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Black Lit 14 00:00:37,159 --> 00:00:39,279 Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to 15 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:42,239 Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a 16 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:46,080 Speaker 2: busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll 17 00:00:46,120 --> 00:00:49,600 Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black 18 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:53,480 Speaker 2: Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts, 19 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:55,400 Speaker 2: or wherever you get your podcasts. 20 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:58,240 Speaker 3: So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 21 00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:01,720 Speaker 4: From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs, 22 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:05,600 Speaker 4: WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on 23 00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 4: today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations with 24 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:13,640 Speaker 4: experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how today's 25 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:15,880 Speaker 4: health news will impact your life tomorrow. 26 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:18,600 Speaker 5: It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy, 27 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:21,080 Speaker 5: it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and 28 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:23,440 Speaker 5: we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in 29 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 5: each other. 30 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:27,840 Speaker 4: Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or 31 00:01:27,880 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 4: wherever you get your podcasts. 32 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:32,600 Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 33 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:33,880 Speaker 6: As the US. 34 00:01:33,680 --> 00:01:37,440 Speaker 3: Elections approach, it can feel like we're angrier and more 35 00:01:37,480 --> 00:01:41,760 Speaker 3: divided than ever, But in a new copule season of 36 00:01:41,800 --> 00:01:44,959 Speaker 3: my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really shows that 37 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 3: we're surprisingly more united than most people think. 38 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and 39 00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:53,640 Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better and 40 00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:54,720 Speaker 7: that we can be better. 41 00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:58,760 Speaker 3: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 42 00:01:58,800 --> 00:01:59,840 Speaker 3: listen to podcasts. 43 00:02:00,680 --> 00:02:03,800 Speaker 8: In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one game on 44 00:02:03,920 --> 00:02:07,720 Speaker 8: their minds, sword Quest, because the company had promised one 45 00:02:07,800 --> 00:02:10,720 Speaker 8: hundred and fifty grand in prizes to four finalists, but 46 00:02:10,760 --> 00:02:14,600 Speaker 8: the prizes disappeared, leading to one of the biggest controversies 47 00:02:14,639 --> 00:02:17,959 Speaker 8: in eighties pop culture. I'm Jamie Loftus. Join me this 48 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:21,160 Speaker 8: spring for the Legend of sword Quest. We'll follow the 49 00:02:21,240 --> 00:02:25,040 Speaker 8: quest for lost treasure across four decades. Listen to the 50 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:28,520 Speaker 8: Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcast 51 00:02:28,760 --> 00:02:31,240 Speaker 8: or wherever you get your podcasts. 52 00:02:36,240 --> 00:02:38,560 Speaker 1: What if you thought, as an adult that you've been 53 00:02:38,560 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 1: alive forever and then you discovered no, you actually had 54 00:02:41,280 --> 00:02:43,200 Speaker 1: a childhood and you were born, and you would want 55 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:43,720 Speaker 1: to know all. 56 00:02:43,639 --> 00:02:45,320 Speaker 9: About that and how can it will be surprising? 57 00:02:45,520 --> 00:02:48,160 Speaker 1: That would be surprising, And actually that's sort of the 58 00:02:48,200 --> 00:02:51,480 Speaker 1: situation science was in for a long time. Astronomers thought 59 00:02:51,720 --> 00:02:54,680 Speaker 1: the universe is fixed, it's constant. All the stars are 60 00:02:54,720 --> 00:02:57,200 Speaker 1: just sort of hanging out there in space, not moving, 61 00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:10,960 Speaker 1: and they'd been like that forever. Hi, I'm Daniel. 62 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:12,560 Speaker 9: Is this Jorge So. 63 00:03:12,720 --> 00:03:16,160 Speaker 1: I'm a particle physicist. I smash protons together at cerned 64 00:03:16,160 --> 00:03:18,160 Speaker 1: in my day job to try to figure out what 65 00:03:18,280 --> 00:03:19,840 Speaker 1: is the basic nature of matter? 66 00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:21,360 Speaker 9: What do you smash as a hobby ban. 67 00:03:21,440 --> 00:03:23,280 Speaker 1: Yeah, we know. When you're a particle physicist, you learn 68 00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:27,000 Speaker 1: to solve problems by smashing stuff together. So whatever's around me. 69 00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:30,280 Speaker 9: And I'm a cartoonist and my job is to sit 70 00:03:30,360 --> 00:03:32,640 Speaker 9: in my pajamas all day and draw funny things. 71 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:34,880 Speaker 1: That's not how you started, right. You didn't grow up 72 00:03:34,880 --> 00:03:36,360 Speaker 1: thinking I'm going to be a cartoonist. 73 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:39,160 Speaker 9: No. I started off as a researcher. I'm an engineer. 74 00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:41,640 Speaker 9: I studied robotics. I have a PhD in robotics. But 75 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:46,000 Speaker 9: somewhere along the line, I started drawing comics and that 76 00:03:46,120 --> 00:03:47,040 Speaker 9: kind of took off for me. 77 00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:49,760 Speaker 1: And this is our podcast Daniel and Jorge. 78 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:53,760 Speaker 9: Explain the Universe. Today. We're going to talk about how 79 00:03:53,800 --> 00:03:54,360 Speaker 9: it all began. 80 00:03:54,760 --> 00:04:02,280 Speaker 1: The biggest of questions, the Big Bang. 81 00:04:03,920 --> 00:04:07,520 Speaker 9: What happened at the very beginning of the universe? 82 00:04:07,760 --> 00:04:10,440 Speaker 1: What happened before the Big Bang? It's a pretty deep, 83 00:04:10,640 --> 00:04:13,160 Speaker 1: basic question about the origin of our universe. What do 84 00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:14,880 Speaker 1: you think about it, what do you know about it? 85 00:04:14,920 --> 00:04:17,839 Speaker 1: What do you imagine might have happened before the start 86 00:04:17,880 --> 00:04:20,559 Speaker 1: of our universe. We went out and we asked people 87 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:23,000 Speaker 1: on the street what they thought happened just before the 88 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:23,520 Speaker 1: Big Bang. 89 00:04:24,480 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 9: Well, there was a bunch of particles in the universe, 90 00:04:27,560 --> 00:04:30,039 Speaker 9: and then the combined together and poof. 91 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:34,960 Speaker 1: You created it had all the energy of the universe. 92 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:37,040 Speaker 9: So then when. 93 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:40,599 Speaker 8: It happened, that's how it was all dispersed. 94 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:43,360 Speaker 1: So most people seem to have some idea that, first 95 00:04:43,400 --> 00:04:45,240 Speaker 1: of all, the Big Bang is more than just a 96 00:04:45,279 --> 00:04:48,400 Speaker 1: TV show, right, Right. The idea for the science came 97 00:04:48,440 --> 00:04:50,840 Speaker 1: before the TV show. I was kind of relieved to hear. 98 00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:53,799 Speaker 9: That everyone seems to know it's it sort of marks 99 00:04:53,880 --> 00:04:55,400 Speaker 9: the beginning of the universe. 100 00:04:55,120 --> 00:04:57,800 Speaker 1: Right, It's a moment of creation or the starting of 101 00:04:57,839 --> 00:05:00,240 Speaker 1: the clock of the universe. Right, everything came from? 102 00:05:00,440 --> 00:05:05,640 Speaker 9: But what exactly happened during the Big Bang? And most interestingly, 103 00:05:06,040 --> 00:05:08,520 Speaker 9: what happened before the Big Bank? 104 00:05:09,040 --> 00:05:12,039 Speaker 1: Right? And that's fascinating to me. And these are the 105 00:05:12,040 --> 00:05:14,560 Speaker 1: best questions, the ones that like try to answer the 106 00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:17,239 Speaker 1: question where did everything come from? It sort of touches 107 00:05:17,320 --> 00:05:19,960 Speaker 1: on the philosophical like why are we here? If you 108 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 1: knew how the Big Bang happened and how the universe 109 00:05:22,279 --> 00:05:24,800 Speaker 1: was created, you might get some insight into what the 110 00:05:24,839 --> 00:05:27,039 Speaker 1: purpose of life is or how to live your life 111 00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:28,880 Speaker 1: or stuff. So to me, these are like really good, 112 00:05:29,040 --> 00:05:30,240 Speaker 1: deep basic questions. 113 00:05:34,960 --> 00:05:37,240 Speaker 9: So we made a list of the four things we 114 00:05:37,279 --> 00:05:39,679 Speaker 9: think you should know about the Big Bang. The first 115 00:05:39,680 --> 00:05:44,200 Speaker 9: one is that the entire universe was once really small. 