Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature Feature production of I Heart Radio. I'm
Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasise, Katie Golden. I studied psychology
Speaker 1: and evolutionary biology. In Today on the show, dun dat
Speaker 1: don don don dot dot don don done? Oh my god,
Speaker 1: Dinah sours, We're talking all things Jurassic as we fact
Speaker 1: check Jurassic Park. Was John Hammond really in over his head?
Speaker 1: Good life? Find a Way? And our t rex's eyesight
Speaker 1: really based on movement? We're digging up dinahs and the truth,
Speaker 1: discover this some more as we answer the age old
Speaker 1: question which dinosaur would make Jim Henson's blood Colonel. Joining
Speaker 1: me today is friend of the show, entertainment journalists, scientist
Speaker 1: and dinosaur enthusiast KB Welcome, Hello, Hello, thank you so
Speaker 1: much for having me again. I'm so excited. I love
Speaker 1: Jurassic Park. I love dinosaurs. I can't wait to dive
Speaker 1: in and see what we come up with. I know
Speaker 1: I love Jurassic Park two. I was scared of that
Speaker 1: movie when I was a kid. As an adult, it's
Speaker 1: one of my favorite movies. But despite having a special
Speaker 1: place in my heart, we're going to tear that movie
Speaker 1: to shreds in this podcast the Philip Jurassic Park is
Speaker 1: full of bad science in a lot of ways, and
Speaker 1: so I can't wait to tear to shreds good movie
Speaker 1: bad science. You know, I don't think the thing is
Speaker 1: I don't think a movie has to have accurate science
Speaker 1: to be good. Jurassic Park basically proves that. But it's
Speaker 1: the I think the thing that's somewhat frustrating about it
Speaker 1: is it's almost got good science. Like they got so
Speaker 1: close to having good science. It's not just like terrible
Speaker 1: all the way through. They have some really interesting ideas,
Speaker 1: but they just narrowly miss it being good science. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I'm curious because I don't know who was kind of
Speaker 1: who the consultants were that they used for a Jurassic Park.
Speaker 1: But I'm like, man, you know, obviously they took Michael
Speaker 1: Critton's book and you know, kind of clearly made it
Speaker 1: to what it was. But I'm still like, who did
Speaker 1: they talk to? What scientists did they actually consult when
Speaker 1: they were putting together the script for this movie? Truly?
Speaker 1: What was it? Just a chicken and a lab coat
Speaker 1: trying to spread like pro dinosaur propaganda. That sounds maybe
Speaker 1: probably about right. Yeah, I mean the movie does have
Speaker 1: some really interesting ideas in it, as we're going to discuss,
Speaker 1: it actually inspired some research about dinosaurs, so really, you know,
Speaker 1: I think it was a It was a great movie overall,
Speaker 1: probably inspired a lot of future paleontologists too, so I
Speaker 1: can't knock it for that. But we are gonna we're
Speaker 1: gonna be buzz kills and fact check it, you know,
Speaker 1: a bunch of wet blankets. I feel like maybe it
Speaker 1: did kind of maybe in some sort of way, because
Speaker 1: it is one of the first films that I remember
Speaker 1: seeing being in the theater. I remember the entire experience.
Speaker 1: We were late, we snapped McDonald's in and because we
Speaker 1: were late, we had to sit on the front row.
Speaker 1: I remember being terrified but also completely in awe. So
Speaker 1: I feel like maybe it did kind of, you know,
Speaker 1: pique by interest in in science, and maybe that's why
Speaker 1: when I got to college, I was like, I'm on
Speaker 1: this quest to learn war. It could have been Jurassic
Speaker 1: Park right right, you're seeing a t rex so up close.
Speaker 1: Just I need to learn about animals because if I don't,
Speaker 1: they're gonna eat me. I'm gonna die if I don't
Speaker 1: learn about book. So let me make the most of
Speaker 1: my life by you know, definitely digging deep in your livelihood.
Speaker 1: I think it's also there's something fun about it in
Speaker 1: terms of like, yeah, we're like little shrews that turned
Speaker 1: you know, into like hairy people. But hey, you know what,
Speaker 1: at least we're alive and you giant dinosaurs aren't. So
Speaker 1: it's there's a bit of smugness I think in looking
Speaker 1: at dinosaurs. Oh really, you're king of the dinosaurs. Well
Speaker 1: not not so kingly. Now we visit your bones. We
Speaker 1: take our children to touch your bones, so they're that's
Speaker 1: an interesting way. But yes, it's weird. I feel like
Speaker 1: the only other creatures that have like well that truly
Speaker 1: withstand the test of time are roaches. But outside of that,
Speaker 1: you know, I'm like, they're walking with the dinosaurs, they're
Speaker 1: walking with the humans. They truly have, you know, probably
Speaker 1: one up on us. They're gonna have roach museums where
Speaker 1: they have our bones on display and they bring their
Speaker 1: little tiny children roaches in, and it's like these dumb
Speaker 1: humans once thought they were in control, but we're the
Speaker 1: ones us and such they're gonna be like, look, they
Speaker 1: died and we are still here, right, Oh my gosh,
Speaker 1: still living off their shelf stable twinkies. Terrifying, terrified, truly.
Speaker 1: So uh. The first thing I wanted to talk about
Speaker 1: is the main premise of the movie, which is that
Speaker 1: you you know, what's what's the famous line like God
Speaker 1: creates dinosaurs? Wait, no, no, hang on, it's the it's
Speaker 1: the Jeff Goldbloom line where it's like, I know which
Speaker 1: one you're talking about. Okay, I think it's like God
Speaker 1: creates dinosaurs, God kills dinosaurs, God creates man, Man creates dinosaurs,
Speaker 1: dinosaurs kill man or something like that. I don't know.
Speaker 1: But other than the like religious aspect of that, the
Speaker 1: conceit of the film is that, oh, humans are playing
Speaker 1: God and they created dinosaurs. But hey no we we
Speaker 1: made all female dinosaurs so it's safe, right, Well, whoops
Speaker 1: the diddles they change their sex and then start reproducing
Speaker 1: out of control, and welcome, you are now being overrun
Speaker 1: by work full of dinosaurs. And it spawned like ten
Speaker 1: sequels or something or other and sore to come because
Speaker 1: they just finished filming like the next one, they just
Speaker 1: keep making. I like, how with the sequels are They're like,
Speaker 1: We're just gonna keep making the dinosaurs bigger and that's
Speaker 1: going to get more of an audience, like keep making
Speaker 1: them bigger. It's true. I'm still watching. So yes, it works,
Speaker 1: I mean because it worked out me at least planet
Speaker 1: sized dinosaurs next, So yeah, I mean in the movie, uh,
Speaker 1: they have all of this like foreshadowing of like, oh,
Speaker 1: you know the famous line of like life, uh finds
Speaker 1: a way And it turns out that these all female
Speaker 1: dinosaurs figure out how to reproduce anyways, And the explanation
Speaker 1: in the movie is that they had incomplete dinosaur DNA
Speaker 1: from the sample that they got from amber, right, So,
Speaker 1: like they get a mosquito an amber that sucked on
Speaker 1: some sweet, juicy dinosaur blood and they use that DNA
Speaker 1: to clone the dinosa sores, but they have some missing
Speaker 1: DNA that wasn't able to be sequenced, so they used
Speaker 1: West African frog DNA to fill in the DNA dino
Speaker 1: gap and oops, it turns out that West African frogs
Speaker 1: can change their sex and therefore the dinosaurs were able
Speaker 1: to change their sex and have male dinosaurs than they
Speaker 1: were able to reproduce. And then you know, Jeff Goldbloom
Speaker 1: got to be smug while being shirtless and and so
Speaker 1: on and so forth. I love that tidbit actually that
Speaker 1: he said while being shirt Yeah, I mean he spent
Speaker 1: most of the movie like without a shirt on and
Speaker 1: being smokes you can always see his chest in some capacity, right,
Speaker 1: which I do appreciate them recognizing that Jeff Goldbloom's main
Speaker 1: asset is his chest. I guess. I mean, you know,
Speaker 1: in this film it makes sense because Jeff Goldbloom is
Speaker 1: a chaos theorist I believe, so, you know, like he's
Speaker 1: really honestly there to just stir up trouble. And also
Speaker 1: to every single human being and scientists who works at
Speaker 1: this part, how dumb they are so like mostly that
Speaker 1: is the purpose. I love that, like a chaos theorist, right,
Speaker 1: like a physicist would be the bad boy because he
Speaker 1: studies chaos. There's always like I mean, which actually, when
Speaker 1: you think about it, is the least accurate thing, because
Speaker 1: like I think, like a lot of physicists or kind
Speaker 1: of kind of a kind of bad boys, you know,
Speaker 1: Einstein was a bad boy. Though, I feel like I
Speaker 1: I feel like in in this particular film is like
Speaker 1: the cool Rider. Yes, I just made a grease to
Speaker 1: reference because I adore it even more than Greece. But
Speaker 1: he is like the cool rider of the group. Like
Speaker 1: you know he I feel like he wears leather jackets,
Speaker 1: you know, in his bed at night, and his hair
Speaker 1: is perfectly quafft and you know he is giving you
Speaker 1: the best one liners of the film. So yes, why
Speaker 1: didn't you call me after last night? It's inch a
Speaker 1: p bay be Anyways, So is this actually possible? Right?
Speaker 1: Could you mix up some dino DNA with some frogs
Speaker 1: and then suddenly have dinosaurs change their sex? Well, first,
Speaker 1: let's talk about whether this even happens, right, Like, can
Speaker 1: animals change their sex? And that part is absolutely true.
Speaker 1: It is called sequential hermaphroditism, meaning that the organism changes
Speaker 1: its sex at some point during its life. Now, this
Speaker 1: may be due to environmental factors, social factors, or maturation
Speaker 1: and timing. One of the most famous examples of this
Speaker 1: is actually in clown fish. So, like finding Nemo, clownfish
Speaker 1: have a very interesting social structure. There is a breeding
Speaker 1: pair a male and female who live inside of an
Speaker 1: an enemy see an enemy hate saying that word, don't
Speaker 1: do it good, but they live in there for their
Speaker 1: protection so their skin ha as uh. Some a resistance
Speaker 1: to the sea an Enemy toxin and it protects them
Speaker 1: from predators. But outside of the sea an Enemy there
Speaker 1: are a few other clownfish, and these are smaller males
Speaker 1: who are not sexually mature, who helped protect the breeding pair.
