WEBVTT - Classic episode - What came before the Big Bang? 0:00:00.080 --> 0:00:03.159 If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It comes 0:00:03.160 --> 0:00:06.400 with the privacy and security you expect from Apple. Plus, 0:00:06.480 --> 0:00:09.119 you earn up to three percent daily cash back on 0:00:09.240 --> 0:00:12.440 every purchase, which can automatically earn interest when you open 0:00:12.480 --> 0:00:15.360 a high yield savings account through Apple Card. 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Listen to Black 0:00:49.600 --> 0:00:53.480 Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts, 0:00:53.600 --> 0:00:55.400 or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:00:55.440 --> 0:00:58.240 So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 0:00:58.480 --> 0:01:01.720 From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs, 0:01:01.920 --> 0:01:05.600 WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on 0:01:05.640 --> 0:01:09.360 today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations with 0:01:09.480 --> 0:01:13.640 experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how today's 0:01:13.640 --> 0:01:15.880 health news will impact your life tomorrow. 0:01:16.319 --> 0:01:18.600 It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy, 0:01:18.640 --> 0:01:21.080 it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and 0:01:21.120 --> 0:01:23.440 we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in 0:01:23.480 --> 0:01:23.880 each other. 0:01:24.400 --> 0:01:27.840 Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or 0:01:27.880 --> 0:01:29.200 wherever you get your podcasts. 0:01:29.440 --> 0:01:32.600 I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 0:01:33.040 --> 0:01:33.880 As the US. 0:01:33.680 --> 0:01:37.440 Elections approach, it can feel like we're angrier and more 0:01:37.480 --> 0:01:41.760 divided than ever, But in a new copule season of 0:01:41.800 --> 0:01:44.959 my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really shows that 0:01:45.000 --> 0:01:47.760 we're surprisingly more united than most people think. 0:01:48.040 --> 0:01:50.880 We all know something is wrong in our culture and 0:01:50.960 --> 0:01:53.640 our politics, and that we need to do better and 0:01:53.680 --> 0:01:54.720 that we can be better. 0:01:54.960 --> 0:01:58.760 Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 0:01:58.800 --> 0:01:59.840 listen to podcasts. 0:02:00.680 --> 0:02:03.800 In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one game on 0:02:03.920 --> 0:02:07.720 their minds, sword Quest, because the company had promised one 0:02:07.800 --> 0:02:10.720 hundred and fifty grand in prizes to four finalists, but 0:02:10.760 --> 0:02:14.600 the prizes disappeared, leading to one of the biggest controversies 0:02:14.639 --> 0:02:17.959 in eighties pop culture. I'm Jamie Loftus. Join me this 0:02:18.080 --> 0:02:21.160 spring for the Legend of sword Quest. We'll follow the 0:02:21.240 --> 0:02:25.040 quest for lost treasure across four decades. Listen to the 0:02:25.120 --> 0:02:28.520 Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcast 0:02:28.760 --> 0:02:31.240 or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:02:36.240 --> 0:02:38.560 What if you thought, as an adult that you've been 0:02:38.560 --> 0:02:41.280 alive forever and then you discovered no, you actually had 0:02:41.280 --> 0:02:43.200 a childhood and you were born, and you would want 0:02:43.240 --> 0:02:43.720 to know all. 0:02:43.639 --> 0:02:45.320 About that and how can it will be surprising? 