WEBVTT - Part One: In Honor Of Our New Monarchy, Let's Talk About Versailles 0:00:01.720 --> 0:00:08.680 Also media, welcome back to Behind the Bastards, a podcast 0:00:08.960 --> 0:00:12.120 about terrible people. You know, we've got a great episode, 0:00:12.160 --> 0:00:14.640 a couple of episodes for you this week with Ed 0:00:14.800 --> 0:00:16.920 Zitron of Better Offline. 0:00:17.280 --> 0:00:17.360 Ed. 0:00:18.079 --> 0:00:19.960 How you doing, buddy, I'm. 0:00:19.840 --> 0:00:22.040 Doing fantastically, love being here. 0:00:22.400 --> 0:00:24.599 I'd be doing better. But you know, we have something 0:00:24.680 --> 0:00:26.200 sad to talk about today. 0:00:26.400 --> 0:00:26.479 Ed. 0:00:26.920 --> 0:00:29.840 We're gonna give a little moment of silence for fourteen 0:00:30.000 --> 0:00:33.440 FDA agents who were just trying to do their job, 0:00:33.600 --> 0:00:38.159 but unfortunately, you know, they got between Sophie and her 0:00:38.360 --> 0:00:42.720 hgh ring and you know that's just never, never a 0:00:42.760 --> 0:00:46.199 safe thing to do. Also back on the show is 0:00:46.280 --> 0:00:50.120 Sophie Lichterman, who is recovering south of the border in 0:00:51.200 --> 0:00:56.880 a hidden steadfast. Sophie, why did those men need to die? 0:00:57.320 --> 0:01:01.680 Why is that the cover story you gave me? I 0:01:01.680 --> 0:01:04.280 feel like you could have done something so much cooler. 0:01:05.520 --> 0:01:08.039 I think that's pretty cool shooting it out with the 0:01:08.120 --> 0:01:11.240 FDA and going on the run to Mexican string. Yeah, 0:01:11.240 --> 0:01:13.480 an hgh Ring, Well, I didn't want to like accuse 0:01:13.520 --> 0:01:19.600 you of selling hard drugs. I mean sure, and everybody 0:01:19.720 --> 0:01:23.720 loves loves hgh at least Joe Rogan loves HGH so 0:01:23.840 --> 0:01:24.559 fem you can. 0:01:24.480 --> 0:01:25.200 Get on the show. 0:01:25.440 --> 0:01:27.960 Is that the I mean, I've been sent some very 0:01:28.000 --> 0:01:30.840 fascinating messages. Is that the only reason you told people? 0:01:30.920 --> 0:01:33.640 I was how I just told people you'd shot it 0:01:33.640 --> 0:01:35.520 out with the FDA and you were on the run. 0:01:36.760 --> 0:01:39.360 I mean I kind of wish. 0:01:38.760 --> 0:01:40.479 Yeah, yeah, it would be more fun. 0:01:41.040 --> 0:01:45.200 But you know you're back, you're healing. Uh, yeah, you're 0:01:45.240 --> 0:01:46.760 feeling feeling a little better. 0:01:47.400 --> 0:01:50.240 Well, I mean, surgery sucks. Don't have surgery unless you 0:01:50.280 --> 0:01:52.600 absolutely need it, as my surgery sucks. 0:01:52.720 --> 0:01:55.480 And let's let's talk for a second here. Doctors are 0:01:55.520 --> 0:01:59.000 not giving out enough painkillers. You should have gotten delauded 0:01:59.200 --> 0:02:01.560 for for for what you went through, and they just 0:02:01.600 --> 0:02:03.960 gave you a little bit of code own. I'm livid 0:02:04.040 --> 0:02:04.880 on your behalf. 0:02:05.360 --> 0:02:07.080 The amount of times you've set me that. 0:02:08.520 --> 0:02:18.240 Writing is so funny. ED, welcome again to the show. 0:02:18.639 --> 0:02:21.120 But I just have one more thing to say. Sure, 0:02:21.880 --> 0:02:25.080 I'm so sorry for anything that happened without my supervision. 0:02:25.880 --> 0:02:28.320 It was fine, it was fine. I was on my 0:02:28.400 --> 0:02:29.200 best behavior. 0:02:30.320 --> 0:02:32.560 I'm not going to be today even listen, and I 0:02:32.639 --> 0:02:36.240 know that's not true. Today we're going to get really 0:02:36.320 --> 0:02:39.160 out of pocket. You know, because I've got a subject 0:02:39.360 --> 0:02:42.679 that I could only have brought a British guest on for. 0:02:43.320 --> 0:02:53.320 And that subject is France, right, Okay, specifically, specifically, I 0:02:53.360 --> 0:02:59.840 wanted to talk about the culture of Versailles, the subculture 0:03:00.040 --> 0:03:04.440 of the nobility at Versailles that started in the reign 0:03:04.600 --> 0:03:07.520 of Louis the fourteenth, the son king, and led right 0:03:07.600 --> 0:03:09.399 up to the French Revolution. And I wanted to talk 0:03:09.440 --> 0:03:12.760 about this because, and I'm sure you've heard a little 0:03:12.840 --> 0:03:16.040 about this, we've caught a little case of the oligarchy 0:03:16.320 --> 0:03:17.600 here in the United States. 