Speaker 1: So it's like, you know, you have the king and
Speaker 1: queen of the castle, the n enemy castle, and outside
Speaker 1: you have these smaller males who are guards. If the
Speaker 1: female dies, the male the dominant male, which is typically
Speaker 1: the other half of the male pair. So imagine you
Speaker 1: have a king and queen. The queen dies, the king
Speaker 1: will change his sex to female, become the new queen,
Speaker 1: and the head of the guard, the most dominant male
Speaker 1: of the guard males, will then come and breed with
Speaker 1: him and become the new king. Does that make sense? Yes,
Speaker 1: I'm following the trail, but yet so. In other words,
Speaker 1: the clownfish have a sexual hierarchy. The largest most dominant
Speaker 1: fish is the female and is like basically the queen
Speaker 1: that the mating uh female. If she leaves or dies,
Speaker 1: the second most dominant fish will rise through the ranks
Speaker 1: and become the new female, change its sex to be female,
Speaker 1: become the breeding female, and then the next in line
Speaker 1: then becomes the breeding male, like the king to the queen,
Speaker 1: uh and so on and so forth. There are often
Speaker 1: these kind of mating strategies where you have subordinates in
Speaker 1: your mating system that are basically there to protect you,
Speaker 1: protect your young, and they're just waiting for their chance
Speaker 1: to rise through the ranks and become a part of
Speaker 1: a breeding pair. But it's much more rare that you
Speaker 1: actually have the system where they have sequential hermaphroditism where
Speaker 1: they actually change sex. So that's really interesting. Yeah, I mean, honestly,
Speaker 1: I wish I would have learned about this clown fish
Speaker 1: while I was studying, you know, biology for all of
Speaker 1: my degrees, because that's really really interesting. Like I love
Speaker 1: that the dominant one is a woman and then you
Speaker 1: know they change, um, they're formed it. Yeah, I love that.
Speaker 1: I think it. Finding Nemo would have certainly been different
Speaker 1: if they had taken that into account. Maybe they'll do
Speaker 1: it for the next iteration, right, Like, so there's finding
Speaker 1: Dory and then there's Finding Nemo. Three becoming Queen. I
Speaker 1: love that title. We need it. So this happens in
Speaker 1: clown fish, it actually happens in other species of fish
Speaker 1: as well, uh, it happens in plants as well. Plants
Speaker 1: do have technically have a sex, they are male and
Speaker 1: female plants, but they can be sequential hermaphrodites. So it
Speaker 1: does happen in a number of organisms. The question is
Speaker 1: does it actually happen in frogs? So the answer is
Speaker 1: a little bit complicated, so it's somewhat inconclusive. Now, there
Speaker 1: is a case study of reed frogs which are from
Speaker 1: West Africa, who were studied in captivity and they found
Speaker 1: in the study in nineteen eighty nine that there were
Speaker 1: a number of them that switched from being female to male.
Speaker 1: So seven out of twenty four of them switched their
Speaker 1: sex from being female to being male under these captive conditions. Now,
Speaker 1: when animals are in captivity, as you may know, like
Speaker 1: they act very differently than they do in the wild.
Speaker 1: So you have a lot of behaviors, even physiological behaviors,
Speaker 1: right like um changing your sex, which may not actually
Speaker 1: happen in their natural environment. It could be because they're
Speaker 1: in captivity there their social system is very different than
Speaker 1: it would be in the wild. They could be under
Speaker 1: um stress that would have stress, yeah, which would affect
Speaker 1: their hormones and so that might be the reason. So
Speaker 1: at the time, like in nine, like, we didn't really
Speaker 1: have evidence that frogs outside of captivity did this in
Speaker 1: any significant number. Um, But there is actually more recent
Speaker 1: research that has found some evidence that frogs do do
Speaker 1: this in the wild. I don't think there's been more
Speaker 1: evidence on reed frogs, but there has been a different
Speaker 1: species of frog that has been studied, the green frogs
Speaker 1: of eastern North America, who have been found to change
Speaker 1: their sex in the wild. Originally it was thought that
Speaker 1: they only did this in response to pollution, but more
Speaker 1: recently they found that even frogs in pristine, non polluted
Speaker 1: environments do change their sex from female to male. Yeah,
Speaker 1: there is some evidence that frogs can and will do
Speaker 1: this in the wild. So that part, well, why why
Speaker 1: would it so? For me, I'm just curious as to
Speaker 1: why in polluted areas they would need to change their
Speaker 1: second Like, Um, I don't know if there's something that
Speaker 1: happened so like in that particular cases, because like a
Speaker 1: male can survive that that type of environment a little
Speaker 1: bit better than a female, Like, I guess I'm just
Speaker 1: curious to know more about that. Yeah, it's an interesting question.
Speaker 1: I'm not sure and I'm not sure like how conclusive
Speaker 1: the study was, because it turns out even though they
Speaker 1: thought it only happened in polluted areas, it turns out
Speaker 1: it doesn't. So so that like even that premise of
Speaker 1: like pollution somehow causes it is under question. It's not
Speaker 1: it's not sure my guests would be pollution would potentially
Speaker 1: affect like you know, there anything from like their hormones
Speaker 1: to their development, their embryonic development. So I could see
Speaker 1: like that having a direct chemical impact on their system
Speaker 1: which might induce this change. But again, like it doesn't
Speaker 1: seem that pollution may even be a significant factor. It's
Speaker 1: it's still kind of unknown. The main takeaway from it
Speaker 1: is that they will do this in nature even without pollution,
Speaker 1: So and why they do it, right, I'll still do
Speaker 1: it well there there may be stressors that we don't
Speaker 1: really know, right, Like, so there could be it could
Speaker 1: be like the clownfish, right where you have a hierarchy
Speaker 1: where like if you have a certain sex ratio like
Speaker 1: that they respond to and will change their sex based
Speaker 1: on a sex ratio. It maybe due to like say resources,
Speaker 1: like if there is a certain lack of resources, it
Speaker 1: could be due to maturation, like they start off life
Speaker 1: as female and later in life maybe become male. There
Speaker 1: are all sorts of reasons that animals can change sex
Speaker 1: and why they do it, and so it's still I
Speaker 1: think the research is new enough that I'm not sure
Speaker 1: they know exactly why they do that. If anyone's researching
Speaker 1: this and wants to write in the show, definitely hit
Speaker 1: me up about that, because I want to know what's
Speaker 1: going on with these frogs. What's going seriously, I want
Speaker 1: to know. So basically, though, the takeaway is it is
Speaker 1: not exactly. But even if frog DNA could help dinosaurs
Speaker 1: change their sex, here's the main issue I have with
Speaker 1: the movie is it doesn't really make a lot of
Speaker 1: sense to use frog DNA as filler and dinosaur DNA.
Speaker 1: Now you're shaking your head, so I have a feeling
Speaker 1: you already know where I'm going with this. I mean,
Speaker 1: it doesn't make sense at all. But um, you know,
Speaker 1: maybe the scientists in this film we're thinking, well, this
Speaker 1: is all we have access to, the only thing we
Speaker 1: have access to are these frogs from Africa, So like,
Speaker 1: let's use this DNA. I'm guessing that's probably what they
Speaker 1: were thinking, but it doesn't make it doesn't make sense.
Speaker 1: I mean, I get that, like, frogs are kind of
Speaker 1: alien looking, so maybe they would be you know, maybe
Speaker 1: they're like prehistoric enough to be like dinosaurs. But that's
Speaker 1: not really how genetics and and being related genetically works.
Speaker 1: So frogs and other amphibians are not closely related to
Speaker 1: dinosaurs at all. There are much better candidates of living
Speaker 1: animals who are the most closely related to dinosaurs that
Speaker 1: you could use. Uh, and like the main one being
Speaker 1: the most obvious one being birds. Birds are dinosaurs. They
Speaker 1: are literally still considered to be dinosaurs. They are direct
Speaker 1: descendants of dinosaurs, and they are probably the closest living relative,
Speaker 1: and their DNA is probably contains the most crossover with
Speaker 1: extinct dinosaurs of any animal on Earth. And they have
Speaker 1: a lot of good things going for them. First of all,
Speaker 1: they are egg layers, so you can literally, like if
Speaker 1: you had the technology to do so, you couldn't somehow, Uh,
Speaker 1: take you know, a chicken. I'm just gonna say, take
Speaker 1: a chicken. Do you artificial insemination or gene editing with
Speaker 1: dinosaur DNA? Then it lays an egg and it hatches
Speaker 1: a dinosaur. Now we are way far off from ever
Speaker 1: being able to do that. But that's the most obvious
Speaker 1: thing to me then, like creating an egg out of
Speaker 1: nothing like or what did they do? They like took
Speaker 1: ostrich eggs and like like that, we're already hatched and
Speaker 1: put in like the injected it with like dinosaur DNA
Speaker 1: that like had been mixed with frog stuff. I just think,
Speaker 1: you you take you take a you take a bird,
Speaker 1: and you you put you put bird and dinosaur together.
