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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production

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Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V.

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Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. It is time for our

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Speaker 1: most recent installment of Unearthed, which is when we talk

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Speaker 1: about things that were literally and figuratively unearthed over in

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Speaker 1: this case the last quarter of twenty twenty five. So

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Speaker 1: this is once again a two part episode, as is

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Speaker 1: pretty much always the case anymore. We've got a ton

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Speaker 1: of updates, some things about books and letters and animals

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Speaker 1: and an exhumation, and then we'll have other stuff that

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Speaker 1: was on Unearthed on Wednesday. So starting off with the updates.

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Speaker 1: In last falls installment of Unearthed, we spent quite a

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Speaker 1: bit of time talking about the Executive Branch's focus on

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Speaker 1: the Smithsonian Museums, including a request for the Smithsonian to

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Speaker 1: send a wealth of information about the museum's and their

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Speaker 1: exhibits to a committee at the Executive Branch for review.

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Speaker 1: The Smithsonian submitted materials on September eighteenth, and three months later,

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Speaker 1: on December eighteenth, a letter that had been sent to

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Speaker 1: Smithsonian Secretary Lonnie G. Bunch the Third was posted on

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Speaker 1: the White House website. The letter characterized the museum's submission

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Speaker 1: as a partial production of materials that was woefully incomplete,

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Speaker 1: and suggested that the Smithsonian's federal funding could be withheld

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Speaker 1: if it does not comply. This letter also reiterated that

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Speaker 1: federal funding is available to the Smithsonian only for use

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Speaker 1: quote in a manner consistent with Executive Order one four

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Speaker 1: two five three Restoring Truth Insanity to American History, which

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Speaker 1: is an executive order we have also discussed on the

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Speaker 1: show before. I really don't have much to add to this.

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Speaker 1: We have already talked about this executive order. We've already

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Speaker 1: talked about how the Smithsonian is not an executive branch agency.

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Speaker 1: So this is like just more of what we talked

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Speaker 1: about repeatedly over the course of twenty twenty five. Also, uh,

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Speaker 1: we've talked previously about just how important and valuable the

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Speaker 1: work of public media has been to our show, And

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Speaker 1: just yesterday, as of when we are recording this, the

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Speaker 1: board of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting voted to dissolve itself.

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Speaker 1: That is, the corporation that has sent the money to

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Speaker 1: public Broadcasting for almost sixty years. President and CEO Patricia

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Speaker 1: Harrison said of this quote. For more than half a century,

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Speaker 1: CPB existed to ensure that all Americans, regardless of geography, income,

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Speaker 1: or background, had access to trusted news, educational programming, and

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Speaker 1: local storytelling. When the administration and Congress rescinded federal funding,

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Speaker 1: our board faced a profound responsibility. CPB's final act would

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Speaker 1: be too pet the integrity of the public media system

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Speaker 1: and the democratic values by dissolving, rather than allowing the

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Speaker 1: organization to remain defunded and vulnerable to additional attack. I

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Speaker 1: don't have a lot to add to this again either. Again,

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Speaker 1: this just happened yesterday as of when we are recording.

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Speaker 1: I found out about it after the end of business hours,

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Speaker 1: which is why I did not even send Holly a

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Speaker 1: brand new third update to this episode before we recorded it.

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Speaker 1: I'm glad you said that, because I was like, I know,

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Speaker 1: you should say. You were looking at me like and

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Speaker 1: this one is Scy's. Well, I was more worried that

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Speaker 1: I had. I was like, I know, I went to

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Speaker 1: the right email, but yeah, it would have been three

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Speaker 1: changes to the outline sent in the span of about

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Speaker 1: two hours. Fine by me. Uh. Moving on. In April

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Speaker 1: of twenty twenty two, we did a two part episode

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Speaker 1: on Ernest Shackleton, who led an expedition to Antarctica that

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Speaker 1: went very wrong after his ship, the Endurance, got trapped

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Speaker 1: in the ice. The Endurance was supposedly one of the

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Speaker 1: strongest ships of its time, and this disaster has been

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Speaker 1: blamed on an apparently weak rudder, which the ice was

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Speaker 1: able to tear away. With no rudder, of course, the

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Speaker 1: ship could not steer, so it couldn't get out of

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Speaker 1: the ice, and it was ultimately crushed. But a paper

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Speaker 1: published in Polar Record, a journal of Arctic and Antarctic research,

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Speaker 1: which came out in October, has come to a different

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Speaker 1: conclusion that the ship wasn't really all that strong to

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Speaker 1: begin with. According to this paper, the Endurance was really

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Speaker 1: designed to go at most to the edges of the Antarctic,

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Speaker 1: not deep into the pack ice farther south. That pack

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Speaker 1: ice can put huge amounts of pressure on a ship

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Speaker 1: as it moves. The weakest part of the Endurance's hull

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Speaker 1: was around the engine room area, and the engine room

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Speaker 1: also was large and not reinforced by beams, so all

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Speaker 1: of that would have made it a lot easier for

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Speaker 1: the ice to crush the sho and on top of that,

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Speaker 1: Shackleton may have known this before setting out on the expedition.

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Speaker 1: His nineteen twenty book South, which chronicled the expedition, said

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Speaker 1: that the shipwrights who had built the Endurance quote had

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Speaker 1: never done sounder and better work, and he framed its

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Speaker 1: destruction as the inevitable outcome for any ship that was

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Speaker 1: trapped in pack ice. But in a letter to his

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Speaker 1: wife Emily, he framed the Endurance as not as strong

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Speaker 1: as the Nimrod, which he had taken on an earlier

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Speaker 1: expedition in nineteen oh seven. Part of the research that

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Speaker 1: went into this paper came from underwater imaging that was

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Speaker 1: conducted after the wreck of the Endurance was found. Back

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Speaker 1: in twenty twenty two, we talked about that finding on

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Speaker 1: previous installments of on Earthed, and the research also examined

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Speaker 1: a lot of diaries and correspondence for coming to this conclusion.

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Speaker 1: In our Spring twenty twenty three on Earth, we talked

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Speaker 1: about a gold pendant that had been discovered by a

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Speaker 1: metal detectorist in twenty nineteen, which had just been unveiled

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Speaker 1: at the British Museum. That pendant was decorated with the

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Speaker 1: letters h and k, a tudor rose and a pomegranate bush,

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Speaker 1: which was a symbol of Catherine of Aragon. It was

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Speaker 1: made of high quality materials, but without the same level

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Speaker 1: of craftsmanship, so there was speculation that this had been

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Speaker 1: made in a hurry, perhaps as a tournament prize or

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Speaker 1: as something someone was going to wear at a tournament.

