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Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature Feature production of I Heart Radio. I'm

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Speaker 1: your host of Many Parasise, Katie Golden. I studied psychology

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Speaker 1: and evolutionary biology. In Today on the show, dun dat

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Speaker 1: don don don dot dot don don done? Oh my god,

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Speaker 1: Dinah sours, We're talking all things Jurassic as we fact

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Speaker 1: check Jurassic Park. Was John Hammond really in over his head?

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Speaker 1: Good life? Find a Way? And our t rex's eyesight

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Speaker 1: really based on movement? We're digging up dinahs and the truth,

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Speaker 1: discover this some more as we answer the age old

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Speaker 1: question which dinosaur would make Jim Henson's blood Colonel. Joining

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Speaker 1: me today is friend of the show, entertainment journalists, scientist

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Speaker 1: and dinosaur enthusiast KB Welcome, Hello, Hello, thank you so

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Speaker 1: much for having me again. I'm so excited. I love

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Speaker 1: Jurassic Park. I love dinosaurs. I can't wait to dive

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Speaker 1: in and see what we come up with. I know

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Speaker 1: I love Jurassic Park two. I was scared of that

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Speaker 1: movie when I was a kid. As an adult, it's

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Speaker 1: one of my favorite movies. But despite having a special

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Speaker 1: place in my heart, we're going to tear that movie

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Speaker 1: to shreds in this podcast the Philip Jurassic Park is

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Speaker 1: full of bad science in a lot of ways, and

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Speaker 1: so I can't wait to tear to shreds good movie

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Speaker 1: bad science. You know, I don't think the thing is

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Speaker 1: I don't think a movie has to have accurate science

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Speaker 1: to be good. Jurassic Park basically proves that. But it's

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Speaker 1: the I think the thing that's somewhat frustrating about it

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Speaker 1: is it's almost got good science. Like they got so

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Speaker 1: close to having good science. It's not just like terrible

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Speaker 1: all the way through. They have some really interesting ideas,

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Speaker 1: but they just narrowly miss it being good science. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'm curious because I don't know who was kind of

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Speaker 1: who the consultants were that they used for a Jurassic Park.

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Speaker 1: But I'm like, man, you know, obviously they took Michael

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Speaker 1: Critton's book and you know, kind of clearly made it

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Speaker 1: to what it was. But I'm still like, who did

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Speaker 1: they talk to? What scientists did they actually consult when

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Speaker 1: they were putting together the script for this movie? Truly?

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Speaker 1: What was it? Just a chicken and a lab coat

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Speaker 1: trying to spread like pro dinosaur propaganda. That sounds maybe

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Speaker 1: probably about right. Yeah, I mean the movie does have

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Speaker 1: some really interesting ideas in it, as we're going to discuss,

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Speaker 1: it actually inspired some research about dinosaurs, so really, you know,

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Speaker 1: I think it was a It was a great movie overall,

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Speaker 1: probably inspired a lot of future paleontologists too, so I

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Speaker 1: can't knock it for that. But we are gonna we're

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Speaker 1: gonna be buzz kills and fact check it, you know,

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Speaker 1: a bunch of wet blankets. I feel like maybe it

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Speaker 1: did kind of maybe in some sort of way, because

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Speaker 1: it is one of the first films that I remember

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Speaker 1: seeing being in the theater. I remember the entire experience.

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Speaker 1: We were late, we snapped McDonald's in and because we

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Speaker 1: were late, we had to sit on the front row.

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Speaker 1: I remember being terrified but also completely in awe. So

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Speaker 1: I feel like maybe it did kind of, you know,

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Speaker 1: pique by interest in in science, and maybe that's why

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Speaker 1: when I got to college, I was like, I'm on

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Speaker 1: this quest to learn war. It could have been Jurassic

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Speaker 1: Park right right, you're seeing a t rex so up close.

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Speaker 1: Just I need to learn about animals because if I don't,

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Speaker 1: they're gonna eat me. I'm gonna die if I don't

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Speaker 1: learn about book. So let me make the most of

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Speaker 1: my life by you know, definitely digging deep in your livelihood.

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Speaker 1: I think it's also there's something fun about it in

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Speaker 1: terms of like, yeah, we're like little shrews that turned

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Speaker 1: you know, into like hairy people. But hey, you know what,

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Speaker 1: at least we're alive and you giant dinosaurs aren't. So

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Speaker 1: it's there's a bit of smugness I think in looking

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Speaker 1: at dinosaurs. Oh really, you're king of the dinosaurs. Well

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Speaker 1: not not so kingly. Now we visit your bones. We

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Speaker 1: take our children to touch your bones, so they're that's

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Speaker 1: an interesting way. But yes, it's weird. I feel like

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Speaker 1: the only other creatures that have like well that truly

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Speaker 1: withstand the test of time are roaches. But outside of that,

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Speaker 1: you know, I'm like, they're walking with the dinosaurs, they're

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Speaker 1: walking with the humans. They truly have, you know, probably

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Speaker 1: one up on us. They're gonna have roach museums where

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Speaker 1: they have our bones on display and they bring their

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Speaker 1: little tiny children roaches in, and it's like these dumb

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Speaker 1: humans once thought they were in control, but we're the

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Speaker 1: ones us and such they're gonna be like, look, they

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Speaker 1: died and we are still here, right, Oh my gosh,

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Speaker 1: still living off their shelf stable twinkies. Terrifying, terrified, truly.

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Speaker 1: So uh. The first thing I wanted to talk about

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Speaker 1: is the main premise of the movie, which is that

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Speaker 1: you you know, what's what's the famous line like God

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Speaker 1: creates dinosaurs? Wait, no, no, hang on, it's the it's

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Speaker 1: the Jeff Goldbloom line where it's like, I know which

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Speaker 1: one you're talking about. Okay, I think it's like God

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Speaker 1: creates dinosaurs, God kills dinosaurs, God creates man, Man creates dinosaurs,

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Speaker 1: dinosaurs kill man or something like that. I don't know.

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Speaker 1: But other than the like religious aspect of that, the

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Speaker 1: conceit of the film is that, oh, humans are playing

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Speaker 1: God and they created dinosaurs. But hey no we we

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Speaker 1: made all female dinosaurs so it's safe, right, Well, whoops

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Speaker 1: the diddles they change their sex and then start reproducing

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Speaker 1: out of control, and welcome, you are now being overrun

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Speaker 1: by work full of dinosaurs. And it spawned like ten

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Speaker 1: sequels or something or other and sore to come because

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Speaker 1: they just finished filming like the next one, they just

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Speaker 1: keep making. I like, how with the sequels are They're like,

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Speaker 1: We're just gonna keep making the dinosaurs bigger and that's

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Speaker 1: going to get more of an audience, like keep making

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Speaker 1: them bigger. It's true. I'm still watching. So yes, it works,

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Speaker 1: I mean because it worked out me at least planet

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Speaker 1: sized dinosaurs next, So yeah, I mean in the movie, uh,

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Speaker 1: they have all of this like foreshadowing of like, oh,

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Speaker 1: you know the famous line of like life, uh finds

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Speaker 1: a way And it turns out that these all female

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Speaker 1: dinosaurs figure out how to reproduce anyways, And the explanation

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Speaker 1: in the movie is that they had incomplete dinosaur DNA

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Speaker 1: from the sample that they got from amber, right, So,

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Speaker 1: like they get a mosquito an amber that sucked on

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Speaker 1: some sweet, juicy dinosaur blood and they use that DNA

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Speaker 1: to clone the dinosa sores, but they have some missing

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Speaker 1: DNA that wasn't able to be sequenced, so they used

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Speaker 1: West African frog DNA to fill in the DNA dino

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Speaker 1: gap and oops, it turns out that West African frogs

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Speaker 1: can change their sex and therefore the dinosaurs were able

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Speaker 1: to change their sex and have male dinosaurs than they

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Speaker 1: were able to reproduce. And then you know, Jeff Goldbloom

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Speaker 1: got to be smug while being shirtless and and so

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Speaker 1: on and so forth. I love that tidbit actually that

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Speaker 1: he said while being shirt Yeah, I mean he spent

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Speaker 1: most of the movie like without a shirt on and

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Speaker 1: being smokes you can always see his chest in some capacity, right,

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Speaker 1: which I do appreciate them recognizing that Jeff Goldbloom's main

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Speaker 1: asset is his chest. I guess. I mean, you know,

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Speaker 1: in this film it makes sense because Jeff Goldbloom is

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Speaker 1: a chaos theorist I believe, so, you know, like he's

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Speaker 1: really honestly there to just stir up trouble. And also

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Speaker 1: to every single human being and scientists who works at

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Speaker 1: this part, how dumb they are so like mostly that

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Speaker 1: is the purpose. I love that, like a chaos theorist, right,

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Speaker 1: like a physicist would be the bad boy because he

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Speaker 1: studies chaos. There's always like I mean, which actually, when

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Speaker 1: you think about it, is the least accurate thing, because

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Speaker 1: like I think, like a lot of physicists or kind

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Speaker 1: of kind of a kind of bad boys, you know,

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Speaker 1: Einstein was a bad boy. Though, I feel like I

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Speaker 1: I feel like in in this particular film is like

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Speaker 1: the cool Rider. Yes, I just made a grease to

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Speaker 1: reference because I adore it even more than Greece. But

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Speaker 1: he is like the cool rider of the group. Like

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Speaker 1: you know he I feel like he wears leather jackets,

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Speaker 1: you know, in his bed at night, and his hair

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Speaker 1: is perfectly quafft and you know he is giving you

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Speaker 1: the best one liners of the film. So yes, why

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Speaker 1: didn't you call me after last night? It's inch a

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Speaker 1: p bay be Anyways, So is this actually possible? Right?

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Speaker 1: Could you mix up some dino DNA with some frogs

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Speaker 1: and then suddenly have dinosaurs change their sex? Well, first,

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Speaker 1: let's talk about whether this even happens, right, Like, can

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Speaker 1: animals change their sex? And that part is absolutely true.

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Speaker 1: It is called sequential hermaphroditism, meaning that the organism changes

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Speaker 1: its sex at some point during its life. Now, this

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Speaker 1: may be due to environmental factors, social factors, or maturation

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Speaker 1: and timing. One of the most famous examples of this

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Speaker 1: is actually in clown fish. So, like finding Nemo, clownfish

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Speaker 1: have a very interesting social structure. There is a breeding

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Speaker 1: pair a male and female who live inside of an

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Speaker 1: an enemy see an enemy hate saying that word, don't

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Speaker 1: do it good, but they live in there for their

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Speaker 1: protection so their skin ha as uh. Some a resistance

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Speaker 1: to the sea an Enemy toxin and it protects them

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Speaker 1: from predators. But outside of the sea an Enemy there

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Speaker 1: are a few other clownfish, and these are smaller males

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Speaker 1: who are not sexually mature, who helped protect the breeding pair.

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Speaker 1: So it's like, you know, you have the king and

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Speaker 1: queen of the castle, the n enemy castle, and outside

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Speaker 1: you have these smaller males who are guards. If the

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Speaker 1: female dies, the male the dominant male, which is typically

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Speaker 1: the other half of the male pair. So imagine you

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Speaker 1: have a king and queen. The queen dies, the king

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Speaker 1: will change his sex to female, become the new queen,

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Speaker 1: and the head of the guard, the most dominant male

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Speaker 1: of the guard males, will then come and breed with

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Speaker 1: him and become the new king. Does that make sense? Yes,

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Speaker 1: I'm following the trail, but yet so. In other words,

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Speaker 1: the clownfish have a sexual hierarchy. The largest most dominant

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Speaker 1: fish is the female and is like basically the queen

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Speaker 1: that the mating uh female. If she leaves or dies,

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Speaker 1: the second most dominant fish will rise through the ranks

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Speaker 1: and become the new female, change its sex to be female,

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Speaker 1: become the breeding female, and then the next in line

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Speaker 1: then becomes the breeding male, like the king to the queen,

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Speaker 1: uh and so on and so forth. There are often

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Speaker 1: these kind of mating strategies where you have subordinates in

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Speaker 1: your mating system that are basically there to protect you,

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Speaker 1: protect your young, and they're just waiting for their chance

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Speaker 1: to rise through the ranks and become a part of

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Speaker 1: a breeding pair. But it's much more rare that you

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Speaker 1: actually have the system where they have sequential hermaphroditism where

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Speaker 1: they actually change sex. So that's really interesting. Yeah, I mean, honestly,

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Speaker 1: I wish I would have learned about this clown fish

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Speaker 1: while I was studying, you know, biology for all of

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Speaker 1: my degrees, because that's really really interesting. Like I love

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Speaker 1: that the dominant one is a woman and then you

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Speaker 1: know they change, um, they're formed it. Yeah, I love that.

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Speaker 1: I think it. Finding Nemo would have certainly been different

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Speaker 1: if they had taken that into account. Maybe they'll do

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Speaker 1: it for the next iteration, right, Like, so there's finding

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Speaker 1: Dory and then there's Finding Nemo. Three becoming Queen. I

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Speaker 1: love that title. We need it. So this happens in

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Speaker 1: clown fish, it actually happens in other species of fish

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Speaker 1: as well, uh, it happens in plants as well. Plants

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Speaker 1: do have technically have a sex, they are male and

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Speaker 1: female plants, but they can be sequential hermaphrodites. So it

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Speaker 1: does happen in a number of organisms. The question is

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Speaker 1: does it actually happen in frogs? So the answer is

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Speaker 1: a little bit complicated, so it's somewhat inconclusive. Now, there

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Speaker 1: is a case study of reed frogs which are from

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Speaker 1: West Africa, who were studied in captivity and they found

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Speaker 1: in the study in nineteen eighty nine that there were

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Speaker 1: a number of them that switched from being female to male.

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Speaker 1: So seven out of twenty four of them switched their

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Speaker 1: sex from being female to being male under these captive conditions. Now,

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Speaker 1: when animals are in captivity, as you may know, like

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Speaker 1: they act very differently than they do in the wild.

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Speaker 1: So you have a lot of behaviors, even physiological behaviors,

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Speaker 1: right like um changing your sex, which may not actually

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Speaker 1: happen in their natural environment. It could be because they're

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Speaker 1: in captivity there their social system is very different than

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Speaker 1: it would be in the wild. They could be under

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Speaker 1: um stress that would have stress, yeah, which would affect

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Speaker 1: their hormones and so that might be the reason. So

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Speaker 1: at the time, like in nine, like, we didn't really

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Speaker 1: have evidence that frogs outside of captivity did this in

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Speaker 1: any significant number. Um, But there is actually more recent

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Speaker 1: research that has found some evidence that frogs do do

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Speaker 1: this in the wild. I don't think there's been more

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Speaker 1: evidence on reed frogs, but there has been a different

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Speaker 1: species of frog that has been studied, the green frogs

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Speaker 1: of eastern North America, who have been found to change

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Speaker 1: their sex in the wild. Originally it was thought that

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Speaker 1: they only did this in response to pollution, but more

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Speaker 1: recently they found that even frogs in pristine, non polluted

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Speaker 1: environments do change their sex from female to male. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: there is some evidence that frogs can and will do

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Speaker 1: this in the wild. So that part, well, why why

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Speaker 1: would it so? For me, I'm just curious as to

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Speaker 1: why in polluted areas they would need to change their

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Speaker 1: second Like, Um, I don't know if there's something that

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Speaker 1: happened so like in that particular cases, because like a

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Speaker 1: male can survive that that type of environment a little

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Speaker 1: bit better than a female, Like, I guess I'm just

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Speaker 1: curious to know more about that. Yeah, it's an interesting question.