Speaker 1: I mean, they're already hear me out, hear me out,
Speaker 1: hear me out. I think. So it's interesting, and that's
Speaker 1: why I actually love this topic because my scientist's brain agrees,
Speaker 1: my writer's brain is like that would completely debunk the
Speaker 1: entire film, right, because the whole premise is that the
Speaker 1: scientists think they're doing something radical by creating these all
Speaker 1: female dinosaurs, and then the dinosaurs slip on them, Well,
Speaker 1: how many birds do we have that can just change
Speaker 1: sex like that? They're probably thinking the frog. I think
Speaker 1: what I hypothesize is that the writers of the film
Speaker 1: found owned an easy animal target and they were like, oh, frogs, okay,
Speaker 1: let's do that, because then it makes our story more
Speaker 1: believable and most people watching are not going to think
Speaker 1: anything of it, right, They're just like, oh, yeah, okay, sure,
Speaker 1: you know you told me this happened. It happened. I
Speaker 1: think it was in the book to the same thing
Speaker 1: applies to the book, right, Like Michael Crichton is like,
Speaker 1: how do we how do we get to this easiest way? Yeah,
Speaker 1: what's the easiest way to maintain this conflict? Create it,
Speaker 1: maintain it and make it somewhat believable and reasonable. And
Speaker 1: to be fair, he's not entirely wrong. It just is
Speaker 1: the most challenging thing to do. Like, the easiest thing
Speaker 1: to do would just be go with birds. It's the
Speaker 1: easiest thing to do. Always go with birds, is my philosophy.
Speaker 1: I just I say. I say it like it's a
Speaker 1: religious now go with birds. No. But here's the thing
Speaker 1: that's frustrating, is I agree with you? Right, Like, if
Speaker 1: this was their only way to make the plot work, fine,
Speaker 1: put some kermit DNA in a dinosaur whatever. But there
Speaker 1: is another option for them to have the same plot
Speaker 1: that's much more scientifically accurate and much more interesting in
Speaker 1: my opinion. And that's because birds can do something called parthenogenesis,
Speaker 1: which is incredible. So while it's unlikely. We don't have
Speaker 1: sequential hermaphroditism in birds. What we do have is birds
Speaker 1: who can have secret virgin birds like Jesus I was
Speaker 1: like like the virgin Mary. So even if you can
Speaker 1: have the same plot, right, scientists create dinosaurs, they put
Speaker 1: them inside a chicken because that makes the most sense,
Speaker 1: or a turkey, I don't know, or an ostrich or whatever.
Speaker 1: You take a bird, you mix bird with dinosaur DNA
Speaker 1: because birds is birds is dinosaurs. You guys, birds is dinosaurs,
Speaker 1: and then you have your little baby and you have
Speaker 1: your all female dinosaurs. But birds have been documented to
Speaker 1: be able to do parthenae genesis, where females reproduce by
Speaker 1: basically just giving a virgin birth without any necessary input
Speaker 1: from males. So we're just gonna have like these spontaneous
Speaker 1: babies popping up from these virgin dinosaurs and they are
Speaker 1: just going to baby maybe, honestly, in that case, we
Speaker 1: probably would have had like three times the amount of dinosaurs. Honestly. Well,
Speaker 1: so let's talk a little bit about parthenogenesis, because it's
Speaker 1: something that sounds made up, sounds like it shouldn't be real,
Speaker 1: but it totally is. Now admittedly it's very very rare
Speaker 1: in birds, but it's less rare in reptiles. Now, reptiles
Speaker 1: are not descended from dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are not descended from
Speaker 1: modern day reptiles. Um. Dinosaurs and reptiles both share a
Speaker 1: common ancestor, but dinosaurs are as much a reptile as
Speaker 1: like mammals are reptiles. We all evolved from a common
Speaker 1: ancestor that was a reptile like tetrapod um. But you know,
Speaker 1: dinosaurs and reptiles are somewhat related, much more related than
Speaker 1: dinosaurs and frogs frankly, uh like in terms of their
Speaker 1: related nous. It's like the living um the living animals
Speaker 1: that are most related to dinosaurs ago like from birds,
Speaker 1: the next up would be reptiles or actually no birds,
Speaker 1: then crocodilians, then would be reptiles, then actually mammals including humans,
Speaker 1: and then finally that they are would then share common
Speaker 1: ancestor with frogs, uh and then after that fish. So yeah,
Speaker 1: they really with the frog dan. I don't know, man,
Speaker 1: I don't know about the frog DNA stuff, but I mean, listen,
Speaker 1: it's where we're at, so you know, it's like it
Speaker 1: is what it is. They definitely had better options, Michael,
Speaker 1: and talking to you, you definitely had better options. And
Speaker 1: whoever the consulting you know, writers and producers and you
Speaker 1: know scientific consultants that they use, we all agree you
Speaker 1: had better options. Maybe they were just leaving the door
Speaker 1: open for a Jurassic Park Muppets crossover with like Kermit
Speaker 1: the Frog be like, oh my god, son, is that
Speaker 1: you you're a dinosaur? I mean, honestly, or you know,
Speaker 1: we've talked about how there are what feels like one
Speaker 1: million other Jurassic Park films that come after this. You know,
Speaker 1: I don't know, there's one coming out. Is it this
Speaker 1: year or next year? I'm not sure because obviously with
Speaker 1: COVID that times have shifted. But there's one coming out soon.
Speaker 1: They've already finished filming it, and maybe that one will
Speaker 1: have some giant frogs. I mean, we don't know, we
Speaker 1: don't know, you don't know what. We don't know what's coming.
Speaker 1: It could be giant frogs. I mean, it could just
Speaker 1: be in real life giant frogs. Honestly would not be
Speaker 1: the most shocking thing to happen in these times. But
Speaker 1: so my whole point about like talking about the relatedness
Speaker 1: is that dinosaurs are more related to reptiles than they
Speaker 1: are to frogs, and reptiles are known to have frequent parthenogenesis,
Speaker 1: or at least, if not frequent, more frequently than you
Speaker 1: would think. There are species of lizards that are all
Speaker 1: female who reproduce by reshuffling their DNA. So these are
Speaker 1: called New Mexico whiptail lizards. They are just kind of
Speaker 1: first off, that's the best name, whiptails. I know, right,
Speaker 1: it's badass. It's like, you know, you think about this
Speaker 1: all female species of lizard like Amazonian warriors, and they're
Speaker 1: just like whipping their tails. It's great. I feel like
Speaker 1: that would be a fantastic eighties rock I'd love yes.
Speaker 1: And you have like really long ponytails that you just
Speaker 1: like whip around. I love it. Yeah, we've actually talked
Speaker 1: about the whiptail lizards on the show before, but just
Speaker 1: a quick recap. They are all female. They reproduce by
Speaker 1: just shuffling their DNA. They actually have three pairs of
Speaker 1: chromosomes that they can shuffle around, and that way they
Speaker 1: can reproduce, not through cloning, which is often the case
Speaker 1: with like a sexual reproduction. You just basically create a
Speaker 1: clone of yourself. Um, But they actually don't create exact clones.
Speaker 1: They shuffle their DNA and that helps them to diversify
Speaker 1: their genetics and make the species more robust to like
Speaker 1: disease and evolutionary pressures. Um. They do hump each other,
Speaker 1: not to not to have sex, but to stimulate ovulation
Speaker 1: because these these lizards used to reproduce sexually in a
Speaker 1: mutation occurred which gave them three pairs of chromosomes and
Speaker 1: allowed them to basically have these parthenogenic birds. So yeah,
Speaker 1: so these lizards can reproduce without males at all. Lizard feminism. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they're definitely living in the myscra. Yes, yes, the Amazonian
Speaker 1: You've got wonder woman just as a lizard, you know,
Speaker 1: with the little with the little bracelets, the lasso. Truth
Speaker 1: is your tail. Um. So you could have said that
Speaker 1: they used reptile DNA for these dinosaurs, But like I
Speaker 1: teased before, birds actually have been known to very rarely
Speaker 1: have parthenogenesis occur. So in turkeys and chickens, which I
Speaker 1: know they don't seem like dinosaurs. I know they seem
Speaker 1: very far from dinosaurs, but they are technically dinosaurs and
Speaker 1: they have been documented to have basically a female laying
Speaker 1: an unfertilized egg that develops into an embryo and on occasion,
Speaker 1: rare occasion, actually reaches uh development, is hatched and can
Speaker 1: actually grow into an adult. So typically in cases of
Speaker 1: parthenogenesis and birds, it's like an embryo starts to develop
Speaker 1: and then it it basically can't can no longer develop,
Speaker 1: it's not viable. They don't survive. And it's interesting that
Speaker 1: that occurs in domestic birds that we've seen this first
Speaker 1: of all, probably because there's the most observations of them,
Speaker 1: like the most like observing of their hatching, because they're
Speaker 1: on a farm. So that's probably why we catch it
Speaker 1: in those we have like the most, they're the most
Speaker 1: frequent subject matter exactly, So the most observations, the most
Speaker 1: likely we're going to catch it. But also it could
Speaker 1: be through selective breeding causing some genetic shenanigans that that
Speaker 1: we weren't aware of. And also probably when farmers would
Speaker 1: notice this happening, they would try to breed them more,
Speaker 1: you know, get more of these chickens to see if
Speaker 1: they could reproduce it. So I think it's mostly been
Speaker 1: documented in turkeys. There may have been like one case
Speaker 1: in chickens or something, but really it's mainly turkeys for
Speaker 1: whatever reason, and they will lay an unfertilized egg that
Speaker 1: mutates from being diploid, meaning two sets of chromosomes were diploid.
Speaker 1: You and I are diploid. Everyone's diploid. That probably all
Speaker 1: your friends to everyone you probably know is diploid. Maybe maybe,
Speaker 1: But then they mutate from starting out as deploid to
Speaker 1: being haploid, meaning only one set of chromosomes. Um Interestingly,
Speaker 1: the offspring is always male. Uh. And this has something
Speaker 1: to do with the way that turkey chromosomes are. It's
Speaker 1: not like human chromosomes where females are XX and males
Speaker 1: are X. Why Like in turkeys its males are like
Speaker 1: w W and females are like w B. I don't
Speaker 1: know females are the w B, but yeah, So so
Speaker 1: there's some reason that with turkey genetics that I don't
Speaker 1: personally know too deeply about, but somehow in these parthenogenic birds,
Speaker 1: the offspring is always male. And so if you had
Speaker 1: a Jurassic Park where you use turkey DNA to fill
Speaker 1: in dinosaur DNA, because turkeys are probably one of the
Speaker 1: closest relatives of dinosaurs a live today, and then they
Speaker 1: gave birth to um a virgin birth to a male,
Speaker 1: and those males grew up and started breeding with other females.
