 757 00:45:41,640 --> 00:45:43,960 Speaker 1: whatever was ailing them, then doctors would just you know, 758 00:45:44,040 --> 00:45:47,120 Speaker 1: toss them some of ox scillin or whatever. And we 759 00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:50,440 Speaker 1: don't just have we don't just have antibiotics as medicine 760 00:45:50,440 --> 00:45:52,960 Speaker 1: that we take with the prescription. Oh yeah, yeah, they're 761 00:45:52,960 --> 00:45:55,439 Speaker 1: they're in all kinds of cleaning products. To the sale 762 00:45:55,440 --> 00:45:58,000 Speaker 1: of antibiotics. Soaps may generate as much as a billion 763 00:45:58,040 --> 00:46:02,440 Speaker 1: dollars per year in the United States alone. But do 764 00:46:02,440 --> 00:46:06,600 Speaker 1: do they really work better than regular soaps? Probably not 765 00:46:07,200 --> 00:46:10,600 Speaker 1: fun times, Okay. For for example, here a study out 766 00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:13,760 Speaker 1: of South Korea published in in the Journal of Anti 767 00:46:13,800 --> 00:46:19,040 Speaker 1: Microbial Chemotherapy looked into soaps made with the common active 768 00:46:19,160 --> 00:46:22,839 Speaker 1: ingredient trichlasan, and they found that there was no statistical 769 00:46:22,880 --> 00:46:25,759 Speaker 1: difference in the number of bacteria gotten rid of by 770 00:46:25,960 --> 00:46:30,040 Speaker 1: regular versus antibiotic soaps during normal hand washing. In order 771 00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:33,640 Speaker 1: to see a difference, the researchers had to soap stuff 772 00:46:33,680 --> 00:46:36,279 Speaker 1: with microbes on it in the two soap solutions for 773 00:46:36,480 --> 00:46:41,160 Speaker 1: nine hours nine hours. Yeah, and okay, we don't. We 774 00:46:41,160 --> 00:46:45,040 Speaker 1: don't usually wash our hands for nine hours straight, you know, 775 00:46:45,719 --> 00:46:49,040 Speaker 1: I mean there's special cases. Sure, I've had a couple 776 00:46:49,040 --> 00:46:51,520 Speaker 1: of long nights, You've had some stressful from you've got 777 00:46:51,520 --> 00:46:55,040 Speaker 1: a baby. We all understand your hands clean. They do. 778 00:46:55,680 --> 00:46:59,400 Speaker 1: You're just saying that. But even if you're not dealing 779 00:46:59,400 --> 00:47:01,879 Speaker 1: with the things that Matt is on a daily basis. Uh, 780 00:47:02,320 --> 00:47:05,680 Speaker 1: these active chemicals last at least nine hours in our 781 00:47:05,760 --> 00:47:09,000 Speaker 1: drains and our runoff, potentially in our water supply. So 782 00:47:09,120 --> 00:47:11,680 Speaker 1: even though they might not be effective on our bodies, 783 00:47:11,719 --> 00:47:15,160 Speaker 1: they are almost surely at work going to work on 784 00:47:15,239 --> 00:47:19,320 Speaker 1: bacterial populations that are in our environments, driving their evolution. 785 00:47:19,480 --> 00:47:21,919 Speaker 1: And that is certainly something you don't think about when 786 00:47:21,920 --> 00:47:24,320 Speaker 1: you're just at the sink washing your hands or something. 787 00:47:24,440 --> 00:47:28,960 Speaker 1: So antibiotic stuff like the soaps and hand sanitizers and 788 00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:33,920 Speaker 1: stud it's a rip. Yeah, totally, yeah. Yeah. The the 789 00:47:33,960 --> 00:47:37,279 Speaker 1: FDA is actually considering right now whether it should even 790 00:47:37,320 --> 00:47:40,240 Speaker 1: be legal to market antibiotic cleaning products at all, based 791 00:47:40,280 --> 00:47:43,880 Speaker 1: on whether they have any any actual benefits. Some companies 792 00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:47,839 Speaker 1: are already reformulating and anticipation of the FDA's official word 793 00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:51,560 Speaker 1: on the matter, which is coming in September. That is 794 00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,600 Speaker 1: really scary because Okay, so in my hand, I've got 795 00:47:54,600 --> 00:48:00,200 Speaker 1: one of these hand sanitizer things that kills nine terms 796 00:48:00,239 --> 00:48:02,239 Speaker 1: you guys, that's what it says. Well, it's a it's 797 00:48:02,239 --> 00:48:05,760 Speaker 1: a sanitizer thing. It's not an antibiotic, so it falls 798 00:48:05,760 --> 00:48:10,359 Speaker 1: into that bleach kill them all. But you're still you're 799 