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Speaker 1: I'm not sure and I'm not sure like how conclusive

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Speaker 1: the study was, because it turns out even though they

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Speaker 1: thought it only happened in polluted areas, it turns out

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Speaker 1: it doesn't. So so that like even that premise of

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Speaker 1: like pollution somehow causes it is under question. It's not

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Speaker 1: it's not sure my guests would be pollution would potentially

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Speaker 1: affect like you know, there anything from like their hormones

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Speaker 1: to their development, their embryonic development. So I could see

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Speaker 1: like that having a direct chemical impact on their system

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Speaker 1: which might induce this change. But again, like it doesn't

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Speaker 1: seem that pollution may even be a significant factor. It's

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Speaker 1: it's still kind of unknown. The main takeaway from it

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Speaker 1: is that they will do this in nature even without pollution,

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Speaker 1: So and why they do it, right, I'll still do

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Speaker 1: it well there there may be stressors that we don't

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Speaker 1: really know, right, Like, so there could be it could

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Speaker 1: be like the clownfish, right where you have a hierarchy

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Speaker 1: where like if you have a certain sex ratio like

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Speaker 1: that they respond to and will change their sex based

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Speaker 1: on a sex ratio. It maybe due to like say resources,

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Speaker 1: like if there is a certain lack of resources, it

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Speaker 1: could be due to maturation, like they start off life

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Speaker 1: as female and later in life maybe become male. There

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Speaker 1: are all sorts of reasons that animals can change sex

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Speaker 1: and why they do it, and so it's still I

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Speaker 1: think the research is new enough that I'm not sure

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Speaker 1: they know exactly why they do that. If anyone's researching

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Speaker 1: this and wants to write in the show, definitely hit

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Speaker 1: me up about that, because I want to know what's

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Speaker 1: going on with these frogs. What's going seriously, I want

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Speaker 1: to know. So basically, though, the takeaway is it is

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Speaker 1: not exactly. But even if frog DNA could help dinosaurs

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Speaker 1: change their sex, here's the main issue I have with

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Speaker 1: the movie is it doesn't really make a lot of

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Speaker 1: sense to use frog DNA as filler and dinosaur DNA.

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Speaker 1: Now you're shaking your head, so I have a feeling

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Speaker 1: you already know where I'm going with this. I mean,

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Speaker 1: it doesn't make sense at all. But um, you know,

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Speaker 1: maybe the scientists in this film we're thinking, well, this

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Speaker 1: is all we have access to, the only thing we

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Speaker 1: have access to are these frogs from Africa, So like,

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Speaker 1: let's use this DNA. I'm guessing that's probably what they

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Speaker 1: were thinking, but it doesn't make it doesn't make sense.

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Speaker 1: I mean, I get that, like, frogs are kind of

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Speaker 1: alien looking, so maybe they would be you know, maybe

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Speaker 1: they're like prehistoric enough to be like dinosaurs. But that's

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Speaker 1: not really how genetics and and being related genetically works.

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Speaker 1: So frogs and other amphibians are not closely related to

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Speaker 1: dinosaurs at all. There are much better candidates of living

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Speaker 1: animals who are the most closely related to dinosaurs that

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Speaker 1: you could use. Uh, and like the main one being

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Speaker 1: the most obvious one being birds. Birds are dinosaurs. They

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Speaker 1: are literally still considered to be dinosaurs. They are direct

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Speaker 1: descendants of dinosaurs, and they are probably the closest living relative,

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Speaker 1: and their DNA is probably contains the most crossover with

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Speaker 1: extinct dinosaurs of any animal on Earth. And they have

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Speaker 1: a lot of good things going for them. First of all,

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Speaker 1: they are egg layers, so you can literally, like if

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Speaker 1: you had the technology to do so, you couldn't somehow, Uh,

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Speaker 1: take you know, a chicken. I'm just gonna say, take

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Speaker 1: a chicken. Do you artificial insemination or gene editing with

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Speaker 1: dinosaur DNA? Then it lays an egg and it hatches

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Speaker 1: a dinosaur. Now we are way far off from ever

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Speaker 1: being able to do that. But that's the most obvious

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Speaker 1: thing to me then, like creating an egg out of

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Speaker 1: nothing like or what did they do? They like took

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Speaker 1: ostrich eggs and like like that, we're already hatched and

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Speaker 1: put in like the injected it with like dinosaur DNA

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Speaker 1: that like had been mixed with frog stuff. I just think,

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Speaker 1: you you take you take a you take a bird,

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Speaker 1: and you you put you put bird and dinosaur together.

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Speaker 1: I mean, they're already hear me out, hear me out,

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Speaker 1: hear me out. I think. So it's interesting, and that's

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Speaker 1: why I actually love this topic because my scientist's brain agrees,

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Speaker 1: my writer's brain is like that would completely debunk the

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Speaker 1: entire film, right, because the whole premise is that the

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Speaker 1: scientists think they're doing something radical by creating these all

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Speaker 1: female dinosaurs, and then the dinosaurs slip on them, Well,

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Speaker 1: how many birds do we have that can just change

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Speaker 1: sex like that? They're probably thinking the frog. I think

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Speaker 1: what I hypothesize is that the writers of the film

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Speaker 1: found owned an easy animal target and they were like, oh, frogs, okay,

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Speaker 1: let's do that, because then it makes our story more

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Speaker 1: believable and most people watching are not going to think

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Speaker 1: anything of it, right, They're just like, oh, yeah, okay, sure,

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Speaker 1: you know you told me this happened. It happened. I

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Speaker 1: think it was in the book to the same thing

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Speaker 1: applies to the book, right, Like Michael Crichton is like,

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Speaker 1: how do we how do we get to this easiest way? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: what's the easiest way to maintain this conflict? Create it,

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Speaker 1: maintain it and make it somewhat believable and reasonable. And

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Speaker 1: to be fair, he's not entirely wrong. It just is

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Speaker 1: the most challenging thing to do. Like, the easiest thing

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Speaker 1: to do would just be go with birds. It's the

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Speaker 1: easiest thing to do. Always go with birds, is my philosophy.

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Speaker 1: I just I say. I say it like it's a

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Speaker 1: religious now go with birds. No. But here's the thing

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Speaker 1: that's frustrating, is I agree with you? Right, Like, if

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Speaker 1: this was their only way to make the plot work, fine,

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Speaker 1: put some kermit DNA in a dinosaur whatever. But there

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Speaker 1: is another option for them to have the same plot

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Speaker 1: that's much more scientifically accurate and much more interesting in

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Speaker 1: my opinion. And that's because birds can do something called parthenogenesis,

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Speaker 1: which is incredible. So while it's unlikely. We don't have

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Speaker 1: sequential hermaphroditism in birds. What we do have is birds

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Speaker 1: who can have secret virgin birds like Jesus I was

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Speaker 1: like like the virgin Mary. So even if you can

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Speaker 1: have the same plot, right, scientists create dinosaurs, they put

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Speaker 1: them inside a chicken because that makes the most sense,

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Speaker 1: or a turkey, I don't know, or an ostrich or whatever.

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Speaker 1: You take a bird, you mix bird with dinosaur DNA

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Speaker 1: because birds is birds is dinosaurs. You guys, birds is dinosaurs,

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Speaker 1: and then you have your little baby and you have

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Speaker 1: your all female dinosaurs. But birds have been documented to

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Speaker 1: be able to do parthenae genesis, where females reproduce by

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Speaker 1: basically just giving a virgin birth without any necessary input

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Speaker 1: from males. So we're just gonna have like these spontaneous

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Speaker 1: babies popping up from these virgin dinosaurs and they are

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Speaker 1: just going to baby maybe, honestly, in that case, we

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Speaker 1: probably would have had like three times the amount of dinosaurs. Honestly. Well,

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Speaker 1: so let's talk a little bit about parthenogenesis, because it's

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Speaker 1: something that sounds made up, sounds like it shouldn't be real,

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Speaker 1: but it totally is. Now admittedly it's very very rare

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Speaker 1: in birds, but it's less rare in reptiles. Now, reptiles

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Speaker 1: are not descended from dinosaurs. Dinosaurs are not descended from

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Speaker 1: modern day reptiles. Um. Dinosaurs and reptiles both share a

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Speaker 1: common ancestor, but dinosaurs are as much a reptile as

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Speaker 1: like mammals are reptiles. We all evolved from a common

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Speaker 1: ancestor that was a reptile like tetrapod um. But you know,

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Speaker 1: dinosaurs and reptiles are somewhat related, much more related than

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Speaker 1: dinosaurs and frogs frankly, uh like in terms of their

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Speaker 1: related nous. It's like the living um the living animals

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Speaker 1: that are most related to dinosaurs ago like from birds,

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Speaker 1: the next up would be reptiles or actually no birds,

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Speaker 1: then crocodilians, then would be reptiles, then actually mammals including humans,

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Speaker 1: and then finally that they are would then share common

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Speaker 1: ancestor with frogs, uh and then after that fish. So yeah,

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Speaker 1: they really with the frog dan. I don't know, man,

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Speaker 1: I don't know about the frog DNA stuff, but I mean, listen,

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Speaker 1: it's where we're at, so you know, it's like it

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Speaker 1: is what it is. They definitely had better options, Michael,

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Speaker 1: and talking to you, you definitely had better options. And

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Speaker 1: whoever the consulting you know, writers and producers and you

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Speaker 1: know scientific consultants that they use, we all agree you

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Speaker 1: had better options. Maybe they were just leaving the door

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Speaker 1: open for a Jurassic Park Muppets crossover with like Kermit

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Speaker 1: the Frog be like, oh my god, son, is that

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Speaker 1: you you're a dinosaur? I mean, honestly, or you know,

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Speaker 1: we've talked about how there are what feels like one

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Speaker 1: million other Jurassic Park films that come after this. You know,

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Speaker 1: I don't know, there's one coming out. Is it this

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Speaker 1: year or next year? I'm not sure because obviously with

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Speaker 1: COVID that times have shifted. But there's one coming out soon.

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Speaker 1: They've already finished filming it, and maybe that one will

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Speaker 1: have some giant frogs. I mean, we don't know, we

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Speaker 1: don't know, you don't know what. We don't know what's coming.

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Speaker 1: It could be giant frogs. I mean, it could just

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Speaker 1: be in real life giant frogs. Honestly would not be

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Speaker 1: the most shocking thing to happen in these times. But

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Speaker 1: so my whole point about like talking about the relatedness

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Speaker 1: is that dinosaurs are more related to reptiles than they

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Speaker 1: are to frogs, and reptiles are known to have frequent parthenogenesis,

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Speaker 1: or at least, if not frequent, more frequently than you

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Speaker 1: would think. There are species of lizards that are all

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Speaker 1: female who reproduce by reshuffling their DNA. So these are

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Speaker 1: called New Mexico whiptail lizards. They are just kind of

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Speaker 1: first off, that's the best name, whiptails. I know, right,

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Speaker 1: it's badass. It's like, you know, you think about this

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Speaker 1: all female species of lizard like Amazonian warriors, and they're

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Speaker 1: just like whipping their tails. It's great. I feel like

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Speaker 1: that would be a fantastic eighties rock I'd love yes.

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Speaker 1: And you have like really long ponytails that you just

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Speaker 1: like whip around. I love it. Yeah, we've actually talked

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Speaker 1: about the whiptail lizards on the show before, but just

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Speaker 1: a quick recap. They are all female. They reproduce by

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Speaker 1: just shuffling their DNA. They actually have three pairs of

423
00:25:56,480 --> 00:26:00,240
Speaker 1: chromosomes that they can shuffle around, and that way they

424
00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:04,119
Speaker 1: can reproduce, not through cloning, which is often the case

425
00:26:04,160 --> 00:26:06,760
Speaker 1: with like a sexual reproduction. You just basically create a

426
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:10,880
Speaker 1: clone of yourself. Um, But they actually don't create exact clones.

427
00:26:10,920 --> 00:26:15,000
Speaker 1: They shuffle their DNA and that helps them to diversify

428
00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:19,320
Speaker 1: their genetics and make the species more robust to like

429
00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:23,920
Speaker 1: disease and evolutionary pressures. Um. They do hump each other,

430
00:26:24,280 --> 00:26:28,080
Speaker 1: not to not to have sex, but to stimulate ovulation

431
00:26:28,160 --> 00:26:31,600
Speaker 1: because these these lizards used to reproduce sexually in a

432
00:26:31,680 --> 00:26:35,199
Speaker 1: mutation occurred which gave them three pairs of chromosomes and

433
00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:40,000
Speaker 1: allowed them to basically have these parthenogenic birds. So yeah,

434
00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:47,200
Speaker 1: so these lizards can reproduce without males at all. Lizard feminism. Yeah,

435
00:26:47,280 --> 00:26:51,920
Speaker 1: they're definitely living in the myscra. Yes, yes, the Amazonian

436
00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:55,199
Speaker 1: You've got wonder woman just as a lizard, you know,

437
00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:59,240
Speaker 1: with the little with the little bracelets, the lasso. Truth

438
00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:04,359
Speaker 1: is your tail. Um. So you could have said that

439
00:27:04,440 --> 00:27:09,040
Speaker 1: they used reptile DNA for these dinosaurs, But like I

440
00:27:09,119 --> 00:27:13,360
Speaker 1: teased before, birds actually have been known to very rarely

441
00:27:13,920 --> 00:27:20,960
Speaker 1: have parthenogenesis occur. So in turkeys and chickens, which I

442
00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:23,160
Speaker 1: know they don't seem like dinosaurs. I know they seem

443
00:27:23,280 --> 00:27:27,160
Speaker 1: very far from dinosaurs, but they are technically dinosaurs and

444
00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:32,840
Speaker 1: they have been documented to have basically a female laying

445
00:27:32,920 --> 00:27:38,480
Speaker 1: an unfertilized egg that develops into an embryo and on occasion,

446
00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:43,959
Speaker 1: rare occasion, actually reaches uh development, is hatched and can

447
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:50,119
Speaker 1: actually grow into an adult. So typically in cases of

448
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:54,200
Speaker 1: parthenogenesis and birds, it's like an embryo starts to develop

449
00:27:54,240 --> 00:27:56,879
Speaker 1: and then it it basically can't can no longer develop,

450
00:27:56,880 --> 00:28:00,040
Speaker 1: it's not viable. They don't survive. And it's interesting that

451
00:28:00,040 --> 00:28:02,960
Speaker 1: that occurs in domestic birds that we've seen this first

452
00:28:02,960 --> 00:28:05,720
Speaker 1: of all, probably because there's the most observations of them,

453
00:28:06,119 --> 00:28:09,240
Speaker 1: like the most like observing of their hatching, because they're

454
00:28:09,280 --> 00:28:11,000
Speaker 1: on a farm. So that's probably why we catch it

455
00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:13,720
Speaker 1: in those we have like the most, they're the most

456
00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:18,040
Speaker 1: frequent subject matter exactly, So the most observations, the most

457
00:28:18,080 --> 00:28:20,320
Speaker 1: likely we're going to catch it. But also it could

458
00:28:20,320 --> 00:28:25,480
Speaker 1: be through selective breeding causing some genetic shenanigans that that

459
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,280
Speaker 1: we weren't aware of. And also probably when farmers would

460
00:28:29,320 --> 00:28:32,840
Speaker 1: notice this happening, they would try to breed them more,

461
00:28:32,960 --> 00:28:34,919
Speaker 1: you know, get more of these chickens to see if

462
00:28:34,920 --> 00:28:39,080
Speaker 1: they could reproduce it. So I think it's mostly been

463
00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:41,920
Speaker 1: documented in turkeys. There may have been like one case

464
00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:44,880
Speaker 1: in chickens or something, but really it's mainly turkeys for

465
00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:48,840
Speaker 1: whatever reason, and they will lay an unfertilized egg that

466
00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:53,360
Speaker 1: mutates from being diploid, meaning two sets of chromosomes were diploid.