0:02:45.520 --> 0:02:48.160 That would be surprising, And actually that's sort of the 0:02:48.200 --> 0:02:51.480 situation science was in for a long time. Astronomers thought 0:02:51.720 --> 0:02:54.680 the universe is fixed, it's constant. All the stars are 0:02:54.720 --> 0:02:57.200 just sort of hanging out there in space, not moving, 0:02:57.360 --> 0:03:10.960 and they'd been like that forever. Hi, I'm Daniel. 0:03:11.400 --> 0:03:12.560 Is this Jorge So. 0:03:12.720 --> 0:03:16.160 I'm a particle physicist. I smash protons together at cerned 0:03:16.160 --> 0:03:18.160 in my day job to try to figure out what 0:03:18.280 --> 0:03:19.840 is the basic nature of matter? 0:03:19.960 --> 0:03:21.360 What do you smash as a hobby ban. 0:03:21.440 --> 0:03:23.280 Yeah, we know. When you're a particle physicist, you learn 0:03:23.360 --> 0:03:27.000 to solve problems by smashing stuff together. So whatever's around me. 0:03:27.520 --> 0:03:30.280 And I'm a cartoonist and my job is to sit 0:03:30.360 --> 0:03:32.640 in my pajamas all day and draw funny things. 0:03:32.840 --> 0:03:34.880 That's not how you started, right. You didn't grow up 0:03:34.880 --> 0:03:36.360 thinking I'm going to be a cartoonist. 0:03:36.640 --> 0:03:39.160 No. I started off as a researcher. I'm an engineer. 0:03:39.200 --> 0:03:41.640 I studied robotics. I have a PhD in robotics. But 0:03:41.920 --> 0:03:46.000 somewhere along the line, I started drawing comics and that 0:03:46.120 --> 0:03:47.040 kind of took off for me. 0:03:47.400 --> 0:03:49.760 And this is our podcast Daniel and Jorge. 0:03:49.680 --> 0:03:53.760 Explain the Universe. Today. We're going to talk about how 0:03:53.800 --> 0:03:54.360 it all began. 0:03:54.760 --> 0:04:02.280 The biggest of questions, the Big Bang. 0:04:03.920 --> 0:04:07.520 What happened at the very beginning of the universe? 0:04:07.760 --> 0:04:10.440 What happened before the Big Bang? It's a pretty deep, 0:04:10.640 --> 0:04:13.160 basic question about the origin of our universe. What do 0:04:13.200 --> 0:04:14.880 you think about it, what do you know about it? 0:04:14.920 --> 0:04:17.839 What do you imagine might have happened before the start 0:04:17.880 --> 0:04:20.559 of our universe. We went out and we asked people 0:04:20.560 --> 0:04:23.000 on the street what they thought happened just before the 0:04:23.000 --> 0:04:23.520 Big Bang. 0:04:24.480 --> 0:04:27.520 Well, there was a bunch of particles in the universe, 0:04:27.560 --> 0:04:30.039 and then the combined together and poof. 0:04:30.320 --> 0:04:34.960 You created it had all the energy of the universe. 0:04:35.120 --> 0:04:37.040 So then when. 0:04:38.279 --> 0:04:40.599 It happened, that's how it was all dispersed. 0:04:41.000 --> 0:04:43.360 So most people seem to have some idea that, first 0:04:43.400 --> 0:04:45.240 of all, the Big Bang is more than just a 0:04:45.279 --> 0:04:48.400 TV show, right, Right. The idea for the science came 0:04:48.440 --> 0:04:50.840 before the TV show. I was kind of relieved to hear. 0:04:50.760 --> 0:04:53.799 That everyone seems to know it's it sort of marks 0:04:53.880 --> 0:04:55.400 the beginning of the universe. 0:04:55.120 --> 0:04:57.800 Right, It's a moment of creation or the starting of 0:04:57.839 --> 0:05:00.240 the clock of the universe. Right, everything came from? 0:05:00.440 --> 0:05:05.640 But what exactly happened during the Big Bang? And most interestingly, 0:05:06.040 --> 0:05:08.520 what happened before the Big Bank? 0:05:09.040 --> 0:05:12.039 Right? And that's fascinating to me. And these are the 0:05:12.040 --> 0:05:14.560 best questions, the ones that like try to answer the 0:05:14.640 --> 0:05:17.239 question where did everything come from? It sort of touches 0:05:17.320 --> 0:05:19.960 on the philosophical like why are we here? If you 0:05:20.040 --> 0:05:22.200 knew how the Big Bang happened and how the universe 0:05:22.279 --> 0:05:24.800 was created, you might get some insight into what the 0:05:24.839 --> 0:05:27.039 purpose of life is or how to live your life 0:05:27.120 --> 0:05:28.880 or stuff. So to me, these are like really good, 0:05:29.040 --> 0:05:30.240 deep basic questions. 