00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:15,879 Speaker 1: still like kind of unnecessarily killing off bacterial populations. And 800 00:48:16,120 --> 00:48:19,960 Speaker 1: I'm possibly giving some of the populations that don't die 801 00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:23,719 Speaker 1: that that point oh one percent that lives. I might 802 00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:27,279 Speaker 1: be giving them that genetic boost. Yeah yeah. And it's 803 00:48:27,280 --> 00:48:30,080 Speaker 1: not just medicine, it's not just soap. I think we 804 00:48:30,080 --> 00:48:32,960 Speaker 1: should talk a little bit more about the animals. This 805 00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:37,760 Speaker 1: is the worst part. Yeah, alright, So so those estimates 806 00:48:37,760 --> 00:48:40,760 Speaker 1: are really interesting because that you that you reported earlier 807 00:48:40,760 --> 00:48:43,560 Speaker 1: then are really interesting because the meat industry does not 808 00:48:44,680 --> 00:48:48,520 Speaker 1: report on how it uses antibiotics and animals um but 809 00:48:48,680 --> 00:48:51,359 Speaker 1: like we said, it definitely doesn't use them just when 810 00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:55,680 Speaker 1: they're sick. Uh And and this came into practice when 811 00:48:55,760 --> 00:48:58,520 Speaker 1: some research like a few decades ago found the animals 812 00:48:58,560 --> 00:49:01,640 Speaker 1: pre treated with low level anibi attics would generally gain 813 00:49:01,680 --> 00:49:05,400 Speaker 1: weight like up to three percent more than non treated animals. 814 00:49:05,880 --> 00:49:09,200 Speaker 1: And when you're when you're dealing with with with pennies 815 00:49:09,280 --> 00:49:13,560 Speaker 1: per animal of profit, three percent is pretty huge in 816 00:49:13,560 --> 00:49:16,239 Speaker 1: in the big meat there has to be a better 817 00:49:16,239 --> 00:49:18,480 Speaker 1: way to say that. Well, when you're talking about millions 818 00:49:18,480 --> 00:49:21,400 Speaker 1: and millions of those meats of the walking meats that 819 00:49:21,440 --> 00:49:24,399 Speaker 1: you're creating that have a three extra amount of meat 820 00:49:24,440 --> 00:49:27,040 Speaker 1: on it, that's yeah. Yeah. So the reason that this 821 00:49:27,120 --> 00:49:29,680 Speaker 1: is a problem is that is that treated animals can 822 00:49:29,880 --> 00:49:33,640 Speaker 1: harbor resistant strains of bacteria that make people sick, like salmonella. 823 00:49:33,719 --> 00:49:37,239 Speaker 1: For example, how how do you like some antibiotic resistant salmonella? 824 00:49:37,280 --> 00:49:40,400 Speaker 1: Guys love it. I'm not doing anything this weekend. The 825 00:49:41,080 --> 00:49:44,280 Speaker 1: cd The CDC estimates that every year, over four hundred 826 00:49:44,360 --> 00:49:47,239 Speaker 1: thousand people in the United States alone gets sick from 827 00:49:47,520 --> 00:49:53,080 Speaker 1: resistant salmonella and can't be low backter, what another another 828 00:49:53,160 --> 00:49:56,360 Speaker 1: make you puke? Kind of sounds like a lot of 829 00:49:56,360 --> 00:49:59,880 Speaker 1: people are already in on this. I might skip the salmonella. Yeah, 830 00:50:00,480 --> 00:50:04,759 Speaker 1: too too big already, it's too big guys. Yet, I 831 00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:07,799 Speaker 1: was really I was thinking about getting a burrito. There's 832 00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:10,000 Speaker 1: a maybe you should just never eat again. I think 833 00:50:10,040 --> 00:50:13,080 Speaker 1: that's probably okay. But we have some more stats about 834 00:50:13,080 --> 00:50:15,680 Speaker 1: this as well. Yeah. Yeah. The CDC also estimates that 835 00:50:15,719 --> 00:50:19,280 Speaker 1: as many as twenty percent of resistant infections are caused 836 00:50:19,320 --> 00:50:22,600 Speaker 1: by transfer from our food or from contact of animals. 837 00:50:23,320 --> 00:50:28,319 Speaker 1: Banning this sub therapeutic use of antibiotics would would absolutely 838 00:50:28,320 --> 00:50:31,120 Speaker 1: lower the meat industries profit margin by you know, making 839 00:50:31,120 --> 00:50:35,319 Speaker 1: its animals overall smaller and and potentially sicker and less 840 00:50:35,360 --> 00:50:38,919 Speaker 1: able to be kept in shall we say, profit optimizing 841 00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:43,239 Speaker 1: conditions intensive farming. I think is the current euphemism disgusting? 