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Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effect's original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit
Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to
Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a
Speaker 2: busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black
Speaker 2: Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts,
Speaker 2: or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 4: From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs,
Speaker 4: WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on
Speaker 4: today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations with
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Speaker 4: Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or
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Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 6: As the US.
Speaker 3: Elections approach, it can feel like we're angrier and more
Speaker 3: divided than ever, But in a new copule season of
Speaker 3: my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really shows that
Speaker 3: we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better and
Speaker 7: that we can be better.
Speaker 3: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you
Speaker 3: listen to podcasts.
Speaker 8: In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one game on
Speaker 8: their minds, sword Quest, because the company had promised one
Speaker 8: hundred and fifty grand in prizes to four finalists, but
Speaker 8: the prizes disappeared, leading to one of the biggest controversies
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Speaker 8: spring for the Legend of sword Quest. We'll follow the
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Speaker 8: Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcast
Speaker 8: or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 1: What if you thought, as an adult that you've been
Speaker 1: alive forever and then you discovered no, you actually had
Speaker 1: a childhood and you were born, and you would want
Speaker 1: to know all.
Speaker 9: About that and how can it will be surprising?
Speaker 1: That would be surprising, And actually that's sort of the
Speaker 1: situation science was in for a long time. Astronomers thought
Speaker 1: the universe is fixed, it's constant. All the stars are
Speaker 1: just sort of hanging out there in space, not moving,
Speaker 1: and they'd been like that forever. Hi, I'm Daniel.
Speaker 9: Is this Jorge So.
Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist. I smash protons together at cerned
Speaker 1: in my day job to try to figure out what
Speaker 1: is the basic nature of matter?
Speaker 9: What do you smash as a hobby ban.
Speaker 1: Yeah, we know. When you're a particle physicist, you learn
Speaker 1: to solve problems by smashing stuff together. So whatever's around me.
Speaker 9: And I'm a cartoonist and my job is to sit
Speaker 9: in my pajamas all day and draw funny things.
Speaker 1: That's not how you started, right. You didn't grow up
Speaker 1: thinking I'm going to be a cartoonist.
Speaker 9: No. I started off as a researcher. I'm an engineer.
Speaker 9: I studied robotics. I have a PhD in robotics. But
Speaker 9: somewhere along the line, I started drawing comics and that
Speaker 9: kind of took off for me.
Speaker 1: And this is our podcast Daniel and Jorge.
Speaker 9: Explain the Universe. Today. We're going to talk about how
Speaker 9: it all began.
Speaker 1: The biggest of questions, the Big Bang.
Speaker 9: What happened at the very beginning of the universe?
Speaker 1: What happened before the Big Bang? It's a pretty deep,
Speaker 1: basic question about the origin of our universe. What do
Speaker 1: you think about it, what do you know about it?
Speaker 1: What do you imagine might have happened before the start
Speaker 1: of our universe. We went out and we asked people
Speaker 1: on the street what they thought happened just before the
Speaker 1: Big Bang.
Speaker 9: Well, there was a bunch of particles in the universe,
Speaker 9: and then the combined together and poof.
Speaker 1: You created it had all the energy of the universe.
Speaker 9: So then when.
Speaker 8: It happened, that's how it was all dispersed.
Speaker 1: So most people seem to have some idea that, first
Speaker 1: of all, the Big Bang is more than just a
Speaker 1: TV show, right, Right. The idea for the science came
Speaker 1: before the TV show. I was kind of relieved to hear.
Speaker 9: That everyone seems to know it's it sort of marks
Speaker 9: the beginning of the universe.
Speaker 1: Right, It's a moment of creation or the starting of
Speaker 1: the clock of the universe. Right, everything came from?
Speaker 9: But what exactly happened during the Big Bang? And most interestingly,
Speaker 9: what happened before the Big Bank?
Speaker 1: Right? And that's fascinating to me. And these are the
Speaker 1: best questions, the ones that like try to answer the
Speaker 1: question where did everything come from? It sort of touches
Speaker 1: on the philosophical like why are we here? If you
Speaker 1: knew how the Big Bang happened and how the universe
Speaker 1: was created, you might get some insight into what the
Speaker 1: purpose of life is or how to live your life
Speaker 1: or stuff. So to me, these are like really good,
Speaker 1: deep basic questions.
Speaker 9: So we made a list of the four things we
Speaker 9: think you should know about the Big Bang. The first
Speaker 9: one is that the entire universe was once really small.
Speaker 9: Maybe we think, let's talk about that. What do you
Speaker 9: mean maybe, Well.
Speaker 1: It's an interesting question. We know that the universe had
Speaker 1: a beginning, right, and how do we know that. We
Speaker 1: know that because things are expanding, things are moving away
Speaker 1: from each other. Okay, that was the major discovery. Like
Speaker 1: one hundred years ago, looked out in the stars and
Speaker 1: discovered that they're all moving away from us.