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Speaker 1: Now this pendant is believed to have been a commission

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Speaker 1: for a tournament that was held in October of fifteen

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Speaker 1: eighteen to celebrate the betrothal of Mary, daughter of Henry

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Speaker 1: the eighth than Catherine of Aragon, to Francis Dauphin of France.

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Speaker 1: At this time, Mary was a toddler and the Dauphin

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Speaker 1: was a baby. It is possible that Henry the eighth

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Speaker 1: was the person who commissioned this piece. He was known

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Speaker 1: to have jewelry like this made for members of his

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Speaker 1: court to wear at similar events. Because of its age

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Speaker 1: and condition and its connection to the twenty four year

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Speaker 1: marriage of Henry and Catherine, this pendant is being described

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Speaker 1: as one of the most important sixteenth century pieces ever

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Speaker 1: discovered in Britain. It is currently on display at the

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Speaker 1: British Museum and the museum is raising funds to try

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Speaker 1: to permanently acquire it. They've set a goal of three

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Speaker 1: point five million pounds or about four point six million dollars,

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Speaker 1: with a deadline of April of twenty twenty six. Next

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Speaker 1: prior hosts of the show did an episode on Rapanui

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Speaker 1: or Easter Island, and they also did an update to

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Speaker 1: that episode, which came out in twenty twelve, And of

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Speaker 1: course Rapanui has made a ton of appearances on Unearthed.

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Speaker 1: Several articles and papers about Rapanui and the Maai statues

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Speaker 1: there came out toward the end of last year, and

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Speaker 1: one of those papers was about how large statues were

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Speaker 1: moved from where they were made to the roads where

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Speaker 1: they are today, and the conclusion in this paper was

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Speaker 1: that they were walked there. And when I saw all

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Speaker 1: the headlines about this, my first thought was did we

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Speaker 1: not know that already? The idea that moi walked to

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Speaker 1: their destinations goes back to the eighteenth century, when the

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Speaker 1: island's inhabitants told Dutch explorer yakab Ragavin that was how

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Speaker 1: they moved back In twenty twelve, a team of US

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Speaker 1: anthropologists and archaeologists used a replica to demonstrate that three

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Speaker 1: teams of people could use ropes tied to the moi

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Speaker 1: to rock it back and forth so that it would move.

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Speaker 1: They moved that replica more than three hundred feet in

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Speaker 1: under an hour. Yeah, and in a way that you

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Speaker 1: could describe as walking. But while a YouTube video of

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Speaker 1: this experiment got millions of views, the academic paper that

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Speaker 1: the team published the following year got a lot of skepticism.

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Speaker 1: Among other things, when it was published, the prevailing narrative

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Speaker 1: about the island was that its residents had committed eco

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Speaker 1: side by cutting down the trees to make the rollers

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Speaker 1: to move the statues. We have talked about a lot

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Speaker 1: of research that contradicts and undermines this whole eco side

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Speaker 1: theory on past installments of an Earth that as well.

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Speaker 1: But the idea that they walked the statues just went

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Speaker 1: against the idea that they cut down big rollers and

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Speaker 1: deforested the whole island to do it. The new paper

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Speaker 1: that yielded this latest round of headlines was written to

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Speaker 1: address that skepticism. It was published in the Journal of

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Speaker 1: Archaeological Science, entitled The Walking Moi Hypothesis Archaeological Evidence, Experimental

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Speaker 1: Validation and response to critics. According to the authors, walking

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Speaker 1: the statues to their destinations is the explanation that best

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Speaker 1: fits the available evidence. The paper systematically addresses the various

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Speaker 1: critiques of the one that was published in twenty thirteen.

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Speaker 1: The paper's acknowledgments credit several Rapanui people for their involvement, insight,

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Speaker 1: and commitment to community based archaeology on the island. This

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Speaker 1: still is not completely settled, though archaeologists and Professor Sue Hamilton,

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Speaker 1: who was not involved in this research, was quoted in

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Speaker 1: Live Science as saying, quote the current work by the

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Speaker 1: author's further demonstrates the technical possibility of upright movement of

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Speaker 1: the statues moa I, but does not prove that it happened.

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Speaker 1: Hamilton also noted that there are other possible explanations for

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Speaker 1: what went on. This paper was written by Carlippo and

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Speaker 1: Terry L. Hunt, and they published another paper on Rapanui

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Speaker 1: in December. This one was also in the Journal of

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Speaker 1: Archaeological Science, and it examined the role of rats in

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Speaker 1: the deforestation of Rapanui using final evidence and ecological modeling.

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Speaker 1: Polynesian rats arrived on the island with people in the

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Speaker 1: twelfth century either as stowaways on their canoes or as

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Speaker 1: an intentionally introduced food source. At that point, the island

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Speaker 1: was covered with slow growing palm trees, and while people

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Speaker 1: did cut some of them down for various reasons, it's

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Speaker 1: likely that the bigger factor was the rats eating the

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Speaker 1: palm nuts that the trees used to reproduce, and since

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Speaker 1: the rats had no other predators on the island other

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Speaker 1: than people, they proliferated. So while Rapanui was largely deforested

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Speaker 1: by the time Europeans first arrived on the island, according

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Speaker 1: to this paper, it wasn't a case of humans just

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Speaker 1: cutting down all the trees. And there was also yet

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Speaker 1: another paper. LiPo Hunt and other co authors also published

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Speaker 1: an article in Plus one about Rapanuis society. At the

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Speaker 1: time that the moai were created. Prior to contact with Europeans,

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Speaker 1: Rapanui society was made up of small groups of independent

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Speaker 1: families rather than having one centralized leadership or government. So

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Speaker 1: this research looked at whether the quarry where most of

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Speaker 1: the moi were created, was similarly decentralized. They created a

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Speaker 1: comprehensive three D model of the quarry and found that

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Speaker 1: there were thirty distinct centers of quarrying and carving activity.

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Speaker 1: They also found evidence suggesting that once they were made,

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Speaker 1: the moai were transported out of the quarry in all

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Speaker 1: different directions. So their conclusion based on this is that

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Speaker 1: moai creation was decentralized, similarly to how Rapanui society was

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Speaker 1: decentralized overall, and the three D model that they made

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Speaker 1: for this is viewable online. Our episode on the Jacobite

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Speaker 1: Rising of seventeen forty five ran as a Saturday Classic

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Speaker 1: in May of twenty twenty one, and archaeological finds related

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Speaker 1: to it have come upon on Earth since then. In October,

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Speaker 1: archaeologists from the University of Glasgow and the National Trust

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Speaker 1: for Scotland announced the discovery of more than one hundred

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Speaker 1: projectiles at Culaden Battlefield, site of the last major battle

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Speaker 1: of the rising. These projectiles were found in an area

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Speaker 1: that had been investigated previously without producing any archaeological material,

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Speaker 1: possibly because the area was forested during that earlier investigation.