Speaker 1: You could have a Jurassic Park situation that is totally
Speaker 1: scientifically plausible, scientifically accurate, and also but where would the
Speaker 1: fund be in that? Like Jurassic Park? Right, it's just
Speaker 1: sounds so cool, like, oh, we got frog DNA. Then like, yeah,
Speaker 1: we we inseminated a turkey. They're gonna be like who
Speaker 1: I probably thinking, you know, we can't use turkeys because
Speaker 1: people are just so used to eating them and it
Speaker 1: would just blow their minds and they just wouldn't feel
Speaker 1: comfortable watching a film where their beloved turkey or their
Speaker 1: beloved chicken was used. There, like we need to go
Speaker 1: frog to make all of the viewers more comfortable with
Speaker 1: this crazy idea. I guess so, although for me, I
Speaker 1: guess I'm a little perverse because like it just makes
Speaker 1: me wonder how dinosaurs tasted. Probably good, good, right, I
Speaker 1: mean a little dry. It's not like you know, some
Speaker 1: of our ancestors didn't try them. I mean I mean
Speaker 1: you mean like I don't know, I don't know, like
Speaker 1: I guess are really way back ancestors like Shrews are
Speaker 1: shrew are true ancestors. Probably nibbled on some dino carcasses. Oh,
Speaker 1: I think for sure. I think once a dinosaur died.
Speaker 1: I mean, like honestly, back then, everything was very gay, right,
Speaker 1: So I mean I definitely feel like they've tried some dnata.
Speaker 1: I love the idea of like Shrew's like chewing up
Speaker 1: on a t Rex carcass and being like, it's a
Speaker 1: little dry. It's good, it's good, but it's a little dry,
Speaker 1: like a little dry, and then you know, maybe putting
Speaker 1: it over the fire a little bit and just you know,
Speaker 1: getting it to the right level of crispiness. I feel like,
Speaker 1: I don't know every day, I don't think shrews had
Speaker 1: discovered fire. Oh maybe not yet, you're right, right, unless
Speaker 1: it was by accidents like a lightning strike, you know,
Speaker 1: hit a dinosaur and the Shrews had this barbecue dinosaur
Speaker 1: and they're like, this is actually really good. It makes
Speaker 1: me want to evolve bumps, so I can like hold
Speaker 1: salt and pepper. Oh my gosh, you know, salt and pepper.
Speaker 1: My goodness. It didn't come until way later. They were
Speaker 1: probably just like let's eat this as it is and
Speaker 1: see what happens. I know, but I can't even imagine.
Speaker 1: I do like the idea of a shrew wanting to
Speaker 1: like the evolutionary pressure being on the shrew to like
Speaker 1: be able to hold seasoning. Yes, who knows what they
Speaker 1: were doing. I mean, honestly knows what. It's kind of
Speaker 1: fascinating to be honest, I know, who knows what those
Speaker 1: shrews were up to. Maybe they had a little true
Speaker 1: society they had to it was just they I mean,
Speaker 1: you know, I imagine you know, it was a lot
Speaker 1: of maybe it was a lot of partying. Who knows,
Speaker 1: We don't know. You know, it's like there are no jobs,
Speaker 1: there's no economy. Probably a lot of trying to warn
Speaker 1: the dinosaurs about them pending meteors, because like all the
Speaker 1: little mams have like made bunkers and the dinosaurs did
Speaker 1: in the dinosaurs are like, no, it's never gonna happen,
Speaker 1: and then that's why yeah exactly, So yeah, um I think,
Speaker 1: but yeah, so Jurassic Park, you should have used turkeys.
Speaker 1: So when we get back, we're going to talk about
Speaker 1: the star of the movie, uh, the t Rex and
Speaker 1: talk about whether some of the things they talk about
Speaker 1: in the movie are actually true or if it's slander
Speaker 1: and liberal liberal libel libel against is it? It would
Speaker 1: be slander though, right because it's spoken slander, slander against
Speaker 1: t rexes. We'll be your back. Are dinosaurs reptiles? What
Speaker 1: about crocodiles or birds? What even are reptiles? The answer
Speaker 1: to this question is a lot trickier than you might think.
Speaker 1: If you look up dinosaurs and crocodiles, you'll notice that
Speaker 1: they're technically classified as reptiles, but oddly enough, birds are not.
Speaker 1: And this is odd because phylogenetically, that is, the evolutionary
Speaker 1: tree shows that birds are direct ancestors of dinosaurs. In fact,
Speaker 1: they really are modern day dinosaurs and crocodiles, and birds
Speaker 1: are much more closely related than crocodiles and say lizards, snakes, turtles,
Speaker 1: or other modern day reptiles. So why do crocs and
Speaker 1: dinosaurs get pigeonholed as reptiles instead of you know, pigeons, Well,
Speaker 1: they did evolve from a reptile like ancestor, but so
Speaker 1: did mammals, and we don't typically refer to mammals as
Speaker 1: furry reptiles. The reason behind this confusing categorization is that
Speaker 1: there are actually two systems of classification used for animals,
Speaker 1: the Linnean system and the phylogenetic system. The phylogenetic system
Speaker 1: categorizes animals based on their evolutionary path. Meanwhile, the Linnean
Speaker 1: system is named after Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist of
Speaker 1: the early seventeen hundreds. He developed a system to classify
Speaker 1: animals and plants, putting them into categories based on observation. Unfortunately,
Speaker 1: the system was not entirely scientific at first lineas thought
Speaker 1: reptiles and amphibians basically belonged in the same group. But
Speaker 1: almost a century later, along comes Darwin and shakes the
Speaker 1: whole system up. Evolutionary theory gives us a new way
Speaker 1: to classify animals, not just on observable or superficial qualities,
Speaker 1: but their evolutionary path, and in the nineteen forties bilogenetic
Speaker 1: classification became more standard. Regardless, we haven't completely ditched the
Speaker 1: Linnean system of classification, and still sometimes group animals based
Speaker 1: on observable traits, such as reptiles. Reptiles are loosely defined
Speaker 1: as cold blooded, air breathing vertebrates. But here's where it
Speaker 1: gets kind of tricky. Sure, you could say that crocodiles
Speaker 1: fit the bill, as they are cold blooded, scaly animals,
Speaker 1: So maybe reptiles, despite the fact that phylogenetically there are
Speaker 1: about as much a reptile as a bird is. But
Speaker 1: as for dinosaurs, can you really say they're scaly, cold
Speaker 1: blooded animals? New evidence points towards dinosaurs not being cold blooded,
Speaker 1: meaning they weren't always ectothermic relying on outside temperature to
Speaker 1: regulate their body heat. Instead, they may have been somewhat
Speaker 1: medium blooded, so to speak, using both internal and external
Speaker 1: heat sources to regulate their temperature. There's also plenty of
Speaker 1: evidence of dinosaurs having feathers instead of or along with scales,
Speaker 1: Thus classifying them as reptiles may be misleading in terms
Speaker 1: of understanding what dinosaurs really were, how they looked, and
Speaker 1: how they behaved. Speaking of which, when we return, we're
Speaker 1: going to investigate the truth behind the King of the
Speaker 1: Dinosaurs and whether is Dinah got a fair shake in
Speaker 1: Jurassic Park. I wonder if at Jurassic Park they have
Speaker 1: these um dinosaur themes snacks, you know, that would be interesting,
Speaker 1: Like you have you not only bring back the dinosaurs
Speaker 1: as attractions, but you just like you cook and eat them. Oh,
Speaker 1: I meant like, this is really beef jerky, but we're
Speaker 1: gonna call it not. But it's available for you to
Speaker 1: consume as you, you know, go through the parking sites.
Speaker 1: I thought you meant like farming some like actual you
Speaker 1: have some leo pluridan farms where you fish for them
Speaker 1: and you you make some Oh my gosh, I can't
Speaker 1: even imagine what that. But also they would never want
Speaker 1: to do that, because remember they created this park. Honestly,
Speaker 1: you know, he lies and he basically tries to make
Speaker 1: everyone believe John Hammond tries to make everyone believe he's
Speaker 1: doing it as a sanctuary animal, but really he's just
Speaker 1: trying to get rid because it's the most insane idea
Speaker 1: because like in later movies, don't they sort of a
Speaker 1: shoe a lot of the these purported morals of the
Speaker 1: earlier movies, And yes there are there are no morals
Speaker 1: because really the whole entire ideas morally corrupt. You want
Speaker 1: to do this, and then also he doesn't care about humans,
Speaker 1: not for real. When the first you know, at the
Speaker 1: very beginning of the film, um one of the workers dies,
Speaker 1: you know, basically he just tries to cover it ice
Speaker 1: like John Hammond was a monster. Yeah, true, it was.
Speaker 1: Was the t Rex the monster or was it John Hammond? Oh,
Speaker 1: it was definitely John. I think the humans are the
Speaker 1: ones that are you know, at fault here because the
Speaker 1: technically the animals are innocent because they did not ask
Speaker 1: to be created. Our dad, you didn't ask for all
Speaker 1: of the foolishness to be you know, to use this
Speaker 1: frog d n A come up with this. They didn't
Speaker 1: ask for it, right, They're just they're just being dinosaurs.
Speaker 1: Speaking of which, we're going to talk about the t
Speaker 1: Rex and what the movie claims about the t Rex
Speaker 1: and how they get it all wrong. So the most
Speaker 1: one of the most famous lines from the movie is
Speaker 1: like when they're being hunted, it's uh, oh, you know
Speaker 1: the kids and and the good guys scientists. Sam Deal's
Speaker 1: character doctor doctor Grant, Doctor Grant and those two little
Speaker 1: brats that he's got it. Actually, they're nice kids in
Speaker 1: the movie, and I know that they're supposed to be. Yeah,
Speaker 1: they're really good kids. They're just a little annoying, they're
Speaker 1: a little extra, but they're good kids. But yeah, so so, uh,
Speaker 1: they're trying to not get eaten by the t rex
Speaker 1: and Dr Grant tells them, you know, remain perfectly still.