116 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:48,720 Speaker 9: Maybe we think, let's talk about that. What do you 117 00:05:48,800 --> 00:05:49,680 Speaker 9: mean maybe, Well. 118 00:05:49,520 --> 00:05:52,040 Speaker 1: It's an interesting question. We know that the universe had 119 00:05:52,080 --> 00:05:53,760 Speaker 1: a beginning, right, and how do we know that. We 120 00:05:53,800 --> 00:05:56,200 Speaker 1: know that because things are expanding, things are moving away 121 00:05:56,240 --> 00:05:58,400 Speaker 1: from each other. Okay, that was the major discovery. Like 122 00:05:58,440 --> 00:06:01,200 Speaker 1: one hundred years ago, looked out in the stars and 123 00:06:01,320 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: discovered that they're all moving away from us. 124 00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:05,880 Speaker 9: Okay, so like we thought everything would still like we 125 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:08,479 Speaker 9: were frozen in a gel or something. The stars would 126 00:06:08,560 --> 00:06:11,919 Speaker 9: just like there are sitting there. Yeah, generally speaking, But 127 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:14,599 Speaker 9: then they discovered that they actually things are moving away 128 00:06:14,600 --> 00:06:15,120 Speaker 9: from each other. 129 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:17,800 Speaker 1: That's right, and everything is moving away from us, and 130 00:06:17,839 --> 00:06:20,280 Speaker 1: everything is moving away from everything else. They just looked 131 00:06:20,279 --> 00:06:22,600 Speaker 1: at stars, and you can measure how fast a star 132 00:06:22,720 --> 00:06:26,440 Speaker 1: is moving relative to us by seeing how its light 133 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:29,559 Speaker 1: is stretched or shrunk, depending on whether it's moving away 134 00:06:29,560 --> 00:06:32,000 Speaker 1: from us or towards It's like a Doppler shift. 135 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:35,520 Speaker 9: Like the highway patrol measuring your speed. You can sort 136 00:06:35,520 --> 00:06:36,960 Speaker 9: of you can tell how fast you're going. 137 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:37,760 Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. 138 00:06:37,839 --> 00:06:39,560 Speaker 9: It's not like they looked at the stars and said 139 00:06:39,560 --> 00:06:42,320 Speaker 9: oh now it's down one's over there. It must have moved. 140 00:06:42,360 --> 00:06:44,160 Speaker 9: It's like it's some other information, right, right. 141 00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:45,640 Speaker 1: So they looked out there and they measured all this 142 00:06:45,640 --> 00:06:48,520 Speaker 1: stuff and they said, whoa, everything's stretching out and moving 143 00:06:48,560 --> 00:06:51,480 Speaker 1: away from each other. So then the very natural consequences 144 00:06:51,480 --> 00:06:53,920 Speaker 1: to say, well, run that backwards. What does that mean? 145 00:06:53,960 --> 00:06:56,960 Speaker 1: It means things might have been smaller and more dense 146 00:06:57,279 --> 00:06:59,120 Speaker 1: and maybe even come from a little. 147 00:06:58,839 --> 00:07:00,840 Speaker 9: Spot like if you hit the rewind bun, if you 148 00:07:00,839 --> 00:07:03,200 Speaker 9: see things make getting bigger. Now, if you had the 149 00:07:03,200 --> 00:07:06,920 Speaker 9: rewind bun wow for a while, what happens exactly? 150 00:07:07,120 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: And those are the mental games people were playing. And 151 00:07:09,279 --> 00:07:12,320 Speaker 1: actually the phrase big Bang was a joke that people 152 00:07:12,360 --> 00:07:14,520 Speaker 1: made up to mock that idea. They're like, look, how 153 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:15,880 Speaker 1: ridiculous this idea is. 154 00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:17,560 Speaker 9: It is kind of a silly sounding name, right. 155 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:18,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, it was whimsical. 156 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 6: It was. 157 00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:21,240 Speaker 1: It was like a Donald Trump insult, you know, for 158 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:22,640 Speaker 1: somebody else's. 159 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:23,320 Speaker 9: Big lee Bang. 160 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:25,400 Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, the Big Bang. 161 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 9: Well, if you were like a respectable scientist today and 162 00:07:28,320 --> 00:07:31,600 Speaker 9: you had to name this event, you wouldn't call it 163 00:07:31,600 --> 00:07:33,320 Speaker 9: the big Bang, or you think that it was a 164 00:07:33,360 --> 00:07:33,800 Speaker 9: good name. 165 00:07:34,040 --> 00:07:37,560 Speaker 1: Oh man, if I was on a marketing committee discover 166 00:07:37,840 --> 00:07:41,720 Speaker 1: the new name for it, the Moment of Creation. Now, 167 00:07:41,800 --> 00:07:44,560 Speaker 1: I think Big Bang is actually pretty good, you know, Yeah, 168 00:07:44,640 --> 00:07:47,720 Speaker 1: you got your alliteration. It's short, it's pithy, you know, 169 00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:49,880 Speaker 1: it's okay, it's pretty well done. I think that's probably 170 00:07:49,880 --> 00:07:50,720 Speaker 1: why it survived so. 171 00:07:50,720 --> 00:07:53,320 Speaker 9: Long, because everyone wants the universe to start with the bank. 172 00:07:55,960 --> 00:07:56,400 Speaker 1: That's right. 173 00:07:56,560 --> 00:07:59,600 Speaker 9: So you played back the movie of the universe and 174 00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:04,240 Speaker 9: tells us that everything was once much closer together, and 175 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:06,520 Speaker 9: then much much closer, and then much much closer, and 176 00:08:06,560 --> 00:08:10,440 Speaker 9: if you keep thinking about it, things may have been 177 00:08:10,520 --> 00:08:12,520 Speaker 9: really really really close together. That's right. 178 00:08:12,560 --> 00:08:15,600 Speaker 1: Yeah, they just keep extrapolating down to a point. And 179 00:08:15,920 --> 00:08:18,040 Speaker 1: around the same time, Einstein came up with all of 180 00:08:18,040 --> 00:08:20,800 Speaker 1: his ideas of general relativity and thinking about gravity and 181 00:08:20,840 --> 00:08:23,240 Speaker 1: how the universe works, and people were playing with those 182 00:08:23,240 --> 00:08:26,960 Speaker 1: equations and discovering that those equations actually predicted that the 183 00:08:27,040 --> 00:08:29,360 Speaker 1: universe could start from a point. They were consistent with 184 00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:30,960 Speaker 1: Einstein's ideas of gravity. 185 00:08:31,160 --> 00:08:31,560 Speaker 9: What do you mean? 186 00:08:31,600 --> 00:08:36,480 Speaker 1: It was consistent, meaning that you can construct a universe 187 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:39,200 Speaker 1: that starts from a point and then it blows up 188 00:08:39,200 --> 00:08:42,760 Speaker 1: and expands, And that totally makes sense from an einstein 189 00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:49,040 Speaker 1: gravity point of view, like it follows the rules, it's allowed, okay. 190 00:08:48,040 --> 00:08:51,560 Speaker 9: Meaning that nothing weird happens, Like you can cram that 191 00:08:51,600 --> 00:08:53,040 Speaker 9: much stuff into such a small. 192 00:08:52,800 --> 00:08:57,600 Speaker 1: Space according to Einstein, right, what is he know, which 193 00:08:57,640 --> 00:09:00,400 Speaker 1: is pretty well accepted as a smart guy was already's 194 00:09:00,400 --> 00:09:03,200 Speaker 1: talking about. But you know there are some issues there. 195 00:09:03,880 --> 00:09:07,400 Speaker 1: The original idea was the Big Bang was this really dense, 196 00:09:07,440 --> 00:09:09,760 Speaker 1: hot blob of stuff and then it blew up and 197 00:09:09,880 --> 00:09:12,760 Speaker 1: expanded into things we know. And you know, that was 198 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:15,000 Speaker 1: a weird idea for a long time, and people didn't 199 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:16,720 Speaker 1: believe it for a long time. It was in the 200 00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:20,040 Speaker 1: sixties that they finally found the first like concrete piece 201 00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:22,840 Speaker 1: of evidence that maybe the Big Bang had happened, right, 202 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:25,760 Speaker 1: And that's when they discovered the thing called the cosmic 203 00:09:25,840 --> 00:09:27,160 Speaker 1: microwave background radiation. 204 00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:30,640 Speaker 9: So it was weird to think about so much stuff 205 00:09:30,640 --> 00:09:33,920 Speaker 9: and matter and stars and being cramped to small space. 206 00:09:34,200 --> 00:09:37,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, because it meant the universe wasn't always this dark 207 00:09:37,600 --> 00:09:39,960 Speaker 1: and cold and empty place that we know today. It 208 00:09:40,040 --> 00:09:42,440 Speaker 1: was like a hot, dense blob like the center of 209 00:09:42,440 --> 00:09:42,800 Speaker 1: the sun. 210 00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:43,679 Speaker 9: It was a hot mess. 211 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:47,000 Speaker 1: It was a hot mess exactly. The universe was not 212 00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:48,360 Speaker 1: well organized when it was young. 213 00:09:50,679 --> 00:09:53,760 Speaker 9: So yeah, so they said, okay, now, but now they 214 00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:58,000 Speaker 9: saw something like you call it the cosmic microwave baground radiation. 215 00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:01,320 Speaker 9: That said, yes, that's a your indication things were a 216 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:02,160 Speaker 9: hot mess before. 