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Speaker 1: These projectiles included lead, musket balls and cannon shot. This

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Speaker 1: includes a three pound cannon ball believed to have been

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Speaker 1: fired by Jacobite artillery, and it's believed that some of

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Speaker 1: these are from the very last actions in the battle,

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Speaker 1: as the Jacobites were being defeated by government troops. The

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Speaker 1: musket balls may have been fired by Irish troops who

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Speaker 1: were in French service, known as the Irish Biquet, who

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Speaker 1: were fighting alongside the Jacobites and continued to fight against

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Speaker 1: British government troops while many of the Jacobites retreated. I

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Speaker 1: don't actually know if at the time if they said

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Speaker 1: that piquet as a French term, or if it was

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Speaker 1: said more like pickets, which is where that word comes from.

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Speaker 1: This likely saved the lives of the Jacobites who escaped.

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Speaker 1: The Jacobites were trying to restore the House of Stuart

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Speaker 1: to the British throne, so from the Hanoverian perspective, they

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Speaker 1: were rebels who would have been executed if they were captured,

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Speaker 1: but since they were serving in the regular French army,

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Speaker 1: captured Irish paquets would have been treated as prisoners of war.

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Speaker 1: We're going to take a quick break and then talk

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Speaker 1: about some more updates. It has been a while since

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Speaker 1: we have talked about the Maya Train on Unearthed. That

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Speaker 1: is the train that was built to carry tourists from

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Speaker 1: the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula to less visited sites

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Speaker 1: farther inland, including Mayan historic sites. This train was controversial

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Speaker 1: since its construction had the potential to unearth and possibly

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Speaker 1: damage other archaeological sites along the way, and there were

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Speaker 1: concerns that there might not be just enough time or

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Speaker 1: money to study and protect all of these sites in

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Speaker 1: advance of the construction, so simultaneously making historical and archaeological

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Speaker 1: sites far their inland more accessible, also potentially causing damage

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Speaker 1: on the way to get there. Last November, Creuz, working

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Speaker 1: on the Maya train, accidentally discovered an inscribed stone slab

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Speaker 1: in the ruins of the city of Kabbah, dated back

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Speaker 1: to the seventh century. It has been dubbed the Foundation Stone.

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Speaker 1: Conservators have restored the stone's hieroglyphs and a translation is

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Speaker 1: in the works. One of the things translators have substantiated

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Speaker 1: is the name of a female ruler, ex chak Chian,

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Speaker 1: who came to power in the year five sixty nine.

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Speaker 1: These hieroglyphs connect x chuk Chian to various deities and

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Speaker 1: suggest that she was involved in the construction of some

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Speaker 1: nearby sporting facilities. A lot of the work with this

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Speaker 1: is still very preliminary, but it suggests that she helped

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Speaker 1: guide the city of Koba into becoming an important regional power. Next,

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Speaker 1: work is still ongoing to find and identify victims of

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Speaker 1: the nineteen twenty one Tulsa Race massacre, which we originally

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Speaker 1: covered on the show in twenty fourteen and then ran

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Speaker 1: as a Saturday Classic in twenty nineteen. In November, officials

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Speaker 1: working at Oaklawn Cemetery in Tulsa announced that they had

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Speaker 1: documented the remains of eighty more people who had been

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Speaker 1: buried in unmarked graves, with nine of them meeting the

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Speaker 1: criteria to be exhumed and studied further. Those criteria are

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Speaker 1: based on historical records and eyewitness accounts describing where and

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Speaker 1: how victims were buried. Yet not every unmarked grave is

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Speaker 1: believed to have been connected to this massacre. This most

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Speaker 1: recent season of field work in Tulsa has concluded now,

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Speaker 1: but the lab work from that field work is ongoing.

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Speaker 1: The hope with this continues to be that they will

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Speaker 1: be able to identify the victims and connect them to

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Speaker 1: surviving family members wherever possible. On November sixteenth, twenty twenty two,

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Speaker 1: we did an episode on Boston's Coconut Grove Fire, which

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Speaker 1: took place in nineteen forty two and continues to be

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Speaker 1: the deadliest nightclub fire in history. On June twenty fifth,

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Speaker 1: Bob Schumway, last known survivor of the fire, died in

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Speaker 1: a senior living community in Naples, Florida, at the age

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Speaker 1: of one hundred and one. His death was covered in

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Speaker 1: The Boston Globe in November, and the Coconut Grove Memorial

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Speaker 1: Committee paid tribute to him during its annual anniversary vigil

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Speaker 1: on November twenty ninth. Humbwey was eighteen the night of

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Speaker 1: the fire, and had gone to Coconut Grove with a

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Speaker 1: friend after Boston College lost to Holy Cross in that

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Speaker 1: night's football game. Both of them were uninjured and stayed

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Speaker 1: at the club to help with the rescue and recovery.

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Speaker 1: Our next update is that on January nineteenth of twenty

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Speaker 1: twenty two, we did an episode on Britain's eighteen ninety

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Speaker 1: seven putative expedition into the Kingdom of Benin and the

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Speaker 1: removal of artworks and artifacts from that kingdom that are

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Speaker 1: known today as the Benin Bronzes. Much of Benin City

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Speaker 1: was destroyed by fire during this raid, and it is

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Speaker 1: not fully clear whether that fire was unintentional or if

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Speaker 1: the British forces set it on purpose, but then it

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Speaker 1: spread a lot farther and faster than they had expected

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Speaker 1: it really. I mean, the raid itself horrifying and bad, obviously,

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Speaker 1: but it does not seem like the intent was to

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Speaker 1: burn the whole city down right. Archaeological work has been

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Speaker 1: undertaken in Benin City ahead of the construction of the

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Speaker 1: Museum of West African Art, and some of it has

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Speaker 1: been focused on the site of the Obo's Palace, which

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Speaker 1: was one of the buildings that was destroyed. Archaeologists have

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Speaker 1: found parts of the palace that predate the colonial era

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Speaker 1: and archaeological layers that predate the establishment of the Kingdom

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Speaker 1: of Beni. In addition to evidence of the palace and

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Speaker 1: the post colonial structures that were built there afterward, researchers

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Speaker 1: found evidence of metalworking workshops, more than one hundred thousand

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Speaker 1: pieces of ceramics, glass bottles, smoking pipes, and other objects.