Speaker 9: Okay, so like we thought everything would still like we
Speaker 9: were frozen in a gel or something. The stars would
Speaker 9: just like there are sitting there. Yeah, generally speaking, But
Speaker 9: then they discovered that they actually things are moving away
Speaker 9: from each other.
Speaker 1: That's right, and everything is moving away from us, and
Speaker 1: everything is moving away from everything else. They just looked
Speaker 1: at stars, and you can measure how fast a star
Speaker 1: is moving relative to us by seeing how its light
Speaker 1: is stretched or shrunk, depending on whether it's moving away
Speaker 1: from us or towards It's like a Doppler shift.
Speaker 9: Like the highway patrol measuring your speed. You can sort
Speaker 9: of you can tell how fast you're going.
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 9: It's not like they looked at the stars and said
Speaker 9: oh now it's down one's over there. It must have moved.
Speaker 9: It's like it's some other information, right, right.
Speaker 1: So they looked out there and they measured all this
Speaker 1: stuff and they said, whoa, everything's stretching out and moving
Speaker 1: away from each other. So then the very natural consequences
Speaker 1: to say, well, run that backwards. What does that mean?
Speaker 1: It means things might have been smaller and more dense
Speaker 1: and maybe even come from a little.
Speaker 9: Spot like if you hit the rewind bun, if you
Speaker 9: see things make getting bigger. Now, if you had the
Speaker 9: rewind bun wow for a while, what happens exactly?
Speaker 1: And those are the mental games people were playing. And
Speaker 1: actually the phrase big Bang was a joke that people
Speaker 1: made up to mock that idea. They're like, look, how
Speaker 1: ridiculous this idea is.
Speaker 9: It is kind of a silly sounding name, right.
Speaker 1: Yeah, it was whimsical.
Speaker 6: It was.
Speaker 1: It was like a Donald Trump insult, you know, for
Speaker 1: somebody else's.
Speaker 9: Big lee Bang.
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, the Big Bang.
Speaker 9: Well, if you were like a respectable scientist today and
Speaker 9: you had to name this event, you wouldn't call it
Speaker 9: the big Bang, or you think that it was a
Speaker 9: good name.
Speaker 1: Oh man, if I was on a marketing committee discover
Speaker 1: the new name for it, the Moment of Creation. Now,
Speaker 1: I think Big Bang is actually pretty good, you know, Yeah,
Speaker 1: you got your alliteration. It's short, it's pithy, you know,
Speaker 1: it's okay, it's pretty well done. I think that's probably
Speaker 1: why it survived so.
Speaker 9: Long, because everyone wants the universe to start with the bank.
Speaker 1: That's right.
Speaker 9: So you played back the movie of the universe and
Speaker 9: tells us that everything was once much closer together, and
Speaker 9: then much much closer, and then much much closer, and
Speaker 9: if you keep thinking about it, things may have been
Speaker 9: really really really close together. That's right.
Speaker 1: Yeah, they just keep extrapolating down to a point. And
Speaker 1: around the same time, Einstein came up with all of
Speaker 1: his ideas of general relativity and thinking about gravity and
Speaker 1: how the universe works, and people were playing with those
Speaker 1: equations and discovering that those equations actually predicted that the
Speaker 1: universe could start from a point. They were consistent with
Speaker 1: Einstein's ideas of gravity.
Speaker 9: What do you mean?
Speaker 1: It was consistent, meaning that you can construct a universe
Speaker 1: that starts from a point and then it blows up
Speaker 1: and expands, And that totally makes sense from an einstein
Speaker 1: gravity point of view, like it follows the rules, it's allowed, okay.
Speaker 9: Meaning that nothing weird happens, Like you can cram that
Speaker 9: much stuff into such a small.
Speaker 1: Space according to Einstein, right, what is he know, which
Speaker 1: is pretty well accepted as a smart guy was already's
Speaker 1: talking about. But you know there are some issues there.
Speaker 1: The original idea was the Big Bang was this really dense,
Speaker 1: hot blob of stuff and then it blew up and
Speaker 1: expanded into things we know. And you know, that was
Speaker 1: a weird idea for a long time, and people didn't
Speaker 1: believe it for a long time. It was in the
Speaker 1: sixties that they finally found the first like concrete piece
Speaker 1: of evidence that maybe the Big Bang had happened, right,
Speaker 1: And that's when they discovered the thing called the cosmic
Speaker 1: microwave background radiation.
Speaker 9: So it was weird to think about so much stuff
Speaker 9: and matter and stars and being cramped to small space.
Speaker 1: Yeah, because it meant the universe wasn't always this dark
Speaker 1: and cold and empty place that we know today. It
Speaker 1: was like a hot, dense blob like the center of
Speaker 1: the sun.
Speaker 9: It was a hot mess.
Speaker 1: It was a hot mess exactly. The universe was not
Speaker 1: well organized when it was young.
Speaker 9: So yeah, so they said, okay, now, but now they
Speaker 9: saw something like you call it the cosmic microwave baground radiation.