Speaker 1: The t rex's vision is based on movement, so they
Speaker 1: try to not panic and stay still. So the question
Speaker 1: is this true, like, is the t rex's division based
Speaker 1: on movement? Which short answer no, long answer, No, you
Speaker 1: would definitely get eaten by the t rex. Long answer,
Speaker 1: you really actually are not safe any capacity. If the
Speaker 1: t rex is near, you will die immediately, and that
Speaker 1: is the long answer. No long answer. Run even though
Speaker 1: they're still gonna catch up to you and you'll still
Speaker 1: be eaten, but at least fun because at least you
Speaker 1: feel like you try. Actually you know, they're running speed
Speaker 1: may not have been super fast, so a human who
Speaker 1: has a lot of endurance and ability to to sprint
Speaker 1: and then continue to run may have actually stood a
Speaker 1: chance against a t rex even though we weren't alive
Speaker 1: at the same time. UM, I feel like that would
Speaker 1: probably be a child and not necessarily like in this
Speaker 1: instance in the film. I definitely think for Grant would
Speaker 1: just die because I don't think he still has that
Speaker 1: type of you know, agility that he used to but
Speaker 1: the kids may be able to survive because they're young,
Speaker 1: they're agile um and you know, they have a lot
Speaker 1: of energy to be able to like their bones their
Speaker 1: bones are still bandy. They can they can survive a
Speaker 1: few chumps from a t rex, just the couple. But
Speaker 1: it's in an interesting question because like, how do we know,
Speaker 1: like how t rex's eyesight is. We don't have a
Speaker 1: live t rex to like have an eye chart and
Speaker 1: be like, all right, start with the first row and
Speaker 1: go down and and keep going. You know, like you
Speaker 1: can't you can't test a living t rex's vision. So
Speaker 1: you have to do it based on anatomical evidence of
Speaker 1: the fossils that we have. So what's really interesting is
Speaker 1: after Jurassic Park screen back in the eighties, I forgot
Speaker 1: what year was eighty What was it? You mean when
Speaker 1: the first film? Yeah? When was that? Was it eighties
Speaker 1: or no? No, that was the nineties. It was nineteen
Speaker 1: the first film. Wow, okay, yeah, so back in the
Speaker 1: nine Yeah, after it's screened, um Professor Kent Stevens at
Speaker 1: the University of Oregon started Project dino morph, which was
Speaker 1: an attempt to model dinosaur anatomy and learn more about dinosaurs.
Speaker 1: So Project dino morph studied t rex goals using the
Speaker 1: ice socket anatomy to estimate t rex's visual field depth
Speaker 1: perception in binocular range, and the project found that the
Speaker 1: t rex's vision was probably just as good as, if
Speaker 1: not better than a hawks, which is very good. Yeah,
Speaker 1: that's really good, very good. Bad news if you are
Speaker 1: anything smaller than a t rex at the time, which
Speaker 1: was basically everything. So even more evidence points towards good
Speaker 1: t rex vision. Their ancestors got bigger eyes as they
Speaker 1: closer and closer to being t rex is, so the
Speaker 1: t rex eyes uh enlarged, which emphasized that they probably
Speaker 1: were using them um and selective pressures were making their
Speaker 1: eyesight better. Their overall facial structure indicates good visions, so
Speaker 1: that it was optimized for for visions. So they have
Speaker 1: front facing eyes like a lot of predators, so that
Speaker 1: you have good depth perception and visual acuty in front
Speaker 1: of you, unlike prey animals that have eyes on the
Speaker 1: side of their heads that instead of selecting four lepth
Speaker 1: perception and visual accuracy, it's for the widest range of
Speaker 1: vision that you can do. So if you're prey animal,
Speaker 1: you have more of a three sixty view of the world,
Speaker 1: but it's not as accurate. That way, you can try
Speaker 1: to detect as many predators as possible, even if it's
Speaker 1: blurry and you're not quite sure where it is, because
Speaker 1: your goal is to run away, not to catch the predator.
Speaker 1: But a predator's goal is to actually land a blow
Speaker 1: on the prey. So their vision is front face racing,
Speaker 1: which affords them better depth perception, um, much more accuracies
Speaker 1: for the actual pounds. And that's the case with the
Speaker 1: t rex skulls. So they have front facing huge eyes
Speaker 1: and they also had a face that got narrow and
Speaker 1: the chink bones sunk down, which emphasized the fact that
Speaker 1: they probably their bone structure was optimized for expanding their
Speaker 1: field of vision in front of them, which meant they
Speaker 1: had great eyesight. And those kids would have been screwed.
Speaker 1: I mean literally everyone would have been right. Also, can
Speaker 1: I just say when you first started, I was like
Speaker 1: nervous because I was like, this is the University of
Speaker 1: Oregon doing, Like what were and what type of researcher? Well,
Speaker 1: they got some dinosaur DNA from some mosquito poop or whatever. Yeah,
Speaker 1: it was like, um, you know we don't need another
Speaker 1: John Hammond on our hands. I mean, there are de
Speaker 1: extinction projects, but so far they're mainly focused on things
Speaker 1: passenger pigeons, not not any real movement to try to
Speaker 1: de extinct dinosaurs yet, he learned last year. I feel like,
Speaker 1: I don't know we might be going on. I would
Speaker 1: I feel like I would rather us get killed by
Speaker 1: our dinosaur creations than like nukes or like a pandemic,
Speaker 1: you know what I mean, Like it would be cooler.
Speaker 1: It would be a cooler way for I don't think
Speaker 1: I have comfort in the I mean I think like
Speaker 1: probably the next obvious thing to come maybe maybe the dinosaurs.
Speaker 1: But I don't think I feel comfortable, you know, with
Speaker 1: us losing our lives to either. But I guess I mean,
Speaker 1: you're right, is it better than a meteor like acent
Speaker 1: I'm going to say it would be cooler for there
Speaker 1: to be a dinosaur apocalypse than a nuclear apocalypse. I know,
Speaker 1: like a lot of movers are like, oh, nuclear apocalypse,
Speaker 1: that's so cool. It would suck. It would just be
Speaker 1: a bunch of people sick with radiation, poisoning a lot
Speaker 1: of like starvation. It would just be super depressing and
Speaker 1: super dark, whereas dinosaur apocalypse fun and exciting, like, you know,
Speaker 1: at least terrifying. Yes, but at least it's not as
Speaker 1: depressing as the nuclear apocalypse. Well, I'm thinking it's better
Speaker 1: than a zombie apocalypse, because who wants you know, your
Speaker 1: friends turned into zombies trying to also get you determined
Speaker 1: zombie dinosaur apocalypse your opinions on? No, Okay, I'm thinking
Speaker 1: maybe maybe. Anyways, all apocalypses are bad, but dinosaurs are interesting. So, um,
Speaker 1: where did this myth come from in terms of like, oh,
Speaker 1: they can only sense movement? Now, this may have been
Speaker 1: explored more in the book. I haven't actually read the book.
Speaker 1: Full disclosure, I appologize the myth may have come from frogs. Again,
Speaker 1: it's those dang frogs. So frogs do have a little
Speaker 1: bit of trouble seeing prey unless it's moving. It's not
Speaker 1: true that they're like completely blind, uh like if the
Speaker 1: prey isn't moving, It's just that they're hunting style and
Speaker 1: their eyesight is uh attuned mostly to movements, So like,
Speaker 1: seeing prey move around, they it's much easier for them
Speaker 1: to lock onto it. But they aren't blind if like,
Speaker 1: if they see something right in front of them, and
Speaker 1: it's like right there, and they know it's there even
Speaker 1: if it's not moving, Like even as much as like
Speaker 1: a little twitch of the antenna of the insects probably
Speaker 1: gonna be enough to alert them that something's there. But yeah,
Speaker 1: in terms of like they're hunting, they are cognitively primed
Speaker 1: to like, uh, pounce on something that's moving and there
Speaker 1: there's in fact, like these really funny videos of of
Speaker 1: frogs with an iPad and you have bugs moving around
Speaker 1: on the screen and they, you know, flip out their
Speaker 1: tongue and try to eat the things on the screen
Speaker 1: because they're like kiddies, like little amphibious kiddies. So what
Speaker 1: you're saying is Jurassic Park is not entirely incorrect. Like
Speaker 1: Dr Grant was not entirely incorrect when he told the
Speaker 1: kids to be still, because what he was referencing was
Speaker 1: part of the frog DNA that made it. You know, like, Okay,
Speaker 1: they can only you know, if you're out of their
Speaker 1: field of vision then you'll be fine. I just I
Speaker 1: still don't really buy it because even if they have
Speaker 1: frog DNA, they still have giant eyeballs, right, It didn't
Speaker 1: affect their like if you had a t rex with
Speaker 1: like a frog head, right, which I love actually and
Speaker 1: now that I say it, actually it sounds terrifying great
Speaker 1: the big old tongue, then I'd be like, yeah, okay,
Speaker 1: this like horrifying kermit t rex like hybrid. Maybe it's
Speaker 1: vision really is mostly a tune to movement, but like
Speaker 1: it had the anatomy of a t rex, so I
Speaker 1: don't see any reason why its eyes just wouldn't work
Speaker 1: like or it would just be too dumb to will
Speaker 1: be able to see the person. And even if it's
Speaker 1: eyesight like, even if it like had some eyesight problem,
Speaker 1: needs some big old dinosaur glasses, which would actually be
Speaker 1: really cute. There is anatomical evidence that points towards t
Speaker 1: rex have wring really good senses of smell and hearing.
Speaker 1: So they had a huge old factory bulb, which is
Speaker 1: the scent organ, which they can tell by the cavity
Speaker 1: in their skull where that would make room for the
Speaker 1: the old factory bulb, so that meant they probably had
Speaker 1: a really cute sense of smell. They also had really
Speaker 1: long cochlear bones, so the cochlear bones are in the
Speaker 1: inner ear and living animals that have long cochlear bones
Speaker 1: also have really good hearing, so they probably could see
Speaker 1: really well better than a hawk. They could probably hear
Speaker 1: really well, they could smell really well. It's just bad news.