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Speaker 1: Analysis of all of this material is ongoing and should

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Speaker 1: lead to a better understanding of the pre colonial Kingdom

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Speaker 1: of Benin and the site's postcolonial development. Next there's always

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Speaker 1: work going on at Pompeii, and Pompeii has made an

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Speaker 1: appearance in multiple episodes of the show and as a

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Speaker 1: frequent flyer on Unearthed. Some of the most recently published

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Speaker 1: research about Pompeii is what some of the victims of

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Speaker 1: the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year seventy nine

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Speaker 1: were wearing. In particular, researchers have raised questions about why

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Speaker 1: some of the victims were wearing wool. Today, a lot

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Speaker 1: of people probably associate wool with war garments and cold weather,

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Speaker 1: but it really is a versatile material that can also

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Speaker 1: help keep people cool when it is hot out. Wool

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Speaker 1: is breathable and it's moisture wicking, and as sweat evaporates

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Speaker 1: out of it, it helps cool the person wearing it.

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Speaker 1: Wool was also a widely used and affordable fabric in

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Speaker 1: the area two thousand years ago, so by itself, evidence

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Speaker 1: of wool clothing on some of the victims of the

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Speaker 1: eruption doesn't mean anything unusual. But for a long time,

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Speaker 1: the eruption of Mount Vesuvius was believed to have happened

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Speaker 1: in the month of August. Based on the writing of Pliny,

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Speaker 1: the younger. Some of these people weren't wearing summer weight garments,

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Speaker 1: but instead multiple heavy layers of wool, so these garments

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Speaker 1: could back up the competing hypothesis that this eruption really

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Speaker 1: took place later in the year, more like October, in

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Speaker 1: the autumn, when temperatures would have been cooler. That's sort

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Speaker 1: of one possibility. Another is that people might have put

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Speaker 1: on multiple layers of heavy clothes while trying to escape

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Speaker 1: Pompeii because they thought that those layers would help protect

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Speaker 1: them from volcanic debris. Either way, some questions suggested by

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Speaker 1: the fact that people had heavy wool on and for

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Speaker 1: our last update, prior hosts of the show did an

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Speaker 1: episode on the Bio Tapestry in twenty eleven, and it

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Speaker 1: has been featured on several installments of Unearth since then.

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Speaker 1: There are a number of questions about the tapestry, one

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Speaker 1: of them being where it was hung before it wound

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Speaker 1: up at Biocathedral in France, where it was listed on

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Speaker 1: an inventory from fourteen seventy six. One of the proposed

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Speaker 1: locations has been the dining hall of the Dover Priory,

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Speaker 1: but a paper published in the journal Historical Research suggests

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Speaker 1: a different location, the refectory at Saint Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury,

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Speaker 1: and this paper also suggests a purpose for what we

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Speaker 1: commonly call a tapestry, but it's really an embroidery. The

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Speaker 1: Benedictine monks who lived at this abbey were required to

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Speaker 1: eat in silence while listening to a reader. If the

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Speaker 1: bay a tapestry were hanging from the walls of their refectory,

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Speaker 1: it could have served as kind of a visual accompaniment

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Speaker 1: to the religious or moral or historical texts that were

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Speaker 1: being read from during meals. Refectories of this era typically

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Speaker 1: had very long, uninterrupted walls, which would have provided enough

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Speaker 1: space for the embroidery to hang as one piece. That's

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Speaker 1: actually one of the arguments against the idea that it

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Speaker 1: was designed to be hung in by a cathedral which

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Speaker 1: did not have that kind of continuous uninterrupted wall space.

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Speaker 1: This is of course all speculative, and the paper does

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Speaker 1: not try to present it as a final answer. This

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Speaker 1: paper also has origins in a class at the University

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Speaker 1: of Bristol in which students study the tapestry in the

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Speaker 1: current research around it and were as to come up

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Speaker 1: with possible alternative explanations for the Bayou Tapestry. The Bayou

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Speaker 1: Tapestry Museum in France is being renovated right now, which

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Speaker 1: is part of why this embroidery is being loaned to

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Speaker 1: the UK for the first time. It will be on

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Speaker 1: exhibit in the British Museum from September of twenty twenty

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Speaker 1: six until June of twenty twenty seven. This loan has

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Speaker 1: involved the British government ensuring the embroidery for about eight

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Speaker 1: hundred million pounds or roughly a billion dollars. Yeah. Some

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Speaker 1: of the headlines that I saw regarding this is like,

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Speaker 1: at last the Bayou Tapestry returns to Britain where it belongs.

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Speaker 1: There's a whole I mean that there's a lot of stuff, right,

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Speaker 1: It's discussed in that episode. Also, I mean a billion

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Speaker 1: dollars is a lot of money, but the tapestry is irreplaceable,

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Speaker 1: so yeah, yeah uh. Anyway, moving on to books and letters.

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Speaker 1: According to rec search published in Current Anthropology, signs used

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Speaker 1: in murals and undecorated pottery in the ancient city of

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Speaker 1: Teote Juacan in Central Mexico may constitute a written language.

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Speaker 1: It's possible that they're a very early form of udo

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Speaker 1: as Tecn, which later developed into multiple other languages, including

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Speaker 1: cora Quito and Noir. If this is true, it could

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Speaker 1: also shed some light on who lived in Teotihuacan and

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Speaker 1: when the Nadel speaking Aztecs arrived in the area. Researchers

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Speaker 1: involved with this work have described it as difficult because

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Speaker 1: the logograms that are used sometimes seem to have a

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Speaker 1: clear representative meaning, like pictures of birds and animals, but

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Speaker 1: together they can seem almost like they're meant to be

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Speaker 1: read as a rebus puzzle with different elements meant to

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Speaker 1: be sounded out to form a word. Yeah, a lot

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Speaker 1: of this sounds very preliminary to me, but also really

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Speaker 1: interesting of like how it might be interpreted and what

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Speaker 1: those interpretations might mean. Next, a small book containing religious

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00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:05,040
Speaker 1: songs that was passed down through a family before being

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Speaker 1: given to the National Library of Norway may actually be

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Speaker 1: Norway's oldest book. This book currently has eight remaining pages.