217 00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:05,000 Speaker 1: Yeah, they said, if things were really hot and dense 218 00:10:05,160 --> 00:10:07,400 Speaker 1: a long time ago, then they should have given off 219 00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:09,280 Speaker 1: this special kind of light and we should still be 220 00:10:09,320 --> 00:10:11,000 Speaker 1: able to see it today. And they went out and 221 00:10:11,040 --> 00:10:14,000 Speaker 1: they found it. You can see it like you can 222 00:10:14,040 --> 00:10:17,040 Speaker 1: see it if you have a special radio telescope. And 223 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:19,640 Speaker 1: some guys built a fancy radio telescope. They weren't even 224 00:10:19,640 --> 00:10:22,760 Speaker 1: actually looking for this background radiation and they just had 225 00:10:22,760 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: a hiss in their telescope. They had this noise in 226 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:30,000 Speaker 1: their telescope. And coincidentally, some people a couple of years 227 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:32,640 Speaker 1: earlier had predicted, oh, if you build this kind of telescope, 228 00:10:32,679 --> 00:10:35,080 Speaker 1: you'll and the big bang happened, you'll hear this hiss. 229 00:10:35,280 --> 00:10:37,040 Speaker 1: And they turned on their telescope they heard this hiss 230 00:10:37,040 --> 00:10:38,480 Speaker 1: and they're like, what is this. We can't get rid 231 00:10:38,520 --> 00:10:40,480 Speaker 1: of this noise. And then two years later they won 232 00:10:40,520 --> 00:10:41,480 Speaker 1: the Nobel Prize. 233 00:10:41,600 --> 00:10:42,560 Speaker 9: That's a great discovery. 234 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:44,440 Speaker 1: It's a pretty you're going to get fired. 235 00:10:44,480 --> 00:10:47,200 Speaker 9: But then they're like, oh, that mistake you made. It's 236 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:48,520 Speaker 9: the discovery of the universe. 237 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: That's right. 238 00:10:50,640 --> 00:10:52,680 Speaker 9: So that's the big Bang. It's everything was once really 239 00:10:52,720 --> 00:10:55,880 Speaker 9: small and then it just kind of exploded out into 240 00:10:55,880 --> 00:10:57,120 Speaker 9: what we have today. 241 00:10:57,440 --> 00:10:59,680 Speaker 1: That's right. That's the whole idea, is that the universe 242 00:10:59,720 --> 00:11:02,440 Speaker 1: has a beginning and then it expanded into what we 243 00:11:02,520 --> 00:11:05,480 Speaker 1: know today. And that was the sort of first idea 244 00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:08,400 Speaker 1: of the Big Bang, like maybe everything came from a 245 00:11:08,520 --> 00:11:10,679 Speaker 1: point and people, a lot of people, when they think 246 00:11:10,720 --> 00:11:12,800 Speaker 1: about the Big Bang, they think about the universe starting 247 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:17,440 Speaker 1: in a singularity, meaning a bunch of stuff in zero volume. 248 00:11:17,160 --> 00:11:19,080 Speaker 9: All of it on top of each other, in the 249 00:11:19,200 --> 00:11:22,520 Speaker 9: same zero space exactly. 250 00:11:22,559 --> 00:11:25,199 Speaker 1: And it's mind blowing to imagine, Like, take the Sun 251 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: and cram it down into the amount of space you 252 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:30,679 Speaker 1: have for a grain of sand. Hard to imagine right now, 253 00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,160 Speaker 1: make it even smaller. Now, add every other star in 254 00:11:34,200 --> 00:11:37,080 Speaker 1: the universe on top of it. It's like your brain 255 00:11:37,120 --> 00:11:41,920 Speaker 1: can right, Yeah, it's it's not really the same thing. 256 00:11:41,960 --> 00:11:45,240 Speaker 1: It's just all the energy, all the energy density that 257 00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:48,000 Speaker 1: we currently have in the universe was crammed into that 258 00:11:48,040 --> 00:11:50,560 Speaker 1: tiny little space. That was sort of the early idea 259 00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:53,560 Speaker 1: and you can imagine like a big empty universe of 260 00:11:53,600 --> 00:11:56,640 Speaker 1: space with a tiny dot of matter in it, And 261 00:11:56,679 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: of course that engenders a lot of questions like where 262 00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:01,480 Speaker 1: did that? Any doubt a better come from it? Right? 263 00:12:01,920 --> 00:12:05,080 Speaker 1: Was there only one? How was it created? 264 00:12:05,160 --> 00:12:05,360 Speaker 10: Right? 265 00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:07,920 Speaker 9: But before we keep going, let's take a short break. 266 00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:14,840 Speaker 10: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. 267 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:18,320 Speaker 10: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are 268 00:12:18,320 --> 00:12:22,560 Speaker 10: being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI 269 00:12:22,679 --> 00:12:25,480 Speaker 10: needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how 270 00:12:25,520 --> 00:12:28,680 Speaker 10: do you compete without cost spiraling out of control? It's 271 00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:31,040 Speaker 10: time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud. 272 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:36,520 Speaker 10: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform 273 00:12:36,559 --> 00:12:41,439 Speaker 10: for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI 274 00:12:41,559 --> 00:12:43,960 Speaker 10: has four to eight times the bandwidth of other clouds, 275 00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:47,880 Speaker 10: offers one consistent price instead of variable regional pricing, and 276 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:51,080 Speaker 10: of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now 277 00:12:51,080 --> 00:12:53,320 Speaker 10: you can train your AI models at twice the speed 278 00:12:53,520 --> 00:12:55,839 Speaker 10: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If 279 00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:58,079 Speaker 10: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber 280 00:12:58,240 --> 00:13:00,880 Speaker 10: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free 281 00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:04,800 Speaker 10: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com. Slash Strategic. 282 00:13:05,120 --> 00:13:10,360 Speaker 10: That's Oracle dot com slash strategic, Oracle dot com slash strategic. 283 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:13,319 Speaker 11: I'm buzs Night and I'm the host of the Taking 284 00:13:13,360 --> 00:13:16,600 Speaker 11: a Walk podcast Music History on Foot John Oates. 285 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,720 Speaker 12: Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to 286 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:23,600 Speaker 12: know that i was part of something that will endure. 287 00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:27,640 Speaker 11: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with 288 00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:31,120 Speaker 11: musicians and the inside stories behind their music. 289 00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:34,160 Speaker 13: Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone 290 00:13:34,160 --> 00:13:36,960 Speaker 13: that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby. 291 00:13:37,559 --> 00:13:40,920 Speaker 13: David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of 292 00:13:40,920 --> 00:13:45,760 Speaker 13: around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who 293 00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:47,000 Speaker 13: is Cass Elliott's sister. 294 00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:51,120 Speaker 11: The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with 295 00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:56,720 Speaker 11: musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of the Heartbreakers. 296 00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,360 Speaker 6: It is correct. I rarely worked things out. I like 297 00:13:58,440 --> 00:14:00,560 Speaker 6: to go off the cup and try to rap things 298 00:14:00,559 --> 00:14:02,480 Speaker 6: out of the air while you're playing the song and 299 00:14:02,640 --> 00:14:03,760 Speaker 6: try to catch a little magic. 300 00:14:03,840 --> 00:14:07,000 Speaker 11: Listen to the Taking a Walk Podcast on the iHeartRadio app, 301 00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:10,359 Speaker 11: Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. 302 00:14:11,559 --> 00:14:14,520 Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas. The host of a brand new 303 00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:19,000 Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 304 00:14:19,040 --> 00:14:22,840 Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas, 305 00:14:22,920 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant 306 00:14:26,080 --> 00:14:31,880 Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories. 307 00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:34,680 Speaker 2: Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who 308 00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:38,000 Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For 309 00:14:38,080 --> 00:14:42,800 Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solad, wisdom, and refuge between 310 00:14:42,840 --> 00:14:46,880 Speaker 2: the chapters. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll 311 00:14:46,920 --> 00:14:51,440 Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect 312 00:14:51,440 --> 00:14:55,560 Speaker 2: classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the 313 00:14:55,640 --> 00:14:59,200 Speaker 2: brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify 314 00:14:59,240 --> 00:15:02,200 Speaker 2: the voices of of Black writers and to bring their 315 00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:06,080 Speaker 2: words to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app, 316 00:15:06,160 --> 00:15:09,000 Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 317 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:15,160 Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 318 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:19,200 Speaker 3: Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're 319 00:15:19,200 --> 00:15:23,360 Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than every but in a new, 320 00:15:23,480 --> 00:15:26,400 Speaker 3: hopeable season of my podcast, I'll share with the science 321 00:15:26,560 --> 00:15:30,320 Speaker 3: really shows that We're surprisingly more united than most people think. 322 00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:33,440 Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and 323 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:36,240 Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and 324 00:15:36,240 --> 00:15:37,640 Speaker 7: that we can do better. 