Speaker 9: That said, yes, that's a your indication things were a
Speaker 9: hot mess before.
Speaker 1: Yeah, they said, if things were really hot and dense
Speaker 1: a long time ago, then they should have given off
Speaker 1: this special kind of light and we should still be
Speaker 1: able to see it today. And they went out and
Speaker 1: they found it. You can see it like you can
Speaker 1: see it if you have a special radio telescope. And
Speaker 1: some guys built a fancy radio telescope. They weren't even
Speaker 1: actually looking for this background radiation and they just had
Speaker 1: a hiss in their telescope. They had this noise in
Speaker 1: their telescope. And coincidentally, some people a couple of years
Speaker 1: earlier had predicted, oh, if you build this kind of telescope,
Speaker 1: you'll and the big bang happened, you'll hear this hiss.
Speaker 1: And they turned on their telescope they heard this hiss
Speaker 1: and they're like, what is this. We can't get rid
Speaker 1: of this noise. And then two years later they won
Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize.
Speaker 9: That's a great discovery.
Speaker 1: It's a pretty you're going to get fired.
Speaker 9: But then they're like, oh, that mistake you made. It's
Speaker 9: the discovery of the universe.
Speaker 1: That's right.
Speaker 9: So that's the big Bang. It's everything was once really
Speaker 9: small and then it just kind of exploded out into
Speaker 9: what we have today.
Speaker 1: That's right. That's the whole idea, is that the universe
Speaker 1: has a beginning and then it expanded into what we
Speaker 1: know today. And that was the sort of first idea
Speaker 1: of the Big Bang, like maybe everything came from a
Speaker 1: point and people, a lot of people, when they think
Speaker 1: about the Big Bang, they think about the universe starting
Speaker 1: in a singularity, meaning a bunch of stuff in zero volume.
Speaker 9: All of it on top of each other, in the
Speaker 9: same zero space exactly.
Speaker 1: And it's mind blowing to imagine, Like, take the Sun
Speaker 1: and cram it down into the amount of space you
Speaker 1: have for a grain of sand. Hard to imagine right now,
Speaker 1: make it even smaller. Now, add every other star in
Speaker 1: the universe on top of it. It's like your brain
Speaker 1: can right, Yeah, it's it's not really the same thing.
Speaker 1: It's just all the energy, all the energy density that
Speaker 1: we currently have in the universe was crammed into that
Speaker 1: tiny little space. That was sort of the early idea
Speaker 1: and you can imagine like a big empty universe of
Speaker 1: space with a tiny dot of matter in it, And
Speaker 1: of course that engenders a lot of questions like where
Speaker 1: did that? Any doubt a better come from it? Right?
Speaker 1: Was there only one? How was it created?
Speaker 10: Right?
Speaker 9: But before we keep going, let's take a short break.
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Speaker 11: I'm buzs Night and I'm the host of the Taking
Speaker 11: a Walk podcast Music History on Foot John Oates.
Speaker 12: Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to
Speaker 12: know that i was part of something that will endure.
Speaker 11: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
Speaker 11: musicians and the inside stories behind their music.
Speaker 13: Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone
Speaker 13: that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby.
Speaker 13: David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
Speaker 13: around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
Speaker 13: is Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 11: The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with
Speaker 11: musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of the Heartbreakers.
Speaker 6: It is correct. I rarely worked things out. I like
Speaker 6: to go off the cup and try to rap things
Speaker 6: out of the air while you're playing the song and
Speaker 6: try to catch a little magic.
Speaker 11: Listen to the Taking a Walk Podcast on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 11: Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas. The host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant
Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
Speaker 2: Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who
Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For
Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solad, wisdom, and refuge between
Speaker 2: the chapters. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
Speaker 2: classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the
Speaker 2: brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify
Speaker 2: the voices of of Black writers and to bring their
Speaker 2: words to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 3: Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're
Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than every but in a new,
Speaker 3: hopeable season of my podcast, I'll share with the science
Speaker 3: really shows that We're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and
Speaker 7: that we can do better.
Speaker 3: With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki.
Speaker 1: It's really tragic.
Speaker 14: If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3: We'll see that our fellow humans, even though we disagree with,
Speaker 3: are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 2: My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
Speaker 2: of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
Speaker 2: and still be in relationships.
Speaker 14: With each other.
Speaker 3: All that on the Happiness Listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 3: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 15: I'm Carrie Champion and this is season four of Naked Sports,
Speaker 15: where we live at the intersection of sports and culture.
Speaker 15: Up first, I explore the making of a rivalry, Caitlin
Speaker 15: Clark versus Angel Reese.
Speaker 1: I know I'll go down in history.
Speaker 15: People are talking about women's basketball is just because of
Speaker 15: one single game.
Speaker 9: Every great player needs a foil.
Speaker 6: And hear them wise, I just come here and play basketball,
Speaker 6: Ray Kendeled, and that's what I focused on.
Speaker 15: From college to the pros. Clark and Reeves have changed
Speaker 15: the way we consume women's sports.
