1 00:00:02,520 --> 00:00:05,720 Speaker 1: In text with Technology with text style from how Stuff, 2 00:00:05,760 --> 00:00:16,480 Speaker 1: what's that coming? Hey then, everyone, and welcome to tex Stuff. 3 00:00:16,520 --> 00:00:19,079 Speaker 1: I am Jonathan Strickland, one of the two hosts of 4 00:00:19,120 --> 00:00:21,479 Speaker 1: the show, and I'm Lauren vocal Bon, the other of 5 00:00:21,480 --> 00:00:23,400 Speaker 1: the two hosts of the show. And today we wanted 6 00:00:23,400 --> 00:00:27,040 Speaker 1: to talk about something that's pretty cool. Oh no, yeah, 7 00:00:27,200 --> 00:00:31,280 Speaker 1: already started. We're gonna talk about refrigerators. And and here's 8 00:00:31,280 --> 00:00:34,280 Speaker 1: the interesting thing, guys, if you listen to the episode 9 00:00:34,320 --> 00:00:37,480 Speaker 1: that Chris Pallette and I did quite some time ago 10 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:41,080 Speaker 1: about air conditioners, this podcast is going to sound very 11 00:00:41,120 --> 00:00:43,519 Speaker 1: similar to that because the technology is used in air 12 00:00:43,560 --> 00:00:47,680 Speaker 1: conditioning systems and the technologies used in refrigerators are essentially 13 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:51,240 Speaker 1: the same, just one is a more small and controlled 14 00:00:51,320 --> 00:00:56,600 Speaker 1: and um not for people usually, right, No, there's some 15 00:00:56,680 --> 00:01:00,279 Speaker 1: notable exceptions to that. We are not going to talk 16 00:01:00,320 --> 00:01:03,240 Speaker 1: about those, guys, because that's creepy and probably belongs in 17 00:01:03,280 --> 00:01:06,720 Speaker 1: another podcast. Okay, so we're not talking about people in 18 00:01:06,760 --> 00:01:12,080 Speaker 1: refrigerators today, although now I can't think of anything else. Um, 19 00:01:12,120 --> 00:01:14,320 Speaker 1: but no, no, no, First, let's start with what the 20 00:01:14,360 --> 00:01:18,480 Speaker 1: definition of refrigeration is. So it's defined as the process 21 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:22,720 Speaker 1: of achieving and maintaining a temperature below that of the surroundings. 22 00:01:22,959 --> 00:01:24,920 Speaker 1: And the aim of it is to cool some sort 23 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:29,040 Speaker 1: of space or object to a required temperature, right, because 24 00:01:29,080 --> 00:01:32,080 Speaker 1: bacteria grow most rapidly in this and it's it's called 25 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:37,640 Speaker 1: the danger zone. Actually in between I now I have 26 00:01:37,720 --> 00:01:40,160 Speaker 1: a new thing filling up my head. But okay, yes 27 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:46,640 Speaker 1: that I debatably better than than Archer really and so okay, 28 00:01:46,640 --> 00:01:49,040 Speaker 1: well excellent, but so yeah, the danger zone is in 29 00:01:49,080 --> 00:01:52,280 Speaker 1: between forty degrees fahrenheit and a hundred and forty degrees fahrenheit, 30 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:55,040 Speaker 1: which is a four point four to sixty degrees celsius. 31 00:01:55,280 --> 00:01:59,480 Speaker 1: And and in that temperature range, bacteria really just groove out. 32 00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:02,480 Speaker 1: They can they can more than double in in twenty minutes. 33 00:02:02,720 --> 00:02:07,240 Speaker 1: That population just explodes. And and bacteria and for things 34 00:02:07,280 --> 00:02:11,040 Speaker 1: like you know, food stuff that that we would consume, 35 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: that's not necessarily a great mix. That can lead to 36 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:18,160 Speaker 1: u some pretty nasty contamination. Uh, it can lead to 37 00:02:18,360 --> 00:02:21,800 Speaker 1: some really serious health problems. And uh, and this is 38 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:24,520 Speaker 1: why refrigeration is such a big deal. I mean, clearly, 39 00:02:24,560 --> 00:02:27,760 Speaker 1: before we had any kind of refrigeration, we had to 40 00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:31,240 Speaker 1: look at different ways to preserve food. Otherwise you pretty 41 00:02:31,280 --> 00:02:34,560 Speaker 1: much had to get food from the source and consume 42 00:02:34,600 --> 00:02:37,919 Speaker 1: it right away, immediately or as close to immediately as possible. 43 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:40,560 Speaker 1: Or you had to cook it so that it would yeah, 44 00:02:40,720 --> 00:02:42,720 Speaker 1: so it wouldn't spoil as quickly. Or you had to 45 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:46,200 Speaker 1: salt it like crazy so that again the salting would 46 00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 1: would inhibit the bacteria from from uh from reproducing so quickly. 47 00:02:51,800 --> 00:02:55,760 Speaker 1: And even in refrigeration, we still have that uh, that process. 48 00:02:55,840 --> 00:02:58,440 Speaker 1: It's just slowed down quite a bit, which is why 49 00:02:58,520 --> 00:03:02,160 Speaker 1: you cannot leave food in a refrigerator uh indefinitely. It 50 00:03:02,200 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: will eventually go bad. Um. And then just like in 51 00:03:05,480 --> 00:03:09,080 Speaker 1: that great Far Side cartoon, the potato salad will hold 52 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:14,160 Speaker 1: up the catchup when potato salad goes bad. So the 53 00:03:14,480 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 1: trick here, though, is how do you create this cool environment? 54 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:25,000 Speaker 1: This this cold environment? Because adding heat two things is easy. 55 00:03:25,600 --> 00:03:29,720 Speaker 1: Taking heat away not as easy, less easy. And also, 56 00:03:30,440 --> 00:03:34,560 Speaker 1: before I get all my physicist friends sending in messages 57 00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:37,760 Speaker 1: about the use of the word heat, I do apologize 58 00:03:37,760 --> 00:03:40,280 Speaker 1: we're going to be using it in the vernacular quite 59 00:03:40,280 --> 00:03:43,560 Speaker 1: a bit because that's really what everyone's familiar with. But 60 00:03:44,120 --> 00:03:48,960 Speaker 1: to be clear, an object does not possess heat. It 61 00:03:49,040 --> 00:03:52,000 Speaker 1: has a temperature, but it doesn't possess heat, and objecos 62 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:54,720 Speaker 1: will have internal energy as a result of molecular motion. 63 00:03:55,080 --> 00:03:59,480 Speaker 1: And heat is really the description of an energy transfer process. 64 00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:02,920 Speaker 1: And uh, you go from a high temperature object to 65 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:08,400 Speaker 1: a lower temperature one. That is the basic concept of heat. 66 00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:11,000 Speaker 1: It's really an energy transfer. So when we say, like, 67 00:04:11,080 --> 00:04:13,600 Speaker 1: this object's got a lot of heat to it, uh, 68 00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:16,960 Speaker 1: that's a that's a completely colloquial way by saying it. 69 00:04:17,320 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: So I do acknowledge that. I apologize. But if you 70 00:04:20,520 --> 00:04:23,560 Speaker 1: really want someone who's going to be a stickler for science, 71 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 1: go bug Robert Lamb because he loves that the stuff 72 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:34,240 Speaker 1: to blow your mind. Gay, Um, Robert's awesome. I love Robert. So, yeah, 73 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:37,120 Speaker 1: that's the way heat works. Though you have high temperature 74 00:04:37,160 --> 00:04:40,680 Speaker 1: low temperature, then heat moves from the high temperature to 75 00:04:40,880 --> 00:04:43,679 Speaker 1: the low temperature. It does not go the other way around, 76 00:04:44,240 --> 00:04:47,880 Speaker 1: right without without some sort of external force working on 77 00:04:47,920 --> 00:04:51,000 Speaker 1: the system. Uh. This is essentially one of the basic 78 00:04:51,080 --> 00:04:55,080 Speaker 1: laws of thermodynamics. And so you've got this, Uh, you've 79 00:04:55,080 --> 00:04:56,560 Speaker 1: got a way. You have to find a way of 80 00:04:56,640 --> 00:05:04,400 Speaker 1: creating a lower temperature or environment to pull heat from 81 00:05:04,520 --> 00:05:08,120 Speaker 1: or to for heat to transfer from the objects that 82 00:05:08,120 --> 00:05:12,599 Speaker 1: are inside a refrigerator to make them cool. So that's 83 00:05:12,640 --> 00:05:15,440 Speaker 1: the basis of refrigeration. But you know, to get to 84 00:05:15,480 --> 00:05:18,039 Speaker 1: that point, we had to do a lot of stuff 85 00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 1: and we had to understand a lot about physics for 86 00:05:20,360 --> 00:05:23,720 Speaker 1: this to become what we now all kind of take 87 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:29,000 Speaker 1: for granted. Yeah, So to to get started, I guess 88 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:31,240 Speaker 1: we can talk about what the predecessor was to the 89 00:05:31,279 --> 00:05:34,320 Speaker 1: modern refrigerator, which was the ice box, right, or you know, 90 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:36,680 Speaker 1: going going way back in time, you had you had 91 00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:40,480 Speaker 1: people not even making ice boxes, but yes, just collecting 92 00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:43,240 Speaker 1: ice and putting it next to stuff. Yeah, or like 93 00:05:43,279 --> 00:05:45,800 Speaker 1: maybe you know, you might have a seller that you'd 94 00:05:45,839 --> 00:05:47,560 Speaker 1: put ice into, or you might just have a hole 95 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:50,520 Speaker 1: in the ground, or you may just like if you 96 00:05:50,560 --> 00:05:53,080 Speaker 1: were in a part of the world where there was 97 00:05:53,400 --> 00:05:57,280 Speaker 1: a significant amount of snowfall. Uh, we here in Georgia 98 00:05:57,480 --> 00:05:59,560 Speaker 1: are not in that part of the world. We did 99 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:02,120 Speaker 1: have some know the other day, I could see a 100 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:05,800 Speaker 1: bare trace of it next to my steps. Some of 101 00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:07,520 Speaker 1: it landed in my hair when I walked my dog. 102 00:06:07,640 --> 00:06:09,600 Speaker 1: That was that was about it. But if you were 103 00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:11,800 Speaker 1: in a place where they get a significant amount of 104 00:06:11,839 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: snow and they're large snow banks, then one of the 105 00:06:14,440 --> 00:06:17,800 Speaker 1: things you might do is store some food inside the snow. 106 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:20,359 Speaker 1: They're bury it in the snow and just hope that 107 00:06:20,520 --> 00:06:23,760 Speaker 1: nothing comes along to to grab that food. Or Yeah, 108 00:06:23,800 --> 00:06:25,919 Speaker 1: if if you've got an ice house, you can preserve 109 00:06:25,960 --> 00:06:28,120 Speaker 1: some of the ice with a sawdust or wood shavings. 110 00:06:28,200 --> 00:06:31,240 Speaker 1: Later on, cork was used to insulate it for a 111 00:06:31,279 --> 00:06:34,560 Speaker 1: few months anyway, until temperatures warmed up enough. Right right, Yeah, 112 00:06:34,600 --> 00:06:38,120 Speaker 1: you could. You could definitely slow the process, insulated enough 113 00:06:38,160 --> 00:06:41,159 Speaker 1: from the heat of the outside environment so that it 114 00:06:41,200 --> 00:06:44,839 Speaker 1: would preserve you wouldn't lose too much in melt off. 115 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:47,160 Speaker 1: It took a while before people started to figure out 116 00:06:47,400 --> 00:06:50,920 Speaker 1: the best ways to keep ice from from melting too quickly. 