0:03:17.600 --> 0:03:18.680 I have been hearing this. 0:03:19.919 --> 0:03:25.120 We've all been hearing this. Yes, you know, as unless 0:03:25.280 --> 0:03:27.760 you're listening to this years after the fact, and we 0:03:28.400 --> 0:03:33.160 did it, Joe again, you are probably here listening to 0:03:33.200 --> 0:03:35.920 this on a day where you have slightly fewer rights 0:03:35.920 --> 0:03:39.280 and freedoms than you had a few days earlier. Right, Yeah, 0:03:39.320 --> 0:03:42.760 because that's that's been the vibe of the last couple 0:03:42.800 --> 0:03:43.280 of weeks. 0:03:44.080 --> 0:03:46.760 And someone who looks and sounds like both Beavis and 0:03:46.840 --> 0:03:49.080 butt Head knows my Social Security number. 0:03:50.360 --> 0:03:55.880 Yes, the day I started typing out this episode February nineteenth, 0:03:55.960 --> 0:03:58.800 twenty twenty five, President Trump made a very funny joke 0:03:58.960 --> 0:04:01.680 describing himself as as a king, and this set me 0:04:01.720 --> 0:04:04.160 to thinking about the first Trump rally I attended in 0:04:04.200 --> 0:04:06.840 twenty sixteen, in which I met a British man who 0:04:06.880 --> 0:04:09.880 was a naturalized US citizen, who told me that he 0:04:09.960 --> 0:04:13.200 supported a Trump dynasty ruling the United States from here 0:04:13.240 --> 0:04:15.960 on out. He wanted Trump Junior to take over after 0:04:15.960 --> 0:04:19.120 his dad finished his terms. And I was like, man, 0:04:19.240 --> 0:04:21.520 you are in the wrong country. You lived in the 0:04:21.560 --> 0:04:22.440 country that did that. 0:04:23.600 --> 0:04:24.320 He did this. 0:04:24.680 --> 0:04:29.400 Yeah, I think I think I talked to that same 0:04:29.440 --> 0:04:31.719 guy at last RNC. 0:04:33.320 --> 0:04:35.760 Oh good. Yeah, he was also. 0:04:35.520 --> 0:04:38.880 British, and I also looked at him like he was like, yeah, well, 0:04:38.960 --> 0:04:41.279 I mean there's many of them, you know, you go dogs. 0:04:41.880 --> 0:04:44.160 Trump's yeah, and He's. 0:04:43.960 --> 0:04:47.200 Like, and what about that baron? And I'm like, sir, what. 0:04:47.080 --> 0:04:52.440 The fuck about that baron? Yeah, he could probably hoop. 0:04:53.240 --> 0:04:55.280 You do have to give that to him. He's got 0:04:55.320 --> 0:04:57.840 at least potential, alois, don't. I don't think he's very 0:04:57.839 --> 0:05:06.120 fast anyway. When you've got the guy in charge of 0:05:06.160 --> 0:05:09.440 your country talking about being a king, and you've got 0:05:09.480 --> 0:05:13.720 a group of the wealthiest people talking openly about ending 0:05:13.839 --> 0:05:19.680 voting rights and solidifying themselves as a permanent aristocracy. You know, 0:05:20.120 --> 0:05:23.479 you're in a situation where it's not unreasonable to start 0:05:23.480 --> 0:05:28.440 looking at other quote unquote permanent aristocracies in history and 0:05:28.480 --> 0:05:31.800 what happened to them, Right, And so that's why I 0:05:31.800 --> 0:05:34.680 wanted to talk about Versailla this week. Right, You know, 0:05:34.920 --> 0:05:38.880 this is a case where the bastard is this system, 0:05:39.440 --> 0:05:44.880 this world of the nobility, where they were cloistered away 0:05:45.000 --> 0:05:49.760 from the rest of the country deliberately for some interesting reasons, 0:05:50.120 --> 0:05:53.359 and like what happened to their brains as a result 0:05:53.360 --> 0:05:57.120 of that, and kind of why it all came crashing