Speaker 1: It's bad news if you are on the receiving end
Speaker 1: of their attention overall. I mean, yes, but you know, again,
Speaker 1: in this world of Jurassic Park where we can just
Speaker 1: create anything, they're saying basically all of the well not
Speaker 1: all of the shortcomings, but they're going to attribute the
Speaker 1: you know, dinosaurs shortcomings to the frog real scapegost scape
Speaker 1: frogs situation, I think. And either that or Jim Hinton
Speaker 1: is a secret producer. Those are the only two options
Speaker 1: that we have. You gotta you gotta have more frogs
Speaker 1: in it. Again, I think they were like looking for
Speaker 1: a Muppets Jurassic Park crossover, so they had to like
Speaker 1: put in as many like bread crumbs towards frogs as
Speaker 1: they could so they could have a whole plot with
Speaker 1: like Kermit the Frog, you know, having to go to
Speaker 1: Jurassic Park and build a relationship with these dinosaurs like
Speaker 1: it's me, I'm your father. Personally, I would watch Hermit
Speaker 1: talking to dinosaurs. What you're feeling you know it will
Speaker 1: be true. Another this didn't really come from Jurassic Park,
Speaker 1: but this is a myth about t rex Is that
Speaker 1: I've seen, like in the media that like they weren't
Speaker 1: actually like terms, they were timid scavengers. No, no short answer,
Speaker 1: no long answer, No, no, no, they were. They certainly
Speaker 1: were not above scavenging. Of course, they probably ate some
Speaker 1: dead triceratops carcass when they could get it, Like why
Speaker 1: why wouldn't they? I mean, even lions scavenge when they can,
Speaker 1: you know, so predators will scavenge when they can living
Speaker 1: predators that we observe today. But that doesn't mean that
Speaker 1: they don't hunt as well. And everything that we know
Speaker 1: about t rex Is points towards them being hunters, and
Speaker 1: we have falsil evidence of it. So not only is
Speaker 1: the anatomical evidence suggestive of of being a hunter, that
Speaker 1: they're optimized for hunters. Like we we talked about those
Speaker 1: front facing good eyes, really good hearing, really good sense
Speaker 1: to smell, those big thighs for days, you know, just
Speaker 1: amazing legs for running. And even though they couldn't run
Speaker 1: like super fast, they could probably run fast enough to
Speaker 1: catch up to a slower dinosaur and and you know,
Speaker 1: probably like if they definitely caught something off guard, they
Speaker 1: could probably catch up to them. So yeah, and let's
Speaker 1: be fair, they still look good doing it, no matter
Speaker 1: how mean. God did not skip leg day, did skip
Speaker 1: arm day significantly. So but really the most conclusive evidence
Speaker 1: is that there's fossil evidence showing that t rex teeth
Speaker 1: are embedded in healing tissue of dinosaurs, which means basically,
Speaker 1: they try to chomp down on a living dinosaur the
Speaker 1: dinosaur escaped um and chip their teeth in the process,
Speaker 1: and then that tooth got embedded in their flesh and
Speaker 1: then there are healing scars around it, like bone scars
Speaker 1: and tissue scars around it, and then we have the
Speaker 1: falsil evidence of that. So we know that t rex
Speaker 1: is had of chomped down on some living dinosaurs, which
Speaker 1: suggests they were hunting, you know. So uh, but you know,
Speaker 1: it's not untrue that they scavenge. They did scavenge. I mean,
Speaker 1: like we said, like, you gotta do what you gotta do.
Speaker 1: You gotta hustle back in dinosaur times, I have to
Speaker 1: be a fierce warrior pettitor at all costs in everything
Speaker 1: so they were doing it all for sure. Uh. And
Speaker 1: then the other thing, like there are things about like, well,
Speaker 1: did t rexes have feathers where they're basically giant chickens.
Speaker 1: So this is I love the idea of t rex
Speaker 1: is being giant chickens, but I can't imagine them with feathers.
Speaker 1: That would be terrifying, I think, and the interest of science.
Speaker 1: Though I'm going to try to give as unbiased to pictures,
Speaker 1: I can't even though I personally definitely want them to
Speaker 1: be covered in feathers. So baby t rex is, there's
Speaker 1: good reason to believe they probably had feathers. Um Paleontologists
Speaker 1: believe that one of the purposes of dinosaur feathers, maybe
Speaker 1: the primary purpose was insulation for warmth. This was long
Speaker 1: before feathers were ever used for flight, and back when
Speaker 1: the feathers were used for warmth, they were more like
Speaker 1: these long filaments, fluffy down like a baby penguin or
Speaker 1: a kiwi bird. Uh, not the flat feathers that you
Speaker 1: see in birds that use them for flight. I mean
Speaker 1: with a lot of flightless birds, you see this this
Speaker 1: kind of They have developed the filaments more the the
Speaker 1: downy warmer feathers now like like ostriches and em is.
Speaker 1: They're they're like little puff balls. They're not they don't
Speaker 1: have many of the you know, big fan like feathers
Speaker 1: that we see in birds of flight. So the idea
Speaker 1: of a big t rex just covered in feathers is
Speaker 1: maybe a little far fetched. Adult t rex is probably
Speaker 1: didn't need the feathers. Like they were huge. They didn't
Speaker 1: need probably didn't need them for any kind of like
Speaker 1: armor protection. They're just so big. They had thick hides um,
Speaker 1: and they didn't need them for warmth because they were
Speaker 1: so big. A big animal like that is able to
Speaker 1: generate warmth a lot more efficiently than a little baby. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I'm curious as to kind of wet stage they would have,
Speaker 1: you know, kind of dropped the feathers and moved more
Speaker 1: towards that traditional um more like rubbery type high. I mean,
Speaker 1: they probably they probably like started molting as like larger juveniles.
Speaker 1: They gained weight and size extremely quickly. They start you know,
Speaker 1: started out as like these skinny like almost like smaller
Speaker 1: than a turkey, little cutie things. I actually have a
Speaker 1: picture of that in the dock if you want to see.
Speaker 1: They're very cute. Um, just the artistic renditions of them
Speaker 1: with with puffy feathers. They probably started out as as
Speaker 1: peri adorable teeth and then except for the teeth, sure,
Speaker 1: but then probably as they got bigger and bigger, they
Speaker 1: probably went through a molting stage. I mean we see
Speaker 1: that with like, um, penguins start out as these little
Speaker 1: downy puff balls, and while they don't lose their feathers
Speaker 1: as adults, they do uh molt and have feathers that
Speaker 1: are optimized for swimming rather than just for warmth as
Speaker 1: they are as a little baby. That's so adorable how
Speaker 1: the penguins like their their feathers then kind of mold
Speaker 1: into the shape of their body and they're a bit
Speaker 1: more form fitting to allow. Yeah, it is cute. They
Speaker 1: started as poofballs and then they get get their formal
Speaker 1: taxes on as they reach adulthood. So adult t rex
Speaker 1: is maybe they had a smattering of feathers. Um most
Speaker 1: of these sort of like skin imprints that that have
Speaker 1: been found, like doesn't seem to be suggestive of there
Speaker 1: being a lot of feathers on the t rex, but
Speaker 1: you know, I can imagine like maybe they retain some
Speaker 1: of the feathers like in places where like maybe around
Speaker 1: the eyes, like that would be potentially useful for like
Speaker 1: keeping dust out of their eyes. They you know, may
Speaker 1: have had a few like here and there. Maybe they
Speaker 1: had some colorful feathers for sexual selection. There's just not
Speaker 1: any like proof of that yet, so it's possible, but
Speaker 1: I think, like most of the evidence seemed to suggest
Speaker 1: like that they probably lost most of of feathers as
Speaker 1: adults simply because they didn't need them, and we don't
Speaker 1: really most of the evidence doesn't seem to suggest that
Speaker 1: they had a bunch of feathers um. But there is
Speaker 1: a dinosaur that is very similar to a t rex
Speaker 1: that we do think had a lot of feathers. So
Speaker 1: this is the Uterannus, which means feathery king, some mix
Speaker 1: of Latin and Mandarin, and they were uh predecessors to
Speaker 1: t rexes and they were likely covered in feathers as falsil.
Speaker 1: Evidence seems to suggest they lived in a cooler climate.
Speaker 1: They were smaller than a t rex, although still pretty big,
Speaker 1: so they were about seven to eight meters or twenty
Speaker 1: six feet in length, but a t rex was about
Speaker 1: twelve meters or forty feet in length. So they were smaller.
Speaker 1: They lived in a cooler climate, which probably made the
Speaker 1: feathers as adults more useful in keeping them warm. It's
Speaker 1: interesting because they have they look like they have like
Speaker 1: almost kind of like a fox furn that in the back,
Speaker 1: like fox fur in the back, and then more kind
Speaker 1: of those traditional feathers that you would imagine at the
Speaker 1: head and the neck at the beast. Yeah, I think
Speaker 1: that it's it's I'm not sure how much these artistic
Speaker 1: renditions are based on like guests work, how much of
Speaker 1: it is based on the fossil record. Um. I think
Speaker 1: it seems like to me, the downy feathers that look
Speaker 1: more like fur than feathers is probably pretty accurate. And
Speaker 1: the face feathers, like I just it seems like very
Speaker 1: reasonable to assume that there may have been some colorful
Speaker 1: face feathers for like sexual selection or identification. Um, they
Speaker 1: may have have had different like textures of feathers based
Speaker 1: on where it was in their bodies. I don't know
Speaker 1: how much they know about the feathers. They just know
Speaker 1: that they had. It's hard to know the accuracy right exactly,
Speaker 1: but we do know that they had these like these
Speaker 1: downy feathers, and it was probably all over their body.
Speaker 1: But yeah, they're they're kind of kind of cute, a
Speaker 1: little scary, just like a little fluffy They don't you
Speaker 1: know what, Honestly, I mean, looking at this artistic rendition,
Speaker 1: they don't look that menacing to me. I mean it's
Speaker 1: the obviously, like the claws are, but the faces. Yeah,
Speaker 1: to me, somehow, the fuzziness, the furriness of it makes
Speaker 1: them less menacing. I mean it softens them. Their their
Speaker 1: legs actually remind me of a snowy owl um. Oh
Speaker 1: fluff of the leg fluff of a snowy owl um.