117 00:06:51,279 --> 00:06:54,080 Speaker 1: And it's interesting because just as they were really getting 118 00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:58,200 Speaker 1: getting very good and making sure they kept ice uh 119 00:06:58,480 --> 00:07:03,000 Speaker 1: cold for as long as pas well, even in hot environments. Uh, 120 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,760 Speaker 1: that's when the mechanical refrigeration technology had started to really 121 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,880 Speaker 1: take off and it became less important. And these were 122 00:07:09,880 --> 00:07:13,440 Speaker 1: happening simultaneously, which is really fascinating to me. It was 123 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:17,600 Speaker 1: in seventive that the first refrigerating machine was produced. I 124 00:07:17,640 --> 00:07:20,960 Speaker 1: believe it could make small amounts of ice in the lab. Yeah, yeah, 125 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:25,080 Speaker 1: to to really understand well, first of all, the word refrigerator, 126 00:07:25,240 --> 00:07:27,280 Speaker 1: I found the I found the earliest use of it, 127 00:07:27,720 --> 00:07:30,080 Speaker 1: which was or at least earliest recorded use that I 128 00:07:30,120 --> 00:07:32,800 Speaker 1: could find, which was from fifteen fifty. But it was 129 00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:36,200 Speaker 1: all about using chemicals in water. People were discovering that 130 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:38,800 Speaker 1: if they added certain chemicals to water for some reason, 131 00:07:38,800 --> 00:07:40,920 Speaker 1: the temperature of the water would drop. So if you 132 00:07:40,960 --> 00:07:43,720 Speaker 1: were to put something in a container of water that 133 00:07:43,760 --> 00:07:46,920 Speaker 1: had this chemical in it, you could cool that's something. Now, 134 00:07:46,960 --> 00:07:50,320 Speaker 1: if that's something was unprotected food and that chemical was poisonous, 135 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:52,680 Speaker 1: that was not necessarily a great thing. But if that's 136 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:54,800 Speaker 1: something were I don't know, a bottle of wine and 137 00:07:54,840 --> 00:07:56,960 Speaker 1: you happen to be French, this was a great way 138 00:07:56,960 --> 00:07:59,920 Speaker 1: to cool your wine. And in fact, in the Renaissance, 139 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:03,600 Speaker 1: these cooled drinks became very popular, to the point where 140 00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:06,720 Speaker 1: if you added chemicals to water, it would drop the 141 00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:09,120 Speaker 1: temperature enough that if you put something in it that 142 00:08:09,600 --> 00:08:12,920 Speaker 1: that you could turn on a regular basis, you could 143 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:16,280 Speaker 1: actually make ice this way. Um. Yeah, So this was 144 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:18,720 Speaker 1: kind of an early ice maker, not efficient, not good 145 00:08:18,760 --> 00:08:21,680 Speaker 1: for producing ice on any kind of large scale, but 146 00:08:21,800 --> 00:08:24,160 Speaker 1: it was one of those things that the rich people 147 00:08:24,320 --> 00:08:26,600 Speaker 1: really enjoyed, and really those were the only ones who 148 00:08:26,680 --> 00:08:29,560 Speaker 1: had any chance of getting at it. Um. But yeah, 149 00:08:30,280 --> 00:08:34,960 Speaker 1: it was just before your the refrigerator unit type thing 150 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:37,720 Speaker 1: you were talking about from the seventeen seventies. Seventeen fifty 151 00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:41,520 Speaker 1: five is pretty much when we talk about the origin 152 00:08:41,559 --> 00:08:45,440 Speaker 1: of the idea. That's when William Cullen made his machine 153 00:08:45,480 --> 00:08:50,320 Speaker 1: with which you used a vacuum UH and UH ether 154 00:08:51,040 --> 00:08:55,720 Speaker 1: to UH to create this UH environment where he would 155 00:08:55,720 --> 00:09:00,560 Speaker 1: put water into a container, put a smaller amount of 156 00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:04,680 Speaker 1: ether in there, put a essentially a vacuum bell jar 157 00:09:04,800 --> 00:09:07,679 Speaker 1: on top, you know, with a pump on it. By 158 00:09:07,760 --> 00:09:10,400 Speaker 1: creating the vacuum, the ether would start to boil off. 159 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:13,640 Speaker 1: And when the ether was boiling off, when it was vaporizing, 160 00:09:13,960 --> 00:09:17,640 Speaker 1: he noticed that the temperature was going down in the 161 00:09:17,679 --> 00:09:21,160 Speaker 1: water and in fact, but when the ether would continue 162 00:09:21,200 --> 00:09:24,559 Speaker 1: to boil off, the water would start to turn into ice. 163 00:09:25,240 --> 00:09:27,880 Speaker 1: Now we'll talk about why that is a little bit later, 164 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:30,920 Speaker 1: but this was one of those early observations that started 165 00:09:30,960 --> 00:09:34,360 Speaker 1: to lead people into thinking, you know, if we harness 166 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:42,280 Speaker 1: this in some way, pretty cool. Yeah, there's no way 167 00:09:42,280 --> 00:09:45,679 Speaker 1: to avoid it. Voco boumb Join us together, we will 168 00:09:45,760 --> 00:09:48,200 Speaker 1: rule the galaxy. Jonathan. We need to we need to 169 00:09:48,240 --> 00:09:51,360 Speaker 1: chill out, Yes we do. Okay, all right, now too fast, 170 00:09:51,440 --> 00:09:56,240 Speaker 1: too fast. You gotta gotta pace yourself here. Um. So anyway, 171 00:09:56,280 --> 00:09:59,840 Speaker 1: this does form the basis. This, this idea of UH 172 00:10:00,120 --> 00:10:05,320 Speaker 1: vapor pulling out heat somehow, that is what was the 173 00:10:05,440 --> 00:10:09,040 Speaker 1: very basis of mechanical refrigeration. It would be quite a 174 00:10:09,040 --> 00:10:11,840 Speaker 1: while before the mechanical refrigerators would start to become a 175 00:10:11,880 --> 00:10:15,480 Speaker 1: real thing. Uh, I have a in eighteen o three, 176 00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:20,200 Speaker 1: you have a Thomas Moore obviously not that one different 177 00:10:20,240 --> 00:10:24,680 Speaker 1: Thomas Moore UH of Maryland. In fact, he received a U. S. 178 00:10:24,720 --> 00:10:28,360 Speaker 1: Patent for a refrigerator. Now this was not the same 179 00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:30,560 Speaker 1: thing as the mechanical refrigerators that would come later. But 180 00:10:30,600 --> 00:10:33,720 Speaker 1: that same year that was when the domestic ice box 181 00:10:33,840 --> 00:10:37,480 Speaker 1: was invented. So three you get the domestic ice box. 182 00:10:37,520 --> 00:10:41,000 Speaker 1: This was usually a wooden cabinet that you would put 183 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 1: a block of a large block of ice into the 184 00:10:44,160 --> 00:10:47,559 Speaker 1: top and then you would keep your food and and 185 00:10:47,559 --> 00:10:50,960 Speaker 1: and consumables in the bottom part of this cabinet, and 186 00:10:51,040 --> 00:10:55,880 Speaker 1: convection would essentially keep because because heat rises and cold sinks, 187 00:10:55,920 --> 00:11:01,319 Speaker 1: that which is which we know is the generalization was generalization, yes, 188 00:11:01,360 --> 00:11:04,959 Speaker 1: but but in general in this particular case, yeah, you've 189 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:07,880 Speaker 1: got you've got the dense the dense cold air going 190 00:11:07,920 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 1: down and the and the less dense warm air moving up. 191 00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:14,439 Speaker 1: Because yeah, but we we understand that is a gross 192 00:11:14,720 --> 00:11:18,000 Speaker 1: over generalization. But for the purposes of this podcast, it's 193 00:11:18,120 --> 00:11:20,320 Speaker 1: effective enough. Yeah, you kept that ice on top. You 194 00:11:20,360 --> 00:11:22,800 Speaker 1: have a like a drip tray on underneath, because hey, 195 00:11:22,840 --> 00:11:25,600 Speaker 1: that ice is melting um, and so you would collect 196 00:11:25,600 --> 00:11:28,440 Speaker 1: the water which you would not just pour into the 197 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:31,040 Speaker 1: top where it would magically become ice again. Essentially, once 198 00:11:31,040 --> 00:11:32,600 Speaker 1: that ice was gone, you had to go out and 199 00:11:32,640 --> 00:11:35,439 Speaker 1: buy more ice. And actually the ice trade was really 200 00:11:35,520 --> 00:11:38,040 Speaker 1: huge right around that time. In eighteen o six, I 201 00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:41,920 Speaker 1: think Frederick Tudor began his his ice empire. He was 202 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:45,439 Speaker 1: called the Ice King. Yeah, um, when he started cutting 203 00:11:45,520 --> 00:11:47,920 Speaker 1: chunks out of the Hudson River in various ponds around 204 00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:51,200 Speaker 1: Massachusetts and then exporting it as far as China and Australia. 205 00:11:51,360 --> 00:11:55,840 Speaker 1: In India India. Yeah. Also what's interesting is that India 206 00:11:56,120 --> 00:11:58,480 Speaker 1: was the way the way they were producing ice in 207 00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:02,040 Speaker 1: India at this time was through a process called nocturnal 208 00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:05,800 Speaker 1: radiative cooling. Right, I was reading about this this it 209 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:08,319 Speaker 1: took me a while to grasp how that work. I 210 00:12:08,480 --> 00:12:09,959 Speaker 1: still did not understand it. So, I mean what I 211 00:12:09,960 --> 00:12:12,199 Speaker 1: w I understand that basically they were doing was putting 212 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:16,560 Speaker 1: water in shallow clay trays and setting it outside under 213 00:12:16,600 --> 00:12:19,760 Speaker 1: the open sky overnight and then in the morning ice 214 00:12:19,800 --> 00:12:23,280 Speaker 1: would be there. Yeah, what what essentially is happening is 215 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:27,800 Speaker 1: that the uh, it's there is another physical process going 216 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:29,600 Speaker 1: on here. But you've got you've got a tray of 217 00:12:29,640 --> 00:12:33,679 Speaker 1: water outside. The sky needs to be clear because what's 218 00:12:33,679 --> 00:12:36,680 Speaker 1: happening is the heat is radiating from the water out 219 00:12:36,720 --> 00:12:40,560 Speaker 1: into the atmosphere and escaping that way. Now, if there 220 00:12:40,559 --> 00:12:44,520 Speaker 1: are clouds, then the heat can radiate back down too, 221 00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:47,720 Speaker 1: because it's like an insulator. It'll it'll end up insulating 222 00:12:47,720 --> 00:12:52,720 Speaker 1: the earth and you end up you don't get enough. Right. 223 00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:56,720 Speaker 1: But otherwise, even if the the ambient temperature outside is 224 00:12:56,800 --> 00:13:00,679 Speaker 1: still right around freezing or just above freezing, you can 225 00:13:00,679 --> 00:13:04,000 Speaker 1: still freeze water that way. Under a clear sky also 226 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,640 Speaker 1: helps if it's a very dry climate. Right, And and 227 00:13:06,679 --> 00:13:08,720 Speaker 1: from what I understand that it's important that it's a 228 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:11,520 Speaker 1: it's an earthenware tray because that way you get some 229 00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:14,600 Speaker 1: of the uh, well, you have to have that insulated 230 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:17,720 Speaker 1: effect there as well. It's the earthen tray and there's 231 00:13:17,800 --> 00:13:20,640 Speaker 1: usually hay underneath it, Yeah, some kind of compressed Yeah. 232 00:13:20,679 --> 00:13:23,040 Speaker 1: So it's it's interesting that that was the way that 233 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:26,640 Speaker 1: India was producing ice, but that was not a very 234 00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:29,199 Speaker 1: again and a very efficient way of producing ice. You 235 00:13:29,240 --> 00:13:31,880 Speaker 1: couldn't produce a lot of it, and uh there was 236 00:13:31,920 --> 00:13:36,080 Speaker 1: a big demand. So Tutor was really raking it in 237 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:40,320 Speaker 1: by harvesting ice in the United States, just natural ice. 238 00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:43,280 Speaker 1: Not he's not producing it in any mechanical means. He's 239 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:46,240 Speaker 1: actually going out and digging it up, packing it in 240 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:49,480 Speaker 1: wood shavings and