0:05:34.960 --> 0:05:37.240 So we made a list of the four things we 0:05:37.279 --> 0:05:39.679 think you should know about the Big Bang. The first 0:05:39.680 --> 0:05:44.200 one is that the entire universe was once really small. 0:05:46.640 --> 0:05:48.720 Maybe we think, let's talk about that. What do you 0:05:48.800 --> 0:05:49.680 mean maybe, Well. 0:05:49.520 --> 0:05:52.040 It's an interesting question. We know that the universe had 0:05:52.080 --> 0:05:53.760 a beginning, right, and how do we know that. We 0:05:53.800 --> 0:05:56.200 know that because things are expanding, things are moving away 0:05:56.240 --> 0:05:58.400 from each other. Okay, that was the major discovery. Like 0:05:58.440 --> 0:06:01.200 one hundred years ago, looked out in the stars and 0:06:01.320 --> 0:06:03.240 discovered that they're all moving away from us. 0:06:03.400 --> 0:06:05.880 Okay, so like we thought everything would still like we 0:06:05.880 --> 0:06:08.479 were frozen in a gel or something. The stars would 0:06:08.560 --> 0:06:11.919 just like there are sitting there. Yeah, generally speaking, But 0:06:11.960 --> 0:06:14.599 then they discovered that they actually things are moving away 0:06:14.600 --> 0:06:15.120 from each other. 0:06:15.440 --> 0:06:17.800 That's right, and everything is moving away from us, and 0:06:17.839 --> 0:06:20.280 everything is moving away from everything else. They just looked 0:06:20.279 --> 0:06:22.600 at stars, and you can measure how fast a star 0:06:22.720 --> 0:06:26.440 is moving relative to us by seeing how its light 0:06:26.560 --> 0:06:29.559 is stretched or shrunk, depending on whether it's moving away 0:06:29.560 --> 0:06:32.000 from us or towards It's like a Doppler shift. 0:06:32.000 --> 0:06:35.520 Like the highway patrol measuring your speed. You can sort 0:06:35.520 --> 0:06:36.960 of you can tell how fast you're going. 0:06:37.080 --> 0:06:37.760 Yeah, exactly. 0:06:37.839 --> 0:06:39.560 It's not like they looked at the stars and said 0:06:39.560 --> 0:06:42.320 oh now it's down one's over there. It must have moved. 0:06:42.360 --> 0:06:44.160 It's like it's some other information, right, right. 0:06:44.240 --> 0:06:45.640 So they looked out there and they measured all this 0:06:45.640 --> 0:06:48.520 stuff and they said, whoa, everything's stretching out and moving 0:06:48.560 --> 0:06:51.480 away from each other. So then the very natural consequences 0:06:51.480 --> 0:06:53.920 to say, well, run that backwards. What does that mean? 0:06:53.960 --> 0:06:56.960 It means things might have been smaller and more dense 0:06:57.279 --> 0:06:59.120 and maybe even come from a little. 0:06:58.839 --> 0:07:00.840 Spot like if you hit the rewind bun, if you 0:07:00.839 --> 0:07:03.200 see things make getting bigger. Now, if you had the 0:07:03.200 --> 0:07:06.920 rewind bun wow for a while, what happens exactly? 0:07:07.120 --> 0:07:09.200 And those are the mental games people were playing. And 0:07:09.279 --> 0:07:12.320 actually the phrase big Bang was a joke that people 0:07:12.360 --> 0:07:14.520 made up to mock that idea. They're like, look, how 0:07:14.640 --> 0:07:15.880 ridiculous this idea is. 0:07:15.880 --> 0:07:17.560 It is kind of a silly sounding name, right. 0:07:17.600 --> 0:07:18.560 Yeah, it was whimsical. 