842 00:50:43,480 --> 00:50:47,000 Speaker 1: That's horrifying? Yeah? Um, but okay, so do you want 843 00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:50,880 Speaker 1: to get really really mad guys? Yea, yeah, I'm not 844 00:50:50,920 --> 00:50:54,240 Speaker 1: doing the salmonella things. Okay, excellent. Well. In a report 845 00:50:54,239 --> 00:50:56,160 Speaker 1: commissioned by the U s d A that was published 846 00:50:56,200 --> 00:51:01,480 Speaker 1: in researchers estimated that the annual cost to consumers of 847 00:51:01,640 --> 00:51:05,560 Speaker 1: the huge change of banning sub therapeutic use of antibiotics. 848 00:51:06,160 --> 00:51:10,040 Speaker 1: The annual cost consumers would be between four dollars and 849 00:51:10,040 --> 00:51:13,719 Speaker 1: eighty four cents and nine dollars and seventy two cents 850 00:51:13,920 --> 00:51:17,760 Speaker 1: per capita. It's like per person per year. Yeah, maybe 851 00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:21,279 Speaker 1: ten dollars five to ten Yeah, okay, And so so 852 00:51:21,320 --> 00:51:24,879 Speaker 1: you know, just that for inflation from and and I guess, 853 00:51:24,880 --> 00:51:26,840 Speaker 1: like you know, like check your your privilege, like you know, 854 00:51:26,880 --> 00:51:30,120 Speaker 1: it's it's easier for me to absorb twenty dollar a 855 00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:32,319 Speaker 1: year difference in my food cost than it is for 856 00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:37,160 Speaker 1: many other human people. But who ha, I'm mad about 857 00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:42,719 Speaker 1: that when you think about that, especially just when you 858 00:51:42,719 --> 00:51:45,280 Speaker 1: look at the reasons that they have to or believe 859 00:51:46,120 --> 00:51:49,120 Speaker 1: that they need to administer these antibiotics because of the 860 00:51:49,160 --> 00:51:53,600 Speaker 1: conditions and because of that small increase in meat value 861 00:51:53,840 --> 00:51:57,920 Speaker 1: in the entire time. The clock is ticking. Clock of 862 00:51:57,960 --> 00:52:01,640 Speaker 1: evolution reminds me of that game that was once very popular, Pandemic. 863 00:52:01,680 --> 00:52:05,000 Speaker 1: Do you guys remember Pandemic? And yeah, okay, I'm glad 864 00:52:05,040 --> 00:52:07,840 Speaker 1: that someone else remembers that because one of the most 865 00:52:07,920 --> 00:52:12,920 Speaker 1: difficult places to get to, like implant pandemic. You play 866 00:52:13,480 --> 00:52:15,400 Speaker 1: disease and you can be a virus, you can be 867 00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:17,840 Speaker 1: a bacteria, you can be something else, I don't know, 868 00:52:17,880 --> 00:52:21,480 Speaker 1: a fungus, and your job is to infect the world 869 00:52:21,920 --> 00:52:26,319 Speaker 1: and to end the age of human beings. There's one 870 00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:28,839 Speaker 1: place that is the most difficult to get and you guys, 871 00:52:28,840 --> 00:52:33,800 Speaker 1: remember what it is, right, It's it's an It's madagas 872 00:52:35,200 --> 00:52:39,160 Speaker 1: Madagascar in that game has the most paranoid effective government 873 00:52:39,440 --> 00:52:42,279 Speaker 1: on the planet. As soon as someone coughs, there like, 874 00:52:42,360 --> 00:52:46,480 Speaker 1: shut down the hospital, burn everybody, shut down the ports. 875 00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:50,480 Speaker 1: I have only one that's this game once and I've 876 00:52:50,480 --> 00:52:53,719 Speaker 1: played it a disturbing amount of times. But I say 877 00:52:53,520 --> 00:52:56,640 Speaker 1: I say this because it's easy to forget that this 878 00:52:56,719 --> 00:53:00,200 Speaker 1: is happening in real life where you live right now, 879 00:53:00,280 --> 00:53:03,960 Speaker 1: unless you live in a clean room. The clock is ticking. 880 00:53:04,320 --> 00:53:07,960 Speaker 1: And we have these methods to our antibiotic madness. We 881 00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:13,000 Speaker 1: have our first line of antibiotics, methicillin, oxocillin, penicillin A moxicillin. 