Speaker 1: Angel Reese is a joy to watch. She is unapologetically black.
Speaker 11: I love her.
Speaker 15: What exactly ignited this fire? Why has it been so
Speaker 15: good for the game? And can the fanfare surrounding these
Speaker 15: two supernovas be sustained? This game is only going to
Speaker 15: get better because the talent is getting better. This new
Speaker 15: season will cover are all things sports and culture. Listen
Speaker 15: to Naked Sports on the Black Effect Podcast Network. iHeartRadio, app,
Speaker 15: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast.
Speaker 3: The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 9: Well, so that's the Big Bang, And so the next
Speaker 9: thing people should know is that the Big Bang happened
Speaker 9: about fourteen billion years.
Speaker 1: Ago billion with a b.
Speaker 9: Billion years ago. Yeah, and I can't even remember what
Speaker 9: I did this morning, fourteen minutes ago. That's how old
Speaker 9: universe is from that moment of the Big Bang.
Speaker 1: Yeah, so the universe has been around since the Big
Speaker 1: Bang about fourteen billion years and you know, for scale,
Speaker 1: the Earth has been around about four and a half
Speaker 1: billion years. That's when our solar system was fourned.
Speaker 9: Right, Well, how do you how do we know how
Speaker 9: old the universe is? Like, yeah, like how can you tell?
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, we are seeing it expand, and so the
Speaker 1: simplest way is to just extrapolate back, say how fast
Speaker 1: does it expand? And extrapolate that expansion back until the
Speaker 1: zero point.
Speaker 9: So like if you look at the furthest stars you see,
Speaker 9: you know how fast we're going. You can just like
Speaker 9: hit the rewind button. Yeah, it would take about fourteen
Speaker 9: billion years for it to connect to everything else.
Speaker 1: Yeah, so we're pretty sure that something happened fourteen billion
Speaker 1: years ago. This expansion of space happened fourteen billion years ago.
Speaker 1: But these days scientists are a little fuzzier on what
Speaker 1: exactly the Big Bang was. So idea zero was a
Speaker 1: tiny dot with all the matter and it explodes into
Speaker 1: the universe. Problems with this idea are one that you
Speaker 1: can't really have tiny dots of infinite density, so.
Speaker 9: Einstein told me before you could.
Speaker 1: Well, that was Einstein's idea, and the idea is consistent
Speaker 1: with Einstein's gravity. But Einstein's theories of gravity don't account
Speaker 1: for quantum mechanics. Okay, quantum mechanics when they came after Einstein,
Speaker 1: he was never really very comfortable with and quantum mechanics
Speaker 1: is a whole, big, long story, But the thing we
Speaker 1: need to understand is that it says you can't have
Speaker 1: things that are super duper tiny. There might be a
Speaker 1: smallest space, there might be the smallest distance.
Speaker 9: Get fuzzy. Yeah, like at some point you can't get unfuzzier.
Speaker 1: That's right, exactly. There's a basic unit of fuzziness. Like
Speaker 1: imagine space being pixelated, right, Like you can't talk about
Speaker 1: something smaller than one pixel. So we think that quantum
Speaker 1: mechanics is probably correct. And if you big pixel, the
Speaker 1: big pixel, that's right, the first pixel of the universe.
Speaker 1: So we think if you try to follow Einstein extrapolate
Speaker 1: the universe down to a point, general relativity probably works,
Speaker 1: but we think it probably breaks when you get down
Speaker 1: to really really tiny distances and really heavy stuff. But
Speaker 1: nobody's ever seen that happen. You have to look inside
Speaker 1: a black hole or go back in time and see
Speaker 1: the Big Bang. But these days we have a slightly
Speaker 1: fuzzier version of the idea of the Big Bang. Rather
Speaker 1: than a point of matter that then explodes into space,
Speaker 1: we think of the universe as being created as a
Speaker 1: blob of space and matter, and then of.
Speaker 9: Space and matter. Yeah, so like it like a blob
Speaker 9: of space.
Speaker 1: Like a tiny universe with not much space. So instead
Speaker 1: of an infinite universe with a tiny blob of matter
Speaker 1: in it, now imagine a tiny piece of space filled
Speaker 1: with energy and matter.
Speaker 9: Okay, and what's outside of that little space?
Speaker 1: We have no idea, Like seriously, we can't even imagine inconceivable, right,
Speaker 1: But we do know that space can be variable in size,
Speaker 1: space can expand, and these days we have a more
Speaker 1: modern idea of the Big Bang as that expansion of
Speaker 1: that space.
Speaker 9: It might kind of like a bubble, like a bubble
Speaker 9: that's a space, and then there's stuff in the bubble.
Speaker 9: So you're saying both those things blew up exactly.