that sort of stuff, cork, that kind 241 00:13:49,480 --> 00:13:51,440 Speaker 1: of thing, shipping it to the other side of the world, 242 00:13:51,559 --> 00:13:54,439 Speaker 1: and making huge bank off of it, huge bank. And 243 00:13:54,679 --> 00:13:56,600 Speaker 1: I want to mention that also right around this time, 244 00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:02,240 Speaker 1: in UH seven, ammonia was first liquefied in a laboratory, right, 245 00:14:02,320 --> 00:14:04,920 Speaker 1: which will becoming point um, So just keep that in 246 00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:07,080 Speaker 1: your heads for a second. And um. And then also 247 00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:10,160 Speaker 1: in eighteen o five, right before Tutor began his big 248 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:14,000 Speaker 1: ice trade, UM, Oliver Evans described did not create but 249 00:14:14,040 --> 00:14:17,480 Speaker 1: described a closed at their vacuum refrigeration system. Yeah. So 250 00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:21,480 Speaker 1: this is the same sort of of mechanical system that 251 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 1: would eventually become what we use in refrigerators, most refrigerators, 252 00:14:26,240 --> 00:14:31,840 Speaker 1: I'm saying refrigerators in general, but there are different types. Yeah, well, 253 00:14:31,840 --> 00:14:35,040 Speaker 1: we'll mention a few, but but the we're focusing on 254 00:14:35,080 --> 00:14:39,040 Speaker 1: what most of us have available in like in our kitchens, uh, 255 00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:43,280 Speaker 1: and maybe our basement if Okay, I'm not going to 256 00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:47,720 Speaker 1: go back there. It's dark base to a dark placed 257 00:14:47,760 --> 00:14:50,880 Speaker 1: voco bomb really early on, I'm very fond of that 258 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:55,640 Speaker 1: of that documentary American Psychos. Okay, that's fair. In eighteen twenty, Uh, 259 00:14:55,800 --> 00:15:00,520 Speaker 1: this is interesting that the Michael Faraday was working again 260 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:04,320 Speaker 1: with liquid ammonia, and that's when he started realizing that 261 00:15:05,080 --> 00:15:09,400 Speaker 1: liquid ammonia, which ammonia is naturally at room temperature, is 262 00:15:09,440 --> 00:15:12,160 Speaker 1: a gas, right because it boils it at like negative 263 00:15:12,160 --> 00:15:15,760 Speaker 1: twenty seven degrees fahrenheits. So, so to to liquefy it, 264 00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,160 Speaker 1: you have to compress it, you have to pressurize it 265 00:15:18,240 --> 00:15:20,800 Speaker 1: to make it a liquid. And he realized that when 266 00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:25,160 Speaker 1: it went from liquid back to gas, it caused cooling 267 00:15:25,240 --> 00:15:30,480 Speaker 1: and so again another important part of this mechanical refrigeration. Now, 268 00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:35,040 Speaker 1: in one a German physicist by the name T. J. 269 00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:39,600 Speaker 1: Cbeck discovered that if you have two junctions of dissimilar 270 00:15:39,640 --> 00:15:44,840 Speaker 1: metals kept at two different temperatures, it induces electromotive force 271 00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:47,360 Speaker 1: or electric currents. So what that means is that, let's 272 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:49,880 Speaker 1: say that you have a junction of a copper wire 273 00:15:49,960 --> 00:15:52,600 Speaker 1: and an iron wire, all right, and then you have 274 00:15:52,640 --> 00:15:55,280 Speaker 1: a second junction where the iron wire is attached to 275 00:15:55,400 --> 00:15:58,040 Speaker 1: a second copper wire. And let's say you were to 276 00:15:58,160 --> 00:16:03,040 Speaker 1: heat up that, uh, that first junction and cool down 277 00:16:03,240 --> 00:16:05,360 Speaker 1: the second junction, perhaps put some ice on it, you 278 00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:09,440 Speaker 1: would actually induce electricity to flow through that wire. Now 279 00:16:09,560 --> 00:16:14,800 Speaker 1: that's important because in eighteen thirty four, uh Peltier discovers 280 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:17,920 Speaker 1: that if you do the opposite, if you put electricity 281 00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:21,240 Speaker 1: through a series of wires that have these kind of junctions, 282 00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:23,160 Speaker 1: one side will heat up and the other side will 283 00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:25,720 Speaker 1: cool down exactly and then by up to I think 284 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:28,360 Speaker 1: forty degrees fahrenheit. It all depends on what kind of 285 00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:32,560 Speaker 1: material material you're using. Uh. In fact, this sort of 286 00:16:33,120 --> 00:16:35,640 Speaker 1: is called the Peltier effect. Actually, but this sort of 287 00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:39,240 Speaker 1: effect is dependent upon the types of metals or or 288 00:16:39,320 --> 00:16:43,680 Speaker 1: materials you're using and uh, their purity. If you're using 289 00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:47,480 Speaker 1: pure metals, the effect is is pretty small, so small 290 00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:50,000 Speaker 1: as to not be very useful. It's interesting in the 291 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:52,720 Speaker 1: laboratory setting, but not terribly useful. Also, if you're using 292 00:16:52,720 --> 00:16:56,160 Speaker 1: pure metals, they tend to be very good thermal conductors, 293 00:16:56,480 --> 00:16:59,640 Speaker 1: which means that that that difference in temperature will not 294 00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:03,600 Speaker 1: mean taine itself for very long. You will eventually have 295 00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:06,320 Speaker 1: the the heat will move from the high temperature to 296 00:17:06,359 --> 00:17:10,440 Speaker 1: the low temperature and balance that out. Uh. Meanwhile, if 297 00:17:10,440 --> 00:17:12,800 Speaker 1: you were to use an insulator, then you wouldn't get 298 00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,320 Speaker 1: the effect, So it would take years before anyone would 299 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:18,280 Speaker 1: find a way to make that useful. But that is 300 00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:23,080 Speaker 1: used that That same technique is used in some electric 301 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:26,240 Speaker 1: little portable refrigerators, things like the kind of stuff you 302 00:17:26,320 --> 00:17:31,040 Speaker 1: might plug into your your car outlet. Yeah, basically, you 303 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:33,199 Speaker 1: just get a whole bunch of these junctions set up. 304 00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:35,080 Speaker 1: You put the hot ones outside the unit, the cool 305 00:17:35,119 --> 00:17:39,560 Speaker 1: ones inside the unit. Fridge. Yep, that's exactly it. So 306 00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:42,080 Speaker 1: so spoiler alert, that's how that one works. But we 307 00:17:42,119 --> 00:17:44,239 Speaker 1: thought if i'd be interesting to talk about that. But 308 00:17:44,320 --> 00:17:46,800 Speaker 1: that's that was what caused was the basis of that 309 00:17:46,880 --> 00:17:50,200 Speaker 1: sort of refrigerator. UM. And that same year, in thirty four, 310 00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:55,120 Speaker 1: Jacob Perkins developed a vapor compression cycle refrigerator using ether. 311 00:17:55,640 --> 00:17:58,359 Speaker 1: So you got a lot of people working on patent 312 00:17:58,440 --> 00:18:01,679 Speaker 1: for it. Happened that year m H and UH eighteen 313 00:18:01,720 --> 00:18:04,280 Speaker 1: forty four you had John Gory proposing an air cycle 314 00:18:04,320 --> 00:18:08,920 Speaker 1: refrigerating machine for making ice. UH. Eighteen fifty you had 315 00:18:09,119 --> 00:18:12,720 Speaker 1: Rudolph Clauseus who said heat can never pass from a 316 00:18:12,720 --> 00:18:15,640 Speaker 1: colder to a warmer body without some other change connected 317 00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:18,119 Speaker 1: there with occurring at the same time. This is what 318 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:19,919 Speaker 1: I was talking about at the top of the podcast. 319 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:24,080 Speaker 1: It's kind of a rewording of the second law of thermodynamics. 320 00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:28,160 Speaker 1: It's related to that. So UH, that's one of the 321 00:18:28,160 --> 00:18:32,080 Speaker 1: the principles that guided refrigeration as well. UH. In eighteen 322 00:18:32,080 --> 00:18:34,520 Speaker 1: fifty one, our buddy John Gory from back when he 323 00:18:34,840 --> 00:18:38,080 Speaker 1: had proposed that air cycle refrigerating refrigeration machine to to 324 00:18:38,119 --> 00:18:40,840 Speaker 1: create ice. In eighteen fifty one, that's when he got 325 00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:44,560 Speaker 1: the another patent for mechanical refrigeration. And in eighteen fifty 326 00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,960 Speaker 1: five Alexander Twining starts his first commercial ice making plant 327 00:18:49,040 --> 00:18:53,199 Speaker 1: using vapor compression refrigeration. We'll explain what that is in 328 00:18:53,240 --> 00:18:57,080 Speaker 1: more detail in a little bit. Eighteen fifty six, commercial 329 00:18:57,119 --> 00:19:01,640 Speaker 1: refrigeration begins in industries like brewing and meat packing. Now, 330 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:06,240 Speaker 1: commercial refrigeration did not necessarily mean they were using mechanical refrigeration. 331 00:19:06,680 --> 00:19:09,560 Speaker 1: They could be using natural refrigeration, as in going out 332 00:19:09,560 --> 00:19:12,959 Speaker 1: and buying lots and lots of money and packing stuff. Um. 333 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,199 Speaker 1: It's interesting to me that brewing picked up on this 334 00:19:15,240 --> 00:19:18,280 Speaker 1: really quickly, like like the brewing companies were like, we 335 00:19:18,320 --> 00:19:21,520 Speaker 1: want beer that tastes good. It's as though alcohol technology 336 00:19:21,560 --> 00:19:24,680 Speaker 1: is something that drives industry in some way. Yeah. Meat 337 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:29,119 Speaker 1: the meat packers were slower to follow suit, which is disturbing. 338 00:19:30,160 --> 00:19:32,760 Speaker 1: Spoiled meat was something everyone was used to write and 339 00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,879 Speaker 1: if you're drunk enough, you don't care. Okay, got it. 340 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,520 Speaker 1: I understand now. As someone who does not imbube alcohol, 341 00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:40,360 Speaker 1: it was just completely foreign to me. But I don't 342 00:19:40,359 --> 00:19:43,600 Speaker 1: eat meat either, so what do I care? Um. Also, 343 00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:46,000 Speaker 1: we're no longer in the eighteen fifties, as it turns out. 344 00:19:46,200 --> 00:19:48,760 Speaker 1: But yeah, meat packing was slow to adopt this technology, 345 00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:51,640 Speaker 1: but it did start it back in the eighteen fifties, 346 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:55,000 Speaker 1: and the majority of plants wouldn't switch to mechanical refrigeration 347 00:19:55,080 --> 00:19:57,560 Speaker 1: until about nineteen fourteen, and by then you were getting 348 00:19:57,600 --> 00:20:01,159 Speaker 1: into a really like a booming time of refrigeration. But 349 00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:06,000 Speaker 1: backtracking just touch in. In eighteen fifty nine we had 350 00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:10,240 Speaker 1: a Ferdinand car of France who developed an ammonious slash 351 00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:13,960 Speaker 1: water refrigeration machine. Eighteen sixty eight you had Peter van 352 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:19,400 Speaker 1: der Wide. Uh. He patents thermostatically controlled refrigeration systems. That's 353 00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:21,600 Speaker 1: going to be important when we get to the modern refrigerator. 