882 00:53:13,640 --> 00:53:20,240 Speaker 1: But as these bacteria are treated, either underdosed or dosed unnecessarily, 883 00:53:20,960 --> 00:53:24,520 Speaker 1: they survive and they change and we have to find 884 00:53:24,680 --> 00:53:28,760 Speaker 1: new ways to combat them. So what happens, What happens 885 00:53:28,800 --> 00:53:37,239 Speaker 1: bat Well, we uh, should we talk about Plan B? Yeah? Yes, 886 00:53:37,280 --> 00:53:39,239 Speaker 1: because okay, because this is all doom and gloom, but 887 00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:42,200 Speaker 1: we do as a species kind of have a Plan B. 888 00:53:42,480 --> 00:53:45,239 Speaker 1: Were or we're developing a Plan B that I have 889 00:53:45,320 --> 00:53:48,759 Speaker 1: a lot of hope for personally. Um, because okay, we 890 00:53:48,760 --> 00:53:52,280 Speaker 1: we've learned the using this brute force of antibiotics against 891 00:53:52,320 --> 00:53:57,719 Speaker 1: bacteria is bad. But but what if we could outsmart bacteria? Uh? 892 00:53:58,160 --> 00:54:00,239 Speaker 1: And this seems like a ludicrous thing to say because 893 00:54:00,239 --> 00:54:03,480 Speaker 1: bacteria are literally brainless. They don't even have a cell nucleus, 894 00:54:03,760 --> 00:54:06,200 Speaker 1: so it seems like it wouldn't be that hard. But 895 00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:09,400 Speaker 1: but researchers are just now learning how bacteria are so successful, 896 00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,080 Speaker 1: and it's partially thanks to a form of communication called 897 00:54:13,160 --> 00:54:16,799 Speaker 1: quorum sensing. Oh I think I've I think I've heard 898 00:54:16,840 --> 00:54:21,319 Speaker 1: of this? Is this how they build networks? Uh? Sort of? Yeah, yeah, 899 00:54:21,360 --> 00:54:24,760 Speaker 1: they can. They can produce, release, and detect these signal 900 00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:27,680 Speaker 1: molecules that let them know what's up with other bacteria 901 00:54:27,719 --> 00:54:30,160 Speaker 1: in the colony and and even with other species of 902 00:54:30,160 --> 00:54:32,920 Speaker 1: bacteria that are in the area. It lets a colony 903 00:54:32,920 --> 00:54:35,640 Speaker 1: of bacteria kind of synchronize its gene expression. For for 904 00:54:35,680 --> 00:54:38,920 Speaker 1: better survival. So, like some some things that bacteria colonies 905 00:54:38,960 --> 00:54:42,240 Speaker 1: can do through quorum sensing, our work together to produce 906 00:54:42,320 --> 00:54:47,760 Speaker 1: tough biofilms that surface colonies that are especially resistant to antibiotics. 907 00:54:48,080 --> 00:54:51,239 Speaker 1: They can become more or less virulent, and they can 908 00:54:51,280 --> 00:54:55,879 Speaker 1: toggle their pathogenicity on and off. So so if this 909 00:54:56,000 --> 00:54:59,920 Speaker 1: were a mob of people, it's this warm sensing a 910 00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:03,040 Speaker 1: allows one of them to say, hey, we're just hanging out, 911 00:55:03,080 --> 00:55:07,640 Speaker 1: but why don't we kill somebody? Yeah? Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, 912 00:55:07,680 --> 00:55:12,000 Speaker 1: it's it's basically what happens here is that a bacterium, 913 00:55:12,040 --> 00:55:15,520 Speaker 1: a single bacterium, produces and releases these signal molecules when 914 00:55:15,560 --> 00:55:18,520 Speaker 1: it finds itself in in a particular state, when you know, 915 00:55:18,560 --> 00:55:21,279 Speaker 1: it really likes the place it's hanging out in or 916 00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:24,680 Speaker 1: doesn't like it or or whatever. Okay, um, and it 917 00:55:24,719 --> 00:55:28,160 Speaker 1: detects a lot of signal molecules from other bacteria around it, 918 00:55:28,560 --> 00:55:31,080 Speaker 1: and when it detects enough of any given type of 919 00:55:31,120 --> 00:55:33,920 Speaker 1: signal molecule, it switches modes to go with what the 920 00:55:33,920 --> 00:55:38,719 Speaker 1: group is doing. So okay, so this is something we've discovered, 921 00:55:39,680 --> 00:55:43,680 Speaker 1: and does Plan B somehow try and like stop that 922 00:55:43,760 --> 00:55:46,120 Speaker 1: from happening, or now that we understand. That is that 923 00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:48,560 Speaker 1: the idea. Well okay, so so you guys, I'm sure 924 00:55:48,560 --> 00:55:51,160 Speaker 1: that you've talked before on this show