Speaker 1: And this is the more modern idea that space itself
Speaker 1: can expand. And so if you're out there thinking, what
Speaker 1: is he talking about? How can space expand? What is
Speaker 1: it expanding into? Everything has to be in something, right,
Speaker 1: and the answer is, we don't know. We think used
Speaker 1: to think of space as just like emptiness, and we
Speaker 1: can go a whole episode about just what space is,
Speaker 1: and I think we really will, so people listening. But
Speaker 1: these days we think of space as a thing because
Speaker 1: it can spand it can bend, and it can ripple,
Speaker 1: so we know it has all these properties. So it
Speaker 1: might be that this bubble of space in the early
Speaker 1: universe was in some sort of super meta deep space
Speaker 1: that we have never really discovered, or nothing. It could
Speaker 1: be that it doesn't have to hang in something else.
Speaker 1: It's just the edge.
Speaker 9: But space itself was smaller that that much. We know
Speaker 9: space was small. Space was smaller, and the stuff in
Speaker 9: it was crammed in, really really small, that's right. And
Speaker 9: then about fourteen billion years ago, for some reason do
Speaker 9: we know why, We don't know why, it decided it
Speaker 9: didn't want to be that small anymore.
Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, And that was the moment that space
Speaker 1: was created, and then it expanded like crazy. It's something
Speaker 1: we call inflation. Inflation is not you know why your
Speaker 1: money doesn't work as well every year. I mean, that
Speaker 1: is inflation. But there's and I don't know why do
Speaker 1: we do this? In science? We take an idea, a
Speaker 1: word that everybody uses to mean one thing, right, use
Speaker 1: that same word to mean something totally different.
Speaker 9: But it fits what it describes. It in the universe
Speaker 9: inflated like a balloon, like a bowl, right.
Speaker 1: Yes, okay, it's a good descriptive name from that sense.
Speaker 1: So the universe inflated, that whole balloon inflated, and everything
Speaker 1: inside it got stretched, okay. And the amount of stretching
Speaker 1: that happened is crazy. It's like the universe expanded in
Speaker 1: space by a factor ten to the thirty. That's ten
Speaker 1: with thirty zeros on it, some crazy huge number, and
Speaker 1: it did it in this really small amount of time,
Speaker 1: ten to the minus thirty. So that's zero with thirty
Speaker 1: zeros after the decimal plays and then a one. So
Speaker 1: this incredible expansion, a huge expansion of space of ten
Speaker 1: to the thirty and this tiny amount of time ten
Speaker 1: to the minus thirty. It's hard to really even fathom.
Speaker 9: It wasn't a rush to get big.
Speaker 1: Yes, and it's still getting bigger today. And the other
Speaker 1: thing that's important to understand is that space didn't get
Speaker 1: created like on the outside of the universe. It's not
Speaker 1: like they made more room, it's stuff. The space inside
Speaker 1: of the universe stretched was created, so like between two
Speaker 1: particles you had a certain amount of space, then all
Speaker 1: of a sudden you had extra space between particles. So everything, Yeah,
Speaker 1: everything's getting stretched out from the inside also not just
Speaker 1: from the outside, and that's also continuing to happen. Like
Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe today, the in fact the
Speaker 1: universe is getting bigger and bigger is happening all around this.
Speaker 1: It's more space being created.
Speaker 9: The third thing we should talk about today is that
Speaker 9: we don't know what happened before the Big Bang, like
Speaker 9: before this little bubble blew up, what happened before.
Speaker 1: But before we get into that, let's take a quick break.
Speaker 11: I'm buzzs Night and I'm the host of the Taking
Speaker 11: a Walk podcast music History on Foot John Oates.
Speaker 12: Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to
Speaker 12: know that i was part of something that will endure.
Speaker 11: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
Speaker 11: musicians and the inside stories behind their music.
Speaker 13: Russ Kunkle, the basic connection that I had with someone
Speaker 13: that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby.
Speaker 13: David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
Speaker 13: around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
Speaker 13: is Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 1: The message of.
Speaker 11: The podcast is simple, honest conversation with musicians about the
Speaker 11: music they create. Mike Campbell of The Heartbreakers.
Speaker 1: It is correct.
Speaker 6: I rarely worked things out. I like to go off
Speaker 6: the cup and try to grab things out of the
Speaker 6: air while you're playing the song and try to catch
Speaker 6: a little magic.
Speaker 11: Listen to the Taking a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 11: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant
Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
Speaker 2: Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who
Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For
Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solace, wisdom, and refuge. Between
Speaker 2: the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
Speaker 2: classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the
Speaker 2: brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify
Speaker 2: the voices of Black writers and to bring their words
Speaker 2: to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 2: Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 3: As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're
Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than ever. But in a new
Speaker 3: coopbole season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science
Speaker 3: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and
Speaker 7: that we can do better.
Speaker 3: With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki.
Speaker 1: It's really tragic.
Speaker 5: If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3: We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with,
Speaker 3: are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 2: My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
Speaker 2: of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
Speaker 2: and still be in relationship.
Speaker 6: With each other.
Speaker 3: All that on the Happiness Lap Listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 3: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 8: In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one thing on
Speaker 8: their minds, sword Quest. This wasn't just a new game.