467
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:56,440
Speaker 1: You and I are diploid. Everyone's diploid. That probably all

468
00:28:56,440 --> 00:29:00,920
Speaker 1: your friends to everyone you probably know is diploid. Maybe maybe,

469
00:29:02,320 --> 00:29:06,280
Speaker 1: But then they mutate from starting out as deploid to

470
00:29:06,360 --> 00:29:11,440
Speaker 1: being haploid, meaning only one set of chromosomes. Um Interestingly,

471
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:15,720
Speaker 1: the offspring is always male. Uh. And this has something

472
00:29:15,760 --> 00:29:18,640
Speaker 1: to do with the way that turkey chromosomes are. It's

473
00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:22,400
Speaker 1: not like human chromosomes where females are XX and males

474
00:29:22,400 --> 00:29:25,880
Speaker 1: are X. Why Like in turkeys its males are like

475
00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:31,320
Speaker 1: w W and females are like w B. I don't

476
00:29:31,320 --> 00:29:37,040
Speaker 1: know females are the w B, but yeah, So so

477
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:40,880
Speaker 1: there's some reason that with turkey genetics that I don't

478
00:29:40,960 --> 00:29:46,720
Speaker 1: personally know too deeply about, but somehow in these parthenogenic birds,

479
00:29:46,760 --> 00:29:50,920
Speaker 1: the offspring is always male. And so if you had

480
00:29:50,960 --> 00:29:54,000
Speaker 1: a Jurassic Park where you use turkey DNA to fill

481
00:29:54,040 --> 00:29:57,520
Speaker 1: in dinosaur DNA, because turkeys are probably one of the

482
00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:02,200
Speaker 1: closest relatives of dinosaurs a live today, and then they

483
00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:06,960
Speaker 1: gave birth to um a virgin birth to a male,

484
00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:09,800
Speaker 1: and those males grew up and started breeding with other females.

485
00:30:10,240 --> 00:30:13,920
Speaker 1: You could have a Jurassic Park situation that is totally

486
00:30:13,960 --> 00:30:20,680
Speaker 1: scientifically plausible, scientifically accurate, and also but where would the

487
00:30:20,720 --> 00:30:24,800
Speaker 1: fund be in that? Like Jurassic Park? Right, it's just

488
00:30:24,840 --> 00:30:28,600
Speaker 1: sounds so cool, like, oh, we got frog DNA. Then like, yeah,

489
00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:34,840
Speaker 1: we we inseminated a turkey. They're gonna be like who

490
00:30:34,960 --> 00:30:38,960
Speaker 1: I probably thinking, you know, we can't use turkeys because

491
00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:42,120
Speaker 1: people are just so used to eating them and it

492
00:30:42,160 --> 00:30:45,120
Speaker 1: would just blow their minds and they just wouldn't feel

493
00:30:45,120 --> 00:30:48,960
Speaker 1: comfortable watching a film where their beloved turkey or their

494
00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:51,920
Speaker 1: beloved chicken was used. There, like we need to go

495
00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,800
Speaker 1: frog to make all of the viewers more comfortable with

496
00:30:55,880 --> 00:30:59,720
Speaker 1: this crazy idea. I guess so, although for me, I

497
00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:02,040
Speaker 1: guess I'm a little perverse because like it just makes

498
00:31:02,040 --> 00:31:06,920
Speaker 1: me wonder how dinosaurs tasted. Probably good, good, right, I

499
00:31:06,960 --> 00:31:12,040
Speaker 1: mean a little dry. It's not like you know, some

500
00:31:12,120 --> 00:31:15,560
Speaker 1: of our ancestors didn't try them. I mean I mean

501
00:31:18,720 --> 00:31:20,479
Speaker 1: you mean like I don't know, I don't know, like

502
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:25,720
Speaker 1: I guess are really way back ancestors like Shrews are

503
00:31:25,800 --> 00:31:31,840
Speaker 1: shrew are true ancestors. Probably nibbled on some dino carcasses. Oh,

504
00:31:31,880 --> 00:31:34,320
Speaker 1: I think for sure. I think once a dinosaur died.

505
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:38,560
Speaker 1: I mean, like honestly, back then, everything was very gay, right,

506
00:31:39,040 --> 00:31:41,440
Speaker 1: So I mean I definitely feel like they've tried some dnata.

507
00:31:41,560 --> 00:31:44,200
Speaker 1: I love the idea of like Shrew's like chewing up

508
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:46,200
Speaker 1: on a t Rex carcass and being like, it's a

509
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:48,800
Speaker 1: little dry. It's good, it's good, but it's a little dry,

510
00:31:49,040 --> 00:31:51,160
Speaker 1: like a little dry, and then you know, maybe putting

511
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:53,320
Speaker 1: it over the fire a little bit and just you know,

512
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,160
Speaker 1: getting it to the right level of crispiness. I feel like,

513
00:31:56,240 --> 00:31:58,680
Speaker 1: I don't know every day, I don't think shrews had

514
00:31:58,720 --> 00:32:05,200
Speaker 1: discovered fire. Oh maybe not yet, you're right, right, unless

515
00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:10,160
Speaker 1: it was by accidents like a lightning strike, you know,

516
00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:13,680
Speaker 1: hit a dinosaur and the Shrews had this barbecue dinosaur

517
00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:15,720
Speaker 1: and they're like, this is actually really good. It makes

518
00:32:15,760 --> 00:32:18,120
Speaker 1: me want to evolve bumps, so I can like hold

519
00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:22,200
Speaker 1: salt and pepper. Oh my gosh, you know, salt and pepper.

520
00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:24,640
Speaker 1: My goodness. It didn't come until way later. They were

521
00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:26,600
Speaker 1: probably just like let's eat this as it is and

522
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:28,800
Speaker 1: see what happens. I know, but I can't even imagine.

523
00:32:28,840 --> 00:32:31,680
Speaker 1: I do like the idea of a shrew wanting to

524
00:32:31,880 --> 00:32:35,320
Speaker 1: like the evolutionary pressure being on the shrew to like

525
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:40,160
Speaker 1: be able to hold seasoning. Yes, who knows what they

526
00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:42,360
Speaker 1: were doing. I mean, honestly knows what. It's kind of

527
00:32:42,360 --> 00:32:44,320
Speaker 1: fascinating to be honest, I know, who knows what those

528
00:32:44,320 --> 00:32:47,000
Speaker 1: shrews were up to. Maybe they had a little true

529
00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:51,680
Speaker 1: society they had to it was just they I mean,

530
00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:53,920
Speaker 1: you know, I imagine you know, it was a lot

531
00:32:53,960 --> 00:32:56,480
Speaker 1: of maybe it was a lot of partying. Who knows,

532
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:59,480
Speaker 1: We don't know. You know, it's like there are no jobs,

533
00:32:59,640 --> 00:33:02,040
Speaker 1: there's no economy. Probably a lot of trying to warn

534
00:33:02,080 --> 00:33:05,400
Speaker 1: the dinosaurs about them pending meteors, because like all the

535
00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:08,600
Speaker 1: little mams have like made bunkers and the dinosaurs did

536
00:33:08,640 --> 00:33:11,240
Speaker 1: in the dinosaurs are like, no, it's never gonna happen,

537
00:33:11,240 --> 00:33:17,120
Speaker 1: and then that's why yeah exactly, So yeah, um I think,

538
00:33:18,520 --> 00:33:21,520
Speaker 1: but yeah, so Jurassic Park, you should have used turkeys.

539
00:33:22,040 --> 00:33:24,920
Speaker 1: So when we get back, we're going to talk about

540
00:33:25,240 --> 00:33:29,280
Speaker 1: the star of the movie, uh, the t Rex and

541
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:33,200
Speaker 1: talk about whether some of the things they talk about

542
00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:36,120
Speaker 1: in the movie are actually true or if it's slander

543
00:33:36,560 --> 00:33:40,520
Speaker 1: and liberal liberal libel libel against is it? It would

544
00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:45,280
Speaker 1: be slander though, right because it's spoken slander, slander against

545
00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:51,400
Speaker 1: t rexes. We'll be your back. Are dinosaurs reptiles? What

546
00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:56,440
Speaker 1: about crocodiles or birds? What even are reptiles? The answer

547
00:33:56,440 --> 00:33:59,560
Speaker 1: to this question is a lot trickier than you might think.

548
00:34:00,080 --> 00:34:02,720
Speaker 1: If you look up dinosaurs and crocodiles, you'll notice that

549
00:34:02,760 --> 00:34:07,400
Speaker 1: they're technically classified as reptiles, but oddly enough, birds are not.

550
00:34:07,560 --> 00:34:11,920
Speaker 1: And this is odd because phylogenetically, that is, the evolutionary

551
00:34:11,960 --> 00:34:16,960
Speaker 1: tree shows that birds are direct ancestors of dinosaurs. In fact,

552
00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:21,040
Speaker 1: they really are modern day dinosaurs and crocodiles, and birds

553
00:34:21,080 --> 00:34:26,000
Speaker 1: are much more closely related than crocodiles and say lizards, snakes, turtles,

554
00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:29,799
Speaker 1: or other modern day reptiles. So why do crocs and

555
00:34:29,880 --> 00:34:35,239
Speaker 1: dinosaurs get pigeonholed as reptiles instead of you know, pigeons, Well,

556
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:39,120
Speaker 1: they did evolve from a reptile like ancestor, but so

557
00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:42,279
Speaker 1: did mammals, and we don't typically refer to mammals as

558
00:34:42,360 --> 00:34:47,279
Speaker 1: furry reptiles. The reason behind this confusing categorization is that

559
00:34:47,320 --> 00:34:51,640
Speaker 1: there are actually two systems of classification used for animals,

560
00:34:51,719 --> 00:34:56,760
Speaker 1: the Linnean system and the phylogenetic system. The phylogenetic system

561
00:34:56,840 --> 00:35:01,320
Speaker 1: categorizes animals based on their evolutionary path. Meanwhile, the Linnean

562
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:05,000
Speaker 1: system is named after Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish biologist of

563
00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:09,080
Speaker 1: the early seventeen hundreds. He developed a system to classify

564
00:35:09,160 --> 00:35:15,000
Speaker 1: animals and plants, putting them into categories based on observation. Unfortunately,

565
00:35:15,040 --> 00:35:19,400
Speaker 1: the system was not entirely scientific at first lineas thought

566
00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:23,880
Speaker 1: reptiles and amphibians basically belonged in the same group. But

567
00:35:24,040 --> 00:35:27,279
Speaker 1: almost a century later, along comes Darwin and shakes the

568
00:35:27,320 --> 00:35:30,920
Speaker 1: whole system up. Evolutionary theory gives us a new way

569
00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:35,360
Speaker 1: to classify animals, not just on observable or superficial qualities,

570
00:35:35,560 --> 00:35:39,919
Speaker 1: but their evolutionary path, and in the nineteen forties bilogenetic

571
00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:44,840
Speaker 1: classification became more standard. Regardless, we haven't completely ditched the

572
00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:49,760
Speaker 1: Linnean system of classification, and still sometimes group animals based

573
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:54,560
Speaker 1: on observable traits, such as reptiles. Reptiles are loosely defined

574
00:35:54,640 --> 00:35:58,239
Speaker 1: as cold blooded, air breathing vertebrates. But here's where it

575
00:35:58,280 --> 00:36:01,400
Speaker 1: gets kind of tricky. Sure, you could say that crocodiles

576
00:36:01,400 --> 00:36:04,960
Speaker 1: fit the bill, as they are cold blooded, scaly animals,

577
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:09,400
Speaker 1: So maybe reptiles, despite the fact that phylogenetically there are

578
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,040
Speaker 1: about as much a reptile as a bird is. But

579
00:36:12,280 --> 00:36:15,680
Speaker 1: as for dinosaurs, can you really say they're scaly, cold

580
00:36:15,719 --> 00:36:21,240
Speaker 1: blooded animals? New evidence points towards dinosaurs not being cold blooded,

581
00:36:21,320 --> 00:36:25,680
Speaker 1: meaning they weren't always ectothermic relying on outside temperature to

582
00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:29,400
Speaker 1: regulate their body heat. Instead, they may have been somewhat

583
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:34,040
Speaker 1: medium blooded, so to speak, using both internal and external

584
00:36:34,120 --> 00:36:38,080
Speaker 1: heat sources to regulate their temperature. There's also plenty of

585
00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:43,480
Speaker 1: evidence of dinosaurs having feathers instead of or along with scales,

586
00:36:43,920 --> 00:36:48,440
Speaker 1: Thus classifying them as reptiles may be misleading in terms

587
00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:51,960
Speaker 1: of understanding what dinosaurs really were, how they looked, and

588
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:55,799
Speaker 1: how they behaved. Speaking of which, when we return, we're

589
00:36:55,800 --> 00:36:58,440
Speaker 1: going to investigate the truth behind the King of the

590
00:36:58,520 --> 00:37:01,880
Speaker 1: Dinosaurs and whether is Dinah got a fair shake in

591
00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:14,560
Speaker 1: Jurassic Park. I wonder if at Jurassic Park they have

592
00:37:14,719 --> 00:37:19,080
Speaker 1: these um dinosaur themes snacks, you know, that would be interesting,

593
00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:23,440
Speaker 1: Like you have you not only bring back the dinosaurs

594
00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:30,200
Speaker 1: as attractions, but you just like you cook and eat them. Oh,

595
00:37:30,239 --> 00:37:33,719
Speaker 1: I meant like, this is really beef jerky, but we're

596
00:37:33,719 --> 00:37:38,680
Speaker 1: gonna call it not. But it's available for you to

597
00:37:38,880 --> 00:37:41,800
Speaker 1: consume as you, you know, go through the parking sites.