about how governments 925 00:55:51,160 --> 00:55:55,759 Speaker 1: and militaries sometimes use signal jamming techniques to prevent unwanted 926 00:55:55,800 --> 00:56:00,480 Speaker 1: communication in in certain circumstances. Yeah. Um, rees, richers are 927 00:56:00,480 --> 00:56:03,600 Speaker 1: working on the bacterial equivalent of that, and there's a 928 00:56:03,600 --> 00:56:07,080 Speaker 1: few different approaches that are being investigated. Um. They use 929 00:56:07,440 --> 00:56:11,239 Speaker 1: chemicals or enzymes to uh to disrupt the production of 930 00:56:11,280 --> 00:56:16,120 Speaker 1: signal molecules, or to disrupt the reception of signal molecules, 931 00:56:16,239 --> 00:56:20,480 Speaker 1: or to send out false signals, and and any of 932 00:56:20,520 --> 00:56:23,560 Speaker 1: these have the potential to trick bacteria to go into 933 00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:27,239 Speaker 1: a non pathogenic state, even if conditions are are ripe. 934 00:56:27,640 --> 00:56:33,319 Speaker 1: So this is necessarily killing it. This is just changing it. Yeah, 935 00:56:33,320 --> 00:56:37,200 Speaker 1: this is just saying like, hey, just chills where you are, 936 00:56:37,280 --> 00:56:39,480 Speaker 1: what you're doing, and don't do anything else. Why don't 937 00:56:39,520 --> 00:56:42,480 Speaker 1: we just hang out? And I hope it works because 938 00:56:42,480 --> 00:56:46,840 Speaker 1: otherwise we are looking at a future full of super bugs. 939 00:56:47,480 --> 00:56:50,279 Speaker 1: Remember the play we talked about earlier in the show, 940 00:56:50,640 --> 00:56:53,560 Speaker 1: how it never really goes away, It just shows up 941 00:56:53,600 --> 00:56:56,719 Speaker 1: every so often like some weird family curse. Well, if 942 00:56:56,760 --> 00:57:00,840 Speaker 1: our boy, your senior pestis evolves beyond the reach of antibiotics, 943 00:57:00,960 --> 00:57:03,319 Speaker 1: we could look at the stunning fatal sequel to the 944 00:57:03,320 --> 00:57:06,719 Speaker 1: original Black Death and we wouldn't have any defense. Yeah, 945 00:57:06,760 --> 00:57:09,560 Speaker 1: the the bibonic plague is not over with. From two 946 00:57:09,560 --> 00:57:12,240 Speaker 1: thousand to two thousand nine, you're sitting a pestis bacteria 947 00:57:12,320 --> 00:57:16,320 Speaker 1: infected over twenty thousand people worldwide and and killed one thousand, 948 00:57:16,440 --> 00:57:20,520 Speaker 1: six hundred and twelve, and antibiotics have traditionally knocked it 949 00:57:20,520 --> 00:57:23,400 Speaker 1: out really fast. Uh. You know, early detection and treatment 950 00:57:23,440 --> 00:57:28,240 Speaker 1: are important. Mostly it's it's deadly if the infection spreads 951 00:57:28,280 --> 00:57:32,520 Speaker 1: to your lungs, causing what's known as the pneumonic plague. Madagascar, 952 00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:36,400 Speaker 1: two thousand seven. Plague samples taken from a boy reveal 953 00:57:36,440 --> 00:57:40,560 Speaker 1: the form of why pest is resistant to eight different antibiotics. 954 00:57:41,040 --> 00:57:48,120 Speaker 1: Two thousand fourteen, same place, Madagascar, Over cases of plague 955 00:57:48,440 --> 00:57:52,080 Speaker 1: were confirmed in November. We may be approaching a post 956 00:57:52,120 --> 00:57:56,520 Speaker 1: antibiotic age. But hey, what about pharmaceutical companies, right, that's 957 00:57:56,600 --> 00:57:59,440 Speaker 1: literally their job. Wouldn't they like to save the world 958 00:57:59,600 --> 00:58:02,400 Speaker 1: or at some of the people on it. Well, to 959 00:58:02,440 --> 00:58:05,160 Speaker 1: answer that question, we have a nifty quote for you 960 00:58:05,280 --> 00:58:10,560 Speaker 1: from our friends at the BBC. Pharmaceutical research hasn't kept 961 00:58:10,640 --> 00:58:14,760 Speaker 1: up with the growing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. No 962 00:58:14,920 --> 00:58:18,200 Speaker 1: new types of classes of antibiotics have been discovered for 963 00:58:18,240 --> 00:58:21,720 Speaker 1: twenty five years, and some strains of bacteria are now 964 00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:26,080 Speaker 1: unharmed by nearly all of the drugs designed to kill them, 965 00:58:26,120 --> 00:58:31,800 Speaker 1: making infections by these bacteria almost untreatable. Experts have warned 966 00:58:31,800 --> 00:58:35,600 Speaker 1: we are decades behind in the race against the superbugs. 