down. Right, 0:05:57.200 --> 0:05:59.560 This is not going to be obviously, Mike Duncan's done 0:06:00.200 --> 0:06:03.320 the much more full version of like why the French 0:06:03.360 --> 0:06:06.599 Revolution happened. This is not These aren't episodes about the 0:06:06.640 --> 0:06:10.679 French Revolution. These are specifically episodes about how the Court 0:06:10.720 --> 0:06:15.599 at Versailles came into being, how it kind of how 0:06:15.600 --> 0:06:18.919 it deranged the people who lived there, and how that 0:06:19.200 --> 0:06:22.440 aspect of things contributed to the revolution. So largely we're 0:06:22.440 --> 0:06:24.040 talking about what's wrong with French people. 0:06:25.000 --> 0:06:28.520 Yep, yeah, yeah, on nine episodes. 0:06:28.800 --> 0:06:32.000 Yeah, and what do you know about Versailles? 0:06:32.760 --> 0:06:36.240 Oh? Alarmingly little just the Treaty of Versaill and how 0:06:36.279 --> 0:06:36.960 well that went. 0:06:37.320 --> 0:06:39.960 That did go really well, really well. There were a 0:06:39.960 --> 0:06:44.920 couple of those treaties and they all went well. But yeah, yeah, 0:06:44.960 --> 0:06:49.200 so there's a Probably the best popular culture touchstone on 0:06:49.279 --> 0:06:52.400 this recently would be that two thousand and sixth Sophia 0:06:52.480 --> 0:06:55.400 Coppola movie about Marie Antoinette. 0:06:56.279 --> 0:06:59.799 Sure, and everybody knows about you know, the garden. 0:07:01.000 --> 0:07:04.880 I actually don't know about the garden, the garden of Versailles. Oh, 0:07:04.960 --> 0:07:06.440 I mean you mean the literal guy that you're talking 0:07:06.440 --> 0:07:08.600 about a movie called the Garden. No, Yes, there's a 0:07:08.680 --> 0:07:09.760 nice garden versall. 0:07:09.880 --> 0:07:15.679 Yes, that is that is the borderline like basic knowledge 0:07:15.720 --> 0:07:16.680 that everybody has. 0:07:17.120 --> 0:07:19.360 Yeah, yeah, which is why I knew about him. 0:07:19.520 --> 0:07:23.760 Yeah, nice garden, big palace, you know, but I think 0:07:23.920 --> 0:07:27.600 that Okay, I'm glad that's what you know, because there's 0:07:27.680 --> 0:07:32.520 a lot more there. The story of Versailles is the 0:07:32.560 --> 0:07:37.120 story of, among other things, the invention of like the 0:07:37.160 --> 0:07:42.360 modern centralized administrative state, just done in kind of the 0:07:42.400 --> 0:07:45.960 craziest way imaginable. And in order to tell that story, 0:07:46.200 --> 0:07:50.480 we've got to start with a guy who is probably 0:07:50.880 --> 0:07:53.440 close to you know what, what of the contenders for 0:07:53.560 --> 0:07:56.960 like best at being a king, just on a technical level, 0:07:57.120 --> 0:07:59.960 of anybody who was ever a king. Louis the fourteen, 0:08:00.400 --> 0:08:02.600 better known as the Sun King because he had a 0:08:02.680 --> 0:08:07.600 very high opinion of himself but which was somewhat justified. 0:08:08.240 --> 0:08:10.560 This is the guy who is the longest reigning king 0:08:10.880 --> 0:08:15.000 in human history, like nobody, nobody was king for longer. 0:08:15.160 --> 0:08:19.040 Probably he spent seventy two years on the throne, which 0:08:19.080 --> 0:08:24.240 is nuts, like an objectively crazy amount of time to 0:08:24.280 --> 0:08:30.960 do any job. El Davis of Kings, I do, crazy podcaster. 0:08:31.280 --> 0:08:34.200 He was wretched and crazy at the end. He's so 0:08:34.360 --> 0:08:37.760 wretched and crazy. Oh my god, his ass is rotting. 0:08:37.920 --> 0:08:38.800 That's what kills him. 0:08:38.880 --> 0:08:39.920 It's great. 