325 00:15:37,560 --> 00:15:40,080 Speaker 3: With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki. 326 00:15:40,120 --> 00:15:41,000 Speaker 1: It's really tragic. 327 00:15:41,080 --> 00:15:44,000 Speaker 14: If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison. 328 00:15:44,240 --> 00:15:47,120 Speaker 3: We'll see that our fellow humans, even though we disagree with, 329 00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:48,880 Speaker 3: are more generous than we assume. 330 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:52,480 Speaker 2: My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot 331 00:15:52,520 --> 00:15:56,320 Speaker 2: of us are actually looking for a way to disagree 332 00:15:56,400 --> 00:15:58,280 Speaker 2: and still be in relationships. 333 00:15:57,680 --> 00:15:58,240 Speaker 14: With each other. 334 00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:02,800 Speaker 3: All that on the Happiness Listen on the iHeartRadio app, 335 00:16:03,080 --> 00:16:06,360 Speaker 3: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. 336 00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:16,400 Speaker 15: I'm Carrie Champion and this is season four of Naked Sports, 337 00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,120 Speaker 15: where we live at the intersection of sports and culture. 338 00:16:19,520 --> 00:16:23,200 Speaker 15: Up first, I explore the making of a rivalry, Caitlin 339 00:16:23,280 --> 00:16:25,040 Speaker 15: Clark versus Angel Reese. 340 00:16:25,080 --> 00:16:26,120 Speaker 1: I know I'll go down in history. 341 00:16:26,160 --> 00:16:28,640 Speaker 15: People are talking about women's basketball is just because of 342 00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:29,560 Speaker 15: one single game. 343 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:31,280 Speaker 9: Every great player needs a foil. 344 00:16:31,520 --> 00:16:33,440 Speaker 6: And hear them wise, I just come here and play basketball, 345 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:35,040 Speaker 6: Ray Kendeled, and that's what I focused on. 346 00:16:35,160 --> 00:16:38,120 Speaker 15: From college to the pros. Clark and Reeves have changed 347 00:16:38,160 --> 00:16:40,080 Speaker 15: the way we consume women's sports. 348 00:16:40,320 --> 00:16:45,600 Speaker 1: Angel Reese is a joy to watch. She is unapologetically black. 349 00:16:45,760 --> 00:16:46,440 Speaker 11: I love her. 350 00:16:46,920 --> 00:16:49,800 Speaker 15: What exactly ignited this fire? Why has it been so 351 00:16:49,880 --> 00:16:52,760 Speaker 15: good for the game? And can the fanfare surrounding these 352 00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:56,200 Speaker 15: two supernovas be sustained? This game is only going to 353 00:16:56,240 --> 00:16:59,040 Speaker 15: get better because the talent is getting better. This new 354 00:16:59,080 --> 00:17:02,360 Speaker 15: season will cover are all things sports and culture. Listen 355 00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,720 Speaker 15: to Naked Sports on the Black Effect Podcast Network. iHeartRadio, app, 356 00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:08,240 Speaker 15: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast. 357 00:17:08,680 --> 00:17:12,200 Speaker 3: The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 358 00:17:19,880 --> 00:17:21,600 Speaker 9: Well, so that's the Big Bang, And so the next 359 00:17:21,640 --> 00:17:24,120 Speaker 9: thing people should know is that the Big Bang happened 360 00:17:24,280 --> 00:17:26,360 Speaker 9: about fourteen billion years. 361 00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:28,680 Speaker 1: Ago billion with a b. 362 00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:30,960 Speaker 9: Billion years ago. Yeah, and I can't even remember what 363 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:36,000 Speaker 9: I did this morning, fourteen minutes ago. That's how old 364 00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:38,359 Speaker 9: universe is from that moment of the Big Bang. 365 00:17:38,840 --> 00:17:41,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, so the universe has been around since the Big 366 00:17:41,560 --> 00:17:44,160 Speaker 1: Bang about fourteen billion years and you know, for scale, 367 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:46,240 Speaker 1: the Earth has been around about four and a half 368 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:48,720 Speaker 1: billion years. That's when our solar system was fourned. 369 00:17:48,920 --> 00:17:50,680 Speaker 9: Right, Well, how do you how do we know how 370 00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:53,600 Speaker 9: old the universe is? Like, yeah, like how can you tell? 371 00:17:53,720 --> 00:17:56,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, well, we are seeing it expand, and so the 372 00:17:56,400 --> 00:17:59,399 Speaker 1: simplest way is to just extrapolate back, say how fast 373 00:17:59,400 --> 00:18:02,560 Speaker 1: does it expand? And extrapolate that expansion back until the 374 00:18:02,680 --> 00:18:03,360 Speaker 1: zero point. 375 00:18:03,600 --> 00:18:07,160 Speaker 9: So like if you look at the furthest stars you see, 376 00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:08,800 Speaker 9: you know how fast we're going. You can just like 377 00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:13,480 Speaker 9: hit the rewind button. Yeah, it would take about fourteen 378 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:16,440 Speaker 9: billion years for it to connect to everything else. 379 00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, so we're pretty sure that something happened fourteen billion 380 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:23,200 Speaker 1: years ago. This expansion of space happened fourteen billion years ago. 381 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:26,520 Speaker 1: But these days scientists are a little fuzzier on what 382 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:30,439 Speaker 1: exactly the Big Bang was. So idea zero was a 383 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:33,320 Speaker 1: tiny dot with all the matter and it explodes into 384 00:18:33,320 --> 00:18:37,919 Speaker 1: the universe. Problems with this idea are one that you 385 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:41,159 Speaker 1: can't really have tiny dots of infinite density, so. 386 00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:43,040 Speaker 9: Einstein told me before you could. 387 00:18:43,119 --> 00:18:45,920 Speaker 1: Well, that was Einstein's idea, and the idea is consistent 388 00:18:45,920 --> 00:18:49,720 Speaker 1: with Einstein's gravity. But Einstein's theories of gravity don't account 389 00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:53,639 Speaker 1: for quantum mechanics. Okay, quantum mechanics when they came after Einstein, 390 00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:57,440 Speaker 1: he was never really very comfortable with and quantum mechanics 391 00:18:57,560 --> 00:18:59,359 Speaker 1: is a whole, big, long story, But the thing we 392 00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:01,560 Speaker 1: need to understand is that it says you can't have 393 00:19:01,640 --> 00:19:03,879 Speaker 1: things that are super duper tiny. There might be a 394 00:19:03,960 --> 00:19:06,800 Speaker 1: smallest space, there might be the smallest distance. 395 00:19:06,920 --> 00:19:10,920 Speaker 9: Get fuzzy. Yeah, like at some point you can't get unfuzzier. 396 00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:13,560 Speaker 1: That's right, exactly. There's a basic unit of fuzziness. Like 397 00:19:13,640 --> 00:19:17,520 Speaker 1: imagine space being pixelated, right, Like you can't talk about 398 00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:21,160 Speaker 1: something smaller than one pixel. So we think that quantum 399 00:19:21,160 --> 00:19:24,760 Speaker 1: mechanics is probably correct. And if you big pixel, the 400 00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:27,640 Speaker 1: big pixel, that's right, the first pixel of the universe. 401 00:19:28,320 --> 00:19:31,240 Speaker 1: So we think if you try to follow Einstein extrapolate 402 00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:34,880 Speaker 1: the universe down to a point, general relativity probably works, 403 00:19:34,920 --> 00:19:37,880 Speaker 1: but we think it probably breaks when you get down 404 00:19:37,920 --> 00:19:41,480 Speaker 1: to really really tiny distances and really heavy stuff. But 405 00:19:41,520 --> 00:19:44,119 Speaker 1: nobody's ever seen that happen. You have to look inside 406 00:19:44,119 --> 00:19:46,000 Speaker 1: a black hole or go back in time and see 407 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,440 Speaker 1: the Big Bang. But these days we have a slightly 408 00:19:48,480 --> 00:19:50,880 Speaker 1: fuzzier version of the idea of the Big Bang. Rather 409 00:19:50,880 --> 00:19:53,800 Speaker 1: than a point of matter that then explodes into space, 410 00:19:54,400 --> 00:19:56,840 Speaker 1: we think of the universe as being created as a 411 00:19:56,880 --> 00:20:00,320 Speaker 1: blob of space and matter, and then of. 412 00:20:00,240 --> 00:20:04,359 Speaker 9: Space and matter. Yeah, so like it like a blob 413 00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:05,320 Speaker 9: of space. 414 00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:08,679 Speaker 1: Like a tiny universe with not much space. So instead 415 00:20:08,680 --> 00:20:10,800 Speaker 1: of an infinite universe with a tiny blob of matter 416 00:20:10,840 --> 00:20:14,240 Speaker 1: in it, now imagine a tiny piece of space filled 417 00:20:14,280 --> 00:20:15,280 Speaker 1: with energy and matter. 418 00:20:15,560 --> 00:20:17,280 Speaker 9: Okay, and what's outside of that little space? 419 00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:22,600 Speaker 1: We have no idea, Like seriously, we can't even imagine inconceivable, right, 420 00:20:22,640 --> 00:20:25,600 Speaker 1: But we do know that space can be variable in size, 421 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:28,320 Speaker 1: space can expand, and these days we have a more 422 00:20:28,359 --> 00:20:31,120 Speaker 1: modern idea of the Big Bang as that expansion of 423 00:20:31,160 --> 00:20:31,920 Speaker 1: that space. 424 00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:34,960 Speaker 9: It might kind of like a bubble, like a bubble 425 00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:37,359 Speaker 9: that's a space, and then there's stuff in the bubble. 