967 00:58:35,640 --> 00:58:40,320 Speaker 1: We've already exploited the most obvious, naturally occurring antibiotics, so 968 00:58:40,400 --> 00:58:44,520 Speaker 1: creating new ones requires much more time and ingenuity, but 969 00:58:45,280 --> 00:58:51,440 Speaker 1: currently there is little financial incentive to do so. Pharmaceutical 970 00:58:51,480 --> 00:58:58,600 Speaker 1: companies target chronic illnesses to maximize potential profits from new drugs. Imagine, 971 00:58:58,720 --> 00:59:01,520 Speaker 1: if you will, a world in which a common infection, 972 00:59:01,720 --> 00:59:04,760 Speaker 1: something is insignificant as a deep cut could kill you, 973 00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:08,080 Speaker 1: A sore throat could lead to death by asphyxiation. A 974 00:59:08,200 --> 00:59:12,400 Speaker 1: serious burn would almost certainly be a death sentence. It's 975 00:59:12,480 --> 00:59:16,000 Speaker 1: like we're way back, guys. It's like we transported all 976 00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:19,760 Speaker 1: the way back to three fifty C and we didn't 977 00:59:19,800 --> 00:59:22,720 Speaker 1: even have to leave our timeline. We're talking about a 978 00:59:22,760 --> 00:59:25,720 Speaker 1: world in which many vital medical procedures that depend on 979 00:59:26,120 --> 00:59:29,920 Speaker 1: weakening the immune system, like chemotherapy, will be essentially useless 980 00:59:29,920 --> 00:59:32,840 Speaker 1: because there's no way to prevent the associated risk of infection. 981 00:59:34,400 --> 00:59:37,200 Speaker 1: Transplants would be a thing of the past. Tattoos would 982 00:59:37,200 --> 00:59:40,960 Speaker 1: be dangerous. Treatments for our thritis and rheumatism also depend 983 00:59:41,120 --> 00:59:43,920 Speaker 1: on immunosuppressors. And here in the US as well as 984 00:59:43,920 --> 00:59:46,120 Speaker 1: many other parts of the world, we're still coping with 985 00:59:46,200 --> 00:59:49,600 Speaker 1: high rates of HIV transmission. Uh that that that virus 986 00:59:49,640 --> 00:59:53,440 Speaker 1: of course attacks immune cells, which leads to autoimmune deficiency syndrome. 987 00:59:53,720 --> 00:59:56,479 Speaker 1: We would return to brutal pass a world in which 988 00:59:56,520 --> 00:59:59,600 Speaker 1: five women out of one thousand died in childbirth one 989 00:59:59,680 --> 01:00:01,680 Speaker 1: person and out of nine died when they got a 990 01:00:01,720 --> 01:00:04,560 Speaker 1: skin infection. Out of ten folks who would get pneumonia, 991 01:00:04,680 --> 01:00:07,560 Speaker 1: three would die. And there are so many diseases that 992 01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:10,240 Speaker 1: we that we don't worry about anymore, and in developed 993 01:00:10,280 --> 01:00:14,880 Speaker 1: countries that are caused by bacterial infections typhus, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, 994 01:00:15,360 --> 01:00:19,000 Speaker 1: Hey resistant goneria another fun one right up there with salmonella. 995 01:00:19,040 --> 01:00:21,760 Speaker 1: What are you doing this weekend? Again? Uh? You know, 996 01:00:21,960 --> 01:00:25,080 Speaker 1: even even the scarier ones that the meningitis, anthrax, and 997 01:00:25,080 --> 01:00:28,560 Speaker 1: and botulism. Researchers are saying that this won't be like 998 01:00:28,680 --> 01:00:32,320 Speaker 1: the imagined zombie apocalypse, but something a lot more insidious. 999 01:00:32,680 --> 01:00:36,240 Speaker 1: People spending longer in the hospital, patients getting sicker, having 1000 01:00:36,240 --> 01:00:40,520 Speaker 1: more complications, and dying more often. And what I'm envisioning 1001 01:00:40,760 --> 01:00:43,680 Speaker 1: is a future, at least at the moment, where families 1002 01:00:43,720 --> 01:00:47,200 Speaker 1: are having to move back in closer to one another 1003 01:00:47,240 --> 01:00:49,840 Speaker 1: because they can't afford to live spread out the way 1004 01:00:49,920 --> 01:00:52,920 Speaker 1: we kind of have over the past few decades, especially 1005 01:00:52,920 --> 01:00:55,840 Speaker 1: in this country, where now everyone is more grouped together, 1006 01:00:55,960 --> 01:00:59,960 Speaker 1: everyone's getting sick together and even sicker and not getting better. 