598
00:37:42,719 --> 00:37:47,680
Speaker 1: I thought you meant like farming some like actual you

599
00:37:47,719 --> 00:37:51,319
Speaker 1: have some leo pluridan farms where you fish for them

600
00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:55,520
Speaker 1: and you you make some Oh my gosh, I can't

601
00:37:55,520 --> 00:37:58,040
Speaker 1: even imagine what that. But also they would never want

602
00:37:58,080 --> 00:38:02,800
Speaker 1: to do that, because remember they created this park. Honestly,

603
00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:05,040
Speaker 1: you know, he lies and he basically tries to make

604
00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:08,160
Speaker 1: everyone believe John Hammond tries to make everyone believe he's

605
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,799
Speaker 1: doing it as a sanctuary animal, but really he's just

606
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,720
Speaker 1: trying to get rid because it's the most insane idea

607
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:16,120
Speaker 1: because like in later movies, don't they sort of a

608
00:38:16,160 --> 00:38:20,000
Speaker 1: shoe a lot of the these purported morals of the

609
00:38:20,080 --> 00:38:23,400
Speaker 1: earlier movies, And yes there are there are no morals

610
00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:27,839
Speaker 1: because really the whole entire ideas morally corrupt. You want

611
00:38:27,880 --> 00:38:30,640
Speaker 1: to do this, and then also he doesn't care about humans,

612
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:32,520
Speaker 1: not for real. When the first you know, at the

613
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:36,280
Speaker 1: very beginning of the film, um one of the workers dies,

614
00:38:37,560 --> 00:38:39,600
Speaker 1: you know, basically he just tries to cover it ice

615
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:44,960
Speaker 1: like John Hammond was a monster. Yeah, true, it was.

616
00:38:44,960 --> 00:38:49,640
Speaker 1: Was the t Rex the monster or was it John Hammond? Oh,

617
00:38:49,680 --> 00:38:52,239
Speaker 1: it was definitely John. I think the humans are the

618
00:38:52,239 --> 00:38:54,560
Speaker 1: ones that are you know, at fault here because the

619
00:38:54,880 --> 00:38:57,239
Speaker 1: technically the animals are innocent because they did not ask

620
00:38:57,880 --> 00:39:03,160
Speaker 1: to be created. Our dad, you didn't ask for all

621
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:05,640
Speaker 1: of the foolishness to be you know, to use this

622
00:39:07,160 --> 00:39:09,600
Speaker 1: frog d n A come up with this. They didn't

623
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:12,200
Speaker 1: ask for it, right, They're just they're just being dinosaurs.

624
00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:14,759
Speaker 1: Speaking of which, we're going to talk about the t

625
00:39:14,960 --> 00:39:18,240
Speaker 1: Rex and what the movie claims about the t Rex

626
00:39:18,239 --> 00:39:22,280
Speaker 1: and how they get it all wrong. So the most

627
00:39:22,600 --> 00:39:24,560
Speaker 1: one of the most famous lines from the movie is

628
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:27,080
Speaker 1: like when they're being hunted, it's uh, oh, you know

629
00:39:27,280 --> 00:39:30,920
Speaker 1: the kids and and the good guys scientists. Sam Deal's

630
00:39:30,960 --> 00:39:34,759
Speaker 1: character doctor doctor Grant, Doctor Grant and those two little

631
00:39:34,760 --> 00:39:36,880
Speaker 1: brats that he's got it. Actually, they're nice kids in

632
00:39:36,880 --> 00:39:40,719
Speaker 1: the movie, and I know that they're supposed to be. Yeah,

633
00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:43,319
Speaker 1: they're really good kids. They're just a little annoying, they're

634
00:39:43,360 --> 00:39:49,520
Speaker 1: a little extra, but they're good kids. But yeah, so so, uh,

635
00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:52,320
Speaker 1: they're trying to not get eaten by the t rex

636
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:56,560
Speaker 1: and Dr Grant tells them, you know, remain perfectly still.

637
00:39:56,680 --> 00:40:00,120
Speaker 1: The t rex's vision is based on movement, so they

638
00:40:00,200 --> 00:40:03,800
Speaker 1: try to not panic and stay still. So the question

639
00:40:03,960 --> 00:40:07,200
Speaker 1: is this true, like, is the t rex's division based

640
00:40:07,239 --> 00:40:14,200
Speaker 1: on movement? Which short answer no, long answer, No, you

641
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:18,960
Speaker 1: would definitely get eaten by the t rex. Long answer,

642
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:23,120
Speaker 1: you really actually are not safe any capacity. If the

643
00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:26,200
Speaker 1: t rex is near, you will die immediately, and that

644
00:40:26,320 --> 00:40:33,000
Speaker 1: is the long answer. No long answer. Run even though

645
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:35,000
Speaker 1: they're still gonna catch up to you and you'll still

646
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:36,880
Speaker 1: be eaten, but at least fun because at least you

647
00:40:36,880 --> 00:40:39,320
Speaker 1: feel like you try. Actually you know, they're running speed

648
00:40:39,360 --> 00:40:42,120
Speaker 1: may not have been super fast, so a human who

649
00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:46,080
Speaker 1: has a lot of endurance and ability to to sprint

650
00:40:46,200 --> 00:40:48,960
Speaker 1: and then continue to run may have actually stood a

651
00:40:49,040 --> 00:40:51,680
Speaker 1: chance against a t rex even though we weren't alive

652
00:40:51,719 --> 00:40:54,399
Speaker 1: at the same time. UM, I feel like that would

653
00:40:54,440 --> 00:40:57,919
Speaker 1: probably be a child and not necessarily like in this

654
00:40:57,960 --> 00:41:00,640
Speaker 1: instance in the film. I definitely think for Grant would

655
00:41:00,680 --> 00:41:02,960
Speaker 1: just die because I don't think he still has that

656
00:41:03,040 --> 00:41:05,840
Speaker 1: type of you know, agility that he used to but

657
00:41:05,960 --> 00:41:08,759
Speaker 1: the kids may be able to survive because they're young,

658
00:41:09,600 --> 00:41:12,319
Speaker 1: they're agile um and you know, they have a lot

659
00:41:12,360 --> 00:41:14,640
Speaker 1: of energy to be able to like their bones their

660
00:41:14,680 --> 00:41:17,239
Speaker 1: bones are still bandy. They can they can survive a

661
00:41:17,239 --> 00:41:23,160
Speaker 1: few chumps from a t rex, just the couple. But

662
00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:26,200
Speaker 1: it's in an interesting question because like, how do we know,

663
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:29,160
Speaker 1: like how t rex's eyesight is. We don't have a

664
00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:31,040
Speaker 1: live t rex to like have an eye chart and

665
00:41:31,040 --> 00:41:32,840
Speaker 1: be like, all right, start with the first row and

666
00:41:32,880 --> 00:41:36,120
Speaker 1: go down and and keep going. You know, like you

667
00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:38,680
Speaker 1: can't you can't test a living t rex's vision. So

668
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:42,440
Speaker 1: you have to do it based on anatomical evidence of

669
00:41:42,440 --> 00:41:45,600
Speaker 1: the fossils that we have. So what's really interesting is

670
00:41:45,680 --> 00:41:50,080
Speaker 1: after Jurassic Park screen back in the eighties, I forgot

671
00:41:50,080 --> 00:41:52,680
Speaker 1: what year was eighty What was it? You mean when

672
00:41:52,680 --> 00:41:54,719
Speaker 1: the first film? Yeah? When was that? Was it eighties

673
00:41:54,800 --> 00:41:59,760
Speaker 1: or no? No, that was the nineties. It was nineteen

674
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:04,239
Speaker 1: the first film. Wow, okay, yeah, so back in the

675
00:42:04,480 --> 00:42:09,879
Speaker 1: nine Yeah, after it's screened, um Professor Kent Stevens at

676
00:42:09,920 --> 00:42:14,160
Speaker 1: the University of Oregon started Project dino morph, which was

677
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:19,040
Speaker 1: an attempt to model dinosaur anatomy and learn more about dinosaurs.

678
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:24,400
Speaker 1: So Project dino morph studied t rex goals using the

679
00:42:24,560 --> 00:42:29,400
Speaker 1: ice socket anatomy to estimate t rex's visual field depth

680
00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:34,160
Speaker 1: perception in binocular range, and the project found that the

681
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:37,120
Speaker 1: t rex's vision was probably just as good as, if

682
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:42,920
Speaker 1: not better than a hawks, which is very good. Yeah,

683
00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:46,120
Speaker 1: that's really good, very good. Bad news if you are

684
00:42:46,760 --> 00:42:49,160
Speaker 1: anything smaller than a t rex at the time, which

685
00:42:49,160 --> 00:42:54,560
Speaker 1: was basically everything. So even more evidence points towards good

686
00:42:54,560 --> 00:42:59,680
Speaker 1: t rex vision. Their ancestors got bigger eyes as they

687
00:43:00,160 --> 00:43:02,080
Speaker 1: closer and closer to being t rex is, so the

688
00:43:02,160 --> 00:43:06,960
Speaker 1: t rex eyes uh enlarged, which emphasized that they probably

689
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:10,359
Speaker 1: were using them um and selective pressures were making their

690
00:43:10,360 --> 00:43:15,280
Speaker 1: eyesight better. Their overall facial structure indicates good visions, so

691
00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:18,719
Speaker 1: that it was optimized for for visions. So they have

692
00:43:18,880 --> 00:43:21,839
Speaker 1: front facing eyes like a lot of predators, so that

693
00:43:21,880 --> 00:43:24,879
Speaker 1: you have good depth perception and visual acuty in front

694
00:43:24,920 --> 00:43:28,360
Speaker 1: of you, unlike prey animals that have eyes on the

695
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:31,600
Speaker 1: side of their heads that instead of selecting four lepth

696
00:43:31,680 --> 00:43:35,880
Speaker 1: perception and visual accuracy, it's for the widest range of

697
00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:38,000
Speaker 1: vision that you can do. So if you're prey animal,

698
00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:41,560
Speaker 1: you have more of a three sixty view of the world,

699
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:44,600
Speaker 1: but it's not as accurate. That way, you can try

700
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,399
Speaker 1: to detect as many predators as possible, even if it's

701
00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:50,000
Speaker 1: blurry and you're not quite sure where it is, because

702
00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:53,080
Speaker 1: your goal is to run away, not to catch the predator.

703
00:43:53,360 --> 00:43:56,480
Speaker 1: But a predator's goal is to actually land a blow

704
00:43:56,960 --> 00:44:00,360
Speaker 1: on the prey. So their vision is front face racing,

705
00:44:00,760 --> 00:44:05,920
Speaker 1: which affords them better depth perception, um, much more accuracies

706
00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:08,400
Speaker 1: for the actual pounds. And that's the case with the

707
00:44:08,480 --> 00:44:11,600
Speaker 1: t rex skulls. So they have front facing huge eyes

708
00:44:11,960 --> 00:44:15,359
Speaker 1: and they also had a face that got narrow and

709
00:44:15,400 --> 00:44:18,600
Speaker 1: the chink bones sunk down, which emphasized the fact that

710
00:44:18,640 --> 00:44:23,399
Speaker 1: they probably their bone structure was optimized for expanding their

711
00:44:23,440 --> 00:44:26,319
Speaker 1: field of vision in front of them, which meant they

712
00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:29,080
Speaker 1: had great eyesight. And those kids would have been screwed.

713
00:44:30,239 --> 00:44:32,880
Speaker 1: I mean literally everyone would have been right. Also, can

714
00:44:32,920 --> 00:44:36,040
Speaker 1: I just say when you first started, I was like

715
00:44:36,600 --> 00:44:39,520
Speaker 1: nervous because I was like, this is the University of

716
00:44:39,640 --> 00:44:44,239
Speaker 1: Oregon doing, Like what were and what type of researcher? Well,

717
00:44:44,280 --> 00:44:50,359
Speaker 1: they got some dinosaur DNA from some mosquito poop or whatever. Yeah,

718
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:53,400
Speaker 1: it was like, um, you know we don't need another

719
00:44:53,480 --> 00:44:56,239
Speaker 1: John Hammond on our hands. I mean, there are de

720
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,919
Speaker 1: extinction projects, but so far they're mainly focused on things

721
00:45:00,160 --> 00:45:04,640
Speaker 1: passenger pigeons, not not any real movement to try to

722
00:45:04,719 --> 00:45:11,880
Speaker 1: de extinct dinosaurs yet, he learned last year. I feel like,

723
00:45:13,239 --> 00:45:15,000
Speaker 1: I don't know we might be going on. I would

724
00:45:15,239 --> 00:45:18,960
Speaker 1: I feel like I would rather us get killed by

725
00:45:18,960 --> 00:45:23,440
Speaker 1: our dinosaur creations than like nukes or like a pandemic,

726
00:45:23,520 --> 00:45:25,920
Speaker 1: you know what I mean, Like it would be cooler.

727
00:45:26,640 --> 00:45:28,239
Speaker 1: It would be a cooler way for I don't think

728
00:45:28,280 --> 00:45:33,160
Speaker 1: I have comfort in the I mean I think like

729
00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:38,160
Speaker 1: probably the next obvious thing to come maybe maybe the dinosaurs.

730
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:40,480
Speaker 1: But I don't think I feel comfortable, you know, with

731
00:45:40,560 --> 00:45:43,640
Speaker 1: us losing our lives to either. But I guess I mean,

732
00:45:43,680 --> 00:45:47,320
Speaker 1: you're right, is it better than a meteor like acent

733
00:45:47,520 --> 00:45:49,520
Speaker 1: I'm going to say it would be cooler for there

734
00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:53,000
Speaker 1: to be a dinosaur apocalypse than a nuclear apocalypse. I know,

735
00:45:53,120 --> 00:45:56,000
Speaker 1: like a lot of movers are like, oh, nuclear apocalypse,

736
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:58,880
Speaker 1: that's so cool. It would suck. It would just be

737
00:45:58,920 --> 00:46:03,000
Speaker 1: a bunch of people sick with radiation, poisoning a lot

738
00:46:03,080 --> 00:46:06,120
Speaker 1: of like starvation. It would just be super depressing and

739
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:11,719
Speaker 1: super dark, whereas dinosaur apocalypse fun and exciting, like, you know,

740
00:46:12,560 --> 00:46:17,399
Speaker 1: at least terrifying. Yes, but at least it's not as

741
00:46:17,440 --> 00:46:21,719
Speaker 1: depressing as the nuclear apocalypse. Well, I'm thinking it's better

742
00:46:21,760 --> 00:46:25,040
Speaker 1: than a zombie apocalypse, because who wants you know, your

743
00:46:25,080 --> 00:46:28,400
Speaker 1: friends turned into zombies trying to also get you determined

744
00:46:31,560 --> 00:46:37,560
Speaker 1: zombie dinosaur apocalypse your opinions on? No, Okay, I'm thinking

745
00:46:37,640 --> 00:46:47,799
Speaker 1: maybe maybe. Anyways, all apocalypses are bad, but dinosaurs are interesting. So, um,

746
00:46:47,880 --> 00:46:51,200
Speaker 1: where did this myth come from in terms of like, oh,

747
00:46:51,239 --> 00:46:53,719
Speaker 1: they can only sense movement? Now, this may have been

748
00:46:53,760 --> 00:46:56,080
Speaker 1: explored more in the book. I haven't actually read the book.