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Speaker 1: Those pages are written in Latin and it is bound

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Speaker 1: in sealskin. According to this family, it came from a

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Speaker 1: monastery in western Norway. It is believed to date back

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Speaker 1: to the thirteenth century or older, and this sealskin binding

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Speaker 1: is being described as unique. There are only two other

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00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:40,480
Speaker 1: known books of a somewhat comparable age in Norway, and

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00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:44,560
Speaker 1: one of those is missing its binding. Next, a family

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00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:48,600
Speaker 1: picking up trash on Wharton Beach in Western Australia found

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Speaker 1: a schweps bottle containing messages from two World War One soldiers,

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00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:57,560
Speaker 1: Malcolm Alexander Neville and William Kirk Harley, who were traveling

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Speaker 1: on the same troop transport wrote a letter to his mother,

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00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:04,880
Speaker 1: while Harley's letter said that his mother had died, so

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00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:08,720
Speaker 1: anyone who found the letter should keep it. They corked

409
00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:12,119
Speaker 1: this bottle and threw it overboard. Once it washed up

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00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:14,960
Speaker 1: on shore, it got covered in sand, which helped protect

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Speaker 1: the contents until it was uncovered by storms earlier last year.

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Speaker 1: Deborah Brown, who found this bottle, went on a quest

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Speaker 1: to try to find the families of these soldiers and

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Speaker 1: return their letters to them. Neville was killed in action

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Speaker 1: in April of nineteen seventeen, and she was able to

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Speaker 1: track down his great nephew. Harley did return home from

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Speaker 1: the war, and Brown was able to reach his granddaughter.

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Speaker 1: There's been a lot of very heartwarming coverage of this

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Speaker 1: in the Australian Press. If you want to just go

420
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:52,159
Speaker 1: read some feel good stories about family members being reconnected

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Speaker 1: to this message from an ancestor, go google that. And lastly,

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Speaker 1: linguists are trying to compile the first ever complete dictionary

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Speaker 1: of ancient Celtic, scouring all kinds of surviving sources to

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Speaker 1: bring together a collection of what will probably be about

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Speaker 1: one thousand words. Ancient Celtic contained many more words than that,

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Speaker 1: but there is very little written documentation of it remaining today.

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00:27:17,880 --> 00:27:21,720
Speaker 1: Sources include everything from accounts of Julius Caesar's conquest of

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00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:25,359
Speaker 1: northern Europe two memorial stones that date back roughly two

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Speaker 1: thousand years. This is a work in progress, but the

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00:27:28,840 --> 00:27:31,359
Speaker 1: plan is for it to be publicly available when it

431
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:35,199
Speaker 1: is complete. We're going to take another quick sponsor break

432
00:27:35,480 --> 00:27:48,600
Speaker 1: and then talk about some animals. Now we will talk

433
00:27:48,640 --> 00:27:54,720
Speaker 1: about some research involving animals, starting with domestic dogs. Research

434
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:58,000
Speaker 1: published in the journal Science in November has looked at

435
00:27:58,040 --> 00:28:03,480
Speaker 1: the physical characteristics domesticated dogs and how those characteristics have

436
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:07,760
Speaker 1: changed over time. So this research analyzed six hundred and

437
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:13,960
Speaker 1: forty three modern and archaeological skulls, including ones from recognized

438
00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:20,160
Speaker 1: dog breeds and street dogs and wolves. The oldest skulls

439
00:28:20,200 --> 00:28:24,080
Speaker 1: that they analyzed were from about fifty thousand years ago,

440
00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:28,400
Speaker 1: which is before dogs are known to have been domesticated.

441
00:28:29,080 --> 00:28:31,879
Speaker 1: The team created three D models of each skull and

442
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:36,080
Speaker 1: used a method called geometric morphometrics to compare them, and

443
00:28:36,119 --> 00:28:39,360
Speaker 1: they found that during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods there

444
00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:43,000
Speaker 1: was already a lot of diversity in dogs. The oldest

445
00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:46,160
Speaker 1: skull that could really be distinguished as a domestic dog

446
00:28:46,280 --> 00:28:49,440
Speaker 1: rather than a wolf was from about eleven thousand years ago,

447
00:28:49,680 --> 00:28:54,160
Speaker 1: which wasn't that long after dogs were first domesticated relatively speaking.

448
00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:57,640
Speaker 1: The team found a lot of variety in the shapes

449
00:28:57,680 --> 00:29:00,520
Speaker 1: of dog skulls by about eight thousand years years ago.

450
00:29:01,360 --> 00:29:05,200
Speaker 1: To this variety was probably connected to how dogs and

451
00:29:05,280 --> 00:29:09,240
Speaker 1: people were living and working together, and how quickly different

452
00:29:09,240 --> 00:29:13,560
Speaker 1: groups of people started using dogs for specific roles, as

453
00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:15,960
Speaker 1: well as what kinds of tasks those dogs were doing,

454
00:29:16,080 --> 00:29:18,960
Speaker 1: like if the dogs were helping humans to hunt, or

455
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:24,280
Speaker 1: if they were hurting livestock or controlling pests. Basically, breeds

456
00:29:24,360 --> 00:29:28,920
Speaker 1: were developing really early on in the development of dogs

457
00:29:28,920 --> 00:29:32,240
Speaker 1: as a domesticated animal. At the same time, though, the

458
00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:37,240
Speaker 1: researchers noted that while these domestic dogs skull shapes really

459
00:29:37,360 --> 00:29:41,600
Speaker 1: quickly started showing a lot of variation, this variation was

460
00:29:41,640 --> 00:29:44,840
Speaker 1: not nearly as extreme as you can see in some

461
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:48,920
Speaker 1: of today's dog breeds. They did not have the equivalent

462
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:54,960
Speaker 1: of like a pug. There were no sharpays. No, there

463
00:29:55,000 --> 00:30:00,520
Speaker 1: was variety, but the spectrum was smaller. Right Moving on

464
00:30:00,560 --> 00:30:04,440
Speaker 1: to cat domestication, research from a team at Peking University,

465
00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,600
Speaker 1: published in December has looked at the timeline of when

466
00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:12,240
Speaker 1: domesticated cats were introduced to China. We have talked about

467
00:30:12,280 --> 00:30:14,760
Speaker 1: a couple of other studies looking at this same question

468
00:30:14,920 --> 00:30:19,600
Speaker 1: on Unearthed before, and this research involved twenty two small

469
00:30:19,640 --> 00:30:24,200
Speaker 1: bones from fourteen archaeological sites around China, the oldest dating

470
00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:29,040
Speaker 1: back about five thousand years. According to this research, leopard

471
00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:32,440
Speaker 1: cats were living around human settlements more than five thousand

472
00:30:32,520 --> 00:30:35,600
Speaker 1: years ago, and they continued to do so until about

473
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:39,560
Speaker 1: the year one hundred and fifty CE. Then there was

474
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:42,920
Speaker 1: a gap in felines around settlements, with the first definitive

475
00:30:42,960 --> 00:30:46,320
Speaker 1: example of a domestic cat in China dating back to

476
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:50,360
Speaker 1: about the year seven point thirty. While leopard cats still

477
00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:53,680
Speaker 1: live in much of Asia today, they never became domesticated

478
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:56,960
Speaker 1: in the way that cats did. They are very cute.