0:08:41.080 --> 0:08:46.720 From ass Rod, Yes he sure does. And oh yeah, 0:08:46.800 --> 0:08:53.120 oh yeah, this story's got it all baby. So Louis 0:08:53.120 --> 0:08:55.680 the fourteenth. All of the French kings in this period 0:08:55.760 --> 0:08:58.560 are are Louis right. They will be referred to kind 0:08:58.559 --> 0:09:02.520 of casually by some historians as the Louis Right because 0:09:02.920 --> 0:09:05.760 they're kind of interchangeable, with the exception of the Son 0:09:05.880 --> 0:09:07.880 King in some ways where you just talking about like 0:09:07.920 --> 0:09:13.160 and then this Louis and that. Yeah, So Louis the fourteenth, 0:09:13.200 --> 0:09:16.680 our boy was born in September of sixteen thirty eight 0:09:17.000 --> 0:09:21.560 to Anne of Austria and Louis the thirteenth. His mom 0:09:21.720 --> 0:09:24.440 was shockingly old to give birth at the time. She's 0:09:24.480 --> 0:09:27.840 like middle aged and had had four stillbirths before him, 0:09:28.320 --> 0:09:30.959 so the fact that he came out not just alive 0:09:31.080 --> 0:09:34.640 but very healthy was regarded as a miracle and a 0:09:34.760 --> 0:09:37.640 good sign right he would grow up to be a 0:09:37.679 --> 0:09:42.800 mama's boy. So Louis the thirteenth dies like immediately after 0:09:42.880 --> 0:09:45.600 his son is born, and he had been very clear 0:09:45.679 --> 0:09:48.960 in his last days that Anne, his wife, should not 0:09:49.160 --> 0:09:52.079 govern after his death. This is a thing in a 0:09:52.120 --> 0:09:55.760 lot of other European countries, like in many European countries, 0:09:55.760 --> 0:09:59.480 like in Russia, right women can reign, you know, like 0:09:59.559 --> 0:10:02.240 the queen if things work out that way, the queen 0:10:02.360 --> 0:10:05.880 can be the regent, that she can run shit. Right. 0:10:06.840 --> 0:10:09.400 That is not the case in France. They do not 0:10:09.520 --> 0:10:12.800 allow that in this period in France, and Louis the 0:10:12.880 --> 0:10:16.480 eighth is like, Anne should not govern after my death, 0:10:16.559 --> 0:10:20.760 and so he creates a regency council to manage things 0:10:20.880 --> 0:10:23.920 until Louis the fourteenth is old enough to run France 0:10:23.960 --> 0:10:27.640 on his own and part of why he does this 0:10:27.880 --> 0:10:33.040 is that Anne is not French, right, She's Anne of Austria. Now, 0:10:33.200 --> 0:10:36.320 that's also not a good description of who she was, 0:10:36.400 --> 0:10:38.600 because you would expect giving them the name is Anne 0:10:38.600 --> 0:10:42.520 of Austria, you would expect her to be from Austria, right, right? 0:10:42.559 --> 0:10:43.400 Where is she from? 0:10:43.640 --> 0:10:44.240 Absolutely? 0:10:44.240 --> 0:10:44.400 Oh? 0:10:44.600 --> 0:10:47.360 Ed, of course she's not from a She's from Spain. Obviously. 0:10:47.440 --> 0:10:50.840 You call Anne of Austria the Austria the woman from Spain. 0:10:55.160 --> 0:11:00.520 She's the Queen of Navarre. She's like the whole sta thing. 0:11:00.559 --> 0:11:03.440 And her name has nothing to do with geography. It's 0:11:03.480 --> 0:11:06.520 purely a result of the fact that she is a Habsburg. Right, 0:11:06.880 --> 0:11:09.920 there's a branch of the family who are Spanish, right, yeah, 0:11:09.960 --> 0:11:13.080 And that that's why she's Anne of Austria, because the 0:11:13.080 --> 0:11:17.200 happenings are also the house of Austria. Yes, yes, yes, Oh, 0:11:17.240 --> 0:11:19.800 there's so many Habsburgs. Oh, we're gonna be talking about 0:11:19.840 --> 0:11:21.800 Habsburg jaws later in this story. 0:11:21.880 --> 0:11:23.880 Don't worry, buddy, don't worry. 0:11:24.360 --> 0:11:28.000 There's there's Habsburg's all throughout on his Fatherfucker, that makes 0:11:28.040 --> 0:11:31.880 me so happy, makes me? Does it make you Habsburg Habspurg? 0:11:33.920 --> 0:11:42.679 Hopefully then your blood wouldn't clot Actually, I don't think 0:11:42.720 --> 0:11:44.679 that was a Habsburg problem, that's anyway. 0:11:44.760 --> 0:11:46.679 I truly don't actually know. I just know that they 0:11:46.720 --> 0:11:48.640 will have sex to each other. They all did. 0:11:49.080 --> 0:11:51.760 There's a lot of people fucking their cousins in this story. 