Speaker 1: But yeah, I mean they probably were menacing. I think
Speaker 1: they were predators and they probably would eat up They're
Speaker 1: Like when I say they're smaller than a t rex,
Speaker 1: they're still incredibly large and scary, right, I mean, smaller
Speaker 1: is relative because naturally the t rex is kind of
Speaker 1: in competition with itself when it comes to size. But yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean this picture obviously clearly it's not menacing because
Speaker 1: I'm not standing there right exactly. Like if I were
Speaker 1: up against this, then truly I would probably be terrified.
Speaker 1: I mean, it would be a little cute, you know,
Speaker 1: like as it's munching off your arm, It's like, ah,
Speaker 1: but you're fuzzy. I'd be a little bit. I feel
Speaker 1: a little bit more, you know, um comfortable with the
Speaker 1: idea of getting one of my limbs chewed off by
Speaker 1: this adorably. I don't think so. I don't think so.
Speaker 1: I think I would still be a terrified. So if
Speaker 1: dinosaurs had feathers for warmth and then birds started using
Speaker 1: them for flight, what's up with flightless birds? Are they
Speaker 1: dinosaurs who never quite evolved flight? What the heck is
Speaker 1: their deal? Well, sometimes evolution will go back to earlier schematics,
Speaker 1: so to speak, when the need arises. Take whales please.
Speaker 1: They started out as land dwelling mammals then went back
Speaker 1: to the sea like our ancient aquatic fishy ancestors. DNA
Speaker 1: evidence of flightless birds shows a similar pattern. Ostriches, EMUs rays,
Speaker 1: and kiwi birds all seem to have evolved from an
Speaker 1: ancestral bird who could fly and importantly dispersed to new continents. Penguins, too,
Speaker 1: are the descendants of flighted birds, and their ancestor was
Speaker 1: likely similar to a living aquatic bird. The thick billed mur,
Speaker 1: a black and white Alaskan bird that basically looks like
Speaker 1: a slimmer penguin with wings that can actually fly. Why
Speaker 1: did these birds ditch the superpower of flight? Well, fline
Speaker 1: takes time and energy, and if you don't have to
Speaker 1: do it, say because you lack. Predators have the powerful
Speaker 1: defenses of an ostrich or the nimble swimming ability of
Speaker 1: the penguin, the ground and sea can offer plenty of
Speaker 1: opportunities for survival. When we returned, we're going to talk
Speaker 1: about a feathery dinosaur who didn't quite make the cut
Speaker 1: for appearing in Jurassic Park but definitely should have. So
Speaker 1: I feel like t Rex velociraptor triceratops like these are
Speaker 1: the dinosaurs that get like all of the media attention,
Speaker 1: all of the limelight, And I feel like there should
Speaker 1: be other dinosaurs that get more attention because they're cool
Speaker 1: and weird. And I want to give some love and
Speaker 1: attention to a dinosaur that I think is relatively unknown.
Speaker 1: It's super weird. It is called dino cirrus. So. The
Speaker 1: Dinochius lived during the Late Cretaceous period about seventy million
Speaker 1: years ago. They were a genius genius. They were a
Speaker 1: genus of ornitham Mimosauria, which is also known as ostrich
Speaker 1: dinosaurs because a lot of the species were sort of
Speaker 1: ostrich like just superficially. But this genus, the dinochirus, I
Speaker 1: don't really see the resemblance to ostriches. So they were large,
Speaker 1: you don't, I am media really I immediately thought that, yes, interesting,
Speaker 1: interesting to me. They're too like, they're too camel like
Speaker 1: to look like ostriches to me. But maybe I guess, yeah,
Speaker 1: maybe I can see a little bit. To me, it's
Speaker 1: like an ostrich ant eater dinosaurs. That's okay, I see
Speaker 1: that a little bit. Yeah, So they were big. They
Speaker 1: were eleven meters or thirty six ft long and over
Speaker 1: six tons. So dinochius is Greek for horrible hands. So
Speaker 1: they're the horrible hands dinosaur. And I guess it's because
Speaker 1: they had horrible hands. I mean, they had some of
Speaker 1: the longest arms of any bipedal dinosaur. Their arms were
Speaker 1: two point five meters long or eight feet long. Why
Speaker 1: do they have horrible hands over the t r I
Speaker 1: don't know. I definitely would say the t rex has worse.
Speaker 1: Maybe we're like horrible as in bad at being hands,
Speaker 1: but maybe they meant horrible as in horrifying, like scary hands.
Speaker 1: I want to call it the jazz hands dinosaur though, because,
Speaker 1: like you know, it's got those long arms, perfect for
Speaker 1: jazz hands. So they had enlarged vertebrae on their back
Speaker 1: that formed a hump or a sale. It had a hard,
Speaker 1: wide bill and probably fan like feathers at the end
Speaker 1: of its tail, so kind of like some kind of
Speaker 1: like a spoonbill or or a shoe bill stork with
Speaker 1: a with a camel hump and a long tail with
Speaker 1: like feathers on the end. It was probably an omnivore,
Speaker 1: eating fish, plants and anything it could fit in its bill,
Speaker 1: like some kind of weird like giant humpbacked stork. So
Speaker 1: basically like have you ever seen a shoe bill stork? Yeah? Yeah,
Speaker 1: with those big, big bills. They're kind of they're kind
Speaker 1: of spooky looking. Sometimes they're just they're so tall. But
Speaker 1: just give it some big arms, um make it huge
Speaker 1: with big meaty legs and a humpback, and there you go.
Speaker 1: That's probably what it looked like. I mean, I don't
Speaker 1: find this particular dinosaur to be as menacing, Like there
Speaker 1: is something I think it's probably because of you know,
Speaker 1: it's knows that it it. I don't know, it just
Speaker 1: is like to me, it doesn't feel like, um, it's
Speaker 1: outer appearance doesn't match its predatory nature, if that makes sense.
Speaker 1: Like it definitely just feels a little bit like more common.
Speaker 1: I feel like if I were up against you know,
Speaker 1: this eleven meter dinosaur, I would probably like it's still
Speaker 1: kind of cute, you know. I mean, it's obviously very large,
Speaker 1: but it's cute. I think it doesn't scare me as
Speaker 1: much as there's a little bit of the Uncanny Valley
Speaker 1: of this looks like a Muppet, but like a huge Muppet,
Speaker 1: which is weird, like why we're like fully invested in
Speaker 1: these dinosaurs being every Like I come to it a
Speaker 1: lot on the show where it's like, this is a Muppet,
Speaker 1: Like there's so much I guess just like Muppets are
Speaker 1: so like the Muppet universe is so vast that you
Speaker 1: can always find an animal that's like, hey, this is
Speaker 1: this is like a Muppet. It's a Muppet source Rex.
Speaker 1: But it's like it's like Snuffle up againts mixed with
Speaker 1: big bird kind of you know, yes, yes, definitely snuffle
Speaker 1: off again for sure, definitely getting this big duck bill
Speaker 1: and like long feathery arms. It's just like it is
Speaker 1: kind of cute. Don't mind. I don't mind the hands,
Speaker 1: but the hands remind me. And this is gonna sound
Speaker 1: real off because I'm not comparing it to another animal.
Speaker 1: But you know the machines when you're a little kid,
Speaker 1: the claw it's called the cloth. That's what your hands
Speaker 1: remind me. You're right, because it's got three fingers, like
Speaker 1: those horrible claw machines that never give you prizes because
Speaker 1: never anything rigged. Yeah, no, I mean it is. It's
Speaker 1: just an It's an awkward and odd looking dinosaur. I
Speaker 1: think like people have a very specific image in mind
Speaker 1: when they think about dinosaurs, but they're all these like
Speaker 1: oddball dinosaurs that just look weird and interesting. And I
Speaker 1: love it, Like I love this guy so much, Like
Speaker 1: I want to see I want to see it in
Speaker 1: a movie. Uh, come to life, Like I'm tired of
Speaker 1: only seeing like velociraptors and t rex and you know
Speaker 1: brontosaurs like like those are great, those are all great,
Speaker 1: but like, give give us, give us some weirdos. You know,
Speaker 1: it's only we would have recorded this prior to them
Speaker 1: shooting Jurassic World dominion, right, I mean, we could have
Speaker 1: possibly gotten some of these dinosaurs, these lesser known dinosaurs
Speaker 1: that don't get as much love and appreciation we may
Speaker 1: you could have gotten them in the although maybe the
Speaker 1: latterman post you know, like these mostly post right, because
Speaker 1: like you know, it's all it's all c g I
Speaker 1: I don't think that, and apparently it's not coming out
Speaker 1: until now, so technically they have a full year petition
Speaker 1: petition the movie to put the Dinochius in the movie
Speaker 1: and post yes, I mean it would to be fair,
Speaker 1: it would be Cretaceous Park, not Jurassic Park. But still
Speaker 1: like they did, they did like genetic Shenanigans, mixing frogs
Speaker 1: with like dinosaurs, and in the newer movies they did
Speaker 1: like hybrids that were giant, like you can throw in
Speaker 1: a cretaceous dinosaur. Come on, yeah, I was gonna say,
Speaker 1: it doesn't really matter, because what we've learned during this
Speaker 1: episode is that not everything is scientifically true or accurate
Speaker 1: in these films anyway, and they pretty much just do
Speaker 1: what they want, so I think that they can add
Speaker 1: I agree, I agree, right, your senator, Let's get these
Speaker 1: diners in the movie. I'll call your governor before we go.
Speaker 1: I want to cap off the episode with another listener email,
Speaker 1: one that I think is very appropriate because we're talking
Speaker 1: about ostrich dinosaurs and this is a question about ostriches.
Speaker 1: So the email, short and sweet question is what's up
Speaker 1: with ostriches finding their human keepers sexier than other ostriches?
Speaker 1: And this is from p K. Thank you so much
Speaker 1: for this question. I love this question. Um. First of all,
Speaker 1: it's true like ostriches show mating displays towards human visitors, uh,
Speaker 1: which seems to indicate that they think that it's time
Speaker 1: to seduce some humans. And this is actually not unique
Speaker 1: to ostriches. It happens in a few types of birds.