479
00:30:58,360 --> 00:31:01,840
Speaker 1: Researchers also looked at the DNA of modern and ancient

480
00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:06,360
Speaker 1: cats in China to try to pinpoint the geographic origins

481
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:10,000
Speaker 1: of domesticated cats when they were introduced to China, and

482
00:31:10,040 --> 00:31:14,280
Speaker 1: their research suggests that domesticated cats were introduced along the

483
00:31:14,360 --> 00:31:17,520
Speaker 1: Silk Road. Not very surprising as a way for that

484
00:31:17,560 --> 00:31:21,760
Speaker 1: to happen. This research puts the introduction of domesticated cats

485
00:31:21,760 --> 00:31:25,480
Speaker 1: into China even later than research we have talked about

486
00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:29,640
Speaker 1: on the show before. Researchers have found the oldest mule

487
00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:33,479
Speaker 1: in Western Europe. This animal's remains were found during an

488
00:31:33,560 --> 00:31:37,200
Speaker 1: archaeological dig in Catalonia back in nineteen eighty six and

489
00:31:37,280 --> 00:31:40,040
Speaker 1: they date back to some time between the eighth and

490
00:31:40,120 --> 00:31:44,360
Speaker 1: sixth centuries BCE, three to four centuries before it was

491
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:48,160
Speaker 1: believed that mules were present in Western Europe. Yes, is

492
00:31:48,160 --> 00:31:52,200
Speaker 1: one of those re explorations of an older find with

493
00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:56,360
Speaker 1: new technology and techniques that are available today. Mules are,

494
00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:58,719
Speaker 1: of course a hybrid of a donkey and a mare,

495
00:31:58,840 --> 00:32:01,680
Speaker 1: so this suggests that people in this part of Europe

496
00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:06,880
Speaker 1: learned about hybridizing equine species a lot earlier than was

497
00:32:06,920 --> 00:32:11,280
Speaker 1: previously thought. It is possible that this mule was bred

498
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:15,840
Speaker 1: on the Iberian Peninsula after the Phoenicians introduced to donkeys

499
00:32:15,840 --> 00:32:19,880
Speaker 1: into the area, but future research using genetic and isotopic

500
00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:23,000
Speaker 1: analysis will be needed to actually confirm that. They'll use

501
00:32:23,040 --> 00:32:26,000
Speaker 1: those isotopes to figure out things like what the mule

502
00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:30,320
Speaker 1: ate when it was alive. Speaking of donkeys, there are

503
00:32:30,360 --> 00:32:33,560
Speaker 1: written records of colonists bringing horses to what is now

504
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:37,920
Speaker 1: Virginia in the early seventeenth century, and no written records

505
00:32:37,960 --> 00:32:42,520
Speaker 1: of donkeys on things like ship manifests. But archaeological research

506
00:32:42,560 --> 00:32:45,000
Speaker 1: at the site of the Jamestown settlement has revealed that

507
00:32:45,120 --> 00:32:49,880
Speaker 1: colonists brought donkeys with them as well. This isn't really surprising,

508
00:32:49,960 --> 00:32:53,000
Speaker 1: since donkeys were already known for being working animals on

509
00:32:53,040 --> 00:32:56,600
Speaker 1: the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. These were likely

510
00:32:56,640 --> 00:33:01,200
Speaker 1: brought from the Iberian Peninsula or from western Africa. These

511
00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:04,040
Speaker 1: donkeys and the horses that had been brought with them

512
00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:07,120
Speaker 1: became food sources for the colonists during the winter of

513
00:33:07,160 --> 00:33:10,240
Speaker 1: sixteen oh nine to sixteen ten, which is known as

514
00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:14,480
Speaker 1: the Starving Time. Researchers have found the remains of two

515
00:33:14,520 --> 00:33:18,160
Speaker 1: wolves on the Swedish island of Stora Carlzo, which is

516
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:21,960
Speaker 1: a small island that does not have any native land mammals.

517
00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:26,719
Speaker 1: This suggests that seal hunters and fishers who used this

518
00:33:26,960 --> 00:33:30,240
Speaker 1: island between three thousand and five thousand years ago brought

519
00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:34,800
Speaker 1: wolves there for some reason. The wolves also have some

520
00:33:34,920 --> 00:33:39,080
Speaker 1: traits that suggest that they may have been living alongside humans,

521
00:33:39,240 --> 00:33:42,720
Speaker 1: including some isotope analysis that suggests they were eating a

522
00:33:42,760 --> 00:33:46,080
Speaker 1: lot of seal meat and fish, which would not be

523
00:33:46,160 --> 00:33:49,160
Speaker 1: the typical diet for a wolf unless someone were feeding

524
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:52,160
Speaker 1: it to them. One of these wolves had some kind

525
00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:55,880
Speaker 1: of a leg condition that probably would have affected its mobility,

526
00:33:56,440 --> 00:33:59,360
Speaker 1: meaning that it might have only been able to survive

527
00:33:59,640 --> 00:34:04,000
Speaker 1: with the help of people. These remains are somewhere between

528
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:07,320
Speaker 1: three thousand and five thousand years old, and according to

529
00:34:07,440 --> 00:34:11,719
Speaker 1: DNA research, they are definitely wolves and not domesticated dogs.

530
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:15,279
Speaker 1: They are also somewhat smaller than a typical wolf of

531
00:34:15,320 --> 00:34:17,480
Speaker 1: the time, and one of the two seems to have

532
00:34:17,520 --> 00:34:21,480
Speaker 1: a reduced amount of genetic diversity. So it seems like

533
00:34:21,520 --> 00:34:24,680
Speaker 1: these wolves were living alongside people for some reason, but

534
00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:28,800
Speaker 1: there's a lot that is unclear about that, like had

535
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:33,600
Speaker 1: people managed to tame some wolves. Were the wolves being

536
00:34:33,719 --> 00:34:37,560
Speaker 1: kept caged or were they otherwise restrained? Was there some

537
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:41,839
Speaker 1: other method of managing the wolve's behavior and keeping them

538
00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:44,520
Speaker 1: around the settlement with people. We don't really know the

539
00:34:44,560 --> 00:34:48,400
Speaker 1: answers to any of that. Researchers in Sweden have found

540
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,359
Speaker 1: the burial site of a dog dating back about five

541
00:34:51,440 --> 00:34:54,799
Speaker 1: thousand years. The area where it was found is now

542
00:34:54,840 --> 00:34:57,200
Speaker 1: a bog but at the time it was a lake.