0:11:51.840 --> 0:11:56.640 That's just not just how royalty is. So from age 0:11:56.679 --> 0:11:59.560 four on, which is like when his dad dies, Louis 0:11:59.600 --> 0:12:02.880 the fourteen's earliest memories would have been a political turmoil 0:12:03.000 --> 0:12:06.560 between his mother and her native country, because again, the 0:12:06.600 --> 0:12:10.120 fact that she's a Habsburg means that the French people 0:12:10.600 --> 0:12:13.160 don't trust her. They're like, well, she's obviously going to 0:12:13.160 --> 0:12:16.360 be more loyal to Spain and to Austria than she 0:12:16.520 --> 0:12:20.200 is to France. This is a constant problem because you 0:12:20.240 --> 0:12:24.360 are always bringing in nobles from other houses in Europe 0:12:24.559 --> 0:12:29.320 to like marry the king, and there's always this kind 0:12:29.320 --> 0:12:33.640 of like, well then they can't possibly put France first, right, right, 0:12:33.960 --> 0:12:36.360 And there had just been a war between, you know, 0:12:36.640 --> 0:12:41.200 as there is constantly in this period between France and Spain. 0:12:41.400 --> 0:12:43.880 So there's a lot of reasons why people don't trust Anne, 0:12:44.360 --> 0:12:46.319 and that's going to have a big influence on him. 0:12:46.440 --> 0:12:51.439 Is this like distrust for his mom by the French people. Now, 0:12:51.559 --> 0:12:54.440 because we're talking about European nobility this week, I really 0:12:54.440 --> 0:12:57.840 need to emphasize everything that I say explain about these 0:12:57.880 --> 0:13:02.200 people is going to sound ridiculous. This whole culture that 0:13:02.280 --> 0:13:05.760 has come up around the nobility is nonsense by this period. 0:13:05.960 --> 0:13:08.840 They've just been in power for too long and the 0:13:08.960 --> 0:13:11.440 system is crazy. Louie is going to make it a 0:13:11.440 --> 0:13:14.600 lot crazier. But I do think it's worth kind of 0:13:14.600 --> 0:13:17.439 emphasizing that. So the next time you read that our 0:13:17.600 --> 0:13:20.600 Grand Vizier Elon Musk has appointed a man named big 0:13:20.640 --> 0:13:23.880 Balls to control all of our personal tax data, remember 0:13:23.880 --> 0:13:27.520 that people in power have always been irritating dipshits. Right, 0:13:27.880 --> 0:13:32.560 That's not unique to the United States. That's just something 0:13:32.559 --> 0:13:36.040 that comes with giving small groups of people all of 0:13:36.080 --> 0:13:37.080 the power, right. 0:13:37.000 --> 0:13:38.880 The traditionally we did it in the post. 0:13:39.559 --> 0:13:42.080 Yes, yes, and now we're doing it in the future. 0:13:42.520 --> 0:13:46.559 Yeah. Good stuff, great stuff. 0:13:47.160 --> 0:13:51.000 So Anne actually had gotten his mom had gotten confined 0:13:51.040 --> 0:13:53.959 to house arrest for passing military secrets to her dad 0:13:54.000 --> 0:13:57.240 at one point. But she does this thing that is 0:13:57.360 --> 0:14:00.600 very common when she becomes the Queen Regent. She exiles 0:14:00.640 --> 0:14:04.079 a bunch of her own supporters and kind of betrays 0:14:04.120 --> 0:14:08.160 her family to run France. Right, she chooses to go 0:14:08.240 --> 0:14:12.440 for France, and this was a pragmatic move because once 0:14:12.480 --> 0:14:16.200 her husband died, her position was not really stable. Now, 0:14:16.280 --> 0:14:18.720 most of the big decisions made for France in this 0:14:18.800 --> 0:14:19.600 period are not. 0:14:19.560 --> 0:14:20.200 Made by Anne. 0:14:20.200 --> 0:14:22.880 They're made by a guy that Ann appoints to rule 0:14:23.000 --> 0:14:26.600 in her son's stead. And that guy's name is Cardinal Mazarin, 0:14:27.520 --> 0:14:31.920 and he is one of these like extremely powerful, like 0:14:32.120 --> 0:14:35.160 non royal ruler, like he's not like a king, but 0:14:35.200 --> 0:14:38.080 he's kind of governing France for a period of time. Here. 0:14:39.280 --> 0:14:42.520 By the