426 00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:41,440 Speaker 9: So you're saying both those things blew up exactly. 427 00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:44,520 Speaker 1: And this is the more modern idea that space itself 428 00:20:44,560 --> 00:20:46,960 Speaker 1: can expand. And so if you're out there thinking, what 429 00:20:47,080 --> 00:20:49,119 Speaker 1: is he talking about? How can space expand? What is 430 00:20:49,160 --> 00:20:52,080 Speaker 1: it expanding into? Everything has to be in something, right, 431 00:20:52,720 --> 00:20:55,640 Speaker 1: and the answer is, we don't know. We think used 432 00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:57,879 Speaker 1: to think of space as just like emptiness, and we 433 00:20:57,920 --> 00:21:00,199 Speaker 1: can go a whole episode about just what space is, 434 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:03,399 Speaker 1: and I think we really will, so people listening. But 435 00:21:03,480 --> 00:21:05,600 Speaker 1: these days we think of space as a thing because 436 00:21:05,640 --> 00:21:07,800 Speaker 1: it can spand it can bend, and it can ripple, 437 00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:10,159 Speaker 1: so we know it has all these properties. So it 438 00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:12,560 Speaker 1: might be that this bubble of space in the early 439 00:21:12,640 --> 00:21:15,560 Speaker 1: universe was in some sort of super meta deep space 440 00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:19,359 Speaker 1: that we have never really discovered, or nothing. It could 441 00:21:19,359 --> 00:21:21,480 Speaker 1: be that it doesn't have to hang in something else. 442 00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:22,720 Speaker 1: It's just the edge. 443 00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:25,840 Speaker 9: But space itself was smaller that that much. We know 444 00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:28,959 Speaker 9: space was small. Space was smaller, and the stuff in 445 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:33,159 Speaker 9: it was crammed in, really really small, that's right. And 446 00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:35,800 Speaker 9: then about fourteen billion years ago, for some reason do 447 00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:38,560 Speaker 9: we know why, We don't know why, it decided it 448 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:40,359 Speaker 9: didn't want to be that small anymore. 449 00:21:40,040 --> 00:21:42,879 Speaker 1: That's right. Yeah, And that was the moment that space 450 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:45,880 Speaker 1: was created, and then it expanded like crazy. It's something 451 00:21:45,920 --> 00:21:49,679 Speaker 1: we call inflation. Inflation is not you know why your 452 00:21:49,720 --> 00:21:51,960 Speaker 1: money doesn't work as well every year. I mean, that 453 00:21:52,119 --> 00:21:54,800 Speaker 1: is inflation. But there's and I don't know why do 454 00:21:54,840 --> 00:21:57,159 Speaker 1: we do this? In science? We take an idea, a 455 00:21:57,200 --> 00:22:01,080 Speaker 1: word that everybody uses to mean one thing, right, use 456 00:22:01,119 --> 00:22:03,560 Speaker 1: that same word to mean something totally different. 457 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:06,400 Speaker 9: But it fits what it describes. It in the universe 458 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:08,560 Speaker 9: inflated like a balloon, like a bowl, right. 459 00:22:08,560 --> 00:22:11,240 Speaker 1: Yes, okay, it's a good descriptive name from that sense. 460 00:22:11,280 --> 00:22:14,679 Speaker 1: So the universe inflated, that whole balloon inflated, and everything 461 00:22:14,680 --> 00:22:17,360 Speaker 1: inside it got stretched, okay. And the amount of stretching 462 00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:20,560 Speaker 1: that happened is crazy. It's like the universe expanded in 463 00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:23,760 Speaker 1: space by a factor ten to the thirty. That's ten 464 00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:27,239 Speaker 1: with thirty zeros on it, some crazy huge number, and 465 00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:29,760 Speaker 1: it did it in this really small amount of time, 466 00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:33,320 Speaker 1: ten to the minus thirty. So that's zero with thirty 467 00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:36,959 Speaker 1: zeros after the decimal plays and then a one. So 468 00:22:37,040 --> 00:22:40,120 Speaker 1: this incredible expansion, a huge expansion of space of ten 469 00:22:40,160 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: to the thirty and this tiny amount of time ten 470 00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:45,280 Speaker 1: to the minus thirty. It's hard to really even fathom. 471 00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:47,160 Speaker 9: It wasn't a rush to get big. 472 00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:50,040 Speaker 1: Yes, and it's still getting bigger today. And the other 473 00:22:50,080 --> 00:22:52,760 Speaker 1: thing that's important to understand is that space didn't get 474 00:22:52,760 --> 00:22:54,840 Speaker 1: created like on the outside of the universe. It's not 475 00:22:54,880 --> 00:22:58,560 Speaker 1: like they made more room, it's stuff. The space inside 476 00:22:58,560 --> 00:23:02,360 Speaker 1: of the universe stretched was created, so like between two 477 00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:04,320 Speaker 1: particles you had a certain amount of space, then all 478 00:23:04,320 --> 00:23:08,360 Speaker 1: of a sudden you had extra space between particles. So everything, Yeah, 479 00:23:08,359 --> 00:23:11,959 Speaker 1: everything's getting stretched out from the inside also not just 480 00:23:11,960 --> 00:23:14,679 Speaker 1: from the outside, and that's also continuing to happen. Like 481 00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:17,200 Speaker 1: the expansion of the universe today, the in fact the 482 00:23:17,240 --> 00:23:19,960 Speaker 1: universe is getting bigger and bigger is happening all around this. 483 00:23:20,119 --> 00:23:21,920 Speaker 1: It's more space being created. 484 00:23:22,480 --> 00:23:25,480 Speaker 9: The third thing we should talk about today is that 485 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:28,639 Speaker 9: we don't know what happened before the Big Bang, like 486 00:23:28,720 --> 00:23:32,119 Speaker 9: before this little bubble blew up, what happened before. 487 00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:35,159 Speaker 1: But before we get into that, let's take a quick break. 488 00:23:41,240 --> 00:23:43,200 Speaker 11: I'm buzzs Night and I'm the host of the Taking 489 00:23:43,280 --> 00:23:46,520 Speaker 11: a Walk podcast music History on Foot John Oates. 490 00:23:46,520 --> 00:23:50,639 Speaker 12: Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to 491 00:23:50,720 --> 00:23:53,520 Speaker 12: know that i was part of something that will endure. 492 00:23:53,640 --> 00:23:57,560 Speaker 11: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with 493 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:01,040 Speaker 11: musicians and the inside stories behind their music. 494 00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:04,000 Speaker 13: Russ Kunkle, the basic connection that I had with someone 495 00:24:04,080 --> 00:24:06,840 Speaker 13: that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby. 496 00:24:07,480 --> 00:24:10,840 Speaker 13: David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of 497 00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:15,680 Speaker 13: around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who 498 00:24:15,760 --> 00:24:16,960 Speaker 13: is Cass Elliott's sister. 499 00:24:17,040 --> 00:24:17,679 Speaker 1: The message of. 500 00:24:17,680 --> 00:24:22,639 Speaker 11: The podcast is simple, honest conversation with musicians about the 501 00:24:22,720 --> 00:24:26,639 Speaker 11: music they create. Mike Campbell of The Heartbreakers. 502 00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:26,640 Speaker 1: It is correct. 503 00:24:26,680 --> 00:24:28,880 Speaker 6: I rarely worked things out. I like to go off 504 00:24:28,920 --> 00:24:30,720 Speaker 6: the cup and try to grab things out of the 505 00:24:30,760 --> 00:24:33,040 Speaker 6: air while you're playing the song and try to catch 506 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:33,679 Speaker 6: a little magic. 507 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:36,920 Speaker 11: Listen to the Taking a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app, 508 00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:40,280 Speaker 11: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 509 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:44,440 Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new 510 00:24:44,440 --> 00:24:48,919 Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 511 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:52,760 Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas, 512 00:24:52,840 --> 00:24:56,000 Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant 513 00:24:56,000 --> 00:25:01,800 Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories. 514 00:25:01,960 --> 00:25:04,640 Speaker 2: Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who 515 00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:07,919 Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For 516 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:12,719 Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solace, wisdom, and refuge. Between 517 00:25:12,760 --> 00:25:16,800 Speaker 2: the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll 518 00:25:16,840 --> 00:25:21,360 Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect 519 00:25:21,359 --> 00:25:25,479 Speaker 2: classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the 520 00:25:25,520 --> 00:25:29,119 Speaker 2: brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify 521 00:25:29,160 --> 00:25:32,680 Speaker 2: the voices of Black writers and to bring their words 522 00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:36,000 Speaker 2: to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app, 523 00:25:36,080 --> 00:25:38,919 Speaker 2: Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 524 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:45,040 Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 525 00:25:45,520 --> 00:25:49,120 Speaker 3: As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're 526 00:25:49,119 --> 00:25:53,280 Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than ever. But in a new 527 00:25:53,359 --> 00:25:56,320 Speaker 3: coopbole season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science 528 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:59,920 Speaker 3: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people. 