543
00:34:58,080 --> 00:35:01,680
Speaker 1: This dog was clearly buried in tensionally, it was likely

544
00:35:01,719 --> 00:35:04,320
Speaker 1: placed in a bag or a container made of skins,

545
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:08,160
Speaker 1: along with stones to weigh it down. The dog also

546
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:13,160
Speaker 1: had a polished bone dagger between its paws. Research into

547
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:18,239
Speaker 1: this burial is ongoing, including some isotopein DNA analysis that

548
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:21,400
Speaker 1: might reveal more about the dog and where it came from.

549
00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:24,520
Speaker 1: But it is possible that this burial was part of

550
00:35:24,560 --> 00:35:27,600
Speaker 1: a ritual rather than the simple burial of a pet

551
00:35:27,719 --> 00:35:31,280
Speaker 1: or a working dog that had died and our last

552
00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:34,920
Speaker 1: animal find. According to research published in the Journal of

553
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:39,040
Speaker 1: Roman Archaeology, Roman officers stationed in the Egyptian port of

554
00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:43,600
Speaker 1: Baronyke may have kept Indian macaques as a mark of status.

555
00:35:44,480 --> 00:35:47,920
Speaker 1: This comes from the analysis of thirty five monkey burials

556
00:35:47,960 --> 00:35:52,040
Speaker 1: at an ancient animal cemetery in Baronyke. In addition to

557
00:35:52,120 --> 00:35:55,279
Speaker 1: providing a glimpse of what wealthy officers might have spent

558
00:35:55,360 --> 00:35:58,280
Speaker 1: their money on, this also provides some of the earliest

559
00:35:58,320 --> 00:36:02,040
Speaker 1: evidence of an animal trade between India and Roman Egypt.

560
00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:07,880
Speaker 1: Almost eight hundred burials have been examined at this animal cemetery,

561
00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:11,840
Speaker 1: and the monkeys have some notable differences from the other burials.

562
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:16,760
Speaker 1: About forty percent of the monkey burials included grave goods,

563
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:19,880
Speaker 1: so objects buried along with the monkeys, and that was

564
00:36:19,880 --> 00:36:22,520
Speaker 1: true of only about three percent of the cat and

565
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:26,239
Speaker 1: dog burials. The grave goods that were buried with the

566
00:36:26,280 --> 00:36:30,400
Speaker 1: monkeys included things like food shells and collars that were

567
00:36:30,440 --> 00:36:34,640
Speaker 1: made of luxury materials. Some of these monkeys also seem

568
00:36:34,719 --> 00:36:38,279
Speaker 1: to have been buried with other small animals that seem

569
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:40,760
Speaker 1: like they were meant to be the monkey's own pets.

570
00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:44,200
Speaker 1: We are going to finish off today's episode with one

571
00:36:44,440 --> 00:36:49,799
Speaker 1: historically relevant exhumation. Eliza Monroe Hay, oldest daughter of US

572
00:36:49,880 --> 00:36:53,440
Speaker 1: President James Monroe, was exhumed from her burial site in

573
00:36:53,520 --> 00:36:56,680
Speaker 1: Paris and returned to the United States, where she was

574
00:36:56,719 --> 00:36:59,920
Speaker 1: reburied with others in the Monroe family at Hollywood sen

575
00:37:00,080 --> 00:37:04,640
Speaker 1: Matery in Richmond, Virginia in October. So Eliza and Roe

576
00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:08,759
Speaker 1: hay had died in Paris in eighteen forty, and the

577
00:37:09,160 --> 00:37:12,040
Speaker 1: burial plot where she had been laid to rest had

578
00:37:12,080 --> 00:37:15,839
Speaker 1: been paid for by an American diplomat named Daniel Brent.

579
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:19,960
Speaker 1: After hearing that this plot was going to be cleared

580
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:24,640
Speaker 1: and resold, Barbara Varndick, who is the author of Eliza's

581
00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:28,280
Speaker 1: True Story, the first biography of President Monroe's eldest daughter,

582
00:37:28,840 --> 00:37:32,040
Speaker 1: started a two year process to have Hayes body return

583
00:37:32,120 --> 00:37:35,359
Speaker 1: to the US. That obviously was successful. I just said

584
00:37:35,360 --> 00:37:37,359
Speaker 1: she was returned to the US and laid to rest here,

585
00:37:37,520 --> 00:37:42,359
Speaker 1: and that biography came out just last year. We're going

586
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:44,960
Speaker 1: to have more unearthed on Wednesday. But in the meantime,

587
00:37:45,080 --> 00:37:48,600
Speaker 1: do you have listener mail, Tracy? I do. I have

588
00:37:49,120 --> 00:37:53,520
Speaker 1: listener mail that is from Mary. It's from October, and

589
00:37:53,560 --> 00:37:56,560
Speaker 1: I don't think i've read it before. Mary wrote, Hello,

590
00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:59,360
Speaker 1: Tracy and Holly. I've been listening to the podcast for

591
00:37:59,440 --> 00:38:02,319
Speaker 1: several years. I've gone pretty deep into the archives, though

592
00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:09,120
Speaker 1: I have not completed my symhcphd. In parentheses yet I

593
00:38:09,160 --> 00:38:12,080
Speaker 1: love history and learning and appreciate the variety of topics

594
00:38:12,160 --> 00:38:15,640
Speaker 1: you cover. I also appreciate your willingness to stand for justice, ethics,

595
00:38:15,680 --> 00:38:18,799
Speaker 1: and all the good things decent humans should be doing

596
00:38:18,920 --> 00:38:22,279
Speaker 1: during challenging times. Standing firm and what'strit and has never

597
00:38:22,320 --> 00:38:25,680
Speaker 1: been more important. I was really excited to see the

598
00:38:25,719 --> 00:38:29,279
Speaker 1: history of soap episode recently. A few years ago, I

599
00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:32,319
Speaker 1: had some allergy testing and learned I am allergic to

600
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:37,759
Speaker 1: coconut Coconut oil is in very nearly all soaps, including

601
00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:42,279
Speaker 1: Syndet cleaners, which use coconut derived ingredients. I decided to

602
00:38:42,320 --> 00:38:45,320
Speaker 1: learn how to make my own soap and other skincare

603
00:38:45,360 --> 00:38:50,040
Speaker 1: products out of necessity apart from learning in my fifties

604
00:38:50,080 --> 00:38:52,759
Speaker 1: that showers and baths are in fact not supposed to

605
00:38:52,760 --> 00:38:56,600
Speaker 1: be an inherently itchy experience. I discovered that I love

606
00:38:56,800 --> 00:38:59,920
Speaker 1: making soap. I get to tap into my creativity by

607
00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:03,279
Speaker 1: using different colorants, fragrances, and butters and oils to make

608
00:39:03,320 --> 00:39:06,440
Speaker 1: each batch unique and end up with a useful product.