Speaker 8: Atari promised one hundred and fifty grand in prizes to
Speaker 8: four finalists, but the prizes disappeared, and what started as
Speaker 8: a video game promotion became one of the most controversial
Speaker 8: moments in eighties pop culture.
Speaker 1: I just don't believe they exist.
Speaker 5: Every by reactions shock at all.
Speaker 3: That sword was amazing, It was so beautiful.
Speaker 8: I'm Jamie Loftis. Join me this spring for the Legend
Speaker 8: of sword Quest, a podcast about the fall of Atari
Speaker 8: and the disappearing sword Quest prizes. We'll follow the quest
Speaker 8: for lost treasure across four decades.
Speaker 9: It's almost like a metaphor for the industry and Atari
Speaker 9: itself in a way.
Speaker 8: Listen to the Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app,
Speaker 8: Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 16: We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a
Speaker 16: kite and no rain, but those twomen are the most
Speaker 16: important scientific discoveries of the time.
Speaker 1: I'm Evan Ratliffe.
Speaker 14: Last season, we tackled the ingenuity of Elon Musk with
Speaker 14: biographer Walter Isaacson. This time we're diving into the story
Speaker 14: of Benjamin Franklin, another genius who's desperate to be dusted
Speaker 14: off from him.
Speaker 16: His media empire makes him the most successful self made
Speaker 16: business person in America. I mean he was never early
Speaker 16: to bed, an early to rise type person. He's enormously famous.
Speaker 16: Women start wearing their hair and what was called the
Speaker 16: coiffor a la Franklin.
Speaker 14: And who's more relevant now than ever.
Speaker 16: The only other person who could have possibly been the
Speaker 16: first president would have been Benjamin Franklin, but he's too
Speaker 16: old and once Washington been doing.
Speaker 14: Listen to on Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the
Speaker 14: iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 1: This is like totally territory for speculation and philosophy. We
Speaker 1: have pretty good theories about what happened during the Big Bang,
Speaker 1: this idea of the inflation. We even have some experimental
Speaker 1: evidence to back it up. And it's a pretty solid
Speaker 1: theory these days that inflation happened.
Speaker 9: But what do you mean experimental? Like we can measure
Speaker 9: the Big Bang?
Speaker 1: Can we right? So we can't go back in time
Speaker 1: and see it right, but we can do things like
Speaker 1: detectives do after a murder, and we can look for
Speaker 1: clues and say, are the clues that we see in
Speaker 1: the universe today consistent with this story or with that
Speaker 1: other story. Right, so we can sift through the clues
Speaker 1: from the Big Bang and say, it looks like the
Speaker 1: universe was created and if inflation happened, it probably created
Speaker 1: these ripples in that plasma, and we can see those
Speaker 1: ripples in the cosmic microwave background radiation. It's really an
Speaker 1: incredible golden age of cosmology. They're doing all this really
Speaker 1: precision work to understand exactly what happened and what we know.
Speaker 9: So, but we can only see up to a certain
Speaker 9: points only before that is just the speculation.
Speaker 1: Before that, it's just speculation. So one popular idea is
Speaker 1: that there's this kind of matter called inflationary matter or inflantons,
Speaker 1: and it has some weird gravitational properties, and those gravitational
Speaker 1: properties cause inflation.
Speaker 9: Like suddenly they came into being inside of this hot
Speaker 9: mess and it's like we need to get out of here.
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's this never ending loop of questions. Right, So
Speaker 1: you say, well, the Big Bang was inflation. What caused inflation?
Speaker 1: Inflationary matter? Well, what created inflationary matter? It's like dot
Speaker 1: dot dot. You could just keep asking that question forever,
Speaker 1: and I think we will be asking that question forever,
Speaker 1: We'll always be pushing back and trying to understand, and
Speaker 1: until we get back to negative infinity in time, we're
Speaker 1: never going to have like a solid answer. But that's
Speaker 1: part of the fun, right, It's not like it's the
Speaker 1: journey as much as the destination.
Speaker 9: But there's some cool ideas there about what happened before
Speaker 9: that point.
Speaker 1: Right, that's right. Yeah, Like maybe the whole universe was
Speaker 1: filled with inflationary matter and in some places it decayed
Speaker 1: into normal matter and then inflation happened. And if that's
Speaker 1: the case, then you have like our universe is one
Speaker 1: spot inside some huge mega universe of inflationary matter, and
Speaker 1: maybe at other points in the in that mega universe
Speaker 1: there are also other dots that turned into what we
Speaker 1: call pocket universes.
Speaker 9: Were like the zits of the the face of the
Speaker 9: of the mega universe.
Speaker 1: Mega is its on the mega universe.
Speaker 9: Yeah, and that's maybe like our universe is just like
Speaker 9: a little bubble in a big sea of other bubbles.
Speaker 1: That's right, exactly.
Speaker 9: That's one idea.