529 00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:03,359 Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and 530 00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:06,119 Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and 531 00:26:06,160 --> 00:26:07,560 Speaker 7: that we can do better. 532 00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:10,000 Speaker 3: With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki. 533 00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:10,920 Speaker 1: It's really tragic. 534 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:13,920 Speaker 5: If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison. 535 00:26:14,160 --> 00:26:17,000 Speaker 3: We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with, 536 00:26:17,320 --> 00:26:18,800 Speaker 3: are more generous than we assume. 537 00:26:19,160 --> 00:26:22,400 Speaker 2: My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot 538 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:26,240 Speaker 2: of us are actually looking for a way to disagree 539 00:26:26,320 --> 00:26:28,119 Speaker 2: and still be in relationship. 540 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:28,160 Speaker 6: With each other. 541 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:32,720 Speaker 3: All that on the Happiness Lap Listen on the iHeartRadio app, 542 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:38,639 Speaker 3: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. 543 00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:46,000 Speaker 8: In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one thing on 544 00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:50,200 Speaker 8: their minds, sword Quest. This wasn't just a new game. 545 00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:54,000 Speaker 8: Atari promised one hundred and fifty grand in prizes to 546 00:26:54,119 --> 00:26:59,399 Speaker 8: four finalists, but the prizes disappeared, and what started as 547 00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:02,560 Speaker 8: a video game promotion became one of the most controversial 548 00:27:02,560 --> 00:27:04,440 Speaker 8: moments in eighties pop culture. 549 00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:05,960 Speaker 1: I just don't believe they exist. 550 00:27:06,080 --> 00:27:07,840 Speaker 5: Every by reactions shock at all. 551 00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:10,840 Speaker 3: That sword was amazing, It was so beautiful. 552 00:27:11,800 --> 00:27:15,200 Speaker 8: I'm Jamie Loftis. Join me this spring for the Legend 553 00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,240 Speaker 8: of sword Quest, a podcast about the fall of Atari 554 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:22,040 Speaker 8: and the disappearing sword Quest prizes. We'll follow the quest 555 00:27:22,080 --> 00:27:24,400 Speaker 8: for lost treasure across four decades. 556 00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:28,280 Speaker 9: It's almost like a metaphor for the industry and Atari 557 00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:29,120 Speaker 9: itself in a way. 558 00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:32,160 Speaker 8: Listen to the Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app, 559 00:27:32,359 --> 00:27:35,240 Speaker 8: Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts. 560 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:42,119 Speaker 16: We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a 561 00:27:42,200 --> 00:27:44,359 Speaker 16: kite and no rain, but those twomen are the most 562 00:27:44,560 --> 00:27:48,000 Speaker 16: important scientific discoveries of the time. 563 00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:49,320 Speaker 1: I'm Evan Ratliffe. 564 00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,800 Speaker 14: Last season, we tackled the ingenuity of Elon Musk with 565 00:27:52,880 --> 00:27:56,200 Speaker 14: biographer Walter Isaacson. This time we're diving into the story 566 00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:59,560 Speaker 14: of Benjamin Franklin, another genius who's desperate to be dusted 567 00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:00,120 Speaker 14: off from him. 568 00:28:00,760 --> 00:28:04,800 Speaker 16: His media empire makes him the most successful self made 569 00:28:04,880 --> 00:28:07,960 Speaker 16: business person in America. I mean he was never early 570 00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:12,800 Speaker 16: to bed, an early to rise type person. He's enormously famous. 571 00:28:12,840 --> 00:28:15,720 Speaker 16: Women start wearing their hair and what was called the 572 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:18,199 Speaker 16: coiffor a la Franklin. 573 00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:20,160 Speaker 14: And who's more relevant now than ever. 574 00:28:20,560 --> 00:28:24,000 Speaker 16: The only other person who could have possibly been the 575 00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:27,360 Speaker 16: first president would have been Benjamin Franklin, but he's too 576 00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:29,639 Speaker 16: old and once Washington been doing. 577 00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:32,320 Speaker 14: Listen to on Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the 578 00:28:32,359 --> 00:28:35,639 Speaker 14: iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. 579 00:28:43,560 --> 00:28:47,960 Speaker 1: This is like totally territory for speculation and philosophy. We 580 00:28:48,040 --> 00:28:50,920 Speaker 1: have pretty good theories about what happened during the Big Bang, 581 00:28:50,960 --> 00:28:53,880 Speaker 1: this idea of the inflation. We even have some experimental 582 00:28:53,920 --> 00:28:56,920 Speaker 1: evidence to back it up. And it's a pretty solid 583 00:28:56,920 --> 00:28:58,719 Speaker 1: theory these days that inflation happened. 584 00:28:58,840 --> 00:29:00,800 Speaker 9: But what do you mean experimental? Like we can measure 585 00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:01,480 Speaker 9: the Big Bang? 586 00:29:01,640 --> 00:29:03,680 Speaker 1: Can we right? So we can't go back in time 587 00:29:03,720 --> 00:29:06,360 Speaker 1: and see it right, but we can do things like 588 00:29:06,440 --> 00:29:08,200 Speaker 1: detectives do after a murder, and we can look for 589 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:10,560 Speaker 1: clues and say, are the clues that we see in 590 00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:13,120 Speaker 1: the universe today consistent with this story or with that 591 00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:15,720 Speaker 1: other story. Right, so we can sift through the clues 592 00:29:15,760 --> 00:29:17,760 Speaker 1: from the Big Bang and say, it looks like the 593 00:29:17,840 --> 00:29:21,240 Speaker 1: universe was created and if inflation happened, it probably created 594 00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:23,760 Speaker 1: these ripples in that plasma, and we can see those 595 00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:27,040 Speaker 1: ripples in the cosmic microwave background radiation. It's really an 596 00:29:27,040 --> 00:29:29,720 Speaker 1: incredible golden age of cosmology. They're doing all this really 597 00:29:29,760 --> 00:29:33,480 Speaker 1: precision work to understand exactly what happened and what we know. 598 00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:35,520 Speaker 9: So, but we can only see up to a certain 599 00:29:35,520 --> 00:29:38,520 Speaker 9: points only before that is just the speculation. 600 00:29:38,760 --> 00:29:42,160 Speaker 1: Before that, it's just speculation. So one popular idea is 601 00:29:42,200 --> 00:29:46,360 Speaker 1: that there's this kind of matter called inflationary matter or inflantons, 602 00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:50,200 Speaker 1: and it has some weird gravitational properties, and those gravitational 603 00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:51,880 Speaker 1: properties cause inflation. 604 00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:54,760 Speaker 9: Like suddenly they came into being inside of this hot 605 00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:58,240 Speaker 9: mess and it's like we need to get out of here. 606 00:29:58,360 --> 00:30:01,120 Speaker 1: Yeah, it's this never ending loop of questions. Right, So 607 00:30:01,160 --> 00:30:04,520 Speaker 1: you say, well, the Big Bang was inflation. What caused inflation? 608 00:30:04,640 --> 00:30:07,920 Speaker 1: Inflationary matter? Well, what created inflationary matter? It's like dot 609 00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:11,640 Speaker 1: dot dot. You could just keep asking that question forever, 610 00:30:12,080 --> 00:30:14,040 Speaker 1: and I think we will be asking that question forever, 611 00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:16,479 Speaker 1: We'll always be pushing back and trying to understand, and 612 00:30:16,720 --> 00:30:18,920 Speaker 1: until we get back to negative infinity in time, we're 613 00:30:18,920 --> 00:30:21,560 Speaker 1: never going to have like a solid answer. But that's 614 00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:23,640 Speaker 1: part of the fun, right, It's not like it's the 615 00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:25,200 Speaker 1: journey as much as the destination. 616 00:30:25,360 --> 00:30:28,040 Speaker 9: But there's some cool ideas there about what happened before 617 00:30:28,120 --> 00:30:28,840 Speaker 9: that point. 618 00:30:28,640 --> 00:30:32,800 Speaker 1: Right, that's right. Yeah, Like maybe the whole universe was 619 00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:37,080 Speaker 1: filled with inflationary matter and in some places it decayed 620 00:30:37,080 --> 00:30:40,560 Speaker 1: into normal matter and then inflation happened. And if that's 621 00:30:40,600 --> 00:30:43,440 Speaker 1: the case, then you have like our universe is one 622 00:30:43,680 --> 00:30:48,720 Speaker 1: spot inside some huge mega universe of inflationary matter, and 623 00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:52,840 Speaker 1: maybe at other points in the in that mega universe 624 00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:55,880 Speaker 1: there are also other dots that turned into what we 625 00:30:55,960 --> 00:30:57,840 Speaker 1: call pocket universes. 