749
00:46:56,520 --> 00:47:00,760
Speaker 1: Full disclosure, I appologize the myth may have come from frogs. Again,

750
00:47:00,760 --> 00:47:05,480
Speaker 1: it's those dang frogs. So frogs do have a little

751
00:47:05,480 --> 00:47:09,000
Speaker 1: bit of trouble seeing prey unless it's moving. It's not

752
00:47:09,080 --> 00:47:12,600
Speaker 1: true that they're like completely blind, uh like if the

753
00:47:12,640 --> 00:47:16,000
Speaker 1: prey isn't moving, It's just that they're hunting style and

754
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:21,000
Speaker 1: their eyesight is uh attuned mostly to movements, So like,

755
00:47:21,080 --> 00:47:24,279
Speaker 1: seeing prey move around, they it's much easier for them

756
00:47:24,280 --> 00:47:26,840
Speaker 1: to lock onto it. But they aren't blind if like,

757
00:47:26,960 --> 00:47:29,080
Speaker 1: if they see something right in front of them, and

758
00:47:29,120 --> 00:47:32,439
Speaker 1: it's like right there, and they know it's there even

759
00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:35,640
Speaker 1: if it's not moving, Like even as much as like

760
00:47:35,680 --> 00:47:38,040
Speaker 1: a little twitch of the antenna of the insects probably

761
00:47:38,040 --> 00:47:40,759
Speaker 1: gonna be enough to alert them that something's there. But yeah,

762
00:47:40,760 --> 00:47:45,000
Speaker 1: in terms of like they're hunting, they are cognitively primed

763
00:47:45,040 --> 00:47:48,080
Speaker 1: to like, uh, pounce on something that's moving and there

764
00:47:48,160 --> 00:47:50,400
Speaker 1: there's in fact, like these really funny videos of of

765
00:47:50,840 --> 00:47:54,000
Speaker 1: frogs with an iPad and you have bugs moving around

766
00:47:54,040 --> 00:47:56,040
Speaker 1: on the screen and they, you know, flip out their

767
00:47:56,080 --> 00:47:58,040
Speaker 1: tongue and try to eat the things on the screen

768
00:47:58,080 --> 00:48:02,319
Speaker 1: because they're like kiddies, like little amphibious kiddies. So what

769
00:48:02,400 --> 00:48:06,759
Speaker 1: you're saying is Jurassic Park is not entirely incorrect. Like

770
00:48:06,880 --> 00:48:10,000
Speaker 1: Dr Grant was not entirely incorrect when he told the

771
00:48:10,040 --> 00:48:14,120
Speaker 1: kids to be still, because what he was referencing was

772
00:48:14,239 --> 00:48:18,240
Speaker 1: part of the frog DNA that made it. You know, like, Okay,

773
00:48:18,280 --> 00:48:20,399
Speaker 1: they can only you know, if you're out of their

774
00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:25,560
Speaker 1: field of vision then you'll be fine. I just I

775
00:48:25,680 --> 00:48:27,759
Speaker 1: still don't really buy it because even if they have

776
00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:31,080
Speaker 1: frog DNA, they still have giant eyeballs, right, It didn't

777
00:48:31,120 --> 00:48:34,080
Speaker 1: affect their like if you had a t rex with

778
00:48:34,120 --> 00:48:37,400
Speaker 1: like a frog head, right, which I love actually and

779
00:48:37,440 --> 00:48:41,000
Speaker 1: now that I say it, actually it sounds terrifying great

780
00:48:41,320 --> 00:48:43,400
Speaker 1: the big old tongue, then I'd be like, yeah, okay,

781
00:48:43,400 --> 00:48:47,920
Speaker 1: this like horrifying kermit t rex like hybrid. Maybe it's

782
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:51,080
Speaker 1: vision really is mostly a tune to movement, but like

783
00:48:51,160 --> 00:48:55,000
Speaker 1: it had the anatomy of a t rex, so I

784
00:48:55,000 --> 00:48:57,439
Speaker 1: don't see any reason why its eyes just wouldn't work

785
00:48:57,520 --> 00:49:00,160
Speaker 1: like or it would just be too dumb to will

786
00:49:00,200 --> 00:49:02,479
Speaker 1: be able to see the person. And even if it's

787
00:49:02,520 --> 00:49:05,160
Speaker 1: eyesight like, even if it like had some eyesight problem,

788
00:49:05,320 --> 00:49:08,239
Speaker 1: needs some big old dinosaur glasses, which would actually be

789
00:49:08,280 --> 00:49:11,880
Speaker 1: really cute. There is anatomical evidence that points towards t

790
00:49:12,080 --> 00:49:15,280
Speaker 1: rex have wring really good senses of smell and hearing.

791
00:49:15,680 --> 00:49:18,160
Speaker 1: So they had a huge old factory bulb, which is

792
00:49:18,200 --> 00:49:21,600
Speaker 1: the scent organ, which they can tell by the cavity

793
00:49:21,800 --> 00:49:24,360
Speaker 1: in their skull where that would make room for the

794
00:49:24,360 --> 00:49:27,400
Speaker 1: the old factory bulb, so that meant they probably had

795
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:30,280
Speaker 1: a really cute sense of smell. They also had really

796
00:49:30,360 --> 00:49:33,319
Speaker 1: long cochlear bones, so the cochlear bones are in the

797
00:49:33,360 --> 00:49:37,480
Speaker 1: inner ear and living animals that have long cochlear bones

798
00:49:37,560 --> 00:49:41,520
Speaker 1: also have really good hearing, so they probably could see

799
00:49:41,560 --> 00:49:43,839
Speaker 1: really well better than a hawk. They could probably hear

800
00:49:43,880 --> 00:49:47,720
Speaker 1: really well, they could smell really well. It's just bad news.

801
00:49:47,760 --> 00:49:50,520
Speaker 1: It's bad news if you are on the receiving end

802
00:49:50,680 --> 00:49:55,240
Speaker 1: of their attention overall. I mean, yes, but you know, again,

803
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:57,960
Speaker 1: in this world of Jurassic Park where we can just

804
00:49:58,200 --> 00:50:04,319
Speaker 1: create anything, they're saying basically all of the well not

805
00:50:04,440 --> 00:50:07,360
Speaker 1: all of the shortcomings, but they're going to attribute the

806
00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:12,560
Speaker 1: you know, dinosaurs shortcomings to the frog real scapegost scape

807
00:50:12,560 --> 00:50:17,000
Speaker 1: frogs situation, I think. And either that or Jim Hinton

808
00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:20,200
Speaker 1: is a secret producer. Those are the only two options

809
00:50:20,280 --> 00:50:22,400
Speaker 1: that we have. You gotta you gotta have more frogs

810
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:24,319
Speaker 1: in it. Again, I think they were like looking for

811
00:50:24,360 --> 00:50:27,839
Speaker 1: a Muppets Jurassic Park crossover, so they had to like

812
00:50:27,880 --> 00:50:31,000
Speaker 1: put in as many like bread crumbs towards frogs as

813
00:50:31,040 --> 00:50:33,120
Speaker 1: they could so they could have a whole plot with

814
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:35,400
Speaker 1: like Kermit the Frog, you know, having to go to

815
00:50:35,520 --> 00:50:38,640
Speaker 1: Jurassic Park and build a relationship with these dinosaurs like

816
00:50:38,760 --> 00:50:43,040
Speaker 1: it's me, I'm your father. Personally, I would watch Hermit

817
00:50:43,080 --> 00:50:46,919
Speaker 1: talking to dinosaurs. What you're feeling you know it will

818
00:50:46,960 --> 00:50:53,919
Speaker 1: be true. Another this didn't really come from Jurassic Park,

819
00:50:54,040 --> 00:50:56,719
Speaker 1: but this is a myth about t rex Is that

820
00:50:56,760 --> 00:50:58,960
Speaker 1: I've seen, like in the media that like they weren't

821
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:04,720
Speaker 1: actually like terms, they were timid scavengers. No, no short answer,

822
00:51:04,719 --> 00:51:10,560
Speaker 1: no long answer, No, no, no, they were. They certainly

823
00:51:10,560 --> 00:51:13,879
Speaker 1: were not above scavenging. Of course, they probably ate some

824
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:17,239
Speaker 1: dead triceratops carcass when they could get it, Like why

825
00:51:17,280 --> 00:51:20,439
Speaker 1: why wouldn't they? I mean, even lions scavenge when they can,

826
00:51:20,920 --> 00:51:24,000
Speaker 1: you know, so predators will scavenge when they can living

827
00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:26,600
Speaker 1: predators that we observe today. But that doesn't mean that

828
00:51:26,640 --> 00:51:29,799
Speaker 1: they don't hunt as well. And everything that we know

829
00:51:29,840 --> 00:51:33,080
Speaker 1: about t rex Is points towards them being hunters, and

830
00:51:33,440 --> 00:51:36,200
Speaker 1: we have falsil evidence of it. So not only is

831
00:51:36,239 --> 00:51:40,000
Speaker 1: the anatomical evidence suggestive of of being a hunter, that

832
00:51:40,040 --> 00:51:42,759
Speaker 1: they're optimized for hunters. Like we we talked about those

833
00:51:42,840 --> 00:51:46,359
Speaker 1: front facing good eyes, really good hearing, really good sense

834
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:50,839
Speaker 1: to smell, those big thighs for days, you know, just

835
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:55,200
Speaker 1: amazing legs for running. And even though they couldn't run

836
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:57,840
Speaker 1: like super fast, they could probably run fast enough to

837
00:51:57,880 --> 00:52:01,880
Speaker 1: catch up to a slower dinosaur and and you know,

838
00:52:02,040 --> 00:52:06,120
Speaker 1: probably like if they definitely caught something off guard, they

839
00:52:06,360 --> 00:52:08,879
Speaker 1: could probably catch up to them. So yeah, and let's

840
00:52:08,920 --> 00:52:11,480
Speaker 1: be fair, they still look good doing it, no matter

841
00:52:11,480 --> 00:52:16,040
Speaker 1: how mean. God did not skip leg day, did skip

842
00:52:16,120 --> 00:52:23,440
Speaker 1: arm day significantly. So but really the most conclusive evidence

843
00:52:23,880 --> 00:52:27,480
Speaker 1: is that there's fossil evidence showing that t rex teeth

844
00:52:27,560 --> 00:52:32,239
Speaker 1: are embedded in healing tissue of dinosaurs, which means basically,

845
00:52:32,280 --> 00:52:35,000
Speaker 1: they try to chomp down on a living dinosaur the

846
00:52:35,040 --> 00:52:39,120
Speaker 1: dinosaur escaped um and chip their teeth in the process,

847
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:41,920
Speaker 1: and then that tooth got embedded in their flesh and

848
00:52:41,960 --> 00:52:45,560
Speaker 1: then there are healing scars around it, like bone scars

849
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:47,880
Speaker 1: and tissue scars around it, and then we have the

850
00:52:47,920 --> 00:52:51,320
Speaker 1: falsil evidence of that. So we know that t rex

851
00:52:51,480 --> 00:52:54,439
Speaker 1: is had of chomped down on some living dinosaurs, which

852
00:52:54,560 --> 00:53:00,239
Speaker 1: suggests they were hunting, you know. So uh, but you know,

853
00:53:00,320 --> 00:53:04,399
Speaker 1: it's not untrue that they scavenge. They did scavenge. I mean,

854
00:53:04,480 --> 00:53:06,480
Speaker 1: like we said, like, you gotta do what you gotta do.

855
00:53:06,800 --> 00:53:10,319
Speaker 1: You gotta hustle back in dinosaur times, I have to

856
00:53:10,320 --> 00:53:13,800
Speaker 1: be a fierce warrior pettitor at all costs in everything

857
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,200
Speaker 1: so they were doing it all for sure. Uh. And

858
00:53:17,239 --> 00:53:20,160
Speaker 1: then the other thing, like there are things about like, well,

859
00:53:20,160 --> 00:53:23,680
Speaker 1: did t rexes have feathers where they're basically giant chickens.

860
00:53:23,960 --> 00:53:26,239
Speaker 1: So this is I love the idea of t rex

861
00:53:26,360 --> 00:53:31,520
Speaker 1: is being giant chickens, but I can't imagine them with feathers.

862
00:53:32,080 --> 00:53:34,920
Speaker 1: That would be terrifying, I think, and the interest of science.

863
00:53:34,960 --> 00:53:38,080
Speaker 1: Though I'm going to try to give as unbiased to pictures,

864
00:53:38,080 --> 00:53:40,600
Speaker 1: I can't even though I personally definitely want them to

865
00:53:40,640 --> 00:53:44,760
Speaker 1: be covered in feathers. So baby t rex is, there's

866
00:53:44,920 --> 00:53:49,480
Speaker 1: good reason to believe they probably had feathers. Um Paleontologists

867
00:53:49,560 --> 00:53:53,080
Speaker 1: believe that one of the purposes of dinosaur feathers, maybe

868
00:53:53,080 --> 00:53:57,800
Speaker 1: the primary purpose was insulation for warmth. This was long

869
00:53:57,840 --> 00:54:01,239
Speaker 1: before feathers were ever used for flight, and back when

870
00:54:01,280 --> 00:54:03,960
Speaker 1: the feathers were used for warmth, they were more like

871
00:54:04,000 --> 00:54:07,920
Speaker 1: these long filaments, fluffy down like a baby penguin or

872
00:54:07,920 --> 00:54:11,279
Speaker 1: a kiwi bird. Uh, not the flat feathers that you

873
00:54:11,320 --> 00:54:14,279
Speaker 1: see in birds that use them for flight. I mean

874
00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:16,799
Speaker 1: with a lot of flightless birds, you see this this

875
00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:20,680
Speaker 1: kind of They have developed the filaments more the the

876
00:54:20,760 --> 00:54:24,080
Speaker 1: downy warmer feathers now like like ostriches and em is.