354 00:20:22,359 --> 00:20:26,359 Speaker 1: Eighteen seventy Carl Lynn publishes a paper called the Extraction 355 00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:29,600 Speaker 1: of Heat at Low Temperature by Mechanical Means, and he 356 00:20:29,640 --> 00:20:33,840 Speaker 1: designs the first practical portable compressor refrigeration machine in eighteen 357 00:20:33,880 --> 00:20:37,520 Speaker 1: seventy three. Uh. In eighteen seventy seven, that was the 358 00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:41,280 Speaker 1: peak of the ice trade, so in the US that 359 00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:44,800 Speaker 1: it hit its peak right And the late eighteen seventies 360 00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:49,040 Speaker 1: the United States was exporting almost almost a quarter of 361 00:20:49,040 --> 00:20:54,320 Speaker 1: a million tons of ice to other countries. So uh, yeah, 362 00:20:54,359 --> 00:20:58,840 Speaker 1: a lot of ice leaving the United States. Um and uh, 363 00:20:59,160 --> 00:21:02,520 Speaker 1: it's interesting to me that at this point where the 364 00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:05,720 Speaker 1: ice trade is at its peak, but mechanical refrigeration is 365 00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:11,120 Speaker 1: already in its infancy. The only reason that mechanical refrigeration 366 00:21:11,320 --> 00:21:15,920 Speaker 1: even started to take off, it wasn't because the technology 367 00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:19,560 Speaker 1: was getting great. It's because the ice trade was starting 368 00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:23,280 Speaker 1: to encounter problems. Once it gets to about the eight 369 00:21:23,560 --> 00:21:27,000 Speaker 1: nineties or so, like, if the ice trade had not 370 00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:32,440 Speaker 1: encountered problems, then even with the technological advances in mechanical refrigeration, 371 00:21:32,720 --> 00:21:35,760 Speaker 1: we may not have seen refrigerators in the United States 372 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:39,400 Speaker 1: for another you know, I don't know four or five decades, 373 00:21:40,320 --> 00:21:45,400 Speaker 1: but so, yeah, and that what happened was was that 374 00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:51,280 Speaker 1: as people were essentially mining ice, you know, cutting away 375 00:21:51,320 --> 00:21:54,639 Speaker 1: ice from these rivers and ponds, they were starting to 376 00:21:55,640 --> 00:22:01,760 Speaker 1: uh exhaust the clean sources of water and so more 377 00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:05,160 Speaker 1: and more of the ice. The demand was growing, right, 378 00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:08,200 Speaker 1: and the supply was diminishing. Not that we were running 379 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:10,359 Speaker 1: out of lakes and rivers and stuff. It's just the 380 00:22:10,359 --> 00:22:13,480 Speaker 1: demand was so great that there wasn't enough to go around. Yeah, 381 00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:16,320 Speaker 1: there's not there's only that are frozen, and the Hudson 382 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:18,399 Speaker 1: is really big and stuff. But yeah, I mean when 383 00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 1: you're talking about a quarter of a million tons, right, 384 00:22:20,880 --> 00:22:23,280 Speaker 1: so you're talking about tons of ice that might have 385 00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:27,760 Speaker 1: things like sewage in Uh, not so great when you're 386 00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:31,119 Speaker 1: using it in the meat packing industry as it not 387 00:22:31,640 --> 00:22:37,320 Speaker 1: maybe not such a big advantage over spoiled meat. Um yeah, so. Uh. 388 00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:40,480 Speaker 1: It's because the ice industry was starting to have these 389 00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:44,360 Speaker 1: issues that we began to see the rise of mechanical refrigeration. 390 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:48,680 Speaker 1: Was when a trade journal called Ice and Refrigeration began 391 00:22:48,720 --> 00:22:52,520 Speaker 1: to publish. Nineteen o four was when the American Society 392 00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:56,120 Speaker 1: of Refrigerating Engineers was founded. By the way, the American 393 00:22:56,160 --> 00:23:00,400 Speaker 1: Society of Refrigerating Engineers, I learned, was about engineers who 394 00:23:00,440 --> 00:23:02,879 Speaker 1: were experts in refrigeration. It was not a society that 395 00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:07,119 Speaker 1: would actually refrigerate engineers. Because the way it was worded 396 00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:10,760 Speaker 1: it was confusing. I find that difficult to believe, Jonathan. 397 00:23:10,880 --> 00:23:13,359 Speaker 1: I think you should check your sources. American Society of 398 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:15,679 Speaker 1: Refrigerating Engineer. It does sound like you're just shoving a 399 00:23:15,720 --> 00:23:17,919 Speaker 1: guy with a hard hat into a fridge, and that 400 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:22,000 Speaker 1: brings us back to American Psycho. Nineteen eleven, General Electric 401 00:23:22,119 --> 00:23:27,240 Speaker 1: introduced the first domestic refrigerator. Depending upon whom you ask, right, 402 00:23:27,680 --> 00:23:29,520 Speaker 1: we should also point out that when we've got these 403 00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:33,520 Speaker 1: dates and saying who brought out the first one, etcetera, etcetera. Uh, 404 00:23:34,560 --> 00:23:38,640 Speaker 1: there's some dispute in them, and it all, like I've 405 00:23:38,640 --> 00:23:42,680 Speaker 1: seen conflicting time. The history and especially uh scientific incorporate 406 00:23:42,800 --> 00:23:45,680 Speaker 1: history tends to be written by the victors and um. 407 00:23:45,720 --> 00:23:48,119 Speaker 1: So therefore sometimes you know, you have in different reports 408 00:23:48,119 --> 00:23:51,359 Speaker 1: differ about exactly who won that right and you know 409 00:23:51,480 --> 00:23:56,240 Speaker 1: exactly n according to some sources, that's the first electric refrigerator. 410 00:23:57,080 --> 00:24:01,679 Speaker 1: According to actually frigid Air's timeline tell you specifically, nineteen 411 00:24:01,760 --> 00:24:06,159 Speaker 1: sixteen was when models like the Kelvinator and Servel were introduced, 412 00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:10,479 Speaker 1: and in nineteen eighteen General Motors purchased Guardian Refrigerator Company 413 00:24:10,520 --> 00:24:13,439 Speaker 1: and renamed it Frigidair. So nineteen eighteen was when frigid 414 00:24:13,520 --> 00:24:16,800 Speaker 1: Air as a thing became a thing like it existed before, 415 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:18,760 Speaker 1: but it didn't exist in like, it didn't have the 416 00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:22,920 Speaker 1: frigida name. And frigid is where we get the word 417 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,240 Speaker 1: fridge from. I do believe, I believe so. And it's 418 00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:28,160 Speaker 1: also they that's the company that developed free on, which 419 00:24:28,160 --> 00:24:30,720 Speaker 1: we will talk about a little bit in just a moment. Yeah, yeah, 420 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:33,000 Speaker 1: so way up in the nineteen thirties, we've got like 421 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:35,120 Speaker 1: one other point to cover before then I've got I've 422 00:24:35,119 --> 00:24:37,480 Speaker 1: got a couple more. Actually, because i've got I've got three. 423 00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:40,560 Speaker 1: In the twenties, here we go, Oh goodness. In the 424 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:44,560 Speaker 1: USA there were about twenty five million domestic refrigerators, only 425 00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:49,199 Speaker 1: seventy thousand of which were mechanical. So these refrigerators, some 426 00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:52,080 Speaker 1: of them were more like the ice box refrigerator. Um. 427 00:24:52,280 --> 00:24:55,200 Speaker 1: I remember, I remember watching like Lassie growing up, that 428 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:57,320 Speaker 1: that the mom and Lassie had an icebox, not not 429 00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:01,440 Speaker 1: a fridge. Random mom in the last Sie, not the 430 00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:04,239 Speaker 1: mom and Lassie. From all I thought, Lastie had its 431 00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:06,440 Speaker 1: own fridge, and like that dog was luckier than I was. 432 00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:12,080 Speaker 1: Seven was the first porcelain on steel cabinet refrigerator, which 433 00:25:12,119 --> 00:25:13,720 Speaker 1: is that's the one I always think of, like the 434 00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:16,760 Speaker 1: nineteen fifties refrigerator, the big porcelain ones. It looks a 435 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:19,480 Speaker 1: little bit like a rocket. Yeah mine, mind is mind's 436 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,240 Speaker 1: a steel refrigerator. I've got the sameless steel thing going now. So, 437 00:25:22,520 --> 00:25:25,680 Speaker 1: but I don't I remember the one, the porcelain ones. Uh. 438 00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:30,400 Speaker 1: THEE was when Frigidair introduced the first home food freezer, 439 00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:32,960 Speaker 1: and it was a chest style freezer, so you know, 440 00:25:33,080 --> 00:25:36,080 Speaker 1: not the not the upright type, not not incorporated into 441 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:40,080 Speaker 1: a refrigerator. Um. And that was right around that time 442 00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:45,159 Speaker 1: is when uh, Frigida starts to introduce chloro floral Carbon's right, 443 00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,639 Speaker 1: I believe that DuPont had developed it's also called a 444 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:53,320 Speaker 1: free on. Yeah, that's the patented specific lora flora carbon 445 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:57,679 Speaker 1: that Frigida introduced. Um. And yeah, before then, UM, some 446 00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:00,439 Speaker 1: of the very early fridges I believe, were you using 447 00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:05,080 Speaker 1: sulfur dioxide, Yeah, sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride, ammonium. Yeah. And 448 00:26:05,080 --> 00:26:09,160 Speaker 1: these are all chemicals that are toxic, toxic, so whenever 449 00:26:09,320 --> 00:26:13,400 Speaker 1: there were accidents, and you know where human accidents happened, uh, 450 00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:17,200 Speaker 1: then uh, sometimes people were really badly injured or even 451 00:26:17,600 --> 00:26:20,159 Speaker 1: they died even as a result of being exposed to 452 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:23,000 Speaker 1: these sort of chemicals. And so there was a big 453 00:26:23,040 --> 00:26:27,880 Speaker 1: incentive for companies to develop refrigerants that were not toxic. 