0:07:18.560 --> 0:07:18.760 It was. 0:07:19.200 --> 0:07:21.240 It was like a Donald Trump insult, you know, for 0:07:21.640 --> 0:07:22.640 somebody else's. 0:07:22.640 --> 0:07:23.320 Big lee Bang. 0:07:23.440 --> 0:07:25.400 Yes, exactly, the Big Bang. 0:07:25.680 --> 0:07:28.280 Well, if you were like a respectable scientist today and 0:07:28.320 --> 0:07:31.600 you had to name this event, you wouldn't call it 0:07:31.600 --> 0:07:33.320 the big Bang, or you think that it was a 0:07:33.360 --> 0:07:33.800 good name. 0:07:34.040 --> 0:07:37.560 Oh man, if I was on a marketing committee discover 0:07:37.840 --> 0:07:41.720 the new name for it, the Moment of Creation. Now, 0:07:41.800 --> 0:07:44.560 I think Big Bang is actually pretty good, you know, Yeah, 0:07:44.640 --> 0:07:47.720 you got your alliteration. It's short, it's pithy, you know, 0:07:47.800 --> 0:07:49.880 it's okay, it's pretty well done. I think that's probably 0:07:49.880 --> 0:07:50.720 why it survived so. 0:07:50.720 --> 0:07:53.320 Long, because everyone wants the universe to start with the bank. 0:07:55.960 --> 0:07:56.400 That's right. 0:07:56.560 --> 0:07:59.600 So you played back the movie of the universe and 0:08:00.080 --> 0:08:04.240 tells us that everything was once much closer together, and 0:08:04.280 --> 0:08:06.520 then much much closer, and then much much closer, and 0:08:06.560 --> 0:08:10.440 if you keep thinking about it, things may have been 0:08:10.520 --> 0:08:12.520 really really really close together. That's right. 0:08:12.560 --> 0:08:15.600 Yeah, they just keep extrapolating down to a point. And 0:08:15.920 --> 0:08:18.040 around the same time, Einstein came up with all of 0:08:18.040 --> 0:08:20.800 his ideas of general relativity and thinking about gravity and 0:08:20.840 --> 0:08:23.240 how the universe works, and people were playing with those 0:08:23.240 --> 0:08:26.960 equations and discovering that those equations actually predicted that the 0:08:27.040 --> 0:08:29.360 universe could start from a point. They were consistent with 0:08:29.440 --> 0:08:30.960 Einstein's ideas of gravity. 0:08:31.160 --> 0:08:31.560 What do you mean? 0:08:31.600 --> 0:08:36.480 It was consistent, meaning that you can construct a universe 0:08:36.800 --> 0:08:39.200 that starts from a point and then it blows up 0:08:39.200 --> 0:08:42.760 and expands, And that totally makes sense from an einstein 0:08:43.040 --> 0:08:49.040 gravity point of view, like it follows the rules, it's allowed, okay. 0:08:48.040 --> 0:08:51.560 Meaning that nothing weird happens, Like you can cram that 0:08:51.600 --> 0:08:53.040 much stuff into such a small. 0:08:52.800 --> 0:08:57.600 Space according to Einstein, right, what is he know, which 0:08:57.640 --> 0:09:00.400 is pretty well accepted as a smart guy was already's 0:09:00.400 --> 0:09:03.200 talking about. But you know there are some issues there. 0:09:03.880 --> 0:09:07.400 The original idea was the Big Bang was this really dense, 0:09:07.440 --> 0:09:09.760 hot blob of stuff and then it blew up and 0:09:09.880 --> 0:09:12.760 expanded into things we know. And you know, that was 0:09:12.800 --> 0:09:15.000 a weird idea for a long time, and people didn't 0:09:15.000 --> 0:09:16.720 believe it for a long time. It was in the 0:09:16.800 --> 0:09:20.040 sixties that they finally found the first like concrete piece 0:09:20.080 --> 0:09:22.840 of evidence that maybe the Big Bang had happened, right, 0:09:23.000 --> 0:09:25.760 And that's when they discovered the thing called the cosmic 0:09:25.840 --> 0:09:27.160 microwave background radiation. 0:09:27.760 --> 0:09:30.640 So it was weird to think about so much stuff 0:09:30.640 --> 0:09:33.920 and matter and stars and being cramped to small space. 