877
00:54:24,120 --> 00:54:26,919
Speaker 1: They're they're like little puff balls. They're not they don't

878
00:54:27,080 --> 00:54:30,040
Speaker 1: have many of the you know, big fan like feathers

879
00:54:30,040 --> 00:54:33,120
Speaker 1: that we see in birds of flight. So the idea

880
00:54:33,160 --> 00:54:35,839
Speaker 1: of a big t rex just covered in feathers is

881
00:54:35,920 --> 00:54:39,120
Speaker 1: maybe a little far fetched. Adult t rex is probably

882
00:54:39,160 --> 00:54:42,400
Speaker 1: didn't need the feathers. Like they were huge. They didn't

883
00:54:42,440 --> 00:54:44,239
Speaker 1: need probably didn't need them for any kind of like

884
00:54:44,360 --> 00:54:48,560
Speaker 1: armor protection. They're just so big. They had thick hides um,

885
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:50,920
Speaker 1: and they didn't need them for warmth because they were

886
00:54:50,960 --> 00:54:53,400
Speaker 1: so big. A big animal like that is able to

887
00:54:53,480 --> 00:54:57,919
Speaker 1: generate warmth a lot more efficiently than a little baby. Yeah,

888
00:54:57,920 --> 00:55:00,839
Speaker 1: I'm curious as to kind of wet stage they would have,

889
00:55:01,239 --> 00:55:04,680
Speaker 1: you know, kind of dropped the feathers and moved more

890
00:55:04,760 --> 00:55:10,759
Speaker 1: towards that traditional um more like rubbery type high. I mean,

891
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:15,640
Speaker 1: they probably they probably like started molting as like larger juveniles.

892
00:55:15,719 --> 00:55:19,960
Speaker 1: They gained weight and size extremely quickly. They start you know,

893
00:55:20,040 --> 00:55:23,080
Speaker 1: started out as like these skinny like almost like smaller

894
00:55:23,120 --> 00:55:26,239
Speaker 1: than a turkey, little cutie things. I actually have a

895
00:55:26,280 --> 00:55:28,040
Speaker 1: picture of that in the dock if you want to see.

896
00:55:28,040 --> 00:55:31,600
Speaker 1: They're very cute. Um, just the artistic renditions of them

897
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:34,799
Speaker 1: with with puffy feathers. They probably started out as as

898
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:39,600
Speaker 1: peri adorable teeth and then except for the teeth, sure,

899
00:55:39,960 --> 00:55:42,920
Speaker 1: but then probably as they got bigger and bigger, they

900
00:55:42,920 --> 00:55:44,960
Speaker 1: probably went through a molting stage. I mean we see

901
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:48,520
Speaker 1: that with like, um, penguins start out as these little

902
00:55:48,520 --> 00:55:51,400
Speaker 1: downy puff balls, and while they don't lose their feathers

903
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:55,080
Speaker 1: as adults, they do uh molt and have feathers that

904
00:55:55,160 --> 00:55:58,919
Speaker 1: are optimized for swimming rather than just for warmth as

905
00:55:58,920 --> 00:56:02,200
Speaker 1: they are as a little baby. That's so adorable how

906
00:56:02,200 --> 00:56:05,320
Speaker 1: the penguins like their their feathers then kind of mold

907
00:56:05,400 --> 00:56:07,120
Speaker 1: into the shape of their body and they're a bit

908
00:56:07,160 --> 00:56:11,120
Speaker 1: more form fitting to allow. Yeah, it is cute. They

909
00:56:11,120 --> 00:56:14,080
Speaker 1: started as poofballs and then they get get their formal

910
00:56:14,080 --> 00:56:19,839
Speaker 1: taxes on as they reach adulthood. So adult t rex

911
00:56:19,960 --> 00:56:24,080
Speaker 1: is maybe they had a smattering of feathers. Um most

912
00:56:24,120 --> 00:56:27,680
Speaker 1: of these sort of like skin imprints that that have

913
00:56:27,840 --> 00:56:30,759
Speaker 1: been found, like doesn't seem to be suggestive of there

914
00:56:30,760 --> 00:56:32,719
Speaker 1: being a lot of feathers on the t rex, but

915
00:56:32,760 --> 00:56:35,880
Speaker 1: you know, I can imagine like maybe they retain some

916
00:56:35,960 --> 00:56:38,680
Speaker 1: of the feathers like in places where like maybe around

917
00:56:38,680 --> 00:56:41,560
Speaker 1: the eyes, like that would be potentially useful for like

918
00:56:41,640 --> 00:56:44,160
Speaker 1: keeping dust out of their eyes. They you know, may

919
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:46,759
Speaker 1: have had a few like here and there. Maybe they

920
00:56:46,840 --> 00:56:50,319
Speaker 1: had some colorful feathers for sexual selection. There's just not

921
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:54,719
Speaker 1: any like proof of that yet, so it's possible, but

922
00:56:55,640 --> 00:56:58,240
Speaker 1: I think, like most of the evidence seemed to suggest

923
00:56:58,320 --> 00:57:00,719
Speaker 1: like that they probably lost most of of feathers as

924
00:57:00,760 --> 00:57:03,560
Speaker 1: adults simply because they didn't need them, and we don't

925
00:57:03,600 --> 00:57:06,120
Speaker 1: really most of the evidence doesn't seem to suggest that

926
00:57:06,160 --> 00:57:10,239
Speaker 1: they had a bunch of feathers um. But there is

927
00:57:10,280 --> 00:57:12,880
Speaker 1: a dinosaur that is very similar to a t rex

928
00:57:12,880 --> 00:57:15,080
Speaker 1: that we do think had a lot of feathers. So

929
00:57:15,400 --> 00:57:21,000
Speaker 1: this is the Uterannus, which means feathery king, some mix

930
00:57:21,120 --> 00:57:26,800
Speaker 1: of Latin and Mandarin, and they were uh predecessors to

931
00:57:27,080 --> 00:57:31,920
Speaker 1: t rexes and they were likely covered in feathers as falsil.

932
00:57:31,920 --> 00:57:35,520
Speaker 1: Evidence seems to suggest they lived in a cooler climate.

933
00:57:35,720 --> 00:57:39,360
Speaker 1: They were smaller than a t rex, although still pretty big,

934
00:57:39,440 --> 00:57:42,160
Speaker 1: so they were about seven to eight meters or twenty

935
00:57:42,240 --> 00:57:45,120
Speaker 1: six feet in length, but a t rex was about

936
00:57:45,160 --> 00:57:48,960
Speaker 1: twelve meters or forty feet in length. So they were smaller.

937
00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:52,120
Speaker 1: They lived in a cooler climate, which probably made the

938
00:57:52,600 --> 00:57:57,120
Speaker 1: feathers as adults more useful in keeping them warm. It's

939
00:57:57,200 --> 00:57:59,720
Speaker 1: interesting because they have they look like they have like

940
00:58:00,000 --> 00:58:03,520
Speaker 1: almost kind of like a fox furn that in the back,

941
00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:05,680
Speaker 1: like fox fur in the back, and then more kind

942
00:58:05,680 --> 00:58:08,000
Speaker 1: of those traditional feathers that you would imagine at the

943
00:58:08,040 --> 00:58:10,520
Speaker 1: head and the neck at the beast. Yeah, I think

944
00:58:10,720 --> 00:58:15,760
Speaker 1: that it's it's I'm not sure how much these artistic

945
00:58:15,800 --> 00:58:18,320
Speaker 1: renditions are based on like guests work, how much of

946
00:58:18,320 --> 00:58:21,160
Speaker 1: it is based on the fossil record. Um. I think

947
00:58:21,160 --> 00:58:24,320
Speaker 1: it seems like to me, the downy feathers that look

948
00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:27,600
Speaker 1: more like fur than feathers is probably pretty accurate. And

949
00:58:27,840 --> 00:58:32,800
Speaker 1: the face feathers, like I just it seems like very

950
00:58:32,840 --> 00:58:35,440
Speaker 1: reasonable to assume that there may have been some colorful

951
00:58:35,480 --> 00:58:40,960
Speaker 1: face feathers for like sexual selection or identification. Um, they

952
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:44,000
Speaker 1: may have have had different like textures of feathers based

953
00:58:44,040 --> 00:58:46,000
Speaker 1: on where it was in their bodies. I don't know

954
00:58:46,080 --> 00:58:48,040
Speaker 1: how much they know about the feathers. They just know

955
00:58:48,120 --> 00:58:51,000
Speaker 1: that they had. It's hard to know the accuracy right exactly,

956
00:58:51,480 --> 00:58:53,720
Speaker 1: but we do know that they had these like these

957
00:58:53,760 --> 00:58:56,920
Speaker 1: downy feathers, and it was probably all over their body.

958
00:58:57,000 --> 00:58:59,240
Speaker 1: But yeah, they're they're kind of kind of cute, a

959
00:58:59,240 --> 00:59:02,880
Speaker 1: little scary, just like a little fluffy They don't you

960
00:59:02,920 --> 00:59:06,440
Speaker 1: know what, Honestly, I mean, looking at this artistic rendition,

961
00:59:07,400 --> 00:59:10,320
Speaker 1: they don't look that menacing to me. I mean it's

962
00:59:10,320 --> 00:59:15,800
Speaker 1: the obviously, like the claws are, but the faces. Yeah,

963
00:59:15,960 --> 00:59:19,560
Speaker 1: to me, somehow, the fuzziness, the furriness of it makes

964
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:22,520
Speaker 1: them less menacing. I mean it softens them. Their their

965
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:26,440
Speaker 1: legs actually remind me of a snowy owl um. Oh

966
00:59:27,440 --> 00:59:31,080
Speaker 1: fluff of the leg fluff of a snowy owl um.

967
00:59:31,120 --> 00:59:34,560
Speaker 1: But yeah, I mean they probably were menacing. I think

968
00:59:34,560 --> 00:59:37,880
Speaker 1: they were predators and they probably would eat up They're

969
00:59:38,000 --> 00:59:40,360
Speaker 1: Like when I say they're smaller than a t rex,

970
00:59:40,400 --> 00:59:44,680
Speaker 1: they're still incredibly large and scary, right, I mean, smaller

971
00:59:44,760 --> 00:59:48,120
Speaker 1: is relative because naturally the t rex is kind of

972
00:59:48,240 --> 00:59:52,919
Speaker 1: in competition with itself when it comes to size. But yeah,

973
00:59:53,040 --> 00:59:57,560
Speaker 1: I mean this picture obviously clearly it's not menacing because

974
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:01,360
Speaker 1: I'm not standing there right exactly. Like if I were

975
01:00:01,440 --> 01:00:04,920
Speaker 1: up against this, then truly I would probably be terrified.

976
01:00:04,960 --> 01:00:06,760
Speaker 1: I mean, it would be a little cute, you know,

977
01:00:06,880 --> 01:00:09,560
Speaker 1: like as it's munching off your arm, It's like, ah,

978
01:00:09,600 --> 01:00:13,800
Speaker 1: but you're fuzzy. I'd be a little bit. I feel

979
01:00:13,800 --> 01:00:16,320
Speaker 1: a little bit more, you know, um comfortable with the

980
01:00:16,400 --> 01:00:19,320
Speaker 1: idea of getting one of my limbs chewed off by

981
01:00:19,360 --> 01:00:22,440
Speaker 1: this adorably. I don't think so. I don't think so.

982
01:00:22,520 --> 01:00:27,320
Speaker 1: I think I would still be a terrified. So if

983
01:00:27,320 --> 01:00:30,640
Speaker 1: dinosaurs had feathers for warmth and then birds started using

984
01:00:30,680 --> 01:00:33,640
Speaker 1: them for flight, what's up with flightless birds? Are they

985
01:00:33,680 --> 01:00:36,640
Speaker 1: dinosaurs who never quite evolved flight? What the heck is

986
01:00:36,680 --> 01:00:41,320
Speaker 1: their deal? Well, sometimes evolution will go back to earlier schematics,

987
01:00:41,320 --> 01:00:45,320
Speaker 1: so to speak, when the need arises. Take whales please.

988
01:00:45,680 --> 01:00:48,680
Speaker 1: They started out as land dwelling mammals then went back

989
01:00:48,720 --> 01:00:53,440
Speaker 1: to the sea like our ancient aquatic fishy ancestors. DNA

990
01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:59,640
Speaker 1: evidence of flightless birds shows a similar pattern. Ostriches, EMUs rays,

991
01:00:59,760 --> 01:01:02,520
Speaker 1: and kiwi birds all seem to have evolved from an

992
01:01:02,560 --> 01:01:09,720
Speaker 1: ancestral bird who could fly and importantly dispersed to new continents. Penguins, too,

993
01:01:09,760 --> 01:01:13,600
Speaker 1: are the descendants of flighted birds, and their ancestor was

994
01:01:13,720 --> 01:01:17,800
Speaker 1: likely similar to a living aquatic bird. The thick billed mur,

995
01:01:18,320 --> 01:01:21,440
Speaker 1: a black and white Alaskan bird that basically looks like

996
01:01:21,480 --> 01:01:25,840
Speaker 1: a slimmer penguin with wings that can actually fly. Why

997
01:01:25,840 --> 01:01:29,520
Speaker 1: did these birds ditch the superpower of flight? Well, fline

998
01:01:29,560 --> 01:01:32,280
Speaker 1: takes time and energy, and if you don't have to

999
01:01:32,360 --> 01:01:35,920
Speaker 1: do it, say because you lack. Predators have the powerful

1000
01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:39,520
Speaker 1: defenses of an ostrich or the nimble swimming ability of

1001
01:01:39,560 --> 01:01:43,000
Speaker 1: the penguin, the ground and sea can offer plenty of

1002
01:01:43,040 --> 01:01:47,240
Speaker 1: opportunities for survival. When we returned, we're going to talk

1003
01:01:47,280 --> 01:01:50,600
Speaker 1: about a feathery dinosaur who didn't quite make the cut

1004
01:01:50,720 --> 01:02:00,439
Speaker 1: for appearing in Jurassic Park but definitely should have. So

1005
01:02:01,040 --> 01:02:07,760
Speaker 1: I feel like t Rex velociraptor triceratops like these are

1006
01:02:07,800 --> 01:02:10,760
Speaker 1: the dinosaurs that get like all of the media attention,

1007
01:02:10,960 --> 01:02:14,840
Speaker 1: all of the limelight, And I feel like there should

1008
01:02:14,840 --> 01:02:18,520
Speaker 1: be other dinosaurs that get more attention because they're cool

1009
01:02:18,760 --> 01:02:22,400
Speaker 1: and weird. And I want to give some love and

1010
01:02:22,480 --> 01:02:25,960
Speaker 1: attention to a dinosaur that I think is relatively unknown.