454 00:26:28,320 --> 00:26:31,600 Speaker 1: And so that was the reason why companies were looking 455 00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:34,239 Speaker 1: into something like a chloral fluora carbon. Now, later on 456 00:26:34,320 --> 00:26:38,160 Speaker 1: we would learn other downsides to chloro fluora carbons, which 457 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:40,679 Speaker 1: we'll talk about in a second, um, which is why 458 00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:43,680 Speaker 1: we don't use them anymore. Now. In nineteen thirty one, 459 00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:46,439 Speaker 1: that was the first use of free on as a refrigerant, 460 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:49,400 Speaker 1: So it was kind of introduced in nineteen twenty nine, 461 00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:52,040 Speaker 1: and by it was being incorporated into the design and 462 00:26:52,119 --> 00:26:57,080 Speaker 1: mechanical refrigerators. In the first refrigerator freezer combo with the 463 00:26:57,119 --> 00:27:00,800 Speaker 1: freezer having its own separate section was introduced, so you 464 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:02,200 Speaker 1: that was where you know, you would open up the 465 00:27:02,200 --> 00:27:05,440 Speaker 1: fridge part or you would open up the freezer part. Um. 466 00:27:05,480 --> 00:27:08,600 Speaker 1: And in nineteen nine, Soviet engineers discovered a way to 467 00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:14,560 Speaker 1: create thermoelectric refrigeration systems using the the Peltier effect by 468 00:27:14,680 --> 00:27:18,160 Speaker 1: using semiconductor material because you know, like I said, those 469 00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:21,639 Speaker 1: pure metals weren't producing enough of an effect for it 470 00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:23,840 Speaker 1: to be useful in any way. They found that by 471 00:27:23,920 --> 00:27:28,000 Speaker 1: using semiconductor materials they could create a temperature differential that 472 00:27:28,119 --> 00:27:31,400 Speaker 1: was effective enough for it to be used for something science. 473 00:27:31,520 --> 00:27:35,119 Speaker 1: So yeah, they actually started creating refrigerators using that thermoelectric 474 00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:39,360 Speaker 1: system rather than the vapor compression system that was being 475 00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:42,760 Speaker 1: used pretty much everywhere else. Also in in ninety nine, 476 00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:46,680 Speaker 1: the business was so booming that seven million refrigerators were 477 00:27:46,680 --> 00:27:50,000 Speaker 1: being produced in the US annually. Nice and in fact, 478 00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:52,880 Speaker 1: my timeline ends at nineteen nine, because I didn't write 479 00:27:52,920 --> 00:27:57,040 Speaker 1: down specifically the bit about the nineteen seventies where right 480 00:27:57,040 --> 00:27:59,080 Speaker 1: around nineteen sent was when we started figuring out the 481 00:27:59,119 --> 00:28:02,160 Speaker 1: chloral fluora carbon we're starting to accumulate in the atmosphere, Yeah, 482 00:28:02,240 --> 00:28:04,600 Speaker 1: and eat through the ozone layer, which is not the 483 00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:07,800 Speaker 1: science for that, that's right, right, but that it was 484 00:28:07,880 --> 00:28:10,520 Speaker 1: it was in fact harming the ozone layer, and that 485 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:13,760 Speaker 1: was what gave the incentive for us to develop something 486 00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:18,280 Speaker 1: besides that, which is why these days hydrofloor carbons or 487 00:28:18,320 --> 00:28:22,000 Speaker 1: isoputane or yeah, those are the those are the main 488 00:28:22,040 --> 00:28:24,520 Speaker 1: too uh to be used because they don't have the 489 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:27,920 Speaker 1: same environmental impact nor that they have the same toxicity 490 00:28:28,640 --> 00:28:33,000 Speaker 1: levels as the previous refrigerants before free on. Yeah, ammonia 491 00:28:33,080 --> 00:28:35,879 Speaker 1: and things are still used in industrial capacity because they 492 00:28:35,880 --> 00:28:39,080 Speaker 1: assume that someone who has you know, um, five thousand 493 00:28:39,120 --> 00:28:41,640 Speaker 1: dollars to drop on a refrigerator is going to or 494 00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:43,720 Speaker 1: five thousand dollars more on top of what you would 495 00:28:43,720 --> 00:28:45,440 Speaker 1: normally spend, is going to take a little bit better 496 00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:46,760 Speaker 1: care with the care of it and not you know, 497 00:28:46,840 --> 00:28:48,840 Speaker 1: let the dog eat through the back end. It's it's 498 00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:50,520 Speaker 1: it's one of those things. Also where you're talking about 499 00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:53,880 Speaker 1: efficiency as well. Ammonia is a very efficient refrigerants. So 500 00:28:53,920 --> 00:28:55,920 Speaker 1: that's that's you know, when you're talking about a large 501 00:28:55,960 --> 00:29:00,120 Speaker 1: scale production, efficiency ends up being the difference between a 502 00:29:00,160 --> 00:29:04,160 Speaker 1: profitable year and a disaster. Yeah, especially when you've got 503 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:06,440 Speaker 1: health inspectors coming through making sure that you do not 504 00:29:06,520 --> 00:29:08,520 Speaker 1: have any food that is entering that danger zone that 505 00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:11,440 Speaker 1: I talked about. Right, So that that kind of brings 506 00:29:11,480 --> 00:29:14,280 Speaker 1: us up to speed to the general refrigerator of today. 507 00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:18,880 Speaker 1: Let's take a quick break to thank our sponsor. Okay, 508 00:29:18,920 --> 00:29:23,040 Speaker 1: so I think it's time we start talking about the 509 00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:27,960 Speaker 1: actual process of refrigeration and how the modern day refrigerator 510 00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:30,640 Speaker 1: in general works. Do you mean the technology of it, 511 00:29:30,680 --> 00:29:32,760 Speaker 1: like we're like we're at tech as if we were 512 00:29:32,760 --> 00:29:37,560 Speaker 1: talking about the stuff that is techy. So, so you're 513 00:29:37,720 --> 00:29:43,480 Speaker 1: using essentially the refrigerator cooling system is a closed system, right, 514 00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:46,520 Speaker 1: It's a closed system. Think of it as a series 515 00:29:46,560 --> 00:29:51,000 Speaker 1: of tubes, so it's its own Internet, but a series 516 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:53,120 Speaker 1: of tubes that are all connected to one another. There 517 00:29:53,120 --> 00:29:57,160 Speaker 1: there's no external you know, venting or anything or intake. 518 00:29:57,720 --> 00:30:02,160 Speaker 1: So you've got a system where you're using a refrigerant 519 00:30:02,560 --> 00:30:04,640 Speaker 1: Like we were talking about in those early days. Yes, 520 00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:08,200 Speaker 1: some sort of some some sort of of material that 521 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:13,280 Speaker 1: at room temperature is a gas. But when you pressurize it, 522 00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,120 Speaker 1: you can make it a liquid. And that's the key. 523 00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:20,760 Speaker 1: So Um, if you if you're having trouble understanding how 524 00:30:20,760 --> 00:30:24,400 Speaker 1: this works, think about like you get some rubbing alcohol 525 00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:26,719 Speaker 1: and put a little bit on your skin, and you're 526 00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:29,560 Speaker 1: gonna feel that it it feels very cool. And that's 527 00:30:29,640 --> 00:30:33,720 Speaker 1: not because the rubbing alcohol itself is at a cool temperature. Yeah, 528 00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:36,120 Speaker 1: that the liquid in the bottle, when you hold the bottle, 529 00:30:36,160 --> 00:30:37,840 Speaker 1: it can feel like it's the simply of the same 530 00:30:37,880 --> 00:30:40,600 Speaker 1: temperature as the room. Right. But but the thing is 531 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:44,760 Speaker 1: that rubbing alcohol will start to evaporate at room temperature. 532 00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:47,000 Speaker 1: So when you put it on your skin, as it evaporates, 533 00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:50,120 Speaker 1: you're gonna feel your skin cool down. That evaporative effect, 534 00:30:50,160 --> 00:30:53,160 Speaker 1: it's as the the liquid is turning into a vapor, 535 00:30:53,280 --> 00:30:57,200 Speaker 1: it's pulling heat. Uh through part of that physical reaction, 536 00:30:57,280 --> 00:31:00,520 Speaker 1: and the reaction the energy that is required to turn 537 00:31:00,640 --> 00:31:04,680 Speaker 1: something from a liquid to a vapor. UM sucks in 538 00:31:04,960 --> 00:31:08,360 Speaker 1: energy heat energy from right around and you've got the 539 00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:12,200 Speaker 1: higher temperature generated by your body. So that's where that 540 00:31:12,360 --> 00:31:14,320 Speaker 1: heat can come from it can pull the heat from 541 00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:18,239 Speaker 1: there to help fuel this reaction. Essentially, again we're kind 542 00:31:18,240 --> 00:31:21,240 Speaker 1: of oversimplifying, but yeah, but we're also not not physicists, 543 00:31:21,280 --> 00:31:24,120 Speaker 1: and so we also don't have visual effects to show 544 00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:26,760 Speaker 1: you what we mean, which makes aside from our own gesticulation, 545 00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:30,160 Speaker 1: which is really only benefiting us. Yes, we can. We 546 00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:32,800 Speaker 1: can also do the safety dance in here. Apparently that's 547 00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:35,720 Speaker 1: that's what looks like whenever I start talking, Um, that's 548 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:39,080 Speaker 1: just the way I am. But okay, So you've got 549 00:31:39,080 --> 00:31:42,160 Speaker 1: the coolant in your refrigerator, which is called a refrigerant. 550 00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:46,760 Speaker 1: The coolant moves through a series of coils and through 551 00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:49,520 Speaker 1: different parts of the system that the coolant is either 552 00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:52,440 Speaker 1: going to be in a liquid state or a gas state. 553 00:31:53,120 --> 00:31:57,360 Speaker 1: Now you have to think of this system in its 554 00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:00,840 Speaker 1: various parts so on. It's kind of hard to say 555 00:32:00,840 --> 00:32:02,880 Speaker 1: on one end of the system because really, in a way, 556 00:32:02,920 --> 00:32:05,000 Speaker 1: this is kind of like a big circle, So you 557 00:32:05,040 --> 00:32:07,400 Speaker 1: don't have a start and an end. Really, I think 558 00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:10,040 Speaker 1: it's easy to start with that with the compressor compressor. 559 00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:12,840 Speaker 1: So I've got a compressor. The compressor is, of course 560 00:32:13,160 --> 00:32:16,280 Speaker 1: does what it sounds like. It does It compresses compresses 561 00:32:16,360 --> 00:32:20,360 Speaker 1: the gas. So it's uh, well, it compresses the cooling 562 00:32:20,480 --> 00:32:23,680 Speaker 1: at the at the time. Yes, it's a gas, it's 563 00:32:23,680 --> 00:32:26,680 Speaker 1: compressing it. So it's coming in through Uh, it's pulling 564 00:32:26,680 --> 00:32:30,760 Speaker 1: in gas and compressing it. Now, remember we said that 565 00:32:31,240 --> 00:32:35,000 Speaker 1: heat is not a thing that an object possesses. Instead, 566 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:39,200 Speaker 1: an object possesses some sort of internal energy. So if 567 00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,440 Speaker 1: you were to pressurize something like a gas, If you 568 00:32:42,480 --> 00:32:45,480 Speaker 1: were to pressurize a gas, uh, or you were to 569 00:32:45,520 --> 00:32:49,200 Speaker 1: heat up that gas, you would increase the molecular movement 570 00:32:49,280 --> 00:32:53,800 Speaker 1: there and just from being just from observing the gas itself, 571 00:32:53,840 --> 00:32:56,240 Speaker 1: without having any knowledge of how it got that way, 572 00:32:56,360 --> 00:32:59,960 Speaker 1: you would be unable to tell whether it a cheat, 573 00:33:00,320 --> 00:33:04,200 Speaker 1: its internal motion through heat, pressurization, or some combination between 574 00:33:04,200 --> 00:33:07,280 Speaker 1: the two. They would be indistinguishing. Look the same, right, 575 00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:10,440 Speaker 1: So essentially what I'm saying is that compression and heat 576 00:33:10,760 --> 00:33:15,400 Speaker 1: gets you the same result. So you are compressing this 577 00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:20,960 Speaker 1: gas and as a result, the temperature of that gas 578 00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:26,120 Speaker 1: up all right, So you then create this long series 579 00:33:26,160 --> 00:33:28,680 Speaker 1: of coils. This is on the outside of the fridge. 