0:09:34.200 --> 0:09:37.560 Yeah, because it meant the universe wasn't always this dark 0:09:37.600 --> 0:09:39.960 and cold and empty place that we know today. It 0:09:40.040 --> 0:09:42.440 was like a hot, dense blob like the center of 0:09:42.440 --> 0:09:42.800 the sun. 0:09:42.880 --> 0:09:43.679 It was a hot mess. 0:09:43.800 --> 0:09:47.000 It was a hot mess exactly. The universe was not 0:09:47.080 --> 0:09:48.360 well organized when it was young. 0:09:50.679 --> 0:09:53.760 So yeah, so they said, okay, now, but now they 0:09:53.800 --> 0:09:58.000 saw something like you call it the cosmic microwave baground radiation. 0:09:58.280 --> 0:10:01.320 That said, yes, that's a your indication things were a 0:10:01.320 --> 0:10:02.160 hot mess before. 0:10:02.360 --> 0:10:05.000 Yeah, they said, if things were really hot and dense 0:10:05.160 --> 0:10:07.400 a long time ago, then they should have given off 0:10:07.440 --> 0:10:09.280 this special kind of light and we should still be 0:10:09.320 --> 0:10:11.000 able to see it today. And they went out and 0:10:11.040 --> 0:10:14.000 they found it. You can see it like you can 0:10:14.040 --> 0:10:17.040 see it if you have a special radio telescope. And 0:10:17.160 --> 0:10:19.640 some guys built a fancy radio telescope. They weren't even 0:10:19.640 --> 0:10:22.760 actually looking for this background radiation and they just had 0:10:22.760 --> 0:10:26.160 a hiss in their telescope. They had this noise in 0:10:26.200 --> 0:10:30.000 their telescope. And coincidentally, some people a couple of years 0:10:30.040 --> 0:10:32.640 earlier had predicted, oh, if you build this kind of telescope, 0:10:32.679 --> 0:10:35.080 you'll and the big bang happened, you'll hear this hiss. 0:10:35.280 --> 0:10:37.040 And they turned on their telescope they heard this hiss 0:10:37.040 --> 0:10:38.480 and they're like, what is this. We can't get rid 0:10:38.520 --> 0:10:40.480 of this noise. And then two years later they won 0:10:40.520 --> 0:10:41.480 the Nobel Prize. 0:10:41.600 --> 0:10:42.560 That's a great discovery. 0:10:42.600 --> 0:10:44.440 It's a pretty you're going to get fired. 0:10:44.480 --> 0:10:47.200 But then they're like, oh, that mistake you made. It's 0:10:47.240 --> 0:10:48.520 the discovery of the universe. 0:10:49.920 --> 0:10:50.400 That's right. 0:10:50.640 --> 0:10:52.680 So that's the big Bang. It's everything was once really 0:10:52.720 --> 0:10:55.880 small and then it just kind of exploded out into 0:10:55.880 --> 0:10:57.120 what we have today. 0:10:57.440 --> 0:10:59.680 That's right. That's the whole idea, is that the universe 0:10:59.720 --> 0:11:02.440 has a beginning and then it expanded into what we 0:11:02.520 --> 0:11:05.480 know today. And that was the sort of first idea 0:11:05.480 --> 0:11:08.400 of the Big Bang, like maybe everything came from a 0:11:08.520 --> 0:11:10.679 point and people, a lot of people, when they think 0:11:10.720 --> 0:11:12.800 about the Big Bang, they think about the universe starting 0:11:13.000 --> 0:11:17.440 in a singularity, meaning a bunch of stuff in zero volume. 0:11:17.160 --> 0:11:19.080 All of it on top of each other, in the 0:11:19.200 --> 0:11:22.520 same zero space exactly. 0:11:22.559 --> 0:11:25.199 And it's mind blowing to imagine, Like, take the Sun 0:11:25.520 --> 0:11:28.280 and cram it down into the amount of space you 0:11:28.320 --> 0:11:30.679 have for a grain of sand. Hard to imagine right now, 0:11:30.720 --> 0:11:34.160 make it even smaller. Now, add every other star in 0:11:34.200 --> 0:11:37.080 the universe on top of it. It's like your brain 0:11:37.120 --> 0:11:41.920 can right, Yeah, it's it's not really the same thing. 