1011
01:02:26,520 --> 01:02:31,920
Speaker 1: It's super weird. It is called dino cirrus. So. The

1012
01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:37,160
Speaker 1: Dinochius lived during the Late Cretaceous period about seventy million

1013
01:02:37,240 --> 01:02:41,320
Speaker 1: years ago. They were a genius genius. They were a

1014
01:02:41,360 --> 01:02:47,120
Speaker 1: genus of ornitham Mimosauria, which is also known as ostrich

1015
01:02:47,200 --> 01:02:49,680
Speaker 1: dinosaurs because a lot of the species were sort of

1016
01:02:49,720 --> 01:02:55,080
Speaker 1: ostrich like just superficially. But this genus, the dinochirus, I

1017
01:02:55,120 --> 01:02:58,680
Speaker 1: don't really see the resemblance to ostriches. So they were large,

1018
01:02:58,680 --> 01:03:02,920
Speaker 1: you don't, I am media really I immediately thought that, yes, interesting,

1019
01:03:03,080 --> 01:03:08,760
Speaker 1: interesting to me. They're too like, they're too camel like

1020
01:03:09,080 --> 01:03:13,360
Speaker 1: to look like ostriches to me. But maybe I guess, yeah,

1021
01:03:13,480 --> 01:03:15,880
Speaker 1: maybe I can see a little bit. To me, it's

1022
01:03:15,920 --> 01:03:21,960
Speaker 1: like an ostrich ant eater dinosaurs. That's okay, I see

1023
01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:25,520
Speaker 1: that a little bit. Yeah, So they were big. They

1024
01:03:25,520 --> 01:03:28,880
Speaker 1: were eleven meters or thirty six ft long and over

1025
01:03:28,960 --> 01:03:35,160
Speaker 1: six tons. So dinochius is Greek for horrible hands. So

1026
01:03:35,320 --> 01:03:39,520
Speaker 1: they're the horrible hands dinosaur. And I guess it's because

1027
01:03:39,560 --> 01:03:43,000
Speaker 1: they had horrible hands. I mean, they had some of

1028
01:03:43,000 --> 01:03:46,640
Speaker 1: the longest arms of any bipedal dinosaur. Their arms were

1029
01:03:46,920 --> 01:03:49,800
Speaker 1: two point five meters long or eight feet long. Why

1030
01:03:49,840 --> 01:03:52,040
Speaker 1: do they have horrible hands over the t r I

1031
01:03:52,080 --> 01:03:55,320
Speaker 1: don't know. I definitely would say the t rex has worse.

1032
01:03:55,600 --> 01:04:00,000
Speaker 1: Maybe we're like horrible as in bad at being hands,

1033
01:04:00,040 --> 01:04:04,560
Speaker 1: but maybe they meant horrible as in horrifying, like scary hands.

1034
01:04:06,280 --> 01:04:09,040
Speaker 1: I want to call it the jazz hands dinosaur though, because,

1035
01:04:09,120 --> 01:04:13,000
Speaker 1: like you know, it's got those long arms, perfect for

1036
01:04:13,080 --> 01:04:17,640
Speaker 1: jazz hands. So they had enlarged vertebrae on their back

1037
01:04:17,760 --> 01:04:21,400
Speaker 1: that formed a hump or a sale. It had a hard,

1038
01:04:21,720 --> 01:04:25,600
Speaker 1: wide bill and probably fan like feathers at the end

1039
01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:28,480
Speaker 1: of its tail, so kind of like some kind of

1040
01:04:28,560 --> 01:04:32,440
Speaker 1: like a spoonbill or or a shoe bill stork with

1041
01:04:32,520 --> 01:04:35,760
Speaker 1: a with a camel hump and a long tail with

1042
01:04:35,800 --> 01:04:39,720
Speaker 1: like feathers on the end. It was probably an omnivore,

1043
01:04:39,840 --> 01:04:42,880
Speaker 1: eating fish, plants and anything it could fit in its bill,

1044
01:04:43,400 --> 01:04:47,880
Speaker 1: like some kind of weird like giant humpbacked stork. So

1045
01:04:48,360 --> 01:04:52,360
Speaker 1: basically like have you ever seen a shoe bill stork? Yeah? Yeah,

1046
01:04:52,440 --> 01:04:55,280
Speaker 1: with those big, big bills. They're kind of they're kind

1047
01:04:55,280 --> 01:04:58,400
Speaker 1: of spooky looking. Sometimes they're just they're so tall. But

1048
01:04:58,560 --> 01:05:02,080
Speaker 1: just give it some big arms, um make it huge

1049
01:05:02,280 --> 01:05:06,360
Speaker 1: with big meaty legs and a humpback, and there you go.

1050
01:05:07,280 --> 01:05:12,240
Speaker 1: That's probably what it looked like. I mean, I don't

1051
01:05:12,280 --> 01:05:16,439
Speaker 1: find this particular dinosaur to be as menacing, Like there

1052
01:05:16,560 --> 01:05:20,320
Speaker 1: is something I think it's probably because of you know,

1053
01:05:20,520 --> 01:05:23,080
Speaker 1: it's knows that it it. I don't know, it just

1054
01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:28,480
Speaker 1: is like to me, it doesn't feel like, um, it's

1055
01:05:28,480 --> 01:05:32,000
Speaker 1: outer appearance doesn't match its predatory nature, if that makes sense.

1056
01:05:32,160 --> 01:05:35,280
Speaker 1: Like it definitely just feels a little bit like more common.

1057
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:38,120
Speaker 1: I feel like if I were up against you know,

1058
01:05:38,480 --> 01:05:42,560
Speaker 1: this eleven meter dinosaur, I would probably like it's still

1059
01:05:42,640 --> 01:05:45,520
Speaker 1: kind of cute, you know. I mean, it's obviously very large,

1060
01:05:45,560 --> 01:05:48,280
Speaker 1: but it's cute. I think it doesn't scare me as

1061
01:05:48,360 --> 01:05:50,960
Speaker 1: much as there's a little bit of the Uncanny Valley

1062
01:05:51,080 --> 01:05:54,600
Speaker 1: of this looks like a Muppet, but like a huge Muppet,

1063
01:05:55,120 --> 01:06:01,080
Speaker 1: which is weird, like why we're like fully invested in

1064
01:06:01,120 --> 01:06:04,320
Speaker 1: these dinosaurs being every Like I come to it a

1065
01:06:04,360 --> 01:06:06,440
Speaker 1: lot on the show where it's like, this is a Muppet,

1066
01:06:06,640 --> 01:06:09,840
Speaker 1: Like there's so much I guess just like Muppets are

1067
01:06:10,200 --> 01:06:13,200
Speaker 1: so like the Muppet universe is so vast that you

1068
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:15,600
Speaker 1: can always find an animal that's like, hey, this is

1069
01:06:15,760 --> 01:06:18,040
Speaker 1: this is like a Muppet. It's a Muppet source Rex.

1070
01:06:18,480 --> 01:06:22,000
Speaker 1: But it's like it's like Snuffle up againts mixed with

1071
01:06:22,080 --> 01:06:26,040
Speaker 1: big bird kind of you know, yes, yes, definitely snuffle

1072
01:06:26,080 --> 01:06:31,120
Speaker 1: off again for sure, definitely getting this big duck bill

1073
01:06:31,600 --> 01:06:35,360
Speaker 1: and like long feathery arms. It's just like it is

1074
01:06:35,440 --> 01:06:38,320
Speaker 1: kind of cute. Don't mind. I don't mind the hands,

1075
01:06:38,360 --> 01:06:41,440
Speaker 1: but the hands remind me. And this is gonna sound

1076
01:06:41,920 --> 01:06:45,280
Speaker 1: real off because I'm not comparing it to another animal.

1077
01:06:45,840 --> 01:06:48,160
Speaker 1: But you know the machines when you're a little kid,

1078
01:06:48,520 --> 01:06:51,200
Speaker 1: the claw it's called the cloth. That's what your hands

1079
01:06:51,240 --> 01:06:54,600
Speaker 1: remind me. You're right, because it's got three fingers, like

1080
01:06:54,640 --> 01:06:58,760
Speaker 1: those horrible claw machines that never give you prizes because

1081
01:06:58,840 --> 01:07:03,800
Speaker 1: never anything rigged. Yeah, no, I mean it is. It's

1082
01:07:03,880 --> 01:07:08,440
Speaker 1: just an It's an awkward and odd looking dinosaur. I

1083
01:07:08,480 --> 01:07:12,120
Speaker 1: think like people have a very specific image in mind

1084
01:07:12,160 --> 01:07:14,120
Speaker 1: when they think about dinosaurs, but they're all these like

1085
01:07:14,280 --> 01:07:18,960
Speaker 1: oddball dinosaurs that just look weird and interesting. And I

1086
01:07:19,440 --> 01:07:21,800
Speaker 1: love it, Like I love this guy so much, Like

1087
01:07:21,880 --> 01:07:24,360
Speaker 1: I want to see I want to see it in

1088
01:07:24,400 --> 01:07:28,560
Speaker 1: a movie. Uh, come to life, Like I'm tired of

1089
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:32,960
Speaker 1: only seeing like velociraptors and t rex and you know

1090
01:07:33,000 --> 01:07:36,280
Speaker 1: brontosaurs like like those are great, those are all great,

1091
01:07:36,400 --> 01:07:40,920
Speaker 1: but like, give give us, give us some weirdos. You know,

1092
01:07:41,120 --> 01:07:46,600
Speaker 1: it's only we would have recorded this prior to them

1093
01:07:46,840 --> 01:07:51,880
Speaker 1: shooting Jurassic World dominion, right, I mean, we could have

1094
01:07:51,960 --> 01:07:56,920
Speaker 1: possibly gotten some of these dinosaurs, these lesser known dinosaurs

1095
01:07:56,960 --> 01:07:59,920
Speaker 1: that don't get as much love and appreciation we may

1096
01:08:00,040 --> 01:08:02,320
Speaker 1: you could have gotten them in the although maybe the

1097
01:08:02,400 --> 01:08:07,800
Speaker 1: latterman post you know, like these mostly post right, because

1098
01:08:07,840 --> 01:08:11,520
Speaker 1: like you know, it's all it's all c g I

1099
01:08:11,520 --> 01:08:13,680
Speaker 1: I don't think that, and apparently it's not coming out

1100
01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:19,680
Speaker 1: until now, so technically they have a full year petition

1101
01:08:20,439 --> 01:08:24,000
Speaker 1: petition the movie to put the Dinochius in the movie

1102
01:08:24,040 --> 01:08:27,760
Speaker 1: and post yes, I mean it would to be fair,

1103
01:08:27,760 --> 01:08:30,839
Speaker 1: it would be Cretaceous Park, not Jurassic Park. But still

1104
01:08:31,400 --> 01:08:35,200
Speaker 1: like they did, they did like genetic Shenanigans, mixing frogs

1105
01:08:35,280 --> 01:08:37,720
Speaker 1: with like dinosaurs, and in the newer movies they did

1106
01:08:37,760 --> 01:08:41,280
Speaker 1: like hybrids that were giant, like you can throw in

1107
01:08:41,320 --> 01:08:44,760
Speaker 1: a cretaceous dinosaur. Come on, yeah, I was gonna say,

1108
01:08:44,760 --> 01:08:47,200
Speaker 1: it doesn't really matter, because what we've learned during this

1109
01:08:47,240 --> 01:08:51,840
Speaker 1: episode is that not everything is scientifically true or accurate

1110
01:08:51,880 --> 01:08:54,320
Speaker 1: in these films anyway, and they pretty much just do

1111
01:08:54,400 --> 01:08:57,320
Speaker 1: what they want, so I think that they can add

1112
01:08:57,479 --> 01:09:00,880
Speaker 1: I agree, I agree, right, your senator, Let's get these

1113
01:09:00,920 --> 01:09:06,840
Speaker 1: diners in the movie. I'll call your governor before we go.

1114
01:09:07,120 --> 01:09:10,559
Speaker 1: I want to cap off the episode with another listener email,

1115
01:09:10,760 --> 01:09:13,679
Speaker 1: one that I think is very appropriate because we're talking

1116
01:09:13,720 --> 01:09:17,600
Speaker 1: about ostrich dinosaurs and this is a question about ostriches.

1117
01:09:18,160 --> 01:09:22,439
Speaker 1: So the email, short and sweet question is what's up

1118
01:09:22,479 --> 01:09:27,400
Speaker 1: with ostriches finding their human keepers sexier than other ostriches?

1119
01:09:27,439 --> 01:09:30,479
Speaker 1: And this is from p K. Thank you so much

1120
01:09:30,520 --> 01:09:34,400
Speaker 1: for this question. I love this question. Um. First of all,

1121
01:09:34,400 --> 01:09:40,760
Speaker 1: it's true like ostriches show mating displays towards human visitors, uh,

1122
01:09:41,040 --> 01:09:44,960
Speaker 1: which seems to indicate that they think that it's time

1123
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:49,040
Speaker 1: to seduce some humans. And this is actually not unique

1124
01:09:49,040 --> 01:09:51,679
Speaker 1: to ostriches. It happens in a few types of birds.

1125
01:09:52,400 --> 01:09:55,320
Speaker 1: And this is due to something called imprinting. So when

1126
01:09:55,360 --> 01:09:59,000
Speaker 1: a chick hatches, it takes a visual cue from what

1127
01:09:59,120 --> 01:10:02,200
Speaker 1: it thinks is it's parents, imprints on that makes some

1128
01:10:02,320 --> 01:10:06,240
Speaker 1: mental image of that that creature as its parents and

1129
01:10:06,240 --> 01:10:10,400
Speaker 1: will follow them and and just like copy them do

1130
01:10:10,439 --> 01:10:12,559
Speaker 1: all these things. So it's like if you have ever

1131
01:10:12,600 --> 01:10:16,880
Speaker 1: watched baby ducklings hatch or geese and they see you first,

1132
01:10:16,880 --> 01:10:20,760
Speaker 1: they'll follow you around because they think your momy or daddy.

1133
01:10:20,800 --> 01:10:25,200
Speaker 1: So in ostriches, they also have this flocking behavior where

1134
01:10:25,240 --> 01:10:27,840
Speaker 1: the babies have to follow dad around that the dad

1135
01:10:27,920 --> 01:10:29,719
Speaker 1: is the one that takes care of all these babies,

1136
01:10:29,920 --> 01:10:32,639
Speaker 1: so they have to make a strong imprint of what

1137
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:36,599
Speaker 1: their father looks like so that they can follow him around.

1138
01:10:37,120 --> 01:10:40,120
Speaker 1: And so ostriches that are raised by humans will look

1139
01:10:40,120 --> 01:10:43,400
Speaker 1: at you, They're like your dad, So I must be

1140
01:10:43,479 --> 01:10:47,320
Speaker 1: a human. So if I see other humans, that must

1141
01:10:47,320 --> 01:10:49,840
Speaker 1: be what I am. Um, so I'm gonna hit on

1142
01:10:49,880 --> 01:10:51,920
Speaker 1: them and bring them home for you to meet for dinner.

1143
01:10:52,360 --> 01:10:55,320
Speaker 1: And this happens not just like with humans, but like

1144
01:10:55,400 --> 01:10:58,559
Speaker 1: if you have a bird, like a zebra finch, and

1145
01:10:58,680 --> 01:11:02,360
Speaker 1: you have a different finch, raise it like a finch

1146
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:04,760
Speaker 1: that has a different color, morph a different look to it.