580 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:33,120 Speaker 1: The compressor is right ready to edge of the fridge. 581 00:33:33,160 --> 00:33:37,800 Speaker 1: It it draws the air in it draws the gas, right, sorry, 582 00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:41,160 Speaker 1: draws the gas from the fridge out to the outside, 583 00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:43,280 Speaker 1: compresses it and then yeah, and then it proceeds up 584 00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:45,800 Speaker 1: through the series of coils coils. Yeah. And you keep 585 00:33:45,840 --> 00:33:47,800 Speaker 1: in mind, like I said, this is totally a closed system. 586 00:33:47,920 --> 00:33:50,800 Speaker 1: This this gas is not exposed to the interior of 587 00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:54,840 Speaker 1: your refrigerator. There's it's always in in tubes essentially, it's 588 00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:59,440 Speaker 1: always in pipes. So it's going through after it gets compressed, 589 00:33:59,440 --> 00:34:02,200 Speaker 1: it's heat heats up. It doesn't it isn't heated up. 590 00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:05,320 Speaker 1: It heats up through the compression. Uh, and then it 591 00:34:05,360 --> 00:34:07,320 Speaker 1: goes through this series of coils. As it goes through 592 00:34:07,320 --> 00:34:09,319 Speaker 1: the series of coils and the outside the refrigerator, it 593 00:34:09,360 --> 00:34:12,160 Speaker 1: starts to lose some of that it you know, the 594 00:34:12,200 --> 00:34:16,680 Speaker 1: heat moves from the coils to the surrounding atmosphere. Right. 595 00:34:16,760 --> 00:34:18,840 Speaker 1: That that that is the purpose of these coils to 596 00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:20,920 Speaker 1: to cool down this air to the point that it's 597 00:34:20,960 --> 00:34:26,279 Speaker 1: going to gas. Okay, I just don't want it to 598 00:34:26,280 --> 00:34:30,319 Speaker 1: be too too vague, but yes, yes, exactly, it's it's 599 00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:35,120 Speaker 1: cooling down the gaseous coolant, right because because at this 600 00:34:35,200 --> 00:34:39,080 Speaker 1: point that that compressed gas is at a higher temperature 601 00:34:39,239 --> 00:34:41,799 Speaker 1: than the ambient air around it. So if you were 602 00:34:41,840 --> 00:34:43,759 Speaker 1: to touch one of these coils, you would feel it 603 00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:46,719 Speaker 1: was very hot. We don't necessarily recommend doing no, don't 604 00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,799 Speaker 1: do it. And this also shows that the refrigerator is 605 00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:52,400 Speaker 1: only going to work if it's in an environment that 606 00:34:52,640 --> 00:34:56,160 Speaker 1: is cooler than what the coils are. Like if if 607 00:34:56,200 --> 00:34:58,600 Speaker 1: for some reason you put a refrigerator in the middle 608 00:34:58,640 --> 00:35:03,440 Speaker 1: of a volcano then they degrees, it probably wouldn't do 609 00:35:03,719 --> 00:35:06,640 Speaker 1: well because because then you have the temperature of the 610 00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,000 Speaker 1: surrounding environment is higher than the temperature of the coils, 611 00:35:10,160 --> 00:35:12,480 Speaker 1: the heat transfer would move in the opposite direction. Gas 612 00:35:12,520 --> 00:35:15,480 Speaker 1: would never cool down. So so clearly you have to 613 00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:17,800 Speaker 1: have a cooler temperature in your environment. In this case, 614 00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:20,600 Speaker 1: it's in your kitchen, and your kitchen, while even when 615 00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:23,160 Speaker 1: you're cooking full blast feels like it gets pretty warm, 616 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:26,960 Speaker 1: is nowhere near as hot as those those coils are. First, 617 00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:32,160 Speaker 1: when the gas is compressed, so as it moves through UH, 618 00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:34,960 Speaker 1: it starts to cool down and it begins to condense 619 00:35:35,480 --> 00:35:39,840 Speaker 1: and under that compression, under that pressure, this condensed cooler 620 00:35:39,920 --> 00:35:44,880 Speaker 1: gas becomes a liquid. Because as you increase the pressure 621 00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:49,080 Speaker 1: on a liquid, you also increase its boiling point. So 622 00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:52,920 Speaker 1: if you were to take a uh, let's let's take water. Okay, 623 00:35:52,920 --> 00:35:55,600 Speaker 1: So water boils at two and twelve degrees fahrenheit or 624 00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:58,759 Speaker 1: one hundred degrees celsius, So much easier to talk in 625 00:35:58,920 --> 00:36:03,520 Speaker 1: terms of celsius. Although I'm totally I'm so used to 626 00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:06,120 Speaker 1: everything else being in fahrenheit that water is the only 627 00:36:06,160 --> 00:36:08,400 Speaker 1: thing that makes sense to me in celsius. So, but 628 00:36:08,440 --> 00:36:11,319 Speaker 1: that's because I'm an ignorant American, alright, So uh and 629 00:36:11,440 --> 00:36:13,560 Speaker 1: I'm not saying all Americans are ignorant. I'm saying I 630 00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:17,920 Speaker 1: am so. Anyway, Um, So, at a hundred degrees celsius, 631 00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:21,439 Speaker 1: that's normally when water would boil, right of water under 632 00:36:21,480 --> 00:36:24,040 Speaker 1: one atmosphere of pressure. If you were to increase the 633 00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:26,799 Speaker 1: pressure on that pot of water, Let's say, let's say 634 00:36:26,840 --> 00:36:31,360 Speaker 1: we somehow put a pressure cooker around this, this pressure 635 00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:34,320 Speaker 1: canister around this pot of water and increase the pressure 636 00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:36,960 Speaker 1: on that water. That would also increase the boiling point. 637 00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:38,640 Speaker 1: So you would actually have to go over a hundred 638 00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:41,080 Speaker 1: degrees celsius in order to get that water to boil. 639 00:36:41,239 --> 00:36:43,840 Speaker 1: The same sort of idea here, you've got this compressed gas, 640 00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:46,320 Speaker 1: you've got condensed down into a liquid. That means the 641 00:36:46,360 --> 00:36:49,840 Speaker 1: boiling point has gone up. So as long as that 642 00:36:49,840 --> 00:36:53,240 Speaker 1: that liquid is under pressure, the boiling point is higher 643 00:36:53,280 --> 00:36:55,040 Speaker 1: than it normally would be. That's why it can be 644 00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:59,160 Speaker 1: a liquid. All right. So you've got this liquid it 645 00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:01,640 Speaker 1: would normally be a gas at this temperature. How do 646 00:37:01,719 --> 00:37:05,920 Speaker 1: you make this liquid suddenly magically make everything cool again? Well, 647 00:37:06,200 --> 00:37:09,600 Speaker 1: you've got to have a valve, an expansion valve Jule 648 00:37:09,680 --> 00:37:12,680 Speaker 1: Thompson or our Juel Kelvin, depending on on how how 649 00:37:12,719 --> 00:37:16,200 Speaker 1: you want to say. Uh, Lord Kelvin, Lord Kelvin, Yes, 650 00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:20,520 Speaker 1: came up with this with this ingenious little valve concept 651 00:37:20,560 --> 00:37:23,919 Speaker 1: where if you have a high pressure liquid on one 652 00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,120 Speaker 1: side and a very tiny hole and a low pressure 653 00:37:27,120 --> 00:37:30,240 Speaker 1: area on the other side, stuff happens. Right. What happens 654 00:37:30,239 --> 00:37:32,879 Speaker 1: is that liquid will pass through that expansion valve once 655 00:37:32,880 --> 00:37:35,160 Speaker 1: it gets to the area of low pressure. Now you 656 00:37:35,160 --> 00:37:37,120 Speaker 1: don't have the pressure on there anymore. Once the pressure 657 00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:39,640 Speaker 1: is gone, that boiling point goes back down to where 658 00:37:39,640 --> 00:37:43,160 Speaker 1: it normally would be. Now again, with the refrigerants you're 659 00:37:43,239 --> 00:37:46,560 Speaker 1: using in the refrigerator, that boiling point is way lower 660 00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:49,720 Speaker 1: than room temperature. Yeah, yeah, negative twenty eight degrees fahrenheit 661 00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:52,960 Speaker 1: or negative thirty three degrees celsius. So that's when this 662 00:37:53,160 --> 00:37:56,759 Speaker 1: liquid would normally boil off into a gas. Okay, here's 663 00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,399 Speaker 1: the other the cool thing about boiling points. Let's say 664 00:37:59,400 --> 00:38:03,040 Speaker 1: that you are magically inside an oven. Don't ask me 665 00:38:03,080 --> 00:38:06,040 Speaker 1: why you went in there, but you're okay, for some 666 00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:09,800 Speaker 1: of you, you're very heat resistant. Okay. Now you've got 667 00:38:10,040 --> 00:38:13,880 Speaker 1: you have that pot of water from the pressure experiment earlier, 668 00:38:13,880 --> 00:38:16,439 Speaker 1: because you don't like to waste, right, so especially not water. 669 00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:19,520 Speaker 1: It's a it's a precious resource. So you've you've taken 670 00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:21,680 Speaker 1: that pot of water with you into the oven, and 671 00:38:21,719 --> 00:38:24,960 Speaker 1: you're watching the water and the temperature inside the oven 672 00:38:25,040 --> 00:38:27,880 Speaker 1: is four hundred degrees and you're watching the water boil, 673 00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:30,400 Speaker 1: and you you have a thermometer inside the water. It 674 00:38:30,440 --> 00:38:32,440 Speaker 1: doesn't have any contact with the metal or anything. It's 675 00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:34,800 Speaker 1: just measuring the temperature of the water. The temperature of 676 00:38:34,840 --> 00:38:38,280 Speaker 1: the water. Even though the oven is four hundred degrees temperature, 677 00:38:38,320 --> 00:38:40,960 Speaker 1: the water is still going to be assuming regular pressure 678 00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:44,520 Speaker 1: two twelve degrees fahrenheit one degrees celsius, because that water 679 00:38:44,560 --> 00:38:48,200 Speaker 1: cannot physically cannot go above that temperature. Not not a 680 00:38:48,239 --> 00:38:51,479 Speaker 1: liquid form, no because as when you're in liquid form, 681 00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:53,760 Speaker 1: you can go only up as high as the boiling 682 00:38:53,760 --> 00:38:56,799 Speaker 1: point and then you turn into again. So so the 683 00:38:56,840 --> 00:39:00,600 Speaker 1: water itself is at one hundred degrees celsius so to you, 684 00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:03,000 Speaker 1: because you know you're in the four hundred degree air, 685 00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:06,520 Speaker 1: to you, the water would actually seem cold, right. So 686 00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:08,399 Speaker 1: that's the whole idea is that once it goes down 687 00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:12,520 Speaker 1: to this boiling point, the temperature actually drops dramatically. So 688 00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:15,920 Speaker 1: it goes through the expansion valve. The liquid, the highly 689 00:39:15,960 --> 00:39:18,680 Speaker 1: pressurized liquid, goes through this expansion valve, hits the area 690 00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:22,960 Speaker 1: of low