0:11:41.960 --> 0:11:45.240 It's just all the energy, all the energy density that 0:11:45.280 --> 0:11:48.000 we currently have in the universe was crammed into that 0:11:48.040 --> 0:11:50.560 tiny little space. That was sort of the early idea 0:11:50.640 --> 0:11:53.560 and you can imagine like a big empty universe of 0:11:53.600 --> 0:11:56.640 space with a tiny dot of matter in it, And 0:11:56.679 --> 0:11:59.600 of course that engenders a lot of questions like where 0:11:59.600 --> 0:12:01.480 did that? Any doubt a better come from it? Right? 0:12:01.920 --> 0:12:05.080 Was there only one? How was it created? 0:12:05.160 --> 0:12:05.360 Right? 0:12:05.600 --> 0:12:07.920 But before we keep going, let's take a short break. 0:12:11.800 --> 0:12:14.840 AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. 0:12:15.080 --> 0:12:18.320 It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are 0:12:18.320 --> 0:12:22.560 being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI 0:12:22.679 --> 0:12:25.480 needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how 0:12:25.520 --> 0:12:28.680 do you compete without cost spiraling out of control? It's 0:12:28.720 --> 0:12:31.040 time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud. 0:12:31.360 --> 0:12:36.520 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform 0:12:36.559 --> 0:12:41.439 for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. 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Slash Strategic. 0:13:05.120 --> 0:13:10.360 That's Oracle dot com slash strategic, Oracle dot com slash strategic. 0:13:11.320 --> 0:13:13.319 I'm buzs Night and I'm the host of the Taking 0:13:13.360 --> 0:13:16.600 a Walk podcast Music History on Foot John Oates. 0:13:16.600 --> 0:13:20.720 Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to 0:13:20.800 --> 0:13:23.600 know that i was part of something that will endure. 0:13:23.760 --> 0:13:27.640 The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with 0:13:27.840 --> 0:13:31.120 musicians and the inside stories behind their music. 0:13:31.240 --> 0:13:34.160 Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone 0:13:34.160 --> 0:13:36.960 that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby. 0:13:37.559 --> 0:13:40.920 David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of 0:13:40.920 --> 0:13:45.760 around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who 0:13:45.840 --> 0:13:47.000 is Cass Elliott's sister. 0:13:47.160 --> 0:13:51.120 The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with 0:13:51.280 --> 0:13:56.720 musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of the Heartbreakers. 0:13:56.000 --> 0:13:58.360 It is correct. I rarely worked things out. I like 0:13:58.440 --> 0:14:00.560 to go off the cup and try to rap things 0:14:00.559 --> 0:14:02.480 out of the air while you're playing the song and 0:14:02.640 --> 0:14:03.760 try to catch a little magic. 0:14:03.840 --> 0:14:07.000 Listen to the Taking a Walk Podcast on the iHeartRadio app, 0:14:07.040 --> 0:14:10.359 Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:14:11.559 --> 0:14:14.520 Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas. The host of a brand new 0:14:14.520 --> 0:14:19.000 Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 0:14:19.040 --> 0:14:22.840 deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas, 0:14:22.920 --> 0:14:26.080 and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant 0:14:26.080 --> 0:14:31.880 community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories. 