time the child King Louis the fourteenth is 0:14:42.560 --> 0:14:45.480 eight or nine years old, the Thirty Years War, which 0:14:45.520 --> 0:14:47.840 is this war that his dad, you know, had spent 0:14:47.920 --> 0:14:52.160 his life fighting, is drawing to a close. And given 0:14:52.200 --> 0:14:54.320 the fact that it was a thirty years war, it 0:14:54.360 --> 0:14:58.120 had been monstrously expensive and kind of a financial disaster 0:14:58.280 --> 0:15:02.200 for France the end of it. Cardinal Mazarin is anxious 0:15:02.200 --> 0:15:05.360 to keep the army funded until everything is locked down 0:15:05.400 --> 0:15:08.280 about the peace treaty. And since the crown had no 0:15:08.400 --> 0:15:10.680 more money after thirty years of war, this meant that 0:15:10.720 --> 0:15:15.600 they had to institute new taxes now France is a 0:15:15.640 --> 0:15:17.320 semi feudal society. 0:15:17.440 --> 0:15:18.880 At this point, it. 0:15:18.880 --> 0:15:22.240 Is less feudile than basically all of the rest of Europe. 0:15:22.240 --> 0:15:26.520 In Germany, there are still serfs, right, as in like 0:15:26.680 --> 0:15:31.720 the common people are literally like like bonded to the land, 0:15:31.960 --> 0:15:34.920 Like they're essentially a kind of slave. They can't leave 0:15:35.000 --> 0:15:36.760 without the permission of the landowner. 0:15:36.840 --> 0:15:37.080 Right. 0:15:38.120 --> 0:15:41.080 Serfs are really not much of a thing in France 0:15:41.160 --> 0:15:43.320 and the period that we're talking about, and they are 0:15:43.600 --> 0:15:47.920 become they're basically going extinct. Right, France has modernized to 0:15:48.000 --> 0:15:51.800 that extent, and in fact they're kind of the country 0:15:51.880 --> 0:15:58.000 is sort of in the process of becoming less of 0:15:56.960 --> 0:16:00.480 a feudal state and more of kind of like a 0:16:00.640 --> 0:16:05.200 hybrid like modernized semi feudal state. Right, Like you still 0:16:05.240 --> 0:16:10.120 have a nobility, the nobility our most are going in 0:16:10.160 --> 0:16:13.840 this period are going from like literally governing directly where 0:16:13.880 --> 0:16:16.880 you've got this duke and he controls this area too. 0:16:17.280 --> 0:16:20.920 You've got this duke and he doesn't govern anything directly, 0:16:21.000 --> 0:16:24.320 but he does have the right to collect taxes in 0:16:24.360 --> 0:16:27.880 this certain area, or to collect duties in this industry 0:16:28.000 --> 0:16:30.320 or whatever, and right that's his privilege as the duke 0:16:30.720 --> 0:16:33.360 but he's not doing the governing. We have like professionals 0:16:33.400 --> 0:16:37.000 who are doing the actual governing in this region or whatever. 0:16:38.920 --> 0:16:42.040 Now during the Thirty Years War, again, the only way 0:16:42.120 --> 0:16:44.880 that they can pay for this is by increasing taxes. 0:16:44.960 --> 0:16:48.880 And these these taxes don't primarily hit the nobility. One 0:16:48.880 --> 0:16:51.960 of the nobility's privileges that they maintain is an exemption 0:16:52.080 --> 0:16:55.320 from the taxes paid by peasants and the bourgeoisie. Right 0:16:55.760 --> 0:16:59.040 like this, basically you call them the small business owners 0:16:59.040 --> 0:16:59.480 of France. 0:16:59.600 --> 0:17:03.000 Right, suggesting is that the poorer people pay more and 0:17:03.200 --> 0:17:06.760 the richer people have found a way around taxes somehow. 0:17:07.240 --> 0:17:11.520 That's that's a big parts, yes, But there's a caveat 0:17:11.560 --> 0:17:14.439 to that, which is the peasants are poor people and 0:17:14.480 --> 0:17:18.920 they are paying taxes. The bourgeoisie are often wealthier than 0:17:18.920 --> 0:17:22.479 the nobles, right huh, But they're not nobles. These are 0:17:22.520 --> 0:17:25.760 guys who start businesses, who are running trade and stuff 0:17:25.760 --> 0:17:30.480 for France. Some of them are extremely wealthy, and they 0:17:30.520 --> 0:17:35.040 are also paying taxes, and they're really not happy about that, right, right, 0:17:36.720 --> 0:17:39.520 But the nobility get a big exemption from taxes in 0:17:39.560 --> 0:17:40.040 this period. 