pressure, immediately boils off and because most of it, 691 00:39:23,280 --> 00:39:25,680 Speaker 1: from what I've read about half of it boils off. Well, yeah, 692 00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:28,560 Speaker 1: because again you're getting into this low pressure system, which 693 00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:32,600 Speaker 1: means that now that that uh that it's no longer 694 00:39:32,760 --> 00:39:36,040 Speaker 1: confined by the high pressure, which means now it can 695 00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:38,319 Speaker 1: it can boil off into its vapor form, which means 696 00:39:38,360 --> 00:39:43,799 Speaker 1: that it starts pulling in the heat to essentially be 697 00:39:43,920 --> 00:39:47,000 Speaker 1: part of this uh this uh this process. Yeah. Yeah, 698 00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:49,480 Speaker 1: as as the process happens, it pulls in heat necessarily 699 00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:51,879 Speaker 1: because that is where the energy for the process comes from. 700 00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:54,799 Speaker 1: So what what that means for your refrigerator. Is that 701 00:39:54,880 --> 00:39:59,000 Speaker 1: the interior of your refrigerator, all the heat that's contained 702 00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:03,279 Speaker 1: within the interior brigerator moves to these sucked into the pipes. Yeah. 703 00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:05,920 Speaker 1: So that the same series, the same source series of 704 00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:08,520 Speaker 1: coils that you would find on the outside of refrigerator, 705 00:40:08,880 --> 00:40:11,960 Speaker 1: something similar to that is on the inside of your refrigerator, 706 00:40:12,160 --> 00:40:15,600 Speaker 1: only there, instead of putting heat out, it's pulling heat in. 707 00:40:16,160 --> 00:40:18,759 Speaker 1: Because it's pulling heat in from the interior of your 708 00:40:18,880 --> 00:40:22,600 Speaker 1: your refrigerator and freezer. There's just there's really just more 709 00:40:22,719 --> 00:40:24,960 Speaker 1: length of it and your freezer than there is in 710 00:40:25,040 --> 00:40:28,239 Speaker 1: your refrigerator. That's the difference there. Yeah, so so so yeah, 711 00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:30,839 Speaker 1: this liquid, this half liquid half gas, is running through 712 00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:33,120 Speaker 1: the coils inside the body of the fridge, and fans 713 00:40:33,160 --> 00:40:37,120 Speaker 1: are blowing air across the coils through the food part 714 00:40:37,160 --> 00:40:41,799 Speaker 1: of the fridge, which which continues to to vaporize the 715 00:40:41,840 --> 00:40:45,000 Speaker 1: rest of the liquid into gas and continues to pull 716 00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:47,960 Speaker 1: more heat, more heat. Yep. And that's what makes the 717 00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:50,319 Speaker 1: refrigerator cold. So really it's not that it's not that 718 00:40:50,360 --> 00:40:54,080 Speaker 1: the refrigerators pushing cold in, it's pulling heat out. So 719 00:40:54,120 --> 00:40:55,960 Speaker 1: that's something because I mean, which is so cool Yeah, 720 00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:57,799 Speaker 1: when you open up refrigerator and you feel that little 721 00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:00,200 Speaker 1: blast of cold air, you just think, oh, there's something 722 00:41:00,280 --> 00:41:05,200 Speaker 1: magically Yeah, that's not what's happening. So but it is 723 00:41:05,239 --> 00:41:07,400 Speaker 1: really neat to think about that that's all going on 724 00:41:07,480 --> 00:41:09,719 Speaker 1: at the same time. So you're really you're talking about 725 00:41:09,719 --> 00:41:12,200 Speaker 1: too closed systems. The closed system of the interior of 726 00:41:12,280 --> 00:41:14,960 Speaker 1: the refrigerator where all your food is, and the closed 727 00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:18,680 Speaker 1: system of the actual coolant that's moving through And um, yeah, 728 00:41:18,719 --> 00:41:21,080 Speaker 1: that's that's the basic idea. Oh and once it gets 729 00:41:21,080 --> 00:41:23,200 Speaker 1: once the gas gets to the end of that part 730 00:41:23,239 --> 00:41:26,400 Speaker 1: of the cycle, you know it's it's completely in gas form, 731 00:41:26,440 --> 00:41:30,000 Speaker 1: it's no longer pressurized. That's when the compressor pulls that 732 00:41:30,080 --> 00:41:32,040 Speaker 1: gas through to move it all the way through the 733 00:41:32,040 --> 00:41:35,040 Speaker 1: system again. So it's reusing the same coolant over and 734 00:41:35,080 --> 00:41:38,280 Speaker 1: over and over again with with no waste. Right, assuming 735 00:41:38,320 --> 00:41:40,440 Speaker 1: there are no leaks in the system, you're good to go. 736 00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:43,600 Speaker 1: If you've ever had to have a refrigerator or freezer unit, 737 00:41:43,880 --> 00:41:46,160 Speaker 1: if you had to have coolant added to it, this 738 00:41:46,239 --> 00:41:51,520 Speaker 1: happens frequently I've seen with air conditioning systems, uh climate systems. 739 00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:53,960 Speaker 1: Then that means there's probably there has to be a 740 00:41:54,040 --> 00:41:55,960 Speaker 1: leak somewhere in there because it is a closed system, 741 00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:58,359 Speaker 1: and otherwise you shouldn't really have any loss, at least 742 00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:02,520 Speaker 1: not any appreciable loss. Yeah. So that's the basic way 743 00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:08,880 Speaker 1: of fridge works. I find it super interesting. I almost 744 00:42:08,920 --> 00:42:10,880 Speaker 1: said cool, I almost did it. I almost said I 745 00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:12,719 Speaker 1: didn't want to do that. I think, did I do 746 00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:15,480 Speaker 1: that a second ago? I apologize. I apologize for accidental 747 00:42:15,520 --> 00:42:19,400 Speaker 1: puns guys, But uh, you might be wondering, Okay, well, 748 00:42:19,560 --> 00:42:23,319 Speaker 1: my refrigerator allows me to set a temperature, right like 749 00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:28,560 Speaker 1: I can choose to either go super cold. Yeah, for 750 00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:31,000 Speaker 1: for my freezer, I wanted to be as cold as possible. 751 00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:33,840 Speaker 1: Or you might think, well, no, that's gonna use up 752 00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:35,799 Speaker 1: a lot of energy. I'm gonna be a little When 753 00:42:35,840 --> 00:42:37,719 Speaker 1: when when the stuff in your cheese rawery starting to 754 00:42:37,719 --> 00:42:40,040 Speaker 1: frost over and you start going like, yeah, this is bad. 755 00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:43,840 Speaker 1: So what what governs that is what's called a thermo couple, 756 00:42:44,120 --> 00:42:48,120 Speaker 1: which is essentially a thermometer and a switch. So the 757 00:42:48,120 --> 00:42:51,799 Speaker 1: thermometer detects the temperature the interior of the refrigerator, and 758 00:42:51,800 --> 00:42:54,759 Speaker 1: when it drops below whatever the temperature is set to, 759 00:42:55,480 --> 00:42:59,240 Speaker 1: it turns off electricity to the compressor, so the compressor stops, 760 00:42:59,480 --> 00:43:02,840 Speaker 1: which means this whole cycle that we've been talking about stops, 761 00:43:03,160 --> 00:43:05,320 Speaker 1: and then if the temperature creeps up above it again, 762 00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:07,799 Speaker 1: it turns electricity back on. Yeah. So that's when if 763 00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:11,239 Speaker 1: you've ever heard your refrigerator just kind of kick on, 764 00:43:11,680 --> 00:43:14,080 Speaker 1: that's what's going on in you know. The more modern 765 00:43:14,120 --> 00:43:16,839 Speaker 1: ones do this really efficiently, so you don't have it 766 00:43:16,920 --> 00:43:20,439 Speaker 1: happen as frequently or as dramatically. I remember an old 767 00:43:20,480 --> 00:43:23,080 Speaker 1: refrigerator I had where you thought that, you know, perhaps 768 00:43:23,080 --> 00:43:26,640 Speaker 1: Steven Spielberg was filming Poltergeist for in your kitchen every 769 00:43:26,640 --> 00:43:30,600 Speaker 1: time I kicked in. Yeah. Modern fridges also do contain small, 770 00:43:30,640 --> 00:43:33,719 Speaker 1: low wattage heaters which just keeps the evaporator coils at 771 00:43:33,719 --> 00:43:36,960 Speaker 1: the correct temperature and not frosted over um, which which 772 00:43:36,960 --> 00:43:39,960 Speaker 1: I find also fascinating. Just yeah, like like fridges contain heaters, 773 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:41,960 Speaker 1: that's the thing that they do. Yeah, And you know, 774 00:43:42,320 --> 00:43:45,280 Speaker 1: obviously refrigerators can have lots of other bells and whistles 775 00:43:45,320 --> 00:43:48,839 Speaker 1: on them. Of course. Sometimes literally, my my refrigerator does ding, 776 00:43:49,680 --> 00:43:52,520 Speaker 1: uh if I like, if I am using the there 777 00:43:52,520 --> 00:43:56,480 Speaker 1: has a water dispenser, right, so it intakes water from 778 00:43:56,520 --> 00:43:59,920 Speaker 1: my my house's water system and puts it through a filter, 779 00:44:00,040 --> 00:44:01,960 Speaker 1: and then I can get a nice clean glass of water. 780 00:44:02,320 --> 00:44:04,680 Speaker 1: But if you open up a the other door, it's 781 00:44:04,719 --> 00:44:07,440 Speaker 1: a it's a double door refrigerator. Do you open up 782 00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:10,240 Speaker 1: the other door, it cuts the water off. You can't. 783 00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:13,040 Speaker 1: You can't dispense water while the door is open, and 784 00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:18,080 Speaker 1: if you have depressed the water dispenser, it will bring 785 00:44:18,120 --> 00:44:20,839 Speaker 1: at you and mercilessly chide you for trying to do 786 00:44:20,880 --> 00:44:24,960 Speaker 1: two things that are not compatible. Because I frequently forget 787 00:44:24,960 --> 00:44:26,680 Speaker 1: while I'm getting a glass of water. I'm thinking, you 788 00:44:26,719 --> 00:44:28,840 Speaker 1: know what would go great with this water, That enormous 789 00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:31,920 Speaker 1: hunk of cheese that's in my refrigerator, and then my 790 00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:34,360 Speaker 1: refrigerator tells me that, yes, indeed, that would be lovely. 791 00:44:34,480 --> 00:44:36,920 Speaker 1: But you need to wait until you've either gotten the 792 00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:39,600 Speaker 1: cheese or finished getting your glass of water. You cannot 793 00:44:39,600 --> 00:44:41,600 Speaker 1: do both at the same time. That's great. I love 794 00:44:41,640 --> 00:44:43,799 Speaker 1: it with electronics. Chide man. By love, I mean hate, 795 00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:46,200 Speaker 1: I hate that thing well. And there are other kind 796 00:44:46,239 --> 00:44:51,560 Speaker 1: of interesting like additions you can get. LG has a 797 00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:55,840 Speaker 1: beer chiller. That's so, this is this thing. I actually 798 00:44:55,840 --> 00:45:00,560 Speaker 1: got to see this in person at the one like 799 00:45:00,640 --> 00:45:03,200 Speaker 1: the innovator or yes, it did. It did. It won 800 00:45:03,239 --> 00:45:07,279 Speaker 1: one of the Innovation awards. Uh and uh so this 801 00:45:07,360 --> 00:45:10,600 Speaker 1: is like a tiny little thing chamber within the refrigerator 802 00:45:10,640 --> 00:45:13,400 Speaker 1: part itself. It's called a blast chiller. Yeah, it's designed 803 00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:17,440 Speaker 1: it's designed to take a well, the demo was a 804 00:45:17,480 --> 00:45:20,120 Speaker 1: can of beer from room temperature to ice cold within 805 00:45:20,160 --> 00:45:24,000 Speaker 1: about five minutes. And uh and essentially it's doing the 806 00:45:24,040 --> 00:45:26,040 Speaker 1: same process we talked about right here. It's just that 807 00:45:26,120 --> 00:45:29,040 Speaker 1: I imagine there are more of those coils. It's a 808 00:45:29,120 --> 00:45:33,440 Speaker 1: very small chamber and very controlled. Yeah, there's their fans involved. 