0:14:32.080 --> 0:14:34.680 Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who 0:14:34.840 --> 0:14:38.000 listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For 0:14:38.080 --> 0:14:42.800 those who find themselves seeking solad, wisdom, and refuge between 0:14:42.840 --> 0:14:46.880 the chapters. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll 0:14:46.920 --> 0:14:51.440 explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect 0:14:51.440 --> 0:14:55.560 classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the 0:14:55.640 --> 0:14:59.200 brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify 0:14:59.240 --> 0:15:02.200 the voices of of Black writers and to bring their 0:15:02.240 --> 0:15:06.080 words to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app, 0:15:06.160 --> 0:15:09.000 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:15:12.000 --> 0:15:15.160 I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 0:15:15.720 --> 0:15:19.200 Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're 0:15:19.200 --> 0:15:23.360 angrier and more divided than every but in a new, 0:15:23.480 --> 0:15:26.400 hopeable season of my podcast, I'll share with the science 0:15:26.560 --> 0:15:30.320 really shows that We're surprisingly more united than most people think. 0:15:30.600 --> 0:15:33.440 We all know something is wrong in our culture and 0:15:33.520 --> 0:15:36.240 our politics, and that we need to do better, and 0:15:36.240 --> 0:15:37.640 that we can do better. 0:15:37.560 --> 0:15:40.080 With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki. 0:15:40.120 --> 0:15:41.000 It's really tragic. 0:15:41.080 --> 0:15:44.000 If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison. 0:15:44.240 --> 0:15:47.120 We'll see that our fellow humans, even though we disagree with, 0:15:47.400 --> 0:15:48.880 are more generous than we assume. 0:15:49.240 --> 0:15:52.480 My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot 0:15:52.520 --> 0:15:56.320 of us are actually looking for a way to disagree 0:15:56.400 --> 0:15:58.280 and still be in relationships. 0:15:57.680 --> 0:15:58.240 With each other. 0:15:58.880 --> 0:16:02.800 All that on the Happiness Listen on the iHeartRadio app, 0:16:03.080 --> 0:16:06.360 Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. 0:16:12.880 --> 0:16:16.400 I'm Carrie Champion and this is season four of Naked Sports, 0:16:16.400 --> 0:16:19.120 where we live at the intersection of sports and culture. 0:16:19.520 --> 0:16:23.200 Up first, I explore the making of a rivalry, Caitlin 0:16:23.280 --> 0:16:25.040 Clark versus Angel Reese. 0:16:25.080 --> 0:16:26.120 I know I'll go down in history. 0:16:26.160 --> 0:16:28.640 People are talking about women's basketball is just because of 0:16:28.720 --> 0:16:29.560 one single game. 0:16:29.600 --> 0:16:31.280 Every great player needs a foil. 0:16:31.520 --> 0:16:33.440 And hear them wise, I just come here and play basketball, 0:16:33.520 --> 0:16:35.040 Ray Kendeled, and that's what I focused on. 0:16:35.160 --> 0:16:38.120 From college to the pros. Clark and Reeves have changed 0:16:38.160 --> 0:16:40.080 the way we consume women's sports. 0:16:40.320 --> 0:16:45.600 Angel Reese is a joy to watch. She is unapologetically black. 0:16:45.760 --> 0:16:46.440 I love her. 0:16:46.920 --> 0:16:49.800 What exactly ignited this fire? Why has it been so 0:16:49.880 --> 0:16:52.760 good for the game? And can the fanfare surrounding these 0:16:52.760 --> 0:16:56.200 two supernovas be sustained? This game is only going to 0:16:56.240 --> 0:16:59.040 get better because the talent is getting better. This new 0:16:59.080 --> 0:17:02.360 season will cover are all things sports and culture. Listen 0:17:02.400 --> 0:17:05.720 to Naked Sports on the Black Effect Podcast Network. iHeartRadio, app, 0:17:05.760 --> 0:17:08.240 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast. 0:17:08.680 --> 0:17:12.200 The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 0:17:19.880 --> 0:17:21.600 Well, so that's the Big Bang, And so the next 0:17:21.640 --> 0:17:24.120 thing people should know is that the Big Bang happened 0:17:24.280 --> 0:17:26.360 about fourteen billion years. 