1007 01:01:00,240 --> 01:01:03,680 Speaker 1: To add to that that the majority of people across 1008 01:01:03,720 --> 01:01:06,000 Speaker 1: the globe now live in what would be called an 1009 01:01:06,080 --> 01:01:12,000 Speaker 1: urban environment. It's easier to transmit sickness now, So that 1010 01:01:12,160 --> 01:01:16,000 Speaker 1: is our conclusion at this point. We leave you, ladies 1011 01:01:16,040 --> 01:01:20,720 Speaker 1: and gentlemen, at the I of the storm, I guess, 1012 01:01:20,920 --> 01:01:24,200 Speaker 1: because there is quite possibly a storm coming. Will new 1013 01:01:24,760 --> 01:01:30,680 Speaker 1: antibiotic methods happen, Will pharmaceutical companies overcome the financial disincentives 1014 01:01:30,720 --> 01:01:34,080 Speaker 1: to create new solutions? Are we going to have to 1015 01:01:34,120 --> 01:01:37,640 Speaker 1: wait until the storm hits? Yeah? Will our food industry 1016 01:01:37,680 --> 01:01:42,400 Speaker 1: actually make some changes to hopefully better some of this situation. 1017 01:01:43,560 --> 01:01:46,200 Speaker 1: If they don't. And if you're wondering what you can 1018 01:01:46,240 --> 01:01:50,040 Speaker 1: do personally, there's there's there's definitely stuff that you can 1019 01:01:50,040 --> 01:01:53,640 Speaker 1: do on an individual level. And and that includes washing 1020 01:01:53,640 --> 01:01:56,560 Speaker 1: your hands before you eat stuff or otherwise touch the 1021 01:01:56,680 --> 01:01:59,920 Speaker 1: mucus membranes. Uh, know them, love them, don't put bacteria 1022 01:02:00,000 --> 01:02:06,600 Speaker 1: in them. Um. Uh, don't use antibacterial soaps, they're bad times. Uh. 1023 01:02:06,800 --> 01:02:13,440 Speaker 1: Don't touch poop, try not to touch poop. Yeah, one 1024 01:02:12,560 --> 01:02:17,280 Speaker 1: at a time. But these are seriously, these are these 1025 01:02:17,280 --> 01:02:19,680 Speaker 1: are good points. Yeah, and and and one one more 1026 01:02:19,760 --> 01:02:22,640 Speaker 1: one more. Um. If you're if you do get prescribed 1027 01:02:22,640 --> 01:02:24,920 Speaker 1: in an albiotic by a doctor, make sure that you 1028 01:02:25,000 --> 01:02:28,080 Speaker 1: take it as it was prescribed to you and don't 1029 01:02:28,200 --> 01:02:31,160 Speaker 1: stop halfway through the treatment, no matter whether you're feeling 1030 01:02:31,200 --> 01:02:33,640 Speaker 1: better or not. That's huge because that that can that 1031 01:02:33,680 --> 01:02:36,560 Speaker 1: can lead to building resistance of the bacterial colonies in 1032 01:02:36,560 --> 01:02:39,840 Speaker 1: your body. So what do you think, ladies and gentlemen, 1033 01:02:39,960 --> 01:02:43,080 Speaker 1: we would love to hear from you. Will humanity be 1034 01:02:43,160 --> 01:02:47,520 Speaker 1: able to turn the tide in the coming the next leg, 1035 01:02:47,600 --> 01:02:51,880 Speaker 1: the next theater of the super bug war? Uh? If 1036 01:02:51,920 --> 01:02:53,880 Speaker 1: you would like to write to us. We'd love to 1037 01:02:53,880 --> 01:02:56,160 Speaker 1: hear from you. We're on Facebook and Twitter. We're conspiracy 1038 01:02:56,160 --> 01:02:59,360 Speaker 1: stuff both of those. And Lauren, thank you so much 1039 01:02:59,400 --> 01:03:02,280 Speaker 1: for come onto the show again. Thank you for making 1040 01:03:02,320 --> 01:03:06,280 Speaker 1: me mad. It's great. Yeah, it was our pleasure. Speaking 1041 01:03:06,280 --> 01:03:10,160 Speaker 1: of being friends, you mentioned something on Twitter to us, 1042 01:03:10,200 --> 01:03:11,920 Speaker 1: just as just a fun way to close this out. 1043 01:03:11,960 --> 01:03:14,640 Speaker 1: I think, uh, something that we have. I don't know 1044 01:03:14,640 --> 01:03:16,840 Speaker 1: if we talked about on the show, Ben, but I 1045 01:03:16,880 --> 01:03:20,000 Speaker 1: think maybe I brought it to your attention and Jason's attention, 1046 01:03:20,440 --> 01:03:26,640 Speaker 1: this thing called the conspiracy cruise. Cruise you said it's 1047 01:03:26,680 --> 01:03:28,920 Speaker 1: this thing. Did you read much about it? Uh? No, 1048 01:03:29,240 --> 01:03:31,520 Speaker 1: I read like half of a blog post from a 1049 01:03:31,600 --> 01:03:35,200 Speaker 1: lady who was there nsider who was like exploring it. 1050 01:03:35,240 --> 01:03:38,560 Speaker 1: From a skeptics who is Harvard, went to Harvard Law school. 