626 00:30:57,360 --> 00:30:59,840 Speaker 9: Were like the zits of the the face of the 627 00:31:00,080 --> 00:31:01,160 Speaker 9: of the mega universe. 628 00:31:01,360 --> 00:31:03,280 Speaker 1: Mega is its on the mega universe. 629 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:07,000 Speaker 9: Yeah, and that's maybe like our universe is just like 630 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:09,480 Speaker 9: a little bubble in a big sea of other bubbles. 631 00:31:09,520 --> 00:31:10,560 Speaker 1: That's right, exactly. 632 00:31:10,880 --> 00:31:11,640 Speaker 9: That's one idea. 633 00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:14,240 Speaker 1: That's one idea, and we have no way to really 634 00:31:14,320 --> 00:31:17,520 Speaker 1: to test that idea. Is the problem, because there's no 635 00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:20,480 Speaker 1: way for us to ever reach those other bubbles, because 636 00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:24,120 Speaker 1: if that's the case, if that's really the reality of our, 637 00:31:24,160 --> 00:31:26,800 Speaker 1: of our, of the situation of nature, it means that 638 00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:30,360 Speaker 1: inflation is still happening because that inflationary matter is still 639 00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:34,240 Speaker 1: constantly expanding. So those other universes, those other bubbles, are 640 00:31:34,240 --> 00:31:37,680 Speaker 1: getting pushed away from us much much faster than the speed. 641 00:31:37,480 --> 00:31:40,200 Speaker 9: Of light, because it'll never hang out. 642 00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:42,280 Speaker 1: You can't send a message to there, you can't ever 643 00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:45,320 Speaker 1: see it, you can't ever go there. And scientifically that's 644 00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:47,840 Speaker 1: a big problem, not because I really want to go 645 00:31:47,880 --> 00:31:50,720 Speaker 1: to the beaches in some other bubble universe, but because 646 00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:52,920 Speaker 1: if you want to prove that it's true, you have 647 00:31:53,040 --> 00:31:55,600 Speaker 1: to do an experiment, you have to find some evidence. 648 00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:57,240 Speaker 1: You have to do you have to have a theory 649 00:31:57,280 --> 00:32:00,280 Speaker 1: that can be confirmed. If you have a theory that 650 00:32:00,320 --> 00:32:02,840 Speaker 1: predicts something you can never test, and it's not really 651 00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:05,960 Speaker 1: a scientific theory or a useful one, it's right, it's 652 00:32:05,960 --> 00:32:09,520 Speaker 1: like saying to guess, Yeah, it's a guess, and. 653 00:32:10,240 --> 00:32:12,280 Speaker 9: That's one theory. Maybe we're a bubble in a sea 654 00:32:12,320 --> 00:32:15,480 Speaker 9: of other universes. What's another idea for what happened before 655 00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:16,040 Speaker 9: the Big Bang? 656 00:32:16,240 --> 00:32:19,640 Speaker 1: Well, another idea is that maybe there's a cycle, right, 657 00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:24,080 Speaker 1: maybe the Big Bang was caused by a big crunch, right, 658 00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:26,040 Speaker 1: And to understand that you have to think about sort 659 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:28,720 Speaker 1: of the future first, Like, so the Big Bang happened, 660 00:32:28,760 --> 00:32:32,920 Speaker 1: everything expands out, and then one question is like are 661 00:32:32,920 --> 00:32:35,680 Speaker 1: things going to keep expanding? We don't really know, but 662 00:32:35,760 --> 00:32:38,280 Speaker 1: one possibilities they keep expanding forever and the universe just 663 00:32:38,280 --> 00:32:44,120 Speaker 1: sort of drifts out into this endlessly cold, boring, bland situation. 664 00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:47,680 Speaker 1: But another possibility is that it slows down, stops, and 665 00:32:47,720 --> 00:32:51,280 Speaker 1: then falls back in. Right, Everything rushes back and gravity 666 00:32:51,320 --> 00:32:56,600 Speaker 1: pulls everything back into it to recreate that hots Yeah, deflation, 667 00:32:57,080 --> 00:32:58,120 Speaker 1: I think you just invented. 668 00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:01,080 Speaker 9: Can I go back and change it to my son's name? 669 00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:10,440 Speaker 1: Ollivation. The deflation theory would say that the universe comes back, falls. 670 00:33:10,200 --> 00:33:13,880 Speaker 9: And then collapses back into a little hot mess again. 671 00:33:13,720 --> 00:33:16,000 Speaker 1: A little hot mess. It's like recovering your youth, right, 672 00:33:16,040 --> 00:33:17,480 Speaker 1: It's like a middle aged crisis or. 673 00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:20,400 Speaker 9: Whatever, and then it just bounces back again. 674 00:33:20,560 --> 00:33:22,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, and that would be a cycle. So a big crunch, 675 00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:23,880 Speaker 1: big bang, big crunch, big bang. 676 00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:28,600 Speaker 9: That could be big Bang US, big crunch, big bang again, 677 00:33:29,080 --> 00:33:30,560 Speaker 9: maybe somebody else, somebody else. 678 00:33:30,920 --> 00:33:32,040 Speaker 1: Better looking versions of us. 679 00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:37,600 Speaker 9: Yeah, impossible, impossibly. Yeah. So that's another idea, is that 680 00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:41,120 Speaker 9: would happen before is like more and more universes. 681 00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:44,280 Speaker 1: Yeah. And there's something nice about that because it explains 682 00:33:44,680 --> 00:33:47,520 Speaker 1: both that our universe had a beginning and it also 683 00:33:47,680 --> 00:33:49,920 Speaker 1: gives you an explanation for what happened all the way 684 00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:52,640 Speaker 1: back to the beginning of time, because it returns to 685 00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:56,080 Speaker 1: the possibility of the universe is infinitely old, right, because 686 00:33:56,080 --> 00:33:58,520 Speaker 1: that could have been happening forever. It allows you to 687 00:33:58,520 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: have this sort of finite of time for our universe 688 00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:05,240 Speaker 1: without limiting you to finiteeness for the whole universe, sort of. 689 00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:09,480 Speaker 9: Like the right time could be infinite, but space could 690 00:34:09,480 --> 00:34:10,040 Speaker 9: be finite. 691 00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:13,560 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. Yeah, And that brings us to the 692 00:34:14,040 --> 00:34:17,839 Speaker 1: last crazy idea, which is maybe there was nothing before 693 00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:18,439 Speaker 1: the Big Bang. 694 00:34:19,040 --> 00:34:21,480 Speaker 9: I mean nothing time. 695 00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:24,279 Speaker 1: Not even time, right. We think space was created in 696 00:34:24,320 --> 00:34:27,680 Speaker 1: the Big Bang and space has expanded and all that stuff, and. 697 00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:30,960 Speaker 9: So there could have been no time, no space before. 698 00:34:30,960 --> 00:34:34,000 Speaker 1: No space and no time, right, And it's hard to 699 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,040 Speaker 1: even wrap your mind around what that is. I mean, 700 00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:38,640 Speaker 1: we have a hard time imagining, like what will happen 701 00:34:38,680 --> 00:34:41,240 Speaker 1: after we die? Well, the universe continue without us right 702 00:34:41,400 --> 00:34:44,160 Speaker 1: now trying to imagine the universe without space and time. 703 00:34:44,239 --> 00:34:46,359 Speaker 1: What does that even mean? And you have to think 704 00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:48,840 Speaker 1: also about what time is itself? Like, what does it 705 00:34:48,880 --> 00:34:51,319 Speaker 1: mean for there to not be time? Right, there's no 706 00:34:51,680 --> 00:34:53,560 Speaker 1: time in which there's no time. There's no time for 707 00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:57,359 Speaker 1: that to happen, right, And a lot of people think 708 00:34:57,360 --> 00:35:01,280 Speaker 1: about time as sort of the organized principle of the universe. 709 00:35:01,560 --> 00:35:03,480 Speaker 1: Maybe you've heard of the second law through my dynamics 710 00:35:03,480 --> 00:35:06,680 Speaker 1: that tells us that entropy is always increasing in the universe, 711 00:35:07,160 --> 00:35:07,919 Speaker 1: and so they. 712 00:35:07,840 --> 00:35:09,880 Speaker 9: Imagine things are getting messier. 713 00:35:09,560 --> 00:35:11,839 Speaker 1: Things are getting messier and forward in time, that's right, 714 00:35:11,880 --> 00:35:15,520 Speaker 1: getting more and more spread out, forward in time. And 715 00:35:15,600 --> 00:35:18,080 Speaker 1: so some people think that that is time. The time 716 00:35:18,160 --> 00:35:21,200 Speaker 1: is measured by entropy and created by entropy, and that 717 00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:23,960 Speaker 1: before the Big Bang, if there was if there was nothing, 718 00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:28,200 Speaker 1: no space, then there was no time. And that sounds 719 00:35:28,239 --> 00:35:30,759 Speaker 1: like an odd idea, but in other ways we're very 720 00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:33,200 Speaker 1: familiar with it. Like you know, if you stand on 721 00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:36,680 Speaker 1: the North Pole and you ask which way is north, well, 722 00:35:36,719 --> 00:35:42,279 Speaker 1: there is nothing north in the north. You blew us up. 723 00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:48,399 Speaker 1: I'm going to write to Stephen Hockey and tell that's 724 00:35:48,400 --> 00:35:50,520 Speaker 1: actually his His phrase is you know, maybe this's no 725 00:35:50,520 --> 00:35:51,520 Speaker 1: north of north. 