0:17:26.160 --> 0:17:28.680 Ago billion with a b. 0:17:28.040 --> 0:17:30.960 Billion years ago. Yeah, and I can't even remember what 0:17:31.000 --> 0:17:36.000 I did this morning, fourteen minutes ago. That's how old 0:17:36.200 --> 0:17:38.359 universe is from that moment of the Big Bang. 0:17:38.840 --> 0:17:41.560 Yeah, so the universe has been around since the Big 0:17:41.560 --> 0:17:44.160 Bang about fourteen billion years and you know, for scale, 0:17:44.480 --> 0:17:46.240 the Earth has been around about four and a half 0:17:46.320 --> 0:17:48.720 billion years. That's when our solar system was fourned. 0:17:48.920 --> 0:17:50.680 Right, Well, how do you how do we know how 0:17:50.680 --> 0:17:53.600 old the universe is? Like, yeah, like how can you tell? 0:17:53.720 --> 0:17:56.320 Yeah, well, we are seeing it expand, and so the 0:17:56.400 --> 0:17:59.399 simplest way is to just extrapolate back, say how fast 0:17:59.400 --> 0:18:02.560 does it expand? And extrapolate that expansion back until the 0:18:02.680 --> 0:18:03.360 zero point. 0:18:03.600 --> 0:18:07.160 So like if you look at the furthest stars you see, 0:18:07.200 --> 0:18:08.800 you know how fast we're going. You can just like 0:18:09.840 --> 0:18:13.480 hit the rewind button. Yeah, it would take about fourteen 0:18:13.480 --> 0:18:16.440 billion years for it to connect to everything else. 0:18:17.200 --> 0:18:20.200 Yeah, so we're pretty sure that something happened fourteen billion 0:18:20.240 --> 0:18:23.200 years ago. This expansion of space happened fourteen billion years ago. 0:18:23.640 --> 0:18:26.520 But these days scientists are a little fuzzier on what 0:18:26.600 --> 0:18:30.439 exactly the Big Bang was. So idea zero was a 0:18:30.520 --> 0:18:33.320 tiny dot with all the matter and it explodes into 0:18:33.320 --> 0:18:37.919 the universe. Problems with this idea are one that you 0:18:37.960 --> 0:18:41.159 can't really have tiny dots of infinite density, so. 0:18:41.200 --> 0:18:43.040 Einstein told me before you could. 0:18:43.119 --> 0:18:45.920 Well, that was Einstein's idea, and the idea is consistent 0:18:45.920 --> 0:18:49.720 with Einstein's gravity. But Einstein's theories of gravity don't account 0:18:49.760 --> 0:18:53.639 for quantum mechanics. Okay, quantum mechanics when they came after Einstein, 0:18:53.800 --> 0:18:57.440 he was never really very comfortable with and quantum mechanics 0:18:57.560 --> 0:18:59.359 is a whole, big, long story, But the thing we 0:18:59.400 --> 0:19:01.560 need to understand is that it says you can't have 0:19:01.640 --> 0:19:03.879 things that are super duper tiny. There might be a 0:19:03.960 --> 0:19:06.800 smallest space, there might be the smallest distance. 0:19:06.920 --> 0:19:10.920 Get fuzzy. Yeah, like at some point you can't get unfuzzier. 0:19:11.040 --> 0:19:13.560 That's right, exactly. There's a basic unit of fuzziness. Like 0:19:13.640 --> 0:19:17.520 imagine space being pixelated, right, Like you can't talk about 0:19:17.560 --> 0:19:21.160 something smaller than one pixel. So we think that quantum 0:19:21.160 --> 0:19:24.760 mechanics is probably correct. And if you big pixel, the 0:19:24.800 --> 0:19:27.640 big pixel, that's right, the first pixel of the universe. 0:19:28.320 --> 0:19:31.240