1051 01:03:38,840 --> 01:03:42,320 Speaker 1: It was actually a lawyer. Yeah, yeah it sounded I 1052 01:03:42,320 --> 01:03:44,640 Speaker 1: mean it sounded great. I mean I mean I think 1053 01:03:44,680 --> 01:03:46,760 Speaker 1: we should go. I think we should. This is not 1054 01:03:46,800 --> 01:03:49,600 Speaker 1: an old secret mission, by the way, from he's something else. 1055 01:03:49,920 --> 01:03:53,000 Speaker 1: He's on a much more important mission. Not that this 1056 01:03:53,040 --> 01:03:55,640 Speaker 1: isn't important. I'd love to send him on that cruise though. 1057 01:03:55,680 --> 01:03:58,240 Speaker 1: So can we vote While he's not here. Listeners, you 1058 01:03:58,240 --> 01:04:00,800 Speaker 1: can vote as well. Everybody wants to send Nolan the cruise, 1059 01:04:00,800 --> 01:04:06,520 Speaker 1: say I alone, I just know, yeah what I want 1060 01:04:06,560 --> 01:04:09,240 Speaker 1: to go to? Oh okay, yeah go you should go? 1061 01:04:10,200 --> 01:04:12,280 Speaker 1: And I yeah, I mean if you guys think that 1062 01:04:12,320 --> 01:04:14,720 Speaker 1: you need backup, I don't want to. I mean it 1063 01:04:14,720 --> 01:04:16,560 Speaker 1: would be cool if we could all go, but whatever, 1064 01:04:16,680 --> 01:04:19,120 Speaker 1: that's fine, I'll go. I'm not gonna go. I I 1065 01:04:19,160 --> 01:04:23,080 Speaker 1: don't think I can cross running water. Well we'll see 1066 01:04:23,080 --> 01:04:25,520 Speaker 1: what I if I can pack something, they can help 1067 01:04:25,520 --> 01:04:27,200 Speaker 1: you get out there. Oh yeah, yeah, I've I've I've 1068 01:04:27,200 --> 01:04:29,160 Speaker 1: got you. Don't worry. Thanks you guys giving me a 1069 01:04:29,160 --> 01:04:31,920 Speaker 1: coffin a dirt or something. Yeah, no, the covens on it. 1070 01:04:32,160 --> 01:04:35,400 Speaker 1: Oh fantastic. Well, on that note, we're going to head out. 1071 01:04:35,400 --> 01:04:38,600 Speaker 1: But Lorden, where can people find you when they want 1072 01:04:38,600 --> 01:04:41,280 Speaker 1: to hear more of your work? Oh? Goodness, many many places. 1073 01:04:41,400 --> 01:04:43,600 Speaker 1: Uh you know. Go go ahead and use that Google thing. 1074 01:04:43,600 --> 01:04:47,480 Speaker 1: It's pretty fancy. Look up brain stuff or what the 1075 01:04:47,560 --> 01:04:50,720 Speaker 1: stuff with an exclamation point and also a question mark, 1076 01:04:51,040 --> 01:04:53,280 Speaker 1: or a little bit more directly, you can look me 1077 01:04:53,320 --> 01:04:56,920 Speaker 1: up under fw thinking on Twitter. That's at f W thinking. 1078 01:04:57,360 --> 01:05:00,479 Speaker 1: It's it's similar basically everywhere, and uh and and brain 1079 01:05:00,520 --> 01:05:03,400 Speaker 1: Stuff is brain Stuff Show or brain Stuff hs W 1080 01:05:03,720 --> 01:05:06,480 Speaker 1: and Forward Thinking is an exciting show because it looks 1081 01:05:06,600 --> 01:05:09,800 Speaker 1: at in maybe a slightly more optimistic way. It looks 1082 01:05:09,840 --> 01:05:11,760 Speaker 1: at some of the big questions about the future that 1083 01:05:11,880 --> 01:05:16,560 Speaker 1: we tackle here, I would say a much more optimistic way. Yeah, yeah. 1084 01:05:16,640 --> 01:05:22,280 Speaker 1: The the the quorum sensing research is from Forward Thinking. 1085 01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:24,760 Speaker 1: So if you want to hear more about quorum sensing 1086 01:05:24,880 --> 01:05:28,560 Speaker 1: and the future of everything from space exploration to robots, 1087 01:05:28,600 --> 01:05:31,640 Speaker 1: to the animals inside of us or the bacteria inside 1088 01:05:31,680 --> 01:05:35,040 Speaker 1: of us, then do check out Forward Thinking and Speaking 1089 01:05:35,160 --> 01:05:38,360 Speaker 1: of the future. This is something that we always like 1090 01:05:38,400 --> 01:05:42,200 Speaker 1: to end our show with what future topics should we cover? 1091 01:05:42,280 --> 01:05:45,360 Speaker 1: Our best ideas come from you. You can tell us 1092 01:05:45,360 --> 01:05:47,520 Speaker 1: on Facebook, you can tell us on Twitter, or if 1093 01:05:47,520 --> 01:05:49,680 Speaker 1: you think that's a bunch of rigamarole and hooplah and 1094 01:05:49,800 --> 01:05:53,200 Speaker 1: unnecessary brew hahaim, then you can write to us directly. 1095 01:05:53,280 --> 01:06:01,320 Speaker 1: We are conspiracy at how stuff works dot com. For 1096 01:06:01,480 --> 01:06:05,720 Speaker 1: more on this topic another unexplained phenomena, visit YouTube dot 1097 01:06:05,760 --> 01:06:09,000 Speaker 1: com slash conspiracy. You can also get in touch on 1098 01:06:09,040 --> 01:06:11,760 Speaker 1: Twitter at the handle at conspiracy Stuff