Speaker 1: That's one idea, and we have no way to really
Speaker 1: to test that idea. Is the problem, because there's no
Speaker 1: way for us to ever reach those other bubbles, because
Speaker 1: if that's the case, if that's really the reality of our,
Speaker 1: of our, of the situation of nature, it means that
Speaker 1: inflation is still happening because that inflationary matter is still
Speaker 1: constantly expanding. So those other universes, those other bubbles, are
Speaker 1: getting pushed away from us much much faster than the speed.
Speaker 9: Of light, because it'll never hang out.
Speaker 1: You can't send a message to there, you can't ever
Speaker 1: see it, you can't ever go there. And scientifically that's
Speaker 1: a big problem, not because I really want to go
Speaker 1: to the beaches in some other bubble universe, but because
Speaker 1: if you want to prove that it's true, you have
Speaker 1: to do an experiment, you have to find some evidence.
Speaker 1: You have to do you have to have a theory
Speaker 1: that can be confirmed. If you have a theory that
Speaker 1: predicts something you can never test, and it's not really
Speaker 1: a scientific theory or a useful one, it's right, it's
Speaker 1: like saying to guess, Yeah, it's a guess, and.
Speaker 9: That's one theory. Maybe we're a bubble in a sea
Speaker 9: of other universes. What's another idea for what happened before
Speaker 9: the Big Bang?
Speaker 1: Well, another idea is that maybe there's a cycle, right,
Speaker 1: maybe the Big Bang was caused by a big crunch, right,
Speaker 1: And to understand that you have to think about sort
Speaker 1: of the future first, Like, so the Big Bang happened,
Speaker 1: everything expands out, and then one question is like are
Speaker 1: things going to keep expanding? We don't really know, but
Speaker 1: one possibilities they keep expanding forever and the universe just
Speaker 1: sort of drifts out into this endlessly cold, boring, bland situation.
Speaker 1: But another possibility is that it slows down, stops, and
Speaker 1: then falls back in. Right, Everything rushes back and gravity
Speaker 1: pulls everything back into it to recreate that hots Yeah, deflation,
Speaker 1: I think you just invented.
Speaker 9: Can I go back and change it to my son's name?
Speaker 1: Ollivation. The deflation theory would say that the universe comes back, falls.
Speaker 9: And then collapses back into a little hot mess again.
Speaker 1: A little hot mess. It's like recovering your youth, right,
Speaker 1: It's like a middle aged crisis or.
Speaker 9: Whatever, and then it just bounces back again.
Speaker 1: Yeah, and that would be a cycle. So a big crunch,
Speaker 1: big bang, big crunch, big bang.
Speaker 9: That could be big Bang US, big crunch, big bang again,
Speaker 9: maybe somebody else, somebody else.
Speaker 1: Better looking versions of us.
Speaker 9: Yeah, impossible, impossibly. Yeah. So that's another idea, is that
Speaker 9: would happen before is like more and more universes.
Speaker 1: Yeah. And there's something nice about that because it explains
Speaker 1: both that our universe had a beginning and it also
Speaker 1: gives you an explanation for what happened all the way
Speaker 1: back to the beginning of time, because it returns to
Speaker 1: the possibility of the universe is infinitely old, right, because
Speaker 1: that could have been happening forever. It allows you to
Speaker 1: have this sort of finite of time for our universe
Speaker 1: without limiting you to finiteeness for the whole universe, sort of.
Speaker 9: Like the right time could be infinite, but space could
Speaker 9: be finite.
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Yeah, And that brings us to the
Speaker 1: last crazy idea, which is maybe there was nothing before
Speaker 1: the Big Bang.
Speaker 9: I mean nothing time.
Speaker 1: Not even time, right. We think space was created in
Speaker 1: the Big Bang and space has expanded and all that stuff, and.
Speaker 9: So there could have been no time, no space before.
Speaker 1: No space and no time, right, And it's hard to
Speaker 1: even wrap your mind around what that is. I mean,
Speaker 1: we have a hard time imagining, like what will happen
Speaker 1: after we die? Well, the universe continue without us right
Speaker 1: now trying to imagine the universe without space and time.
Speaker 1: What does that even mean? And you have to think
Speaker 1: also about what time is itself? Like, what does it
Speaker 1: mean for there to not be time? Right, there's no
Speaker 1: time in which there's no time. There's no time for
Speaker 1: that to happen, right, And a lot of people think
Speaker 1: about time as sort of the organized principle of the universe.
Speaker 1: Maybe you've heard of the second law through my dynamics
Speaker 1: that tells us that entropy is always increasing in the universe,
Speaker 1: and so they.
Speaker 9: Imagine things are getting messier.
Speaker 1: Things are getting messier and forward in time, that's right,
Speaker 1: getting more and more spread out, forward in time. And
Speaker 1: so some people think that that is time. The time
Speaker 1: is measured by entropy and created by entropy, and that
Speaker 1: before the Big Bang, if there was if there was nothing,
Speaker 1: no space, then there was no time. And that sounds
Speaker 1: like an odd idea, but in other ways we're very
Speaker 1: familiar with it. Like you know, if you stand on
Speaker 1: the North Pole and you ask which way is north, well,
Speaker 1: there is nothing north in the north. You blew us up.