1147
01:11:05,760 --> 01:11:09,760
Speaker 1: The zebra finches will grow up and be attracted to

1148
01:11:09,880 --> 01:11:12,599
Speaker 1: the different looking birds, not the birds that look like

1149
01:11:12,680 --> 01:11:15,679
Speaker 1: it's biological parents. So they will imprint on the adopted

1150
01:11:15,720 --> 01:11:18,639
Speaker 1: parent and go like, Okay, this is what I'm looking

1151
01:11:18,680 --> 01:11:22,880
Speaker 1: for in a mate. So yeah, so that's why ostriches

1152
01:11:23,240 --> 01:11:25,920
Speaker 1: they like if they're raised by humans, They're like, all right,

1153
01:11:25,960 --> 01:11:28,880
Speaker 1: I'm a human. I gotta find a human boyfriend or

1154
01:11:28,920 --> 01:11:31,080
Speaker 1: girlfriend and they'll hit on you if you visit an

1155
01:11:31,120 --> 01:11:34,960
Speaker 1: Ostrich farm. So yeah, I mean dolphins will hit on YouTube.

1156
01:11:35,280 --> 01:11:37,759
Speaker 1: You know, they definitely hit on humans all the time.

1157
01:11:37,840 --> 01:11:42,679
Speaker 1: And also you know who else imprints um? And yes,

1158
01:11:42,800 --> 01:11:46,200
Speaker 1: I'm going to make a culture reference Jacob and he

1159
01:11:46,360 --> 01:11:50,360
Speaker 1: was aware Wolf my life and he imprinted, so it

1160
01:11:50,400 --> 01:11:52,920
Speaker 1: all comes full service. Yeah, that was weird because it

1161
01:11:53,080 --> 01:11:58,160
Speaker 1: wasn't that kind. I think that if he would have

1162
01:11:58,200 --> 01:12:00,639
Speaker 1: imprinted on her as an adult, it would have made

1163
01:12:00,640 --> 01:12:03,240
Speaker 1: more sense the fact that he did it when she

1164
01:12:03,439 --> 01:12:06,200
Speaker 1: was like an hour old. I was like, that's like,

1165
01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:10,479
Speaker 1: that's some insect type behavior, like insects will like swarm

1166
01:12:10,640 --> 01:12:14,960
Speaker 1: like um butterflies and other insects where the or bees

1167
01:12:15,040 --> 01:12:18,439
Speaker 1: like UM will swarm over where there is a newly

1168
01:12:18,560 --> 01:12:23,000
Speaker 1: emerging female just recently hatched, and we'll just like mob

1169
01:12:23,240 --> 01:12:26,360
Speaker 1: mob her trying to get at her UM. Although into

1170
01:12:26,400 --> 01:12:29,519
Speaker 1: their credit, they're also like newly hatched males. The males

1171
01:12:29,560 --> 01:12:32,200
Speaker 1: just sometimes hatch a little bit before the females, so

1172
01:12:32,240 --> 01:12:35,679
Speaker 1: when the female starts hatching, they literally like um mob

1173
01:12:35,760 --> 01:12:38,080
Speaker 1: her and do like a mosh pit trying to mate

1174
01:12:38,080 --> 01:12:45,360
Speaker 1: with her. So, which is wild because guys relax relax. Yeah, guys,

1175
01:12:45,400 --> 01:12:52,840
Speaker 1: relax ostriches. You're okay, though, I'm flattered. Thank you for

1176
01:12:52,920 --> 01:12:57,800
Speaker 1: thinking of me as a potential partner. Right, No, respectfully,

1177
01:12:57,840 --> 01:13:00,960
Speaker 1: I will turn you down, but I am mattered, and

1178
01:13:01,400 --> 01:13:07,760
Speaker 1: I wish you luck in your future pursuits with other ostriches. Like,

1179
01:13:07,840 --> 01:13:10,240
Speaker 1: let's be clear, guys, that's where you need to be.

1180
01:13:10,479 --> 01:13:15,400
Speaker 1: I mean, I mean, you know, but like maybe there's

1181
01:13:15,800 --> 01:13:18,880
Speaker 1: maybe Look, I'm not gonna say, I'm not going to

1182
01:13:19,040 --> 01:13:22,679
Speaker 1: say that there's not a not necessarily a human out

1183
01:13:22,760 --> 01:13:26,960
Speaker 1: for you. But you're you're shaking your head, You're you're

1184
01:13:27,160 --> 01:13:30,920
Speaker 1: you're staunchly against like ostrich human relations. I can respect

1185
01:13:30,960 --> 01:13:34,560
Speaker 1: that absolutely absolutely. I think you know, go ahead and

1186
01:13:35,160 --> 01:13:37,840
Speaker 1: we are happy as a human. We are happy to

1187
01:13:37,840 --> 01:13:40,920
Speaker 1: find you your ostrich right. We'll be your wing person,

1188
01:13:41,840 --> 01:13:48,000
Speaker 1: which is funny because you're a bird. Well, thank you

1189
01:13:48,280 --> 01:13:52,680
Speaker 1: so much for joining me today, KB, This was incredible.

1190
01:13:52,880 --> 01:13:55,559
Speaker 1: I love talking Jurassic Park with you. Do you have

1191
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:58,639
Speaker 1: anything to plug like where people can find you, any

1192
01:13:58,680 --> 01:14:02,519
Speaker 1: projects you're doing. Yeah, Well, thank you so much for

1193
01:14:02,560 --> 01:14:04,960
Speaker 1: having me. You know, I have said it a million

1194
01:14:04,960 --> 01:14:07,479
Speaker 1: times before, but Jurassic Park is one of my favorite films,

1195
01:14:07,640 --> 01:14:10,280
Speaker 1: even though it is full of bad science, as we

1196
01:14:10,880 --> 01:14:14,320
Speaker 1: you know, shared with you almost almost good science, not

1197
01:14:14,479 --> 01:14:18,720
Speaker 1: bad science, just almost good. Well, I mean, I'm still

1198
01:14:18,720 --> 01:14:22,560
Speaker 1: gonna go with bad science because the scientists were making scientists.

1199
01:14:24,080 --> 01:14:26,800
Speaker 1: One last point, one last point about how dumb like

1200
01:14:26,880 --> 01:14:31,639
Speaker 1: these these Paul Blart scientists small cops scientists were, and

1201
01:14:31,720 --> 01:14:35,000
Speaker 1: like security were, is that if they truly wanted to

1202
01:14:35,040 --> 01:14:38,439
Speaker 1: prevent the dinosaurs from reproducing, you would make them all male,

1203
01:14:38,760 --> 01:14:42,120
Speaker 1: because then there's just no way, right, like other than

1204
01:14:42,160 --> 01:14:44,760
Speaker 1: like I guess the frogs like changing from but like

1205
01:14:44,840 --> 01:14:47,280
Speaker 1: even in frogs, they change from female to male, not

1206
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:50,320
Speaker 1: male to female, not male to right, So like you

1207
01:14:50,360 --> 01:14:52,920
Speaker 1: make them all male, then there's no chance of the

1208
01:14:52,920 --> 01:14:56,240
Speaker 1: frog thing happening. There's no chance of parthenogenesis because males

1209
01:14:56,280 --> 01:15:00,320
Speaker 1: don't lay eggs. The much safer option probably, I don't know,

1210
01:15:00,400 --> 01:15:03,439
Speaker 1: like they're who know, Like they probably would have been

1211
01:15:03,439 --> 01:15:06,240
Speaker 1: more colorful too, because like birds, we know males have

1212
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:10,080
Speaker 1: much prettier plumage than females. So like, make them all boys.

1213
01:15:10,720 --> 01:15:12,960
Speaker 1: I know that's not a feminist thing to say, but

1214
01:15:13,280 --> 01:15:15,880
Speaker 1: like make all the dinosaur's mails. That would have been

1215
01:15:15,920 --> 01:15:19,080
Speaker 1: what you I mean, if you're a good scientists. There

1216
01:15:19,080 --> 01:15:23,160
Speaker 1: are so many decisions and choices that are made by

1217
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:25,720
Speaker 1: all of the scientists in this film that I just

1218
01:15:26,320 --> 01:15:29,639
Speaker 1: I shake my head when I watched, but I still

1219
01:15:29,760 --> 01:15:32,240
Speaker 1: enjoy it. I love it. But the science in it

1220
01:15:32,320 --> 01:15:36,160
Speaker 1: is just wild to me because I'm like, guys, guys, guys, guys,

1221
01:15:36,360 --> 01:15:40,200
Speaker 1: And honestly, the science gets worse as you keep moving

1222
01:15:40,200 --> 01:15:42,840
Speaker 1: forward in the sei. Yeah, I just I just want

1223
01:15:42,840 --> 01:15:44,920
Speaker 1: to say that I do want to see Paul Blart,

1224
01:15:45,080 --> 01:15:48,000
Speaker 1: like Paul Blart, mall coop trying to do security at

1225
01:15:48,160 --> 01:15:51,600
Speaker 1: Jurassic Park. Oh my gosh. Yeah, let's add him in.

1226
01:15:51,680 --> 01:15:53,040
Speaker 1: Let's drown in. I mean, I feel like we can

1227
01:15:53,040 --> 01:15:55,280
Speaker 1: throw anyone in. Actually, you know what I'm gonna say,

1228
01:15:55,360 --> 01:15:58,559
Speaker 1: I do have hope that just Jurassic World Dominion, the

1229
01:15:58,560 --> 01:16:01,200
Speaker 1: one that comes out next year. I have hoped that

1230
01:16:01,520 --> 01:16:04,880
Speaker 1: they have upstair game when it comes to the scientific

1231
01:16:04,880 --> 01:16:07,200
Speaker 1: consultants that they use on the project. You know what.

1232
01:16:07,280 --> 01:16:09,280
Speaker 1: I feel like it's gonna be a fresh start. They're

1233
01:16:09,280 --> 01:16:12,479
Speaker 1: gonna have some great science in this film. I'm just

1234
01:16:12,520 --> 01:16:15,960
Speaker 1: gonna be positively, you know, turning over newly. Yeah, done

1235
01:16:15,960 --> 01:16:21,800
Speaker 1: a soars feathers. Yes, let's do it. Well, thank you

1236
01:16:21,840 --> 01:16:24,000
Speaker 1: again for having me. It is such a great time.

1237
01:16:24,160 --> 01:16:26,479
Speaker 1: And yeah, I mean you know, I am on social

1238
01:16:26,479 --> 01:16:29,360
Speaker 1: media Instagram and Twitter at the late k B that's

1239
01:16:29,479 --> 01:16:32,280
Speaker 1: t h e l A d y k A y

1240
01:16:32,360 --> 01:16:34,880
Speaker 1: v um. I am the season two hosts of the

1241
01:16:34,880 --> 01:16:37,400
Speaker 1: Color Grade podcast if you want to check that out

1242
01:16:37,520 --> 01:16:42,040
Speaker 1: on all podcasts listening platforms, and I talk TV and

1243
01:16:42,120 --> 01:16:46,280
Speaker 1: film with some of my critic friends basically, and I

1244
01:16:46,320 --> 01:16:49,200
Speaker 1: do a little weekly or we do picks that I

1245
01:16:49,200 --> 01:16:52,400
Speaker 1: am like. Listen, even if this film is not fabulous,

1246
01:16:52,479 --> 01:16:55,040
Speaker 1: you still need to watch it because you will laugh. Um,

1247
01:16:55,120 --> 01:16:59,360
Speaker 1: so just like dressing mere an iconic film? What's that science?

1248
01:16:59,439 --> 01:17:02,479
Speaker 1: So yeah, please check out the Color Grade Podcast, or

1249
01:17:02,560 --> 01:17:05,080
Speaker 1: you can check out my other show on YouTube called

1250
01:17:05,320 --> 01:17:09,360
Speaker 1: super Lady Hero Hour, where we dive into nothing but

1251
01:17:09,880 --> 01:17:17,440
Speaker 1: comic book nice nice super dinosaurs replace all the superheroes dinosaurs.

1252
01:17:17,479 --> 01:17:20,479
Speaker 1: That's my opinion. Maybe that's coming coming, you know, who knows.

1253
01:17:20,600 --> 01:17:23,720
Speaker 1: Maybe there's an animated series where all of these dinosaurs

1254
01:17:24,040 --> 01:17:28,280
Speaker 1: actually have superpowers. Um, maybe that's where Jurassic World Dominia

1255
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Speaker 1: goes next time. Maybe the I think there's a squirrel

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Speaker 1: girl villain where like the squirrel Girl is like the

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Speaker 1: villain tries to turn people into dinosaurs, and she's trying

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Speaker 1: to convince him to use science to make the world

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01:17:39,840 --> 01:17:41,760
Speaker 1: a better place. He's like, but I don't want to

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Speaker 1: make the world a better place. I want to turn

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Speaker 1: people into dinosaur which fair. I mean, you know, maybe

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Speaker 1: he's just like, I want to see what happens if

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Speaker 1: everyone was a dinosaur. Fair. I I appreciate it. Well.

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Speaker 1: You can find us on the internet at Creature Feature

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01:17:56,040 --> 01:17:59,280
Speaker 1: Pod on Instagram, at Creature feet Pod on Twitter. That's

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01:17:59,320 --> 01:18:02,479
Speaker 1: f A T not FPE teeth head is something very different.

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01:18:02,880 --> 01:18:05,920
Speaker 1: You can send me an email at Creature Feature Pod

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01:18:06,120 --> 01:18:09,400
Speaker 1: at gmail dot com and I will try to answer

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01:18:09,439 --> 01:18:12,719
Speaker 1: your question either through email or maybe even on the show,

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01:18:13,360 --> 01:18:16,000
Speaker 1: and you can find me. I am Katie Golden on

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01:18:16,000 --> 01:18:17,840
Speaker 1: Twitter k A T I E G O L d

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01:18:18,080 --> 01:18:20,240
Speaker 1: I N where I just talk about my Katie thoughts

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Speaker 1: not necessarily related to the podcast, and as always, I

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01:18:23,320 --> 01:18:25,800
Speaker 1: am pro bird rights on Twitter, where I fight for

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01:18:25,840 --> 01:18:29,680
Speaker 1: the rights of birds because they are dinosaurs and they

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01:18:29,720 --> 01:18:32,880
Speaker 1: should probably regain control of the earth. I'm just saying,

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Speaker 1: just saying, thank you so much for listening. If you're

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01:18:36,160 --> 01:18:39,479
Speaker 1: enjoying this show and you leave a rating and review.

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01:18:39,720 --> 01:18:42,040
Speaker 1: I will read it. I read all of them, and

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01:18:42,080 --> 01:18:45,920
Speaker 1: I appreciate them. All warms warms my little dinosaur heart

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01:18:46,400 --> 01:18:48,840
Speaker 1: and it really does help the show. Thanks to the

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Speaker 1: Space Concerts for their super awesome song. X Alumina. Creature

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01:18:52,240 --> 01:18:55,360
Speaker 1: features a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcasts

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01:18:55,439 --> 01:18:57,840
Speaker 1: like the one you just heard, visit the I Heart

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01:18:57,920 --> 01:19:00,600
Speaker 1: Radio app Apple podcast, or Hey Guess what where? Have

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01:19:00,640 --> 01:19:03,280
Speaker 1: you listened to your favorite shows? See you next Wednesday.

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Speaker 1: Hey m hm