0:17:40.080 --> 0:17:40.199 Right. 0:17:40.240 --> 0:17:43.679 One of the conflicts that's going to like increasingly be 0:17:43.720 --> 0:17:46.840 a problem up to the revolution. Is the BOURGEOISI being like, well, 0:17:46.840 --> 0:17:50.480 why are we paying taxes and these people are exempt? Right, Well, 0:17:50.480 --> 0:17:55.840 we're not thrilled about that. So this does mean that 0:17:55.960 --> 0:17:59.440 regular French people are largely being kind of brutalized by 0:17:59.440 --> 0:18:02.199 the cost of the war against the Habsburgs of Spain. 0:18:02.680 --> 0:18:06.160 The job of approving new taxes, like the king will 0:18:06.200 --> 0:18:08.560 say I want this tax, but it has to be 0:18:08.600 --> 0:18:13.160 approved by the parliaments. Now to you and I. Coming 0:18:13.200 --> 0:18:16.000 out of the English tradition, parliament means like essentially a 0:18:16.040 --> 0:18:19.640 governing body, sort of like a congress, is right, that's 0:18:19.640 --> 0:18:22.320 not really what a parliament is in France. Parliaments in 0:18:22.359 --> 0:18:27.480 France are courts, right, They're court systems. Like the Parliament 0:18:27.480 --> 0:18:30.520 of Paris is a court system in Paris, and you 0:18:30.560 --> 0:18:34.560 have a bunch of judges who are nobles who own 0:18:34.840 --> 0:18:40.520 their seat as a judge. Like that judgeship is the personal, 0:18:40.600 --> 0:18:43.639 hereditary property of a noble who is one of these 0:18:43.720 --> 0:18:46.160 members of the parliament. And the parliaments have a lot 0:18:46.200 --> 0:18:49.399 of judges and clerks and whatnot. But these are like 0:18:49.520 --> 0:18:52.480 court systems when we talk about parliaments, but it is 0:18:52.520 --> 0:18:56.080 their job to approve new taxes. And this is kind 0:18:56.080 --> 0:18:57.560 of one of the ways in which the French state 0:18:57.600 --> 0:19:00.879 has started to modernize in this period. Right, just this 0:19:01.040 --> 0:19:04.040 duke controls this area and he takes taxes. We've got 0:19:04.080 --> 0:19:08.960 this professional legal system, right that is responsible for approving 0:19:09.000 --> 0:19:11.399 these things, and a lot of conflicts with the crown 0:19:11.440 --> 0:19:15.439 are going to be the parliament trying to protect its power, 0:19:15.680 --> 0:19:19.040 right when the king wants to do stuff directly. Anyway, 0:19:19.280 --> 0:19:22.040 this causes issues because it makes the fact that the 0:19:22.119 --> 0:19:25.720 king wants these new taxes on the common people in 0:19:25.760 --> 0:19:29.280 the bourgeoisie, and the parliament has to approve them. Right. 0:19:29.320 --> 0:19:31.399 You've got these parliaments in royal courts that have to 0:19:31.440 --> 0:19:34.840 approve the taxes and they don't want to. They don't 0:19:34.840 --> 0:19:37.760 want to not because they like love the peasantry and 0:19:37.840 --> 0:19:40.439 think that it's unfair. They don't want to because the 0:19:40.480 --> 0:19:43.640 peasantry riots over a new taxes I was going to say, 0:19:43.720 --> 0:19:48.359 not dying, right, and the parliament needing to approve them. 0:19:48.400 --> 0:19:50.919 It's kind of the situation the kings have developed so 0:19:50.960 --> 0:19:54.320 that like, hey, if these guys have to sign off 0:19:54.359 --> 0:19:56.440 on it too, maybe they're the first people who get 0:19:56.520 --> 0:19:59.720 sort of mobbed you know, Yeah. 0:19:59.480 --> 0:20:03.240 The people with the signature. Probably the one why the 0:20:03.320 --> 0:20:05.359 kings so insulate is, well, is it just because they 0:20:05.359 --> 0:20:07.360 can deploy the army against the peasantry. 