Speaker 1: And this is due to something called imprinting. So when
Speaker 1: a chick hatches, it takes a visual cue from what
Speaker 1: it thinks is it's parents, imprints on that makes some
Speaker 1: mental image of that that creature as its parents and
Speaker 1: will follow them and and just like copy them do
Speaker 1: all these things. So it's like if you have ever
Speaker 1: watched baby ducklings hatch or geese and they see you first,
Speaker 1: they'll follow you around because they think your momy or daddy.
Speaker 1: So in ostriches, they also have this flocking behavior where
Speaker 1: the babies have to follow dad around that the dad
Speaker 1: is the one that takes care of all these babies,
Speaker 1: so they have to make a strong imprint of what
Speaker 1: their father looks like so that they can follow him around.
Speaker 1: And so ostriches that are raised by humans will look
Speaker 1: at you, They're like your dad, So I must be
Speaker 1: a human. So if I see other humans, that must
Speaker 1: be what I am. Um, so I'm gonna hit on
Speaker 1: them and bring them home for you to meet for dinner.
Speaker 1: And this happens not just like with humans, but like
Speaker 1: if you have a bird, like a zebra finch, and
Speaker 1: you have a different finch, raise it like a finch
Speaker 1: that has a different color, morph a different look to it.
Speaker 1: The zebra finches will grow up and be attracted to
Speaker 1: the different looking birds, not the birds that look like
Speaker 1: it's biological parents. So they will imprint on the adopted
Speaker 1: parent and go like, Okay, this is what I'm looking
Speaker 1: for in a mate. So yeah, so that's why ostriches
Speaker 1: they like if they're raised by humans, They're like, all right,
Speaker 1: I'm a human. I gotta find a human boyfriend or
Speaker 1: girlfriend and they'll hit on you if you visit an
Speaker 1: Ostrich farm. So yeah, I mean dolphins will hit on YouTube.
Speaker 1: You know, they definitely hit on humans all the time.
Speaker 1: And also you know who else imprints um? And yes,
Speaker 1: I'm going to make a culture reference Jacob and he
Speaker 1: was aware Wolf my life and he imprinted, so it
Speaker 1: all comes full service. Yeah, that was weird because it
Speaker 1: wasn't that kind. I think that if he would have
Speaker 1: imprinted on her as an adult, it would have made
Speaker 1: more sense the fact that he did it when she
Speaker 1: was like an hour old. I was like, that's like,
Speaker 1: that's some insect type behavior, like insects will like swarm
Speaker 1: like um butterflies and other insects where the or bees
Speaker 1: like UM will swarm over where there is a newly
Speaker 1: emerging female just recently hatched, and we'll just like mob
Speaker 1: mob her trying to get at her UM. Although into
Speaker 1: their credit, they're also like newly hatched males. The males
Speaker 1: just sometimes hatch a little bit before the females, so
Speaker 1: when the female starts hatching, they literally like um mob
Speaker 1: her and do like a mosh pit trying to mate
Speaker 1: with her. So, which is wild because guys relax relax. Yeah, guys,
Speaker 1: relax ostriches. You're okay, though, I'm flattered. Thank you for
Speaker 1: thinking of me as a potential partner. Right, No, respectfully,
Speaker 1: I will turn you down, but I am mattered, and
Speaker 1: I wish you luck in your future pursuits with other ostriches. Like,
Speaker 1: let's be clear, guys, that's where you need to be.
Speaker 1: I mean, I mean, you know, but like maybe there's
Speaker 1: maybe Look, I'm not gonna say, I'm not going to
Speaker 1: say that there's not a not necessarily a human out
Speaker 1: for you. But you're you're shaking your head, You're you're
Speaker 1: you're staunchly against like ostrich human relations. I can respect
Speaker 1: that absolutely absolutely. I think you know, go ahead and
Speaker 1: we are happy as a human. We are happy to
Speaker 1: find you your ostrich right. We'll be your wing person,
Speaker 1: which is funny because you're a bird. Well, thank you
Speaker 1: so much for joining me today, KB, This was incredible.
Speaker 1: I love talking Jurassic Park with you. Do you have
Speaker 1: anything to plug like where people can find you, any
Speaker 1: projects you're doing. Yeah, Well, thank you so much for
Speaker 1: having me. You know, I have said it a million
Speaker 1: times before, but Jurassic Park is one of my favorite films,
Speaker 1: even though it is full of bad science, as we
Speaker 1: you know, shared with you almost almost good science, not
Speaker 1: bad science, just almost good. Well, I mean, I'm still
Speaker 1: gonna go with bad science because the scientists were making scientists.
Speaker 1: One last point, one last point about how dumb like
Speaker 1: these these Paul Blart scientists small cops scientists were, and
Speaker 1: like security were, is that if they truly wanted to
Speaker 1: prevent the dinosaurs from reproducing, you would make them all male,
Speaker 1: because then there's just no way, right, like other than
Speaker 1: like I guess the frogs like changing from but like
Speaker 1: even in frogs, they change from female to male, not
Speaker 1: male to female, not male to right, So like you
Speaker 1: make them all male, then there's no chance of the
Speaker 1: frog thing happening. There's no chance of parthenogenesis because males
Speaker 1: don't lay eggs. The much safer option probably, I don't know,
Speaker 1: like they're who know, Like they probably would have been
Speaker 1: more colorful too, because like birds, we know males have
Speaker 1: much prettier plumage than females. So like, make them all boys.
Speaker 1: I know that's not a feminist thing to say, but
Speaker 1: like make all the dinosaur's mails. That would have been
Speaker 1: what you I mean, if you're a good scientists. There
Speaker 1: are so many decisions and choices that are made by
Speaker 1: all of the scientists in this film that I just
Speaker 1: I shake my head when I watched, but I still
Speaker 1: enjoy it. I love it. But the science in it
Speaker 1: is just wild to me because I'm like, guys, guys, guys, guys,
Speaker 1: And honestly, the science gets worse as you keep moving
Speaker 1: forward in the sei. Yeah, I just I just want
Speaker 1: to say that I do want to see Paul Blart,
Speaker 1: like Paul Blart, mall coop trying to do security at
Speaker 1: Jurassic Park. Oh my gosh. Yeah, let's add him in.
Speaker 1: Let's drown in. I mean, I feel like we can
Speaker 1: throw anyone in. Actually, you know what I'm gonna say,
Speaker 1: I do have hope that just Jurassic World Dominion, the
Speaker 1: one that comes out next year. I have hoped that
Speaker 1: they have upstair game when it comes to the scientific
Speaker 1: consultants that they use on the project. You know what.
Speaker 1: I feel like it's gonna be a fresh start. They're
Speaker 1: gonna have some great science in this film. I'm just
Speaker 1: gonna be positively, you know, turning over newly. Yeah, done
Speaker 1: a soars feathers. Yes, let's do it. Well, thank you
Speaker 1: again for having me. It is such a great time.
Speaker 1: And yeah, I mean you know, I am on social
Speaker 1: media Instagram and Twitter at the late k B that's
Speaker 1: t h e l A d y k A y
Speaker 1: v um. I am the season two hosts of the
Speaker 1: Color Grade podcast if you want to check that out
Speaker 1: on all podcasts listening platforms, and I talk TV and
Speaker 1: film with some of my critic friends basically, and I
Speaker 1: do a little weekly or we do picks that I
Speaker 1: am like. Listen, even if this film is not fabulous,
Speaker 1: you still need to watch it because you will laugh. Um,
Speaker 1: so just like dressing mere an iconic film? What's that science?
Speaker 1: So yeah, please check out the Color Grade Podcast, or
Speaker 1: you can check out my other show on YouTube called
Speaker 1: super Lady Hero Hour, where we dive into nothing but
Speaker 1: comic book nice nice super dinosaurs replace all the superheroes dinosaurs.
Speaker 1: That's my opinion. Maybe that's coming coming, you know, who knows.
Speaker 1: Maybe there's an animated series where all of these dinosaurs
Speaker 1: actually have superpowers. Um, maybe that's where Jurassic World Dominia
Speaker 1: goes next time. Maybe the I think there's a squirrel
Speaker 1: girl villain where like the squirrel Girl is like the
Speaker 1: villain tries to turn people into dinosaurs, and she's trying
Speaker 1: to convince him to use science to make the world
Speaker 1: a better place. He's like, but I don't want to
Speaker 1: make the world a better place. I want to turn
Speaker 1: people into dinosaur which fair. I mean, you know, maybe
Speaker 1: he's just like, I want to see what happens if
Speaker 1: everyone was a dinosaur. Fair. I I appreciate it. Well.
Speaker 1: You can find us on the internet at Creature Feature
Speaker 1: Pod on Instagram, at Creature feet Pod on Twitter. That's
Speaker 1: f A T not FPE teeth head is something very different.
Speaker 1: You can send me an email at Creature Feature Pod
Speaker 1: at gmail dot com and I will try to answer
Speaker 1: your question either through email or maybe even on the show,
Speaker 1: and you can find me. I am Katie Golden on
Speaker 1: Twitter k A T I E G O L d
Speaker 1: I N where I just talk about my Katie thoughts
Speaker 1: not necessarily related to the podcast, and as always, I
Speaker 1: am pro bird rights on Twitter, where I fight for
Speaker 1: the rights of birds because they are dinosaurs and they
Speaker 1: should probably regain control of the earth. I'm just saying,
Speaker 1: just saying, thank you so much for listening. If you're
Speaker 1: enjoying this show and you leave a rating and review.
Speaker 1: I will read it. I read all of them, and
Speaker 1: I appreciate them. All warms warms my little dinosaur heart
Speaker 1: and it really does help the show. Thanks to the
Speaker 1: Space Concerts for their super awesome song. X Alumina. Creature
Speaker 1: features a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcasts
Speaker 1: like the one you just heard, visit the I Heart
Speaker 1: Radio app Apple podcast, or Hey Guess what where? Have
Speaker 1: you listened to your favorite shows? See you next Wednesday.
Speaker 1: Hey m hm