Speaker 1: I'm going to write to Stephen Hockey and tell that's
Speaker 1: actually his His phrase is you know, maybe this's no
Speaker 1: north of north.
Speaker 9: North, there's no before yeah, zero time.
Speaker 1: Yeah, because if you're standing on a sphere and you're
Speaker 1: the north pole of it, there's nowhere to go, nowhere
Speaker 1: to go, there's no more northiness.
Speaker 9: Can the tape ends when you try to rewind it more.
Speaker 1: That's right, and that's something we're comfortable with. We're accepting
Speaker 1: the fact that a sphere has like a limit and edge,
Speaker 1: and it's reasonable for that for there be nothing beyond it.
Speaker 1: But when we think of time, we tend to think
Speaker 1: of in a line, and so we want there to
Speaker 1: be something before it, or at least for there to
Speaker 1: be a reason why it started here and not somewhere
Speaker 1: else or some other other you know, time or it's
Speaker 1: a very natural, i think idea to have intuitively to
Speaker 1: think that something should have been before then. But it
Speaker 1: could be that there was nothing. That the things were
Speaker 1: created at that moment and there was nothing before the.
Speaker 9: Here and then we came. Yeah, we dropped the mic.
Speaker 1: We came. We made this podcast, and that's a summary
Speaker 1: of all the whole universe in a nutshell. And you know,
Speaker 1: any of those theories, First of all, those are very
Speaker 1: difficult to test, and it's hard to imagine how we'll
Speaker 1: ever know. Right, it might be that there aren't any
Speaker 1: clues in the rubble of the universe to tell us
Speaker 1: which one is, which one is? Which there might be,
Speaker 1: although I'd like to have faith in future scientists coming
Speaker 1: up with clever ideas for ways to test these theories
Speaker 1: which right now seem impossible to test. But in the
Speaker 1: future people.
Speaker 9: Can gave everybody able to see beyond the Big Bang.
Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe maybe they'll find some evidence in the current
Speaker 1: ubble that tells them, oh, is this or is that?
Speaker 1: Or is the other thing? But even if you get there,
Speaker 1: imagine having an answer to one of these questions.
Speaker 9: Right, what do you think knowing what happened before the
Speaker 9: Big Bang would tell you like, how would how would
Speaker 9: it change your life?
Speaker 1: I think it would change everybody's life. I think it's
Speaker 1: the kind of knowledge that would filter into like the
Speaker 1: global consciousness. Think about like how quantum mechanics has changed
Speaker 1: the way people think about things. But there's randomness in
Speaker 1: the universe, right, the universe is not following a fixed
Speaker 1: set of rules, but that those rules have fuzz in them.
Speaker 9: You think it's changed the global consciousness?
Speaker 1: Absolutely and not just in New ag people who you know,
Speaker 1: but in everybody thinking about the universes being a little
Speaker 1: different from what they imagine. Do you have a question
Speaker 1: you wish we would cover. We'd love to hear from you.
Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at
Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at
Speaker 1: Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. When you pop a piece
Speaker 1: of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about
Speaker 1: the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are.
Speaker 1: That's why they're working hard every day to find new
Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down
Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many
Speaker 1: farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure
Speaker 1: into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars.
Speaker 1: Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.
Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Speaker 2: Black Effects original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit
Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to
Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a
Speaker 2: busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black
Speaker 2: Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,
Speaker 2: or wherever.
Speaker 1: You get your podcasts.
Speaker 3: The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 3: Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're
Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new
Speaker 3: hopeful season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science
Speaker 3: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and
Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and
Speaker 7: that we can do better.
Speaker 3: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you
Speaker 3: listen to podcasts.
Speaker 4: From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs.
Speaker 4: Web MD's Health Discovered PODCAS keeps you up to date
Speaker 4: on today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations
Speaker 4: with experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how
Speaker 4: today's health news will impact your life tomorrow.
Speaker 5: It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy.
Speaker 5: It's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and
Speaker 5: we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in
Speaker 5: each other.
Speaker 4: Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or
Speaker 4: wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 11: I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Burne.
Speaker 10: We are two cool moms. We certainly are.
Speaker 1: And guess where we could find us now? Oh, I
Speaker 1: don't know the iHeart podcast network. That's right.
Speaker 8: We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super excited about it.
Speaker 1: I am too.
Speaker 13: I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast,
Speaker 13: but now it's even more funer and cooler and hardier.
Speaker 1: That's right, it's more ieheartier. I knew it.
Speaker 8: Check your heart rate.
Speaker 10: We're here at iHeart.
Speaker 7: Yeah.
Speaker 14: You could find us wherever you listen to your podcasts,
Speaker 14: or on the iHeartRadio app.