609
00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:09,160
Speaker 1: So making has become my happy place and a great

610
00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:12,759
Speaker 1: source of stress relief. Since January alone, I have made

611
00:39:12,840 --> 00:39:15,720
Speaker 1: so much soap. If you still had a physical address,

612
00:39:15,760 --> 00:39:17,600
Speaker 1: I would share the wealth. If you wanted to give

613
00:39:17,600 --> 00:39:19,640
Speaker 1: me an address I could use to ship soap too,

614
00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:21,440
Speaker 1: I would love to share it as a thank you

615
00:39:21,520 --> 00:39:24,200
Speaker 1: for all of the enjoyment and learning I've had from

616
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:27,080
Speaker 1: your podcast over the years. For picture tax, I have

617
00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:29,520
Speaker 1: attached a picture of a small sample of the soap

618
00:39:29,560 --> 00:39:32,640
Speaker 1: I've been making recently. I also added pictures of both

619
00:39:32,680 --> 00:39:35,200
Speaker 1: my daughter's cats. The two black cats will be moving

620
00:39:35,320 --> 00:39:37,479
Speaker 1: in with us in a few weeks while my daughter

621
00:39:37,520 --> 00:39:39,880
Speaker 1: and her wife return to the nest in order to

622
00:39:39,880 --> 00:39:43,200
Speaker 1: work toward grad school. Orange Kitty, it's very sweet and

623
00:39:43,239 --> 00:39:48,200
Speaker 1: sociable and very chatty. And then there's like a ps

624
00:39:48,239 --> 00:39:50,600
Speaker 1: that says part two. I wrote this message and forgot

625
00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:52,880
Speaker 1: to hit send. And that's not all bad. I just

626
00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:56,359
Speaker 1: finished the eponymous diseases episode, and there's another topic that's

627
00:39:56,440 --> 00:39:59,759
Speaker 1: right up my alley. I work as a public health professional.

628
00:40:00,280 --> 00:40:04,160
Speaker 1: Years ago I used to do communicable disease investigation, including

629
00:40:04,360 --> 00:40:07,919
Speaker 1: vector borne diseases. This brought back memories. Your listener mail

630
00:40:07,960 --> 00:40:11,520
Speaker 1: response at the end about researching and verifying sources can't

631
00:40:11,560 --> 00:40:16,239
Speaker 1: be understated, especially with the degradation of public health systems

632
00:40:16,280 --> 00:40:18,719
Speaker 1: and available resources. Thank you for being a source of

633
00:40:18,880 --> 00:40:22,120
Speaker 1: education and support. Mary. Thank you Mary so much for

634
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:27,000
Speaker 1: this email. These are some incredibly cute cat pictures. We

635
00:40:27,280 --> 00:40:31,319
Speaker 1: have an orange tabby kitty cat wearing what looks like

636
00:40:31,360 --> 00:40:35,560
Speaker 1: a little shirt, standing with two front paws on an

637
00:40:35,600 --> 00:40:42,520
Speaker 1: open book, and the biggest of big eyes with huge pupils.

638
00:40:43,239 --> 00:40:45,399
Speaker 1: A black kitty cat curled up on a chair who

639
00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:47,840
Speaker 1: does not look happy to be having a picture taken.

640
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:53,160
Speaker 1: And then a black kitty cat on top of a

641
00:40:53,239 --> 00:40:58,200
Speaker 1: dresser cabinet kind of thing looking into the middle distance

642
00:40:58,320 --> 00:41:02,719
Speaker 1: I feel, which is a thing that cats do. And then,

643
00:41:02,719 --> 00:41:08,080
Speaker 1: oh man, these soaps are beautiful. These it's a picture

644
00:41:08,120 --> 00:41:10,200
Speaker 1: of a lot of different soaps. They have kind of

645
00:41:10,239 --> 00:41:15,240
Speaker 1: a marbled appearance of different swirls of color. Really lovely.

646
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:17,600
Speaker 1: Those are very beautiful soaps. Thank you so much for

647
00:41:17,680 --> 00:41:20,720
Speaker 1: the offer of sending us things. I am touched. Anytime

648
00:41:20,760 --> 00:41:24,160
Speaker 1: anyone wants to send us things, I will say when

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00:41:24,160 --> 00:41:28,360
Speaker 1: we did have a physical address, the amount of things

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00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:36,080
Speaker 1: received became overwhelming, and again deeply appreciated and am grateful

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00:41:36,120 --> 00:41:40,480
Speaker 1: for anyone's attention in that way. That it was more

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00:41:40,520 --> 00:41:44,400
Speaker 1: stuff than we could deal with. Some of it from listeners,

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00:41:44,440 --> 00:41:46,879
Speaker 1: A lot of it from book publicists who sent us

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00:41:46,960 --> 00:41:50,200
Speaker 1: unsolicited re few copies of things, and it was just

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00:41:50,239 --> 00:41:53,040
Speaker 1: more than we could really handle. And then now we

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00:41:53,120 --> 00:41:57,360
Speaker 1: have a dispersed working environment and we don't have a

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00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:00,879
Speaker 1: centralized place for things. But again, thank you were even

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00:42:00,920 --> 00:42:04,439
Speaker 1: the suggestion and for these beautiful, amazing pictures. I love

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00:42:04,760 --> 00:42:08,440
Speaker 1: this whole email, except for the part that you had

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00:42:08,480 --> 00:42:12,120
Speaker 1: to spend many years being itchy anytime you bathed or showered.

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00:42:12,320 --> 00:42:15,160
Speaker 1: That's not good at all. When I was little, I

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00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:20,600
Speaker 1: had a lot of trouble with itching, and it took

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00:42:21,080 --> 00:42:26,040
Speaker 1: getting rid of anything that involved fragrance in our household.

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00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,520
Speaker 1: But anyway, thank you again. If you would like to

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00:42:30,560 --> 00:42:32,560
Speaker 1: send us a note about this or any other podcast,

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00:42:32,640 --> 00:42:36,200
Speaker 1: we are at History podcast atiheartradio dot com and you

667
00:42:36,239 --> 00:42:38,920
Speaker 1: can subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app, but

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00:42:38,960 --> 00:42:46,719
Speaker 1: anywhere else you like to get your podcasts. Stuff you

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00:42:46,719 --> 00:42:49,840
Speaker 1: missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For

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00:42:49,960 --> 00:42:54,359
Speaker 1: more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,

671
00:42:54,480 --> 00:43:00,279
Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Yeah,