0:20:07.800 --> 0:20:10.360 They can deploy the army, And this is a thing 0:20:10.400 --> 0:20:14.320 that increasingly happens in this period where there's this desire 0:20:14.520 --> 0:20:20.919 to strip the nobility of direct power. Right, So just 0:20:21.000 --> 0:20:23.359 kind of a smart play if the nobility has to 0:20:23.840 --> 0:20:27.360 is in this position where they're doing, you can make 0:20:27.400 --> 0:20:30.440 them do unpopular things, right, You can kind of loop 0:20:30.520 --> 0:20:31.960 them in on the shit you need to do. That 0:20:32.040 --> 0:20:34.639 nobody likes to the extent that they get blamed for that. 0:20:35.160 --> 0:20:36.879 It makes it harder for them to like have their 0:20:36.920 --> 0:20:40.160 own power base, you know, and they get they don't 0:20:40.160 --> 0:20:42.160 get tax than a nobility. 0:20:42.119 --> 0:20:42.600 No, they do. 0:20:42.680 --> 0:20:46.320 There they are in this period immune to most taxes. 0:20:46.000 --> 0:20:48.920 Right, and that's the trade off, I imagine. 0:20:48.600 --> 0:20:50.679 Yeah, that's part of the trade off. And kind of 0:20:50.760 --> 0:20:55.880 the issue here is the nobility or not friendly always 0:20:56.080 --> 0:20:58.679 with the crown, right, Like the nobility are both the 0:20:58.720 --> 0:21:01.600 people who govern with you, right and who are supposed 0:21:01.600 --> 0:21:04.679 to be taking your lead as the king. But whenever 0:21:04.760 --> 0:21:07.920 there's a rebellion against a king, it usually comes from 0:21:07.960 --> 0:21:11.520 the nobility in this period. Right. So that's part of 0:21:11.560 --> 0:21:14.280 why you would want a system like this as the king, 0:21:14.400 --> 0:21:18.560 because it protects you to a degree, right, But it 0:21:18.560 --> 0:21:21.840 does mean that there's constant conflicts between the crown and 0:21:21.920 --> 0:21:25.080 these parliaments. And these judges resist some of the central 0:21:25.119 --> 0:21:30.200 government's new taxes. Cardinal Mazarin and Ann repost by threatening 0:21:30.200 --> 0:21:33.160 to change the rules about how judge ships work and 0:21:33.240 --> 0:21:37.280 like make it so that you don't own your seat today. Again, 0:21:37.600 --> 0:21:40.240 in this period, being a judge is like being a 0:21:40.280 --> 0:21:43.520 subway franchise owner, right, and that it's your property and 0:21:43.560 --> 0:21:46.639 you pass it on to your kids, right. And the 0:21:46.720 --> 0:21:49.639 rules governing this are part of something called the paulette tax, 0:21:49.760 --> 0:21:53.360 which came up for renewal in sixteen forty eight. It's 0:21:53.520 --> 0:21:56.600 a little bit like you could consider it a little 0:21:56.600 --> 0:21:59.320 bit like a union contract coming up. And so Mazarin 0:21:59.359 --> 0:22:01.760 and Ann are like, well, we don't have to let 0:22:01.760 --> 0:22:04.800 this work the same way we can take these privileges 0:22:04.960 --> 0:22:07.920 away from you. And I'm going to read a quote 0:22:07.960 --> 0:22:10.280 from an article by the UK College of Arts and 0:22:10.320 --> 0:22:13.879 Sciences Department of History on the matter and their anxiety 0:22:13.920 --> 0:22:16.320 to force through new tax edicts Anne of Austria and 0:22:16.400 --> 0:22:19.960 Mazarin drove the judges of Parliament too far. On fifteenth 0:22:20.080 --> 0:22:22.480 January sixteen forty eight, they brought the nine year old 0:22:22.560 --> 0:22:24.840 king to a formal session of the court called the 0:22:24.880 --> 0:22:27.879 lit de Justiced, to force the judges to register an 0:22:27.960 --> 0:22:31.560 unpopular tax measure. The judges exercised their right to remonstrate 0:22:31.680 --> 0:22:34.280 or criticize the edict, starting a series of events that 0:22:34.320 --> 0:22:36.639 culminated in a call for the judges of all the 0:22:36.680 --> 0:22:39.959 Paris courts to come together to consider reforms in the kingdom. 0:22:40.240 --> 0:22:43.080