726 00:35:51,320 --> 00:35:54,080 Speaker 9: North, there's no before yeah, zero time. 727 00:35:54,239 --> 00:35:56,319 Speaker 1: Yeah, because if you're standing on a sphere and you're 728 00:35:56,440 --> 00:35:58,919 Speaker 1: the north pole of it, there's nowhere to go, nowhere 729 00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:01,640 Speaker 1: to go, there's no more northiness. 730 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:04,799 Speaker 9: Can the tape ends when you try to rewind it more. 731 00:36:04,840 --> 00:36:07,240 Speaker 1: That's right, and that's something we're comfortable with. We're accepting 732 00:36:07,280 --> 00:36:09,439 Speaker 1: the fact that a sphere has like a limit and edge, 733 00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:12,879 Speaker 1: and it's reasonable for that for there be nothing beyond it. 734 00:36:13,160 --> 00:36:14,600 Speaker 1: But when we think of time, we tend to think 735 00:36:14,640 --> 00:36:17,040 Speaker 1: of in a line, and so we want there to 736 00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:19,000 Speaker 1: be something before it, or at least for there to 737 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:21,720 Speaker 1: be a reason why it started here and not somewhere 738 00:36:21,719 --> 00:36:25,560 Speaker 1: else or some other other you know, time or it's 739 00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:29,120 Speaker 1: a very natural, i think idea to have intuitively to 740 00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:31,480 Speaker 1: think that something should have been before then. But it 741 00:36:31,560 --> 00:36:34,200 Speaker 1: could be that there was nothing. That the things were 742 00:36:34,200 --> 00:36:36,400 Speaker 1: created at that moment and there was nothing before the. 743 00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:39,360 Speaker 9: Here and then we came. Yeah, we dropped the mic. 744 00:36:40,480 --> 00:36:42,640 Speaker 1: We came. We made this podcast, and that's a summary 745 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:47,799 Speaker 1: of all the whole universe in a nutshell. And you know, 746 00:36:47,920 --> 00:36:50,239 Speaker 1: any of those theories, First of all, those are very 747 00:36:50,239 --> 00:36:53,200 Speaker 1: difficult to test, and it's hard to imagine how we'll 748 00:36:53,239 --> 00:36:56,520 Speaker 1: ever know. Right, it might be that there aren't any 749 00:36:56,560 --> 00:37:00,239 Speaker 1: clues in the rubble of the universe to tell us 750 00:37:00,320 --> 00:37:02,279 Speaker 1: which one is, which one is? Which there might be, 751 00:37:02,640 --> 00:37:05,800 Speaker 1: although I'd like to have faith in future scientists coming 752 00:37:05,840 --> 00:37:08,640 Speaker 1: up with clever ideas for ways to test these theories 753 00:37:08,680 --> 00:37:11,120 Speaker 1: which right now seem impossible to test. But in the 754 00:37:11,120 --> 00:37:12,360 Speaker 1: future people. 755 00:37:12,160 --> 00:37:14,640 Speaker 9: Can gave everybody able to see beyond the Big Bang. 756 00:37:15,160 --> 00:37:18,919 Speaker 1: Yeah, maybe maybe they'll find some evidence in the current 757 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:20,640 Speaker 1: ubble that tells them, oh, is this or is that? 758 00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:23,399 Speaker 1: Or is the other thing? But even if you get there, 759 00:37:23,719 --> 00:37:25,840 Speaker 1: imagine having an answer to one of these questions. 760 00:37:25,920 --> 00:37:28,279 Speaker 9: Right, what do you think knowing what happened before the 761 00:37:28,280 --> 00:37:31,160 Speaker 9: Big Bang would tell you like, how would how would 762 00:37:31,160 --> 00:37:31,960 Speaker 9: it change your life? 763 00:37:32,239 --> 00:37:34,200 Speaker 1: I think it would change everybody's life. I think it's 764 00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:37,920 Speaker 1: the kind of knowledge that would filter into like the 765 00:37:37,960 --> 00:37:41,439 Speaker 1: global consciousness. Think about like how quantum mechanics has changed 766 00:37:41,440 --> 00:37:44,160 Speaker 1: the way people think about things. But there's randomness in 767 00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,440 Speaker 1: the universe, right, the universe is not following a fixed 768 00:37:47,520 --> 00:37:50,319 Speaker 1: set of rules, but that those rules have fuzz in them. 769 00:37:50,440 --> 00:37:52,880 Speaker 9: You think it's changed the global consciousness? 770 00:37:53,719 --> 00:37:56,880 Speaker 1: Absolutely and not just in New ag people who you know, 771 00:37:57,320 --> 00:37:59,919 Speaker 1: but in everybody thinking about the universes being a little 772 00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:08,120 Speaker 1: different from what they imagine. Do you have a question 773 00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:10,680 Speaker 1: you wish we would cover. We'd love to hear from you. 774 00:38:10,680 --> 00:38:13,040 Speaker 1: You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at 775 00:38:13,120 --> 00:38:16,200 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at 776 00:38:16,280 --> 00:38:23,960 Speaker 1: Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. When you pop a piece 777 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:26,360 Speaker 1: of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about 778 00:38:26,360 --> 00:38:29,920 Speaker 1: the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are. 779 00:38:30,160 --> 00:38:32,600 Speaker 1: That's why they're working hard every day to find new 780 00:38:32,680 --> 00:38:36,000 Speaker 1: ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down 781 00:38:36,080 --> 00:38:40,719 Speaker 1: greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many 782 00:38:40,760 --> 00:38:44,000 Speaker 1: farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure 783 00:38:44,239 --> 00:38:48,600 Speaker 1: into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars. 784 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:52,400 Speaker 1: Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more. 785 00:38:53,160 --> 00:38:55,719 Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new 786 00:38:55,719 --> 00:38:59,400 Speaker 2: Black Effects original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 787 00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:02,160 Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit 788 00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:04,319 Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to 789 00:39:04,360 --> 00:39:07,279 Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a 790 00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:11,120 Speaker 2: busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll 791 00:39:11,160 --> 00:39:14,640 Speaker 2: explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black 792 00:39:14,640 --> 00:39:18,560 Speaker 2: Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 793 00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:19,800 Speaker 2: or wherever. 794 00:39:19,440 --> 00:39:20,520 Speaker 1: You get your podcasts. 795 00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:23,319 Speaker 3: The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 796 00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:26,759 Speaker 3: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 797 00:39:27,280 --> 00:39:30,759 Speaker 3: Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're 798 00:39:30,800 --> 00:39:34,960 Speaker 3: angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new 799 00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:37,960 Speaker 3: hopeful season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science 800 00:39:38,120 --> 00:39:41,919 Speaker 3: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think. 801 00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:45,040 Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and 802 00:39:45,120 --> 00:39:47,799 Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and 803 00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:48,799 Speaker 7: that we can do better. 804 00:39:49,080 --> 00:39:52,880 Speaker 3: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 805 00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:54,600 Speaker 3: listen to podcasts. 806 00:39:54,600 --> 00:39:57,880 Speaker 4: From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs. 807 00:39:58,080 --> 00:40:01,520 Speaker 4: Web MD's Health Discovered PODCAS keeps you up to date 808 00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:05,440 Speaker 4: on today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations 809 00:40:05,440 --> 00:40:09,319 Speaker 4: with experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how 810 00:40:09,360 --> 00:40:12,040 Speaker 4: today's health news will impact your life tomorrow. 811 00:40:12,480 --> 00:40:14,760 Speaker 5: It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy. 812 00:40:14,800 --> 00:40:17,239 Speaker 5: It's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and 813 00:40:17,280 --> 00:40:19,600 Speaker 5: we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in 814 00:40:19,640 --> 00:40:20,040 Speaker 5: each other. 815 00:40:20,560 --> 00:40:24,000 Speaker 4: Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or 816 00:40:24,040 --> 00:40:25,360 Speaker 4: wherever you get your podcasts. 817 00:40:25,719 --> 00:40:27,760 Speaker 11: I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Burne. 818 00:40:27,840 --> 00:40:29,759 Speaker 10: We are two cool moms. We certainly are. 819 00:40:29,840 --> 00:40:31,880 Speaker 1: And guess where we could find us now? Oh, I 820 00:40:31,880 --> 00:40:34,640 Speaker 1: don't know the iHeart podcast network. That's right. 821 00:40:34,640 --> 00:40:38,040 Speaker 8: We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super excited about it. 822 00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:38,640 Speaker 1: I am too. 823 00:40:38,920 --> 00:40:42,160 Speaker 13: I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast, 824 00:40:42,239 --> 00:40:45,800 Speaker 13: but now it's even more funer and cooler and hardier. 825 00:40:45,920 --> 00:40:48,319 Speaker 1: That's right, it's more ieheartier. I knew it. 826 00:40:49,239 --> 00:40:50,120 Speaker 8: Check your heart rate. 827 00:40:50,160 --> 00:40:50,920 Speaker 10: We're here at iHeart. 828 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:51,160 Speaker 7: Yeah. 829 00:40:51,160 --> 00:40:52,880 Speaker 14: You could find us wherever you listen to your podcasts, 830 00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:54,440 Speaker 14: or on the iHeartRadio app.