809 00:45:33,440 --> 00:45:37,200 Speaker 1: I mean, it's it's they're they're they're trying to increase 810 00:45:37,239 --> 00:45:40,440 Speaker 1: the circulation of air and the h and the surface 811 00:45:40,520 --> 00:45:45,080 Speaker 1: area that the cold coils have so that it pulls 812 00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:47,600 Speaker 1: heat as efficiently as possible, so that you can have 813 00:45:47,640 --> 00:45:49,959 Speaker 1: your frosty beverage when you want it, or at least 814 00:45:49,960 --> 00:45:53,080 Speaker 1: five minutes after you thought about it. Um. And that's 815 00:45:53,080 --> 00:45:55,000 Speaker 1: assuming you want one can. If you want to, it's 816 00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:57,480 Speaker 1: gonna take about eight minutes because it's more for it 817 00:45:57,520 --> 00:46:00,920 Speaker 1: to more heat for it to disperse. Um. But yeah, 818 00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:04,200 Speaker 1: there's there's stuff like that, and then they're smart refrigerators. Right, Yeah, 819 00:46:04,239 --> 00:46:07,080 Speaker 1: now you can you can have your fridge tell you 820 00:46:07,400 --> 00:46:09,839 Speaker 1: what's in it and what kind of recipes you can 821 00:46:09,840 --> 00:46:13,120 Speaker 1: make with that, and yeah, and send information to other 822 00:46:13,239 --> 00:46:15,880 Speaker 1: elements in your home, assuming that they are made by 823 00:46:15,920 --> 00:46:19,200 Speaker 1: the same company and are compatible, are willing to talk 824 00:46:19,239 --> 00:46:21,760 Speaker 1: to each other. Yeah. So the the idea here, of course, 825 00:46:21,800 --> 00:46:23,719 Speaker 1: is that it's not a new idea. It's one of 826 00:46:23,719 --> 00:46:27,000 Speaker 1: those things that people have been trying various to implement 827 00:46:27,040 --> 00:46:29,200 Speaker 1: in various ways. But now that we have smartphones, it's 828 00:46:29,200 --> 00:46:31,080 Speaker 1: a little bit it's a little easier, Yeah, because you 829 00:46:31,120 --> 00:46:34,040 Speaker 1: can you can connect a smartphone to a refrigerator and 830 00:46:34,680 --> 00:46:36,799 Speaker 1: scan things in that way. That was that was the 831 00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:38,840 Speaker 1: big issue, right, was that how do you tell a 832 00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:41,439 Speaker 1: refrigerator what's inside of it? If you have to stay 833 00:46:41,440 --> 00:46:44,719 Speaker 1: in there and manually input onto probably a really miserable 834 00:46:44,719 --> 00:46:48,399 Speaker 1: touch pad on the refrigerators surface, exactly like how many 835 00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:50,759 Speaker 1: bananas you have? I don't. I never want to do that. 836 00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:55,040 Speaker 1: I don't put bananas in the refrigerator. I do not. Thinking. Okay, well, 837 00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:58,239 Speaker 1: Foco bomb, I've found your problem. Uh no, but you 838 00:46:58,560 --> 00:47:01,680 Speaker 1: are you are correct that that's that's the barrier, right, 839 00:47:01,760 --> 00:47:03,880 Speaker 1: How do you make it so easy. And you know, 840 00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:05,319 Speaker 1: there were people who are talking about, why don't you 841 00:47:05,320 --> 00:47:07,960 Speaker 1: put r F I D chips and or strips of 842 00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:11,799 Speaker 1: some sort onto various products and then you could just 843 00:47:11,880 --> 00:47:13,680 Speaker 1: have it scanned when you put it in. But then 844 00:47:14,040 --> 00:47:15,600 Speaker 1: other people were saying, wait, if you have r F 845 00:47:15,640 --> 00:47:17,880 Speaker 1: I D chips, you can end up tracking everything that 846 00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:20,480 Speaker 1: someone buys, whether they want to be part of a customer, 847 00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:24,600 Speaker 1: you know, or not. Yeah, and there are people who 848 00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:27,360 Speaker 1: are very sensitive about that, and I can completely understand. 849 00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:30,399 Speaker 1: You know, I personally I don't worry about it that much, 850 00:47:30,440 --> 00:47:32,680 Speaker 1: but that's just because that's who I am. I'm waiting 851 00:47:32,760 --> 00:47:36,200 Speaker 1: to do it so that I can get sent yogurt coupon, right, 852 00:47:36,600 --> 00:47:38,759 Speaker 1: you know. But but I'm I totally understand the people 853 00:47:38,760 --> 00:47:41,360 Speaker 1: who are like, no one has any business knowing what 854 00:47:41,520 --> 00:47:43,360 Speaker 1: I buy. I go out and I buy it. I 855 00:47:43,400 --> 00:47:46,880 Speaker 1: buy it with my money. It's my exchange. That's all that. 856 00:47:47,120 --> 00:47:49,480 Speaker 1: That's where it should end. And I totally respect that. 857 00:47:50,280 --> 00:47:52,680 Speaker 1: But so that that the r F I D thing 858 00:47:52,760 --> 00:47:55,319 Speaker 1: never really I mean, I've seen some implementations of it, 859 00:47:55,360 --> 00:47:57,359 Speaker 1: but I don't expect that off the ground. Yeah, because 860 00:47:57,360 --> 00:48:00,560 Speaker 1: it would also require the entire food industry to change, right, 861 00:48:00,719 --> 00:48:03,359 Speaker 1: all the packaging would have to change. And that's when 862 00:48:03,440 --> 00:48:06,920 Speaker 1: you look at that across every single company that makes 863 00:48:06,960 --> 00:48:10,319 Speaker 1: food that's designed to go into a refrigerator. That's a 864 00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,360 Speaker 1: lot of money that that would require billions of dollars 865 00:48:13,360 --> 00:48:16,960 Speaker 1: of investment from various companies. Yeah, for for relatively low 866 00:48:17,360 --> 00:48:20,200 Speaker 1: usage point, I think, yeah, especially right now because we're 867 00:48:20,200 --> 00:48:21,799 Speaker 1: talking about you know, right now, I don't think there 868 00:48:21,840 --> 00:48:24,720 Speaker 1: are that many people who have smart refrigerators, and again, 869 00:48:24,800 --> 00:48:27,400 Speaker 1: like to get one that's really useful that can work 870 00:48:27,440 --> 00:48:30,279 Speaker 1: with something else. Like say you're your oven so that 871 00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:33,080 Speaker 1: you know, you pull up a recipe on your refrigerator 872 00:48:33,120 --> 00:48:35,239 Speaker 1: and it's it's telling you what you can make based 873 00:48:35,320 --> 00:48:37,759 Speaker 1: upon the ingredients that you that it knows that you 874 00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:40,560 Speaker 1: have available, and you say, yes, that's what I want. 875 00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:42,719 Speaker 1: I'm gonna make a chicken ala king, and you have 876 00:48:42,719 --> 00:48:45,600 Speaker 1: pushed the button, and then it could actually again if 877 00:48:45,640 --> 00:48:47,879 Speaker 1: it's part of this, this sort of network system could 878 00:48:47,920 --> 00:48:50,320 Speaker 1: send information to the oven so that the oven starts 879 00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:53,359 Speaker 1: to preheat to the correct temperature to make chicken ala king, 880 00:48:53,560 --> 00:48:56,239 Speaker 1: right while you are actually pulling the materials out so 881 00:48:56,280 --> 00:48:58,160 Speaker 1: that you can prep them for for cooking. So this way, 882 00:48:58,160 --> 00:49:00,280 Speaker 1: it ends up making the whole experience more of fishing 883 00:49:00,320 --> 00:49:02,759 Speaker 1: and could even potentially, uh, you know, send another note 884 00:49:02,760 --> 00:49:04,160 Speaker 1: out to your cell phone the next time that you're 885 00:49:04,200 --> 00:49:07,040 Speaker 1: in a shopping market and and say, hey, by the way, 886 00:49:07,120 --> 00:49:09,480 Speaker 1: you really like this one thing because you but you 887 00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:12,000 Speaker 1: made it like fourteen times in the last two months, 888 00:49:12,040 --> 00:49:15,200 Speaker 1: but maybe you want it again, or or maybe you're 889 00:49:15,200 --> 00:49:17,399 Speaker 1: out of chicken, uh, and we're planning on doing something 890 00:49:17,440 --> 00:49:19,480 Speaker 1: else later this week. Maybe you need to buy more chicken. Yeah, 891 00:49:19,520 --> 00:49:21,799 Speaker 1: it just tells you go out there and buy more chicken. Now. 892 00:49:22,560 --> 00:49:25,120 Speaker 1: The the thing that I find interesting is that we're 893 00:49:25,120 --> 00:49:27,600 Speaker 1: talking about this. These are kind of future applications. They're 894 00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:32,040 Speaker 1: really coming into practice now, uh, and we'll probably see 895 00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:33,960 Speaker 1: more of that in the next maybe five or ten years. 896 00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:36,160 Speaker 1: It's gonna take a while before this technology to to 897 00:49:36,239 --> 00:49:38,640 Speaker 1: get out there far enough for it to be pervasive. 898 00:49:38,760 --> 00:49:41,440 Speaker 1: Especially you know, once you buy a big appliance like 899 00:49:41,480 --> 00:49:43,959 Speaker 1: a refrigerator, you want that to last for a while, 900 00:49:44,560 --> 00:49:46,600 Speaker 1: not something you replace every couple of years, thirty year 901 00:49:46,760 --> 00:49:50,600 Speaker 1: kind of can it definitely can't be. So I think 902 00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:52,879 Speaker 1: this is one of those those things that we're gonna 903 00:49:52,920 --> 00:49:56,720 Speaker 1: see kind of played around with like high end homes 904 00:49:56,760 --> 00:49:58,760 Speaker 1: and that kind of stuff. I don't I don't imagine 905 00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:02,520 Speaker 1: I'll be buying a smart frigerator anytime the near future 906 00:50:02,880 --> 00:50:05,560 Speaker 1: unless I just when the lottery or something. I'm like, 907 00:50:05,640 --> 00:50:08,399 Speaker 1: I don't know what else to do with everyone, right, 908 00:50:10,239 --> 00:50:13,560 Speaker 1: like just knock on random doors, guess what you want today? Yeah, 909 00:50:13,719 --> 00:50:16,319 Speaker 1: I don't know otherwise, but it is interesting to me 910 00:50:16,320 --> 00:50:18,400 Speaker 1: because I sit there and I think about the time 911 00:50:18,800 --> 00:50:20,880 Speaker 1: back when people were like, well, we could buy a 912 00:50:20,880 --> 00:50:25,800 Speaker 1: mechanical refrigerator, but ice is so available, so who knows 913 00:50:25,960 --> 00:50:30,080 Speaker 1: what will happen? Um anyway, So that's that's how refrigerators work. 914 00:50:30,560 --> 00:50:33,160 Speaker 1: This was a particularly fun episode to kind of talk about. 915 00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,360 Speaker 1: We haven't done a how something works episode in this 916 00:50:36,480 --> 00:50:39,400 Speaker 1: kind of level for a while, and uh, and we 917 00:50:39,480 --> 00:50:42,720 Speaker 1: really do enjoy doing them. There they are challenging, so 918 00:50:43,080 --> 00:50:47,840 Speaker 1: but we we enjoy the challenge. So, guys, fans, you know, 919 00:50:47,920 --> 00:50:50,920 Speaker 1: I love you that you just had a moment with 920 00:50:50,960 --> 00:50:53,480 Speaker 1: the microphone. That was very that that was very sweet. 921 00:50:53,520 --> 00:50:57,279 Speaker 1: He was He meant it when he said that, everybody. 922 00:50:57,320 --> 00:51:00,000 Speaker 1: But yeah, So so if you have suggestions for episod 923 00:51:00,040 --> 00:51:04,359 Speaker 1: zodes of future text stuff, extravaganza type stuff. Let us 924 00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:06,840 Speaker 1: know you get in touch with us, send us an email, 925 00:51:06,880 --> 00:51:11,080 Speaker 1: Our addresses tech Stuff at Discovery dot com, or let 926 00:51:11,160 --> 00:51:13,120 Speaker 1: us know on Facebook. Our Twitter are handled there as 927 00:51:13,200 --> 00:51:17,800 Speaker 1: tech Stuff hs W. Also keep in mind episode five 928 00:51:18,239 --> 00:51:21,160 Speaker 1: hundred of tech Stuff is coming up very soon, so 929 00:51:21,200 --> 00:51:24,319 Speaker 1: if you have a suggestion that we need to cover 930 00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:27,959 Speaker 1: in that episode five, definitely let us know, and Lauren 931 00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:33,080 Speaker 1: and I will talk to you again really soon. For 932 00:51:33,239 --> 